603:
365:
127:
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specialize in one year-round sport, less than 1% of high school athletes become professional athletes, and early sports specialization does not appear to contribute to that goal in most sports. Only a very small minority of US high school athletes play at the college level, and even fewer are hired by a professional team. As a result, aiming for professional sports is an unrealistic and unreasonable goal for nearly all school-aged athletes. Basketball players even at the college level have only a 1% chance of joining a professional team. Alternatively, in the US, the family may hope that sports specialization will help the young athlete win an
201:. Specializing in a single sport, on the other hand, increases the risks for injury. The more severe the degree of specialization (e.g., quitting all other sports to train year-round in a single sport, versus playing one sport, but only for part of the year), the higher the risk of a severe overuse injury. Specializing in a single sport before puberty has the highest risks. In addition to specialization itself, intensive training programs carry their own risks. Teenagers who spend more than 16 hours per week in an organized training program are at the highest risk of injury.
165:
140:
significant influence on the decision to specialize in one sport and to train intensively for that one sport. A third of adolescent athletes have been pressured to specialize by a coach. Parents are generally trying to do the best thing for their children, but most are unaware that early sports specialization is unnecessary and can be harmful. Parents are one of the most significant determinants of early sports specialization by younger children.
247:, and the hours of organized sports time each week should not exceed the child's age. For example, for a 10-year-old athlete, the maximum amount of time spent in organized sporting activities (including all team practices and all games for all sports as well as all independent practice assigned by the coach or other adult) should not exceed a total of 10 hours per week, and the player should also spend a minimum of five hours per week in
213:
90:) by playing a variety of different sports. Playing a variety of sports before specializing (if wanted) in the late teens increases the likelihood that the youth athlete will experience a lifetime of sports and physical fitness. Early sports specialization is associated with shorter athletic careers. Early sports specialization is part of the increasing dominance of adults in children's leisure activities.
721:
564:
545:: Young athletes may also have trouble forming and maintaining friendships with people who are not involved in the same activities. This can limit their social and emotional development, and if they have to stop participating (e.g., due to an injury), it can cause them to feel isolated. Multi-sport families are also more likely to have parents and children exercising together.
531:: Early sports specialization, especially before puberty, is associated with emotional and developmental problems. Early sports specialization can displace age-appropriate play. Children who are put in intensive or competition-focused sports programs before puberty may be disadvantaged in negotiating the emotionally complex developmental stage of
321:â who disproportionately come from the colder, northern climates, where they could not play baseball year round as children and teenagers. The number of pitches thrown is the most significant factor, outweighing even other important factors such as the type of pitch, using proper technique, and the player's physical condition. (Throwing
785:
The
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all youth athletes take one full month off from all organized sports activities at least three times per year, and taking one or two days away from organized sports activities every week. NATA's guidelines recommend that players invest at least four
769:
educational program to reduce the risk of major injuries among children, and recommends that no youth baseball player pitch more than 100 innings per year (at a time when some players are pitching in 70 games per year), and that they take several months per year with no overhead throwing of any kind.
180:
The motivations for young athletes include believing what they have heard from adults about the necessity of early sports specialization, but they may also participate out of a desire to please these adults or be praised by them. Youth athletes in high school say they are also motivated by doing the
143:
Parents and coaches may encourage early sports specialization out of the mistaken belief that this specialization is necessary for elite performance as an adult. However, early diversification followed by late specialization is more likely to lead to elite status. Playing multiple sports may improve
117:
For most young athletes, early sports specialization includes giving up other sports and following an intensive training regimen. An intensive training program usually means more hours per week of organized sports activities than the athlete is years old (e.g., 8 hours per week for an 8 year old, 16
764:
Many groups discourage young athletes from participating in organized sports activities for more than a total of 16 hours per week, due to the high risk of injury. In some sports, the limit may need to be lower. NATA issued guidelines in 2019 recommending that children and teenagers limit the time
585:
The training approaches and coaching practices that are common to or effective for elite adults are frequently ineffective for children and adolescents, especially when considered from a long-term perspective. Athletes who specialize in a single sport or are pushed into intense training are at high
372:
About 20% of highly competitive young athletes quit because of an injury. Injuries are more likely during competitions than during practice. In addition to the physical impairment itself, injuries can damage the young athlete's mental health. They may become afraid of re-injury. The pressure to
238:
for overuse injury. After controlling for the intensity of the program, young athletes who specialize in a single sport are more than twice as likely to sustain a serious overuse injury than similarly active multi-sport athletes. Additionally, many young athletes who are specializing in a single
109:
Sports specialization means pursuing one sport for all, or most of, the year. This typically includes playing the sport as part of an adult-organized sports program or team for at least eight months each year. Early sports specialization is choosing one sport before the age of 16, and especially
62:, early sports specialization risks burnout and a refusal to continue playing. Multi-sport youth athletes also have more fun playing sports, and once the young athlete becomes a teenager, are more likely to enjoy their sports activities and are less likely to quit than those who specialized early.
673:
Sports that train every day of the week, that have sport-specific, technical training, or that have frequent, long, or intense competitions with young athletes â gymnastics and figure skating have all of these risk factors â are at particularly high risk for causing injuries. Training every day
793:
NATA also recommends that youth play multiple sports during the year, instead of specializing in one, and that at any point in time they join no more than one sports team per season. (One team at a time, for a multi-sport athlete, might look like playing football in the fall, basketball in the
139:
sports at a young age or create a high-pressure, intensive training program that emphasizes competition and neglects the biological need for rest and recovery. The willingness of travel leagues to take children as young as age 7 increases the risk of early sports specialization. Coaches have
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activities that will allow them to develop a wide range of athletic and social skills. The IOC also recommends that coaches be trained in evidence-based athletic development and that they strictly enforce a rule against young athletes competing with or training any injured body part or while
790:. NATA additionally recommends that young athletes always have at least two days per week with no organized sports activities and that they take breaks during which the player is not participating in any organized sports. These breaks prevent injuries as well as physical and mental burnout.
156:
picks, were multi-sport athletes, and many played multiple sports even through the end of high school. Most elite athletes did not specialize or begin intensive training until they were older teenagers. Elite athletes in most sports, such as track and field, weightlifting, cycling, rowing,
172:
Coaches and expensive sports programs sometimes overstate the likelihood of a young athlete becoming a professional athlete or winning college scholarships. Colleges in the US feed into this fantasy by scouting and ranking players as early as sixth grade. Although many high school athletes
1776:
Turska-KmieÄ, Anna; Neunhaeuserer, Daniel; Mazur, Artur; DembiĹski, Ĺukasz; Del Torso, Stefano; Grossman, Zachi; Barak, Shimon; Hadjipanayis, Adamos; Peregud-Pogorzelski, JarosĹaw; Kostka, Tomasz; Bugajski, Andrzej; Huss, Gottfried; Kowalczyk-DomagaĹa, Monika; WyszyĹska, Justyna (2023).
470:
The social, emotional, and mental effects include stress, losing interest in the sport, and an imbalanced lifestyle that has long-term consequences for the young athlete. For example, young athletes who are in a high-intensity program may also spend too little time doing schoolwork.
634:, because they are highly technical sports, and because peak performance in these sports usually happens before the athlete matures into an adult body. Among elite college athletes, early sports specialization is uncommon overall, but it is somewhat more common among youth playing
65:
Early sports specialization is often motivated by a mistaken belief that starting early will result in better performance as a young adult. However, most successful elite athletes did not specialize until at least the middle of adolescence, and some remain multi-sport athletes.
996:
Bergeron, Michael F; Mountjoy, Margo; Armstrong, Neil; Chia, Michael; CôtÊ, Jean; Emery, Carolyn A; Faigenbaum, Avery; Hall, Gary; Kriemler, Susi; LÊglise, Michel; Malina, Robert M; Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Sanchez, Alex; Soligard, Torbjørn; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (July 2015).
352:
may be driving an increase bone deformities. Young athletes' bones may not reach skeletal maturity until as late as age 22 in males, and the strong loads put on their more flexible bones through long hours of practice and intense competitions can result in problems such as
157:
swimming, skiing, are less likely to have done intensive training at a young age than the near-elite athletes. NCAA Division I athletes tended to play multiple sports in high school, and only one in six specialized in a single sport before the age of 12. In the 2015
525:: Eating disorders appear most often in athletes who have specialized in a sport with an aesthetic component (such as gymnastics), and they are most likely to appear around the time the athlete specializes in a single sport with a strong emphasis on competition.
1596:
373:
perform at high levels increases the risk of injury. Some coaching practices, such as punishing athletes who do not want to compete while injured, are abusive. In other cases, the young athletes' concern about missing the opportunity to show off in front of a
514:
and can be overwhelming. Many young athletes who have specialized in a single sport and connected it to their personal identity, especially adolescent girls, are afraid of being rejected or criticized, and even well-intended criticism can feel like a
242:
Another significant risk factor for overuse injury is the number of hours spent in practice, relative to other activities and the youth's age. To reduce this risk of injuries, a young athlete should spend at least one-third of their active time in
765:
spent on organized sports activities (including games and practice) to a weekly maximum of one hour per year old, e.g., 10 hours per week for 10 year olds and 15 hours per week for 15 year olds. Some programs are sport-specific. For example,
482:
of the sport are also significant predictors of high achievement in sports. Early sports specialization reduces motivation and enjoyment, making it less likely that a promising child or younger teenager will become an elite athlete.
586:
risk of quitting. The earlier they start playing, and the more time they put in during the early years, the more likely they are to quit. By contrast, children who have time for playing however they want and to organize their own
1779:"Sport activities for children and adolescents: the Position of the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians 2023-Part 1. Pre-participation physical evaluation in young athletes"
510:, and other mental health problems that it is not developmentally reasonable to expect the younger athlete to be able to manage independently. They may feel like they have no control. The stress of competitions can cause
134:
Early sports specialization is encouraged by parents, paid coaches, and other people, some of whom hope to produce the next star athlete, rather than by the children or teenagers. These adults may put young athletes in
1579:
118:
hours per week for a 16 year old). While this is more than a casual recreational player, who might attend a gymnastics class for an hour or two a week, it is less than some young athletes have been pushed to do.
602:
646:
also tend to specialize before the age of 10. At the other end of the spectrum, most athletes playing lacrosse, American football, and field hockey did not specialize in a single sport until age 17 or later.
740:
principles, reserves high-performance work for athletes who are at least 15 years old. The
International Olympic Committee encourages youth athletes not to specialize in a single sport until after
336:
in the long bones. Injuries to the growth plate in children and teens can cause lifelong damage. Repetitive forceful throwing, which is seen not just in baseball and softball pitchers but also in
193:
and athletic ability while reducing the risk of injury. Multi-sport participation can result in better strength, endurance and balance, which in turn results in fewer injuries, particularly of the
786:
months per year out of organized sports activities, to recover from the unique physical stresses imposed by a given sport, placing a maximum limit of eight months participation in a year-round
650:
Sports such as ice hockey, swimming, gymnastics, and baseball are high risk for causing overuse injuries in youth who specialize in them early. Sometimes an individual position, such as a
681:
Tennis is a sport with early specialization and the risks that go with it, including promising young athletes dropping out. To reduce the number of young women who were quitting, the
344:
and others whose sport or role focuses on throwing, can develop damage to bones and growth plates. Many of these injuries are due to cumulative effects rather than a single event.
377:
causes them to balk at the necessary time for rest and recovery, and can push them into playing more intensively, which puts them at higher risk of an injury. Some sports, such as
1321:
Swindell, Hasani W.; Marcille, Melanie L.; Trofa, David P.; Paulino, Franklin E.; Desai, Natasha N.; Lynch, Thomas Sean; Ahmad, Christopher S.; Popkin, Charles A. (January 2019).
654:, may have higher risk than other positions due to highly specialized and repetitive training. Baseball pitchers tend to develop overuse injuries of the elbow (sometimes called
412:
Uneven physical development: Early sports specialization often results in uneven neuromuscular development. Some motor skills will be advanced and others will be delayed.
168:
Less than 1% of high school baseball players are ever hired by a professional baseball team, even in the minor leagues. In many other sports, the chances are even lower.
702:
642:. Elite US college athletes in swimming, diving, tennis, and fencing tended to specialize around age 12, compared to age 15 for athletes who play team sports. Elite
98:
618:
There are a few sports in which intense training and early specialization are common. The highest rate of single-sport specialization is in tennis. These include
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274:
364:
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39:
harm to young athletes. Many young athletes who are pushed to excel in a single sport quit playing prematurely, or are forced to stop because of injuries.
1827:
Currently athletes begin specialized training at an increasingly younger age. This may be due to greater pressure for achievement from coaches or parents.
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698:
578:
Early sports specialization frequently puts the youth athlete at risk for physical and mental burnout, which worsens performance. This can result in a
348:
is another example of an overuse injury that can damage growth plates. Even without damage to the growth plate itself, early sports specialization in
567:
A child who is tired during free play will sit down to rest. During adult-directed sports activities, the child's need for rest may not be respected.
273:
Some injuries are sport-specific or action-specific. Too much overhead throwing is a particular concern. This can produce overuse injuries such as
1676:"Sport Specialization, Part I: Does Early Sports Specialization Increase Negative Outcomes and Reduce the Opportunity for Success in Young Athletes?"
571:
Early sports specialization may be more effective at producing athletes who peak at an early age. Adult elite athletes, such as competitors in the
310:
27:
or athletic activity year-round, instead of participating in a wide variety of activities. Premature emphasis on a single sport is associated with
495:
126:
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Limited experience with other sports: Early sports specialization may keep children from finding a different sport that they like even better.
2080:
2050:
2017:
1990:
1960:
1933:
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313:). Early sports specialization in baseball is a risk factor for elbow injuries. Athletes who specialize young in baseball and play in the
658:) with the number of times they pitch the ball (including during practice), being tired or experiencing pain while pitching, and increased
216:
Overuse injuries are common among young athletes who specialize in a single sport year-round, or who engage in intensive training programs.
490:: Coaches, parents, and sometimes the young athletes themselves may put unreasonable mental demands on the athletes. This may result in
409:. A growth spurt can also cause temporary reduction in coordination, which can cause a young athlete to lose confidence and self-esteem.
1674:
Myer, Gregory D.; Jayanthi, Neeru; Difiori, John P.; Faigenbaum, Avery D.; Kiefer, Adam W.; Logerstedt, David; Micheli, Lyle J. (2015).
419:
539:. If they have constructed their personal identity around being an athlete, then being forced out of the sport can trigger depression.
230:
are the most significant cause of sports injuries among young athletes. About half of athletic injuries in children and teenagers are
204:
Other effects of early sports specialization including burnout, worse athletic performance, loss of interest in sports, and quitting.
1949:
Calandruccio, James H.; Grear, Benjamin J.; Mauck, Benjamin M.; Sawyer, Jeffrey R.; Toy, Patrick C.; Weinlein, John C. (2016-09-19).
2217:
2103:"Predictors of Junior Versus Senior Elite Performance are Opposite: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Participation Patterns"
714:
267:
290:
694:
582:, in which the stressed athlete performs poorly, overtrains, feels more stressed, performs worse, and may even end up injured.
94:
2069:
Musahl, Volker; Karlsson, JĂłn; Krutsch, Werner; Mandelbaum, Bert R.; Espregueira-Mendes, JoĂŁo; d'Hooghe, Pieter (2018-03-16).
706:
761:) until age 15. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that no child specialize in a single sport before puberty.
389:, that are associated with overuse injuries. Year-round baseball is associated with a need for shoulder and elbow surgery.
842:
682:
406:
326:
294:
263:
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recommends that athletes not undertake serious endurance sports until age 13 and that athletes limit sports focused on
750:
239:
year-round sport are also in adult-directed intensive training programs, and these programs add to the risk of injury.
114:. Late sports specialization, after growing up playing a variety of different sports, does not carry the same risks.
555:
One survey indicated that most professional athletes do not want their own children to specialize in a single sport.
325:, on the other hand, is not an important risk factor.) Early specialization in tennis seems to increase the risk of
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banned competitions until age 14 and restricted the number of competitions a player could compete in before age 18.
737:
611:
507:
67:
164:
2205:
302:
733:
478:(such as wanting to do something related to that sport on their own, even when nobody reminds them) and genuine
282:
2243:
1894:
1227:
Brenner, Joel S.; Council On Sports
Medicine and Fitness of the American Academy of Pediatrics (2016-09-01).
519:. Young athletes who feel pressured by their parents or stressed while participating are more likely to quit.
181:
sport they enjoy the most, that they are best at, and that they believe will win them a college scholarship.
536:
382:
314:
235:
1104:
451:
51:
32:
843:"Official Statement in Support of Sport Specialization Recommendations for Adolescent and Young Athletes"
675:
528:
318:
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535:. They may become overly dependent on adults, which can put them at risk for physical, emotional, and
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1233:
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gives the body no time to rest and recover from minor strains. This is a risk factor for developing
548:
Education: Youth who specialize do worse academically than those who do not play a year-round sport.
487:
475:
431:
174:
158:
806:, whose career-ending injury resulted in worldwide scrutiny of intense youth sports programs in 1980
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655:
511:
415:
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during puberty, they have a higher risk of injuries, including broken bones or a condition such as
354:
345:
136:
111:
55:
1907:
30 out of the 32 first round picks in the 2017 NFL draft were multi-sport athletes in high school.
902:
Jayanthi, Neeru; Pinkham, Courtney; Dugas, Lara; Patrick, Brittany; Labella, Cynthia (May 2013).
516:
306:
298:
145:
83:
1067:"Introduction: Early Specialization and the Rise of Upper Extremity Injuries in Young Athletes"
693:
Early sports specialization is opposed by many sports and medical organizations, including the
244:
110:
before the age of 12 (or before puberty). The alternative to sports specialization is being a
93:
Early sports specialization is opposed by many sports and medical organizations, including the
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2013:
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79:
71:
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Early sports specialization and the intensive training that accompanies it is associated with
1862:"Prevention in Youth Sports (Early Sports Specailization): Injuries of the Throwing Shoulder"
1741:
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Although practice time as an older teenager or young adult is essential to high performance,
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231:
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Time to rest is essential for youth athletes who have chronic medical conditions, such as
435:
221:
149:
130:
The coach has significant influence on whether young players specialize in a single sport.
43:
1866:
Shoulder and Elbow
Injuries in Athletes: Prevention, Treatment and Return to Sport E-Book
1413:
Shoulder and Elbow
Injuries in Athletes: Prevention, Treatment and Return to Sport E-Book
1813:
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For most sports, injuries are more likely to happen during games than during practice.
161:, six out of seven invited college athletes were multi-sport athletes in high school.
2232:
2101:
Barth, Michael; GĂźllich, Arne; Macnamara, Brooke N.; Hambrick, David Z. (June 2022).
803:
775:
572:
458:. Young athletes who are in a high-intensity program may also spend too little time
374:
349:
252:
720:
2024:
Early sports specialization has been linked to increased numbers of elbow injuries.
999:"International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development"
766:
667:
591:
587:
575:, are more likely to have joined a variety of sports teams when they were younger.
402:
333:
212:
198:
190:
59:
36:
20:
1980:
1015:
998:
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winter, baseball in the spring, and then spending the summer playing outdoors.)
787:
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produced the Marc11+ conditioning program to reduce youth injuries by promoting
758:
662:
in the elbow all being risk factors for an injury. Some techniques, such as the
639:
341:
286:
194:
2118:
1518:
812:, potentially dangerous performance problem which may be associated with stress
744:. They recommend that children and youth athletes participate in a variety of
590:
are less likely to quit organized sports. Quitting may also be precipitated by
563:
2043:
Tennis
Medicine: A Complete Guide to Evaluation, Treatment, and Rehabilitation
1795:
1323:"An Analysis of Sports Specialization in NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletics"
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439:
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1346:
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927:
919:
1864:. In Arciero, Robert A.; Cordasco, Frank A.; Provencher, Matthew T. (eds.).
1411:. In Arciero, Robert A.; Cordasco, Frank A.; Provencher, Matthew T. (eds.).
779:
724:
Sports medicine organizations recommend against playing sports that rely on
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479:
322:
153:
87:
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2159:
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1925:
Common
Pediatric Knee Injuries: Best Practices in Evaluation and Management
1822:
1717:
1544:
1364:
1264:
1247:
1042:
945:
1580:"Many kids are overdoing it when it comes to sports, and that's dangerous"
2041:
Giacomo, Giovanni Di; Ellenbecker, Todd S.; Kibler, W. Ben (2019-01-08).
904:"Sports specialization in young athletes: evidence-based recommendations"
459:
455:
427:
177:. However, only 1% of US high school athletes win a sports scholarship.
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491:
317:
are more likely to have this surgery than professional pitchers for US
75:
1501:
Daley, Mary M.; Shoop, Jamie; Christino, Melissa A. (September 2023).
1105:"Parents Should Limit Sports Participation for Children, Trainers Say"
1025:
262:
Injuries that are associated with early sports specialization include
659:
447:
305:. For example, baseball players who play year-round are at risk for
28:
1890:"Multi-Sport Athletes vs. Single Sport Athletes â The Pros and Cons"
2158:
Feeley, Brian T.; Agel, Julie; LaPrade, Robert F. (January 2016).
719:
631:
601:
562:
503:
363:
211:
163:
125:
24:
594:, which worsens performance, injuries, and psychological stress.
1229:"Sports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young Athletes"
809:
771:
332:
A particularly concerning injury category is disruption of the
401:
Changes related to physical growth: When youth athletes have
736:, developed by the International Olympic Committee based on
1982:
That's Gotta Hurt: The
Injuries That Changed Sports Forever
666:
in tennis, are high risk for causing injuries due to their
148:. A large majority of elite young adult athletes, such as
1409:"Prevention in Youth Sports (Early Sports Specialization)"
70:
programs encourage young athletes to develop the ABCs of
1740:
Hart, Elspeth Ashley V.; Nellans, Kate W. (2018-11-13).
852:. National Athletic Trainers' Association. October 2019.
259:. Unstructured play time reduces the risk of injuries.
189:
Playing a wide variety of sports improves the athlete's
2160:"When Is It Too Early for Single Sport Specialization?"
1952:
Sports-Related
Injuries, An Issue of Orthopedic Clinics
2210:
The Oxford
Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine
2072:
Return to Play in Football: An Evidence-based Approach
2006:
Robertson, Greg A. J.; Maffulli, Nicola (2021-07-29).
1065:
Bauer, Andrea S.; Stracciolini, Andrea (2018-11-13).
614:, often specialize in their sport from a young age.
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1985:. University Press of New England. p. 230.
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703:American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
144:performance through development of foundational
99:American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
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1868:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 422â423.
1744:. In Bauer, Andrea S.; Bae, Donald S. (eds.).
1415:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 439â443.
1069:. In Bauer, Andrea S.; Bae, Donald S. (eds.).
715:National Strength and Conditioning Association
1407:Elattar, Osama; Busconi, Brian (2017-10-17).
54:among teenagers and young adults compared to
8:
711:American Medical Society for Sports Medicine
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1507:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
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251:, freely chosen, independent play, such as
1746:Upper Extremity Injuries in Young Athletes
1503:"Mental Health in the Specialized Athlete"
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1168:
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1154:
1152:
1071:Upper Extremity Injuries in Young Athletes
973:
971:
969:
967:
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959:
957:
955:
877:
875:
873:
871:
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867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
2134:
1955:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 218.
1812:
1794:
1707:
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1354:
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1148:
1146:
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1142:
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1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
311:ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
2164:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2113:(6). Auckland, New Zealand: 1399â1416.
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
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1572:
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1568:
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1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
821:
699:National Athletic Trainers' Association
1855:
1327:Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
767:USA Baseball developed the Pitch Smart
462:, even if they are otherwise healthy.
2096:
2094:
2092:
2064:
2062:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2012:. Springer Nature. pp. 328â329.
1974:
1972:
1917:
1915:
1853:
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1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1098:
1096:
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1092:
1090:
234:. Early sports specialization is an
7:
1392:
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1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
255:or playing with other children on a
2045:. Springer. pp. 552â553, 613.
420:relative energy deficiency in sport
385:limits on some activities, such as
1003:British Journal of Sports Medicine
418:: Female athletes are at risk of
295:valgus extension overload syndrome
50:, and a higher rate of serious or
14:
751:Polish Society of Sports Medicine
268:anterior cruciate ligament injury
1928:. Springer Nature. p. 284.
1599:from the original on Nov 1, 2023
1103:Rabin, Roni Caryn (2019-10-17).
397:Other physical effects include:
695:International Olympic Committee
430:(usually by one or two years),
275:ulnar collateral ligament tears
95:International Olympic Committee
1922:Coleman, Nailah (2021-02-02).
728:, such as rugby, until age 15.
707:American Academy of Pediatrics
606:Elite figure skaters, such as
426:. They are at higher risk of
342:American football quarterbacks
23:intensively pursuing a single
1:
738:long-term athlete development
68:Long-term athlete development
1748:. Springer. pp. 79â82.
1016:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962
689:Health and safety guidelines
327:femoroacetabular impingement
264:patellofemoral pain syndrome
146:transferable athletic skills
1979:Geier, David (2017-06-06).
533:industry versus inferiority
17:Early sports specialization
2260:
2119:10.1007/s40279-021-01625-4
1860:Agel, Julie (2017-10-17).
1577:Basen, Ryan (2023-04-12).
1519:10.1007/s12178-023-09851-1
1073:. Springer. pp. 2â3.
734:American Development Model
683:Women's Tennis Association
612:2020 Winter Youth Olympics
416:Female reproductive health
299:olecranon stress fractures
283:flexor-pronator tendinitis
2075:. Springer. p. 353.
1796:10.3389/fped.2023.1125958
303:osteochondritis dissecans
152:athletes and first-round
21:child or teenaged athlete
2176:10.1177/0363546515576899
1895:National Scouting Report
1692:10.1177/1941738115598747
1339:10.1177/2325967118821179
920:10.1177/1941738112464626
749:experiencing pain. The
407:OsgoodâSchlatter disease
1783:Frontiers in Pediatrics
1333:(1): 2325967118821179.
422:, sometimes called the
315:Southeastern Conference
236:independent risk factor
19:is the phenomenon of a
1248:10.1542/peds.2016-2148
729:
615:
568:
393:Other physical effects
369:
217:
169:
131:
33:mental health problems
723:
605:
566:
529:Emotional development
367:
319:Major League Baseball
215:
167:
129:
488:Psychological stress
476:intrinsic motivation
432:secondary amenorrhea
424:female athlete triad
175:athletic scholarship
159:NFL Scouting Combine
56:multi-sport athletes
52:career-ending injury
656:Little League elbow
559:Performance effects
512:performance anxiety
381:, have recommended
112:multi-sport athlete
2009:Fractures in Sport
1109:The New York Times
730:
620:women's gymnastics
616:
569:
517:personal rejection
440:lower bone density
370:
307:Tommy John surgery
218:
170:
132:
58:. In addition to
2206:"Static strength"
2082:978-3-662-55713-6
2052:978-3-319-71498-1
2019:978-3-030-72036-0
1992:978-1-5126-0069-8
1962:978-0-323-46322-5
1935:978-3-030-55870-3
1875:978-0-323-51212-1
1755:978-3-319-56651-1
1422:978-0-323-51212-1
1080:978-3-319-56651-1
636:individual sports
359:American football
291:medial epicondyle
224:are preventable.
72:physical literacy
29:physical injuries
2251:
2224:
2223:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2027:
2026:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1919:
1910:
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1798:
1773:
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1100:
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939:
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847:
839:
652:baseball pitcher
598:High-risk sports
543:Social isolation
523:Eating disorders
466:Personal effects
436:stress fractures
428:delayed menarche
338:javelin throwers
232:overuse injuries
228:Overuse injuries
48:overuse injuries
2259:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2244:Sports injuries
2229:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2204:
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2199:
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2156:
2152:
2107:Sports Medicine
2100:
2099:
2090:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2040:
2039:
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2020:
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2004:
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1993:
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1977:
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1947:
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1936:
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1858:
1833:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1756:
1742:"Gymnast Wrist"
1739:
1738:
1725:
1673:
1672:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1585:Washington Post
1576:
1575:
1552:
1500:
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1430:
1423:
1406:
1405:
1372:
1320:
1319:
1272:
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1063:
1050:
1009:(13): 843â851.
995:
994:
953:
901:
900:
857:
845:
841:
840:
823:
819:
800:
755:static strength
746:age-appropriate
726:static strength
691:
676:gymnast's wrist
600:
561:
468:
395:
357:in the hips of
355:cam deformities
222:sports injuries
210:
187:
150:NCAA Division I
124:
107:
44:sports injuries
12:
11:
5:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
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2230:
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2197:
2170:(1): 234â241.
2150:
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2028:
2018:
1998:
1991:
1968:
1961:
1941:
1934:
1911:
1881:
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1761:
1754:
1723:
1686:(5): 437â442.
1609:
1550:
1513:(9): 410â418.
1428:
1421:
1370:
1270:
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1079:
1048:
951:
914:(3): 251â257.
855:
820:
818:
815:
814:
813:
807:
799:
796:
690:
687:
644:figure skaters
624:figure skating
599:
596:
580:vicious circle
560:
557:
553:
552:
549:
546:
540:
526:
520:
502:, feelings of
467:
464:
444:
443:
413:
410:
394:
391:
383:evidence-based
379:youth baseball
279:ulnar neuritis
253:climbing trees
220:About half of
209:
206:
186:
183:
123:
120:
106:
103:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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2219:9780198568506
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2021:
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2011:
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1964:
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1680:Sports Health
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908:Sports Health
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804:Elena Mukhina
802:
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795:
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789:
783:
781:
777:
776:core strength
773:
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633:
630:, as well as
629:
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588:pick-up games
583:
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573:Olympic Games
565:
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421:
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414:
411:
408:
404:
403:growth spurts
400:
399:
398:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
362:
360:
356:
351:
350:impact sports
347:
346:Gymnast wrist
343:
339:
335:
330:
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324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
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288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
249:self-directed
246:
240:
237:
233:
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202:
200:
196:
192:
184:
182:
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176:
166:
162:
160:
155:
151:
147:
141:
138:
137:travel league
128:
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119:
115:
113:
104:
102:
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1951:
1944:
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1906:
1900:. Retrieved
1898:. 2019-12-20
1893:
1884:
1865:
1826:
1786:
1782:
1745:
1683:
1679:
1601:. Retrieved
1584:
1510:
1506:
1412:
1330:
1326:
1238:
1232:
1120:. Retrieved
1108:
1070:
1006:
1002:
911:
907:
849:
792:
784:
763:
731:
701:(NATA), the
692:
680:
672:
668:biomechanics
649:
617:
592:overtraining
584:
577:
570:
554:
537:sexual abuse
508:erfectionism
473:
469:
445:
423:
396:
371:
334:growth plate
331:
272:
261:
241:
226:
219:
203:
191:motor skills
188:
179:
171:
142:
133:
116:
108:
92:
84:coordination
64:
60:overtraining
41:
37:psychosocial
16:
15:
2239:Youth sport
1789:: 1125958.
788:sports club
759:rugby scrum
640:team sports
361:players .
287:apophysitis
2233:Categories
1902:2024-04-23
1603:2023-10-17
1234:Pediatrics
1122:2023-10-16
1026:1974/14302
817:References
782:strength.
713:, and the
664:kick serve
496:depression
323:curveballs
257:playground
105:Definition
2184:1552-3365
2127:1179-2035
1805:2296-2360
1700:1941-0921
1593:0190-8286
1527:1935-973X
1347:2325-9671
1257:0031-4005
1117:0362-4331
1035:0306-3674
928:1941-7381
780:hamstring
608:You Young
480:enjoyment
245:free play
154:NFL draft
2212:. 2007.
2192:25825379
2145:35038142
1823:37425260
1814:10323832
1718:26502420
1597:Archived
1545:37326758
1536:10427563
1365:30729145
1265:27573090
1043:26084524
946:24427397
850:NATA.org
798:See also
460:sleeping
456:diabetes
387:pitching
208:Injuries
97:and the
2136:9124658
1709:4547120
1356:6350152
937:3658407
757:(e.g.,
742:puberty
610:at the
500:burnout
492:anxiety
289:of the
185:Effects
80:balance
76:agility
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2016:
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709:, the
705:, the
697:, the
660:torque
628:diving
626:, and
452:anemia
448:asthma
438:, and
301:, and
122:Causes
86:, and
35:, and
1241:(3).
846:(PDF)
638:than
632:dance
504:shame
454:, or
375:scout
199:ankle
88:speed
25:sport
2214:ISBN
2188:PMID
2180:ISSN
2141:PMID
2123:ISSN
2077:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2014:ISBN
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