Siward, Earl of Northumbria

763:"fter a short conversation the king took him into his service, and promised him the first position of dignity which became vacant in his realm. After that Siward said farewell, and he and his men took the way back to London. On the bridge not far from the monastery he met the Earl of Huntingdon, Tosti, a Dane by birth; the king hated him because he had married Earl Godwine's daughter, sister to the queen. The earl crossed the foot-bridge so near Siward that he soiled his mantle with his dirty feet; for at that time it was fashionable to wear a mantle without any cord by which to hold it up. Then blood rushed to his heart; yet he checked himself from taking revenge on the spot, because the shame was inflicted upon him by one who was on his way to the king's hall. But he remained standing with his men by the same bridge until Tosti came from the king; then he drew his sword and hacked off Tosti's head, and went with it under his mantle back to the king's hall. Here he asked, according to his promise, to give him the earldom of Huntingdon. But as the earl had just left him, the king thought he was only joking. Then Siward related his deed, and, as sure proof, cast the head down before the king's feet. The king then kept his promise, and proclaimed him at once earl of Huntingdon ... A few days later, the Northmen began to attack the realm. The king then was in a state of uncertainty, and deliberated with the great men of his realm as to what means should be adopted; and they made over with one voice Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland to Earl Siward, and the king invested him with earldom over them". 50: 1290: 939: 906:

himself, although it is unclear whether the marriage took place before or after Siward killed Eadwulf. Kapelle has pointed out that no ruler of Bamburgh after Uhtred is attested at the English royal court, which he argued "must mean they were in revolt" against the monarchy, and that Siward's attack may therefore have been encouraged by a monarch wishing to crush a rebellious or disloyal vassal. Siward however probably had his own interests too. Killing Eadwulf eliminated his main rival in the north, and the marriage associated him with the family of Uhtred the Bold, and with Uhtred's surviving son

472: 1123:"Around this time Siward, the mighty earl of Northumbria, almost a giant in stature, very strong mentally and physically, sent his son to conquer Scotland. When they came back and reported to his father that he had been killed in battle, he asked 'Did he receive his fatal wound in the front or the back of his body?' The messengers said 'In the front'. Then he said, 'That makes me very happy, for I consider no other death worthy for me or my son'. Then Siward set out for Scotland, and defeated the king in battle, destroyed the whole realm, and having destroyed it, subjected it to himself". 1376: 853:. Isolated in Scandinavia, Harthacnut was unable to prevent Harold Harefoot seizing the crown for himself. Ruling England from 1035, Harold died in 1040 just as Harthacnut was preparing an invasion. Arriving soon after Harold's death, Harthacnut reigned in England only two years before his own death in 1042, a death that led to the peaceful succession of Edward. Frank Barlow speculated on Siward's political stance, guessing that during these upheavals Siward assumed "a position of benevolent or prudent neutrality". 1394:"Siward, the stalwart earl, being stricken by dysentery, felt that death was near, and said, "How shameful it is that I, who could not die in so many battles, should have been saved for the ignominious death of a cow! At least clothe me in my impenetrable breastplate, gird me with my sword, place my helmet on my head, my shield in my left hand, my gilded battle-axe in my right, that I, the bravest of soldiers, may die like a soldier." He spoke, and armed as he had requested, he gave up his spirit with honour". 653:, that is, "Bear's Son". This Beorn was Danish by race, a distinguished earl and famous soldier. As a sign, however, that due to part of his ancestry he was of a different species, nature had given him the ears of his father's line, namely those of a bear. In all other features he was of his mother's appearance. And after many manly deeds and military adventures, he begot a son, a tried imitator of his father's strength and military skill. His name was Siward, nicknamed 1540:. Although no surviving children are attested, and no source states the name of Osbjorn's mother, this marriage has nonetheless raised the possibility that Waltheof and Osbjorn were born to different mothers, and William Kapelle suggested that Siward may have originally intended Osbjorn to inherit his southern territories while Waltheof inherited those territories in the north associated with the family of his mother Ælfflæd. 1474:. This land was stated to have been worth £212, while his son Waltheof was said to have held £136 worth of land across 9 counties. Domesday records give an incomplete picture of Siward's holdings. In total it recorded property worth £348 for Siward and his son, which on its own would compare poorly with the £2493 in value recorded to have been held by the family of the earls of Mercia. Of the latter, however, 5284: 1063:, and that no man is to break the peace which was given by Gospatric and Earl Siward. Historians such as Charles Phythian-Adams believed that such phraseology indicated that Siward conquered the region from its previous rulers, although others, like William Kapelle, believed that the region had come, were it ever lost, back into English power before Siward's time. 1092:, the clergy were "terrified and overwhelmed by the fearful power of the earl" and "were compelled willy nilly to be reconciled to the bishop, and to admit him into his episcopal see". Despite this, Siward escaped censure in the writings of later Durham monks, something which suggests relations between Siward and Durham were probably good in general. 1100:("earl") named Sihroþ and Sihroð witnessed two charters in 1050, and this may be Siward. There is another attestation in 1050, and his name appears in two dubious witness lists attached to charters dating to 1052 and 1054. Possibly Siward's last historical appearance in English legal documents is in the agreement made—probably at 1162:, written in the early 12th century, relate under the year 1046 that "Earl Siward with a great army came to Scotland, and expelled king Macbeth, and appointed another; but after his departure Mac Bethad recovered his kingdom". Historian William Kapelle thought that this was a genuine event of the 1040s, related to the 1095:

Siward can be found witnessing numerous charters during Edward's reign, though not as many as the Godwinsons; Siward usually comes third in lists of earls, behind Godwine and Leofric but ahead of Godwine's sons and the other earls. He witnessed at least seven, possibly nine, extant charters in 1044,

825:

remained agnostic on the point, although he did argue that Erik must have been dead by 1028. Timothy Bolton, although rejecting Kapelle's argument concerning Carl son of Thurbrand, believed Erik died c. 1023 and that the earldom may have remained vacant for a period. Bolton argued that Cnut left the

1008:

relates that although Siward had to call up reinforcements, King Edward was successful and Earl Godwine was temporarily exiled. Earl Godwine remained a threat in exile, and the continued "belligerent support" of Siward and Leofric was thus vital to King Edward's safety. It was apparently, however,

949:

Relations between Siward and King Edward appear to have been good. Neither Siward nor any associates of Siward were punished by Edward in later years. In fact, Siward appears to have been one of Edward's most powerful supporters. On 16 November 1043, Siward, along with Earls Godwine of Wessex

316:("Canute the Great", 1016–1035). Cnut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered most of England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of many Scandinavians who came to England in the aftermath, rising to become sub-ruler of most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest, he was in control of southern 905:

and other sources write about the same event, they say that Siward attacked and killed Eadwulf. It was thus that Siward became earl of all Northumbria, perhaps the first person to do so since Uhtred the Bold. It is possible that Siward used Ælfflæd's lineage to claim the earldom of Bamburgh for

1478:, Earl of Northumbria on the day of King Edward's death, possessed land worth £968, while Tostig, exiled earl at the time, had land worth £491; both may have come into possession of some of Siward's land in the course of becoming Earls of Northumbria. Moreover, the counties that would become 1346:

Duncan in fact believes that the Battle of the Seven Sleepers did not lead directly to a change of leadership in the Kingdom of Scotland. It has been suggested that the chief consequence of Siward's expedition was not the overthrow of Mac Bethad, but the transfer of British territory—perhaps

1154:

attacked northern Northumbria and besieged Durham. Within a year, Macbeth had deposed and killed Donnchad. The failed siege occurred a year before Siward attacked and killed Earl Eadwulf of Bamburgh, and though no connection between the two events is clear it is likely that they were linked.

707:

Historian Timothy Bolton has recently argued that the similarities between these genealogies is evidence of a shared family tradition between the descendants of Siward and Thorgil Sprakling. Bolton hypothesized that Siward's alleged father Bjorn was probably a historical figure, a brother of

1297:

The purpose of Siward's invasion is unclear, but it may be related to the identity of the "Máel Coluim" (Malcolm) mentioned in the sources. The early 12th-century chronicle attributed to John of Worcester, probably using an earlier source, wrote that Siward defeated Macbeth and made

1221:

At this time earl Siward went with a great army into Scotland, with both fleet and a land-force; and fought against the Scots, and put to flight the king Macbeth, and slew all that were best in the land, and brought thence much war-spoil, such as no man obtained before;

1347:

previously lying under Scottish suzerainty—to Northumbrian overlordship. Alex Woolf has posited that, in such a context, Máel Coluim might have been a discontented Cumbrian prince who had been forced to "put himself under English protection". Evidence for Northumbrian control of

720:

and founded the dynasty of Danish monarchs that eventually succeeded Cnut's. Bolton argued that the Sprakling family had only recently risen to prominence in Scandinavia, and so Siward's career in England was another indication of that family's success in Scandinavian politics.

812:

last appeared in the historical sources in 1023, leaving a ten-year gap during which Siward could have taken the position. Although William of Malmesbury asserted that Erik was driven back to Scandinavia, Scandinavian tradition firmly maintained he died in England. Historian

594:, formed an older British stronghold and experienced links with and settlement of Gaels, while in the rest of Northumbria; British (predominantly in Yorkshire and further North) English and Anglo-Scandinavian(generally restricted to the eastern coasts) regional magnates— 1317:

attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The latter reported that Mac Bethad was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Mac Bethad outlived Siward by two years.

1326:

entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified Máel Coluim "son of the king of the Cumbrians" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as

1421:, fearing to die "like a cow" and wishing rather to die like a soldier, he clothed himself in armour and took to hand an axe and shield. Ennobled in such a manner, Siward died. This anecdote is of doubtful historicity, and is thought to be derived from the 963: 1216:

Her ferde Siward eolr mid miclum here on Scotland, ægðer ge mid scyphere 7 mid landfyrde, 7 feaht wið Scottas, 7 aflymde þone kyng Macbeoðen, 7 ofsloh eall þæt þær betst wæs on þam lande, 7 lædde þonan micele herehuðe swilce nan man ær ne

925:

Edward. As an ætheling, a royal prince with a present or likely future claim on the throne, Edward appears to have been invited back by Harthacnut in 1041, fortuitously smoothing over the coming change in ruler. Edward was crowned king on

1047:, thought by some historians to have been lost to Strathclyde, back under Northumbrian lordship. The evidence comes from a document known to historians as "Gospatric's Writ". This is a written instruction, issued either by the future 1462:

declared that Siward was "not a statesman, but a Danish warrior of the primitive type". Writers in the half-century after his death remembered Siward as a strong ruler who brought peace and suppressed brigandage.

821:) for the king in Yorkshire. Carl retained this position, it was argued, even after Siward was installed as earl a few years later, but from then on he acted as a deputy to the earl rather than to the king. 1501:

Siward is said to have built a church dedicated to St Olaf at Galmanho, York. The record of his burial in this church is the only notice of a non-royal lay burial inside a church in pre-Norman England.

1903:

Dumville, D. N. (2001). "St Cathróe of Metz and the hagiography of exoticism". In John Carey, Máire Herbert and Pádraig Ó Riain (ed.). Studies in Irish Hagiography. Dublin. p. 177. ISBN 978-1851824861.

1279:

A battle between the men of Scotland and the English; and in it fell three thousand of the men of Scotland, and one thousand five hundred of the English, including Dolfin, Finntur's son;

1446:

Material incorporated in two surviving sources is thought by some to attest to the existence of a lost saga or some other kind of literary tradition concerning Siward's life. The first source is the

977:(later King William I), was to be his heir. Others said to have made that oath were Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, along with Stigand, who had been pardoned in 1044, and raised to 2039:("bear spirit") strengthens the idea that Siward's father was actually called Bjorn); alternatively, the earlier version in John of Worcester may have been the source for both (Christiansen, 523:

kingdoms in addition to England, power at the highest level was delegated to such strongmen. In England, it fell to a handful of newly promoted "ealdormen" or "earls", who each ruled a

629:(a certain nobleman whom the Lord, contrary to what normally happens in human procreation, allowed to be created from a white bear as a father and a noblewoman as a mother), begot 405:

Source material on Siward's life and career is scarce. No contemporary or near-contemporary biography has survived, and narratives from around the time of his life such as the

5268: 1510:, Heslington Hill near York, was most likely named after Earl Siward, although probably because Siward held popular courts there rather than because it was his burial place. 519:

five decades later. These "new men" were military figures, usually with weak hereditary links to the West Saxon royal house that Cnut had deposed. As Cnut ruled several

1532:

Besides Ælfflæd, Siward is known to have been married to a woman named Godgifu, who died before Siward. The marriage is known from a grant she made of territory around

2078:, pp. 128, 131, for discussion of the raven banner and the old man on the hill as Oðinn; Siward's dragon-slaying can be compared to the dragon-slaying of his namesake 1517:

before becoming Earl of Northumbria. When Waltheof rebelled against William the Conqueror, however, the act led to his execution and to his subsequent veneration as a

1299: 1494:

were largely omitted from the survey, while, besides being only very poorly documented, the lands in Yorkshire had been severely devastated and devalued during the

1286:

Dolfin is unidentified, but may have been a relation of Macbeth's enemy Crínán of Dunkeld, on the basis that some of Crínán's descendants may have borne this name.

49: 917:

of John of Worcester related that, because of an attack on two of Harthacnut's tax-collectors there, Siward took part in a reprisal on the city and monastery of

1255:

and Hugh, who had joined Macbeth earlier after fleeing from England, were killed in the battle. The battle is mentioned in the Irish annals too, briefly in the

2126:

Aird, "Siward"; this account (see box) he story relates that Siward slew Tostig, and as a reward the king (Edward the Confessor) granted Siward the earldom of

1894:

Downham, Clare (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ivarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1903765890.

4096:

Libellus de exordio atque procursu istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis, ecclesie = Tract on the origins and progress of this the Church of Durham / Symeon of Durham

1802:

See, for a list and discussion of Cnut's earls, Keynes, "Cnut's earls", pp. 43–88; the term was, by Cnut's reign, interchangeable with the Scandinavian word

5299: 1170:, Donnchad's father; Kapelle thought that Siward had tried to place Crínán's son and Donnchad's brother Maldred on the Scottish throne. Another historian, 1051:, or Gospatric, son of Earl Uhtred, that was addressed to all Gospatric's kindred and to the notables dwelling in the "all the lands that were Cumbrian" ( 1306:). The identity of Máel Coluim and the reasons for Siward's help are controversial. The traditional historical interpretation was that "Máel Coluim" is 1228:

ac his sunu Osbarn, 7 his sweostor suna Sihward, 7 of his huscarlum 7 eac þæs cynges wurdon þær ofslægene on þone dæg Septem Dormientium..

550:

Northern England in the 11th-century was a region quite distinct from the rest of the country. The former kingdom of Northumbria stretched from the

4330:

Bolton, Timothy (2009), "The Empire of Cnut the Great: Conquest and the Consolidation of Power in Northern Europe in the Early Eleventh Century",

1454:

origin, and in the process recounts certain adventures of his father Siward. The second major witness of the tradition is Henry of Huntingdon's

4083:

Chronica regum Manniae et Insularum: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys from the Manuscript Codex in the British Museum, with Historical Notes

4463:

Saxon Grammaticus Books X–XVI The Text of the First Edition with Translation and Commentary in Three Volumes. Vol. I: Books X, XI, XII and XIII

1293:

Anachronistic early 19th-century depiction by John Martin of Mac Bethad (centre-right) watching Siward's Northumbrian army approaching (right)

5241: 5220: 5095: 5054: 5036: 5006: 4988: 4958: 4878: 4858: 4798: 4776: 4758: 4729: 4704: 4683: 4665: 4647: 4626: 4605: 4584: 4563: 4542: 4524: 4506: 4488: 4470: 4449: 4396: 4339: 4321: 4303: 4282: 4261: 4193: 4166: 4145: 4124: 4103: 4051:

Chroniques Anglo-Normandes: recueil d'extraits et d'écrits relatifs à l'histoire de Normandie et d'Angleterre pendant les XIe et XIIe siècles

4036: 4002: 3981: 3960: 3942: 3921: 3900: 451:(compiled and written as extant between the late 11th century and the first half of the 12th century). Legendary material, such as that in 5311: 1275:

Cath eter firu Alban & Saxanu i torchradur tri mile do Feraib Alban & mile co leth do Shaxanaib im Dolfinn m. Finntuir.

1471: 1458:, which contains extracts of saga-like material relating to Siward's invasion of Scotland (1054) and his death (1055). The Anglo-Saxonist 1193:

has its origins in later medieval legend. The earliest mention of Dunsinane as the location of the battle is in the early 15th century by

1470:

of 1086 recorded 4 manors, 3 in Yorkshire and 1 in Derbyshire, owned directly by Earl Siward in 1066, all of them subsequently held by

700:, states that Siward was the son of a Scandinavian earl named Bjorn and provides a genealogy claiming that he was the descendant of a 5294: 4356:

Bolton, Timothy (2007), "Was the Family of Earl Siward and Earl Waltheof a Lost Line of the Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?",

1569: 826:

earldom of Northumbria empty and appears to have paid it little attention until the last years of his reign, and another northerner

515:. Most important was the reign of Cnut, in which so many new political figures rose to power that some historians compare it to the 5104:

Thomson, R. M. (2004). "Malmesbury, William of (b. c.1090, d. in or after 1142), historian, man of letters, and Benedictine monk".

371:, Siward defeated Mac Bethad in battle in 1054. More than half a millennium later the adventure in Scotland earned him a place in 5273: 5114: 4817: 4220: 1513:

One of Siward's sons is known to have survived him, Waltheof, whose mother was Ælfflæd. Waltheof later rose to be an earl in the

182: 574:, and subsequent control was exerted through the agency of at least two ealdormen, one to the north and one to the south of the 4724:, ASNC Guides, Texts, and Studies, 5, Cambridge: Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic Studies, University of Cambridge, 4334:, The Northern World. North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D.: Peoples, Economies and Cultures, volume 40, Leiden: Brill, 899:, Earl of Bamburgh, was "betrayed" by King Harthacnut. The "betrayal" seems to have been carried out by Siward; since when the 1024:

addressed to Siward as earl in these shires. Siward's predecessors as earl in these areas were other Scandinavians, Thuri and

3416: 1048: 907: 817:

believed that Erik ceased to be earl in or soon after 1023, and that Carl son of Thurbrand was appointed hold or high-reeve (

1079: 1066:

A little can be said about Siward's relations with the Northumbrian church, in particular with regard to his relations with

4900:

Morris, Christopher J. (1992), "Marriage and Murder in eleventh-century Northumbria: a study of 'De Obsessiones Dunelmi'",

1009:

the reluctance of these two earls to fight Earl Godwine that contributed to Godwine's re-establishment in England in 1052.

5437: 4920: 4868: 3974:

Henry of Huntingdon: The History of the English People 1000–1154/ Translated from the Latin with an Introduction and Notes

1557: 697: 382: 1310:, known sometimes today as Malcolm III or Malcolm Canmore, and that Siward was attempting to oust Macbeth in his favour. 1307: 808:

Although it is clear that Siward was earl by 1033, he may have attained the position somewhat earlier. His predecessor

4291: 973:, claimed that Siward was among those who had sworn an oath to uphold Edward the Confessor's alleged declaration that 364: 2031:, vol. i, p. 190). Saxo may have borrowed from Siward's story and genealogy when he wrote his account of Sprakling ( 913:

There may nonetheless be a connection between the murder of Eadwulf and events further south. For the same year the

5019:, Edinburgh University Publications: History, Philosophy and Economics No. 4, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 4579:, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series, volume 15, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1526: 1151: 463:, is not generally regarded as useful beyond its limited potential for cleanly preserving earlier source material. 386: 154: 5171:"'Cockles amongst the wheat': Danes and English in the Western Midlands in the First Half of the Eleventh Century" 1529:, and through this connection Siward became one of the many ancestors of the later Scottish and British monarchs. 1139: 1075: 974: 5148:

Hagiographica: Rivista di Agiografia e Biografia della Società Internazionale per Lo Studio del Medio Evo Latino

1335:

and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of the Strathclyde British king

5204: 5166: 4786: 4635: 4437: 4270: 4154: 4045: 4024: 3909: 3844:

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: An edition with TEI P4 markup, expressed in XML and translated to XHTML1.1 using XSL

1729: 986: 861: 540: 1450:, a hagiographic history of Siward's cult-inspiring son Waltheof. This text contains an account of Waltheof's 958:, helping the king to deprive the queen of her huge treasury. Edward then accused Emma of treason and deposed 873: 1882:

Anderson, AO (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286. I. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. p. 441.

5404: 4519:, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th Series, xxvii, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1167: 850: 1313:

The traditional historical interpretation that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada derives from the

4976: 2149:, "Siward Digri", pp. 215–16; even though there is evidence that a prominent magnate named Tostig—but not 1533: 896: 884: 827: 563: 532: 336: 328: 105: 2153:—was active during the period, Edward did not become king until 1042, and this story like others in the 868:, between 1040 and 1042, of an earlier grant made by Cnut. In 1042, he witnessed grants by Harthacnut to 4119:, Facsimile reprint of 1987, from Church Historians of England, vol. iii. 2 (1858), Lampeter: Llanerch, 1735: 1495: 1475: 1356: 1101: 1040:

of Mercia. It was this area, rather than Northumbria, to which Siward's descendants were most attached.

436: 419: 62: 5307: 982: 413: 1289: 1074:

claimed by the bishops of Durham. Acquisition of these estates might have brought opposition from the

833:

When Cnut died in 1035, there were a number of rival claimants for his throne. These included his son

606:—exercised a considerable degree of independence from the ealdormen. One such example was the magnate 570:(Scotland). Northumbria had been united with the West Saxon English kingdom only in the 950s, by King 5442: 1082:

the incumbent had been expelled by the clergy of Durham in either 1045 or 1046 and, according to the

978: 943: 921:. Harthacnut reigned only another year, dying on 8 June 1042. He was succeeded by the exiled English 877: 846: 512: 344: 261: 728:

provides further legendary detail of Siward's journey from Scandinavia to England. According to the

5376: 5350: 5342: 4593: 4077: 3806:

Lewis, "Waltheof"; Scott, "Earl Waltheof", pp. 206–07; Watkins, "Cult of Earl Waltheof", pp. 95–101

1996: 1723: 1404: 1257: 1186: 1084: 1017: 970: 901: 822: 790: 717: 440: 372: 304:("the stout") are given to him by near-contemporary texts. It is possible Siward may have been of 4332:

The Northern World Nw; North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD; Peoples, Economies and Cultures

1375: 938: 312:, although this is speculative. He emerged as a regional strongman in England during the reign of 5410: 4793:, Alecto County Edition of Domesday Book, 24, London: Alecto Historical Editions, pp. 1–41, 4444:, Alecto County Edition of Domesday Book, 1, London: Alecto Historical Editions, pp. 18–34, 2130:. Soon after, Siward obtained Northumbria too; for text and translations of account, see Michel, 1537: 1364: 1070:. As a result of Siward's marriage to Ælfflæd, Siward gained possession of a group of estates in 918: 798: 607: 277: 4904:, Borthwick Paper No. 82, York: Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York, 842: 5170: 4867:

Maund, K. L. (1988), "The Welsh Alliances of Earl Ælfgar of Mercia", in Brown, R. Allen (ed.),

4060: 5237: 5216: 5193: 5155: 5091: 5072: 5050: 5032: 5002: 4984: 4954: 4935: 4905: 4884: 4874: 4854: 4794: 4772: 4754: 4735: 4725: 4700: 4679: 4661: 4643: 4622: 4601: 4580: 4559: 4538: 4520: 4502: 4484: 4466: 4458: 4445: 4425: 4392: 4373: 4345: 4335: 4317: 4299: 4278: 4257: 4199: 4189: 4162: 4141: 4133: 4120: 4099: 4032: 3998: 3977: 3956: 3938: 3930: 3917: 3896: 3888: 3876: 3198: 3170: 3162: 3134: 3126: 3098: 3090: 3082: 3074: 3066: 3058: 3050: 3042: 3034: 3026: 3018: 3010: 3002: 2994: 2986: 2978: 2970: 2962: 2954: 2131: 2091: 2012: 1948: 1565: 1466:

Siward died more than a decade before the death of Edward the Confessor, but despite this the

1352: 1340: 1194: 1109: 951: 801:, in 1033. This charter attestation can be identified as Siward the earl because he is styled 789:

Siward", but it is impossible to securely identify any of these names with the man who became

709: 676:

Historians generally claim Siward to be of Scandinavian origin, a conclusion supported by the

571: 460: 432: 172: 2415: 2399: 2371: 2343: 2196: 2174:

Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", p. 65; several of Cnut's Danish earls appear earliest with the style

5394: 5185: 5119: 4822: 4614: 4417: 4365: 4225: 4112: 2150: 1992: 1503: 1263: 1252: 1025: 1013: 955: 794: 448: 332: 289: 234: 205: 121: 28: 1999:

of Denmark; and the genealogy of Sweyn's brother Earl Bjorn recorded by John of Worcester (

5382: 5336: 4692: 4551: 4081: 4011: 2787: 2158: 1319: 1178:

entry was probably referring to the invasion of Siward in 1054, but misplaced under 1046.

1067: 1001: 997: 981:

in 1047. If this did happen, it was probably during or a little before spring 1051, when

888: 838: 814: 809: 768: — A saga-like description of Siward's accession to power in England, taken from the 567: 516: 504: 444: 394: 110: 100: 3395: 865: 793:. The earliest certain contemporary record of Siward occurs in a charter of King Cnut to 781:

offers a legendary account. Charters dating to 1019, 1024, 1032, 1033 and 1035 mention a

752:

and instructed him to proceed to London to receive the patronage of the king of England.

327:

Siward entrenched his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of

5209: 5024: 4809: 4091: 3990: 3969: 3859: 1717: 1522: 1483: 1439: 1237: 1190: 1182: 869: 559: 544: 536: 500: 456: 407: 313: 3995:

Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People / Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon

5431: 5290: 5083: 4572: 4161:, Alecto Historical Editions (Penguin Classics ed.), London: Penguin Books Ltd, 3914:

The Life of King Edward who Rests at Westminster attributed to a monk of Saint-Bertin

1514: 1479: 1467: 1459: 1384: 1143: 1037: 528: 447:(writing between c. 1114 and 1141). Other sources include the material attributed to 424: 368: 177: 1181:

During the invasion of 1054, a battle was fought somewhere in Scotland north of the

1166:

entry for 1045 that reported a "battle between the Scots" which led to the death of

1012:

There is evidence to suggest that Siward extended his power southward, bringing the

5045:

Sawyer, Peter (1994), "Cnut's Scandinavian Empire", in Rumble, Alexander R. (ed.),

4946: 4746: 4713: 4405: 4384: 1332: 1328: 1232:

And there were slain his son Osbjorn, and his sister's son Siward, and some of his

1029: 749: 599: 555: 5138: 4841: 4244: 1000:, mobilised forces in defence of the king against a rebellion by Earl Godwine and 777:

The exact date and context of Siward's arrival in England are unknown, though the

339:

in 1041, Siward gained control of all Northumbria. He supported Cnut's successors

4049: 3419:

being the same as Crínán of Dunkeld, something which is now in doubt; see Woolf,

3357:, pp. 172–73, for a discussion of the possibility that Dunsinane was the location 5236:, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1491: 1429:

states that Siward died at York and was buried in "the monastery of St Olaf" at

1348: 922: 741: 666: — A description of Siward's ancestry and his father Beorn, taken from the 527:

or group of shires on behalf of the king. Siward was, in the words of historian

520: 452: 352: 317: 305: 135: 5123: 4892: 4826: 4229: 1351:

in this period includes 11th-century Northumbrian masonry found at the site of

1128: — A description of Osbjorn's death and Siward's reaction, taken from the 347:

with vital military aid and counsel, and probably gained control of the middle

5229: 5106: 4916: 4807:

Lewis, C. P. (2004). "Waltheof, earl of Northumbria (c. 1050–1076), magnate".

4697:

The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and Its Transformation, 1000–1135

4421: 4389:

Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain: From the Picts to Alexander III

4212: 4188:, Studies in the History of Medieval Religion, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2127: 1988: 1487: 1336: 1171: 1146:. The origin of Siward's conflict with the Scots is unclear. According to the 1044: 927: 834: 701: 611: 603: 591: 587: 575: 508: 499:

Siward's career in northern England spanned the reigns of four monarchs; from

484: 360: 359:

by the 1050s. There is some evidence that he spread Northumbrian control into

356: 340: 5197: 5159: 5076: 4939: 4909: 4888: 4739: 4429: 4377: 4349: 4203: 5189: 4408:(2004), "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, c. 900–c. 1200", 2043:, vol. i, p. 190, who nevertheless believes Saxo may have had access to the 1418: 1233: 1205: 1060: 321: 293: 4210:

Aird, William M. (2004). "Siward, earl of Northumbria (d. 1055), magnate".

2027:) father of Bjorn and Sweyn, was similarly born from a bear (Christiansen, 17: 4981:

Land of the Cumbrians: A Study in British Provincial Origins A.D. 400–1120

3953:

The Chronicle of John of Worcester. Volume II, The Annals from 450 To 1066

3935:

The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis; Volume II, Books III and IV

614:, whose family were frequently at odds with the ruling earls at Bamburgh. 531:, "the third man in Cnut's new triumvirate of earls", the other two being 2020: 2003:, "Siward Digri", pp. 218–19, 234; Darlington, McGurk & Bray (eds.), 1430: 1360: 1185:, a battle known variously as the "Battle of the Seven Sleepers" or the " 1071: 745: 713: 579: 492: 480: 309: 4717: 4660:, The Ward Bequest, volume 10, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 4369: 2752:, p. 89, n. 5; Williams, "'Cockles amongst the Wheat'", pp. 11, 20 n. 61 2035:, "Siward Digri", p. 234, noting in n. 1 that the name of Siward's son, 1698:, passim; for particular relevant analysis, see sources used by Duncan, 1200:

The earliest contemporary English account of the battle is found in the

1105: 990: 959: 471: 377: 4785:

Lewis, C. P. (1991), "An Introduction to the Lancashire Domesday", in

1806:, which supplanted the former by the end of the 11th-century (Crouch, 966:, from his position "because he was closest to his mother's counsel". 3415:, p. 89; the relationship is dependent on the Crínán, grandfather of 2079: 1451: 737: 733: 551: 4971:, 2 vols. (reprinted Wiesbaden: Sändig, 1969 ed.), Munich: Beck 3366: 2672: 2575: 2459: 2455: 1991:

noted the correspondence between Siward's genealogy and two others:

1304:

Malcolmum, regis Cumbrorum filium, ut rex jusserat, regem constituit

4314:

The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England

2718:, p. 595 (n. 1 from p. 594); Cain, "Introduction", p. 31; Kapelle, 1036:), showing that this earldom represented the earlier polity of the 1518: 1374: 1288: 1096:

six or seven in 1045, two in 1046, one in 1048 and one in 1049. A

937: 786: 595: 524: 470: 427:

histories may or may not be reliable, but useful ones include the

348: 3895:(1991 revised & corrected ed.), Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1387:, a 19th-century representation of Earl Siward readying for death 1138:

Siward is perhaps most famous for his expedition in 1054 against

1055:); it ordered that one Thorfinn mac Thore be free in all things ( 586:. It was a politically fragmented region. The western part, from 4873:, vol. XI, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, pp. 181–90, 4436:

Cain, Tom (1987), "An Introduction to the Rutland Domesday", in

1803: 1422: 1021: 860:("Earl Siward"), witnessing a charter of King Harthacnut to the 583: 488: 476: 417:

scarcely mention him; historians depend on a few entries in the

390: 285: 58: 5146:

Watkins, Carl (1996), "The Cult of Earl Waltheof at Crowland",

4718:"An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c. 670–1066" 4556:

The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence

4029:

Hugh the Chanter: The History of the Church of York, 1066–1127

1793:, pp. 81–102; Sawyer, ""Cnut's Scandinavian empire", pp. 10–22 1588:

was cognate to the single Old Norse name written variously as

582:, while the latter is associated with the great Roman city of 363:. In the early 1050s, Siward turned against the Scottish king 249: 243: 220: 214: 5029:

Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom

4186:

St Cuthbert and the Normans: The Church of Durham, 1071–1153

3951:

Darlington, R. R.; McGurk, P.; Bray, Jennifer, eds. (1995),

1747:, pp. xlii–l, lxxvii–xci, et passim, for a recent discussion 4018:, The Ward Bequest, Manchester: Manchester University Press 3881:

Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500 to 1286 (2 vols)

1743:

is likely to have been "authored" by Symeon; see Rollason,

883:

Siward was, at some stage, married to Ælfflæd, daughter of

5063:

Scott, Forrest S. (1952), "Earl Waltheof of Northumbria",

4870:

Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference

4298:, New Oxford History of England, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3976:, Oxford World Classics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3937:, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3842: 2056:

Bolton, "Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?", pp. 42–71

1390: 1119: 759: 621: 4483:, Oxford Historical Monographs, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3893:

Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286

1560:

Pronouncing Shakespeare's Words: A Guide from A to Zounds

744:. There he encountered another dragon, before meeting an 4769:

Cnut: The Danes in England in the Early Eleventh Century

2599:, pp. 76–77, & n. 1 on p. 1, for the quote from the 1413:

The 12th-century historian, Henry of Huntingdon, in his

1399: — A description of Siward's death, taken from the 1189:". The tradition that the battle actually took place at 4749:(1994), "Cnut's Earls", in Rumble, Alexander R. (ed.), 864:. He witnessed a confirmation granted by Harthacnut to 5049:, London: Leicester University Press, pp. 10–22, 5047:

The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway

4753:, London: Leicester University Press, pp. 43–88, 4751:

The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway

3466:

Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", pp. 133–34; Duncan,

2065:

Bolton, "Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?", p. 71

1629:, i. 3); Aird, "Siward"; see also reference in on the 27:

For the Earl of Orkney also called Sigurðr digri, see

4676:

The Northern Conquest, Vikings in Britain and Ireland

4296:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225

3639:, p. 48, n. 114; Darlington, McGurk and Bray (eds.), 1112:, and Earl Leofric, dating to between 1053 and 1055. 670:, a saint's life dedicated to Siward's son Waltheof. 246: 240: 217: 211: 4598:

Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England

4517:

Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship. Yorkshire, 1066–1154

4086:, vol. i (Rev. ed.), Douglas: Manx Society 2304:, p. 48; see Idem pp. 28–53 for more general picture 1088:, only returned by bribing Siward. According to the 308:

or Anglo-Scandinavian origin, perhaps a relative of

252: 223: 4117:

Symeon of Durham: A History of the Kings of England

2226:, p. 131; Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", p. 66; Rollason, 2194:Aird, "Siward"; Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", pp. 65–66; 237: 208: 189: 171: 161: 149: 141: 131: 127: 117: 96: 88: 83: 75: 70: 38: 5208: 5105: 4808: 4211: 4098:, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 4031:, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3955:, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3793: 3791: 1690:For source discussion in this period, see Lawson, 1247:John of Worcester, using a related version of the 1057:þ Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo in eallan ðynges 1032:; the former was styled "earl of the Midlanders" ( 578:. The former is associated with the stronghold of 5090:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4621:, vol. 1, c. 550–c.1307, London: Routledge, 4465:, BAR International Series 84, Oxford: B. A. R., 1142:, an expedition that cost Siward his eldest son, 1043:Likewise, it has been argued that Siward brought 4969:Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte. Vol. I 3505:Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", p. 134; Oram, 716:, the earl of Denmark who married Cnut's sister 479:(Note that the Norwegian (now Swedish) lands of 4999:Beowulf and the Dragon: Parallels and Analogues 4535:Death and Burial in Medieval England, 1066–1550 4481:The English Nobility under Edward the Confessor 3594: 3592: 2312: 2310: 1943: 1941: 1939: 954:, marched with King Edward against his mother, 385:, who would eventually succeed to Northumbria. 5252:The Cultivation of Saga in Anglo-Saxon England 4851:The House of Godwine: The History of a Dynasty 4499:The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300 1983:For a collection of such accounts see Panzer, 1772: 1770: 1355:as well as early 12th-century claims from the 712:. Siward would then have been first cousin to 696:), the hagiographic biography of Siward's son 2190: 2188: 1300:Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians 996:In 1051 Siward, along with Earls Leofric and 704:, a commonplace piece of Germanic folklore. 8: 5303:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5118:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4821:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4224:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3623: 3621: 3386:, vol. ii, pp. 572 n. 2, 573, 574 n. 12, 575 3369:, s.a. 1054; translation based on Anderson, 1818: 1816: 1236:, and also of the king's, on the day of the 1020:in the 1050s. The evidence comes from royal 5425:11th-century Earl of Northumbria in England 5359:Earldom of Bernicia incorporated by Siward 5277:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 4138:English Historical Documents. , c. 500–1042 3643:, vol. ii, pp. 576, & n. 5; Stevenson, 1417:, relates that when Siward was attacked by 5316: 2146: 2143:England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 2114: 2032: 2000: 1890: 1888: 934:English affairs under Edward the Confessor 748:-like old man on a hill, who handed him a 688:). Legendary material incorporated in the 625:"The Stories of the ancients tell us that 367:("Macbeth"). Despite the death of his son 48: 35: 5031:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4642:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4558:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 4442:The Northamptonshire and Rutland Domesday 4391:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 3916:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 610:, a hold in Yorkshire, probably based in 3864:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003 2616:, p. 107, n. 1. The passage is quote in 2011:, vol. i, pp. 29–30). Saxo related that 756:Career under Cnut, Harold and Harthacnut 443:(writing between c. 1133 and 1154), and 381:. Siward died in 1055, leaving one son, 5115:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5108:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4818:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4811:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4221:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4214:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3436:, vol. ii, pp. 574–75; see also Woolf, 2441: 2439: 1548: 969:The Norman propagandist and historian, 830:rose to power in the political vacuum. 1425:devoted to Earl Siward, now lost. The 1016:into his control in the 1040s and the 324:, governing as earl on Cnut's behalf. 4577:Kings & Lords in Conquest England 4159:Domesday Book: A Complete Translation 2007:, vol. ii, pp. 548–49; Christiansen, 1150:, in 1039 or 1040, the Scottish king 7: 5312:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 3770:Death and Burial in Medieval England 3382:Darlington, McGurk and Bray (eds.), 1835:Lewis, "Introduction", p. 6; Woolf, 439:(writing between c. 1125 and 1142), 423:and comparable Irish sources. Later 335:. After killing Ealdred's successor 5211:The English and the Norman Conquest 4951:David I: The King Who Made Scotland 4316:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4277:, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1608:, p. 119. He was known in Latin as 1602:Chronica regum Manniae et Insularum 3695:See Williams & Martin (eds.), 455:or later medieval sources such as 435:(compiled between 1124 and 1140), 25: 5215:, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 4640:The Aristocracy of Norman England 4140:, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 3861:The Annals of Ulster, AD 431–1201 3398:; translation based on Anderson, 2523:Aird, "Siward"; Whitelock (ed.), 1655:Thomson, "Malmesbury, William of" 1472:Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester 1053:on eallun þam landann þeo Cōmbres 989:, was journeying to Rome for his 680:, which states that Siward was " 5282: 5274:Dictionary of National Biography 4921:"Siward Digri of Northumberland" 4853:, London: Hambledon and London, 4080:; Goss, Alexander, eds. (1988), 2794:, no. 121, pp. 419–23; Kapelle, 1363:(1051–1060) had consecrated two 1176:Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham 1160:Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham 233: 204: 5234:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 4902:St. Anthony's Hall Publications 4722:Asnc Guides, Texts, and Studies 1322:argued in 2002 that, using the 4157:; Martin, G. H., eds. (2003), 3742:, pp. 191–94, 205, 215–17, 220 3641:Chronicle of John of Worcester 3417:Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria 3384:Chronicle of John of Worcester 2005:Chronicle of John of Worcester 1715:The texts in question are the 1525:. Waltheof's daughter married 1049:Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria 690:Vita et passio Waldevi comitis 495:are not included in this map). 1: 5015:Ritchie, R. L. Græme (1954), 4619:Historical Writing in England 4533:Daniell, Christopher (1970), 4256:, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 4023:Johnson, Charles; Brett, M.; 2901:, pp. 53–54; Rollason (ed.), 2867:, pp. 43–44; Phythian-Adams, 2798:, pp. 42–43; Phythian-Adams, 2239:Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", p. 58 2157:is regarded as fanciful; see 1604:, vol. i, p. 140; Stevenson, 1437:, John of Worcester, and the 562:, where, passing the western 5321:Siward, Earl of Northumbria 5254:, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd 5139:UK public library membership 4928:Saga-Book of the Viking Club 4842:UK public library membership 4789:; Erskine, R. W. H. (eds.), 4440:; Erskine, R. W. H. (eds.), 4245:UK public library membership 4027:; et al., eds. (1990), 3883:, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd 3449:See, for instance, Ritchie, 3396:Annals of Ulster, s. a. 1054 3353:, pp. 35–36; see Aitchison, 2705:, p. 119; William, "Godwine" 2525:English Historical Documents 2117:, "Siward Digri", pp. 215–16 1556:Dale F. Coye (12 May 2014). 1261:and more extensively in the 1116:Expedition against the Scots 856:Siward is found in 1038, as 558:estuaries, northward to the 397:are associated with Siward. 5001:, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 4983:, Aldershot: Scolar Press, 4358:Nottingham Medieval Studies 3997:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3699:, pp. 744, 802–03; Clarke, 1584:The English name Siward or 1433:, a claim confirmed by the 1339:, perhaps by a daughter of 5459: 4967:Panzer, Friedrich (1996), 4699:, London: Croom Helm Ltd, 4674:Holman, Katharine (2007), 4062:New Regesta Regum Anglorum 3819:, p. 53, n. 160; Kapelle, 2940:For a survey, see Keynes, 2133:Chroniques Anglo-Normandes 2093:Chroniques Anglo-Normandes 2047:or the sources behind it). 1950:Chroniques Anglo-Normandes 1694:, pp. 39–80 and Gransden, 1527:David I, King of the Scots 1251:, adds that Normans named 740:there before moving on to 511:, into the early years of 300:and its Latin translation 26: 5401: 5391: 5374: 5364: 5348: 5333: 5319: 4997:Rauer, Christine (2000), 4600:, London: Penguin Books, 4479:Clarke, Peter A. (1994), 4422:10.3366/inr.2004.55.2.111 4184:Aird, William M. (1998), 3686:, p. 54, and notes 163–63 3242:, p. 53; Rollason (ed.), 2218:Aird, "Siward"; Kapelle, 1308:Máel Coluim mac Donnchada 1140:Macbeth, King of Scotland 975:William, Duke of Normandy 61:) in a manuscript of the 47: 4678:, Oxford: Signal Books, 4312:Baxter, Stephen (2007), 4252:Aitchison, Nick (1999), 3660:, pp. 75–76, 127–33, 136 2080:Sigurd the Dragon-Slayer 1808:Image of the Aristocracy 1730:De primo Saxonum adventu 987:Archbishop of Canterbury 862:Abbey of Bury St Edmunds 845:and Edward (later, King 732:, Siward passed through 365:Mac Bethad mac Findlaích 5300:Encyclopædia Britannica 5190:10.1179/mdh.1986.11.1.1 5017:The Normans in Scotland 4977:Phythian-Adams, Charles 4791:The Lancashire Domesday 3755:, pp. 100–10; Kapelle, 1929:, pp. 114–17 Fletcher, 1702:, pp. 33–43 and Woolf, 1600:, p. 103; Munch (ed.), 1240:(27 July). 1132:of Henry of Huntingdon 887:, and granddaughter of 684:in the Danish tongue" ( 281: 273: 265: 155:St Olave's Church, York 5250:Wright, C. E. (1939), 5124:10.1093/ref:odnb/29461 4827:10.1093/ref:odnb/28646 4767:Lawson, M. K. (1993), 4656:Harmer, F. E. (1952), 4497:Crouch, David (1992), 4230:10.1093/ref:odnb/25652 3423:, pp. 249–52 and n. 39 3216:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 3188:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 3152:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 3116:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 2944:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 2748:, pp. 595–96; Barlow, 2102:Beowulf and the Dragon 2076:Beowulf and the Dragon 1959:Beowulf and the Dragon 1534:Stamford, Lincolnshire 1448:Vita et Passio Waldevi 1388: 1294: 1284: 1245: 946: 895:asserts that, in 1041 885:Ealdred II of Bamburgh 849:), the exiled sons of 657:, that is, the Stout ( 564:Kingdom of Strathclyde 496: 475:The dominions of King 5355:1023 & 1033–1041 4537:, London: Routledge, 4515:Dalton, Paul (1994), 4501:, London: Routledge, 4254:Macbeth: Man and Myth 4054:, vol. II, Rouen 3524:Kingship of the Scots 3214:Atlas of Attestations 3186:Atlas of Attestations 3150:Atlas of Attestations 3114:Atlas of Attestations 2942:Atlas of Attestations 2869:Land of the Cumbrians 2852:Land of the Cumbrians 2813:Land of the Cumbrians 2800:Land of the Cumbrians 2776:Land of the Cumbrians 2675:, s.a. 1051; Barlow, 2601:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2578:, s.a. 1043; Barlow, 2433:, Table LXIX (1 of 1) 2431:Atlas of Attestations 2389:, Table LXIX (1 of 1) 2387:Atlas of Attestations 2361:, Table LXIX (1 of 1) 2359:Atlas of Attestations 1995:'s genealogy of King 1987:, vol. i, pp. 16–29; 1762:Scottish Independence 1736:De obsessione Dunelmi 1496:Harrying of the North 1435:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1378: 1357:archbishopric of York 1324:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1292: 1269: 1249:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1210: 1202:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1034:comes mediterraneorum 1006:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 941: 893:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 828:Ealdred son of Uhtred 474: 437:William of Malmesbury 420:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 63:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 5438:Earls of Northumbria 5154:, Turnhout: 95–111, 5065:Archaeologia Aeliana 4849:Mason, Emma (2004), 4275:Edward the Confessor 4078:Munch, Peter Andreas 3635:, i. 5), & note 3509:, pp. 18–20; Woolf, 3453:, p. 5, or Stenton, 2871:, pp. 131–52, 174–81 2854:, pp. 131–52, 174–81 2750:Edward the Confessor 2703:Edward the Confessor 2690:Edward the Confessor 2677:Edward the Confessor 2657:Edward the Confessor 2644:Edward the Confessor 2631:Edward the Confessor 2614:Edward the Confessor 2597:Edward the Confessor 2580:Edward the Confessor 2564:Edward the Confessor 2551:Edward the Confessor 2538:Edward the Confessor 2331:Edward the Confessor 2318:Edward the Confessor 2302:Edward the Confessor 2104:, pp. 125–33, 162–66 1852:, pp. 65–66; Woolf, 1381:Death of Earl Siward 1343:, King of Scotland. 1152:Donnchad mac Crínáin 1110:Bishop of Dorchester 1014:shire of Northampton 979:Bishop of Winchester 944:Edward the Confessor 878:Bishop of Winchester 851:Æthelred the Unready 847:Edward the Confessor 686:Danica lingua Digara 649:, who was nicknamed 513:Edward the Confessor 284:) was an important 5377:Earl of Northumbria 5088:Anglo-Saxon England 4895:on 26 February 2006 4771:, London: Longman, 4693:Kapelle, William E. 4370:10.1484/J.NMS.3.407 3847:, Tony Jebson, 2007 3671:Anglo-Saxon England 3658:Cultivation of Saga 3629:Life of King Edward 3600:Henry of Huntingdon 3455:Anglo-Saxon England 3432:Darlington et al., 3244:Libellus de Exordio 3227:Henry of Huntingdon 2916:Libellus de Exordio 2903:Libellus de Exordio 2886:Marriage and Murder 2486:Marriage and Murder 2473:Libellus de Exordio 2222:, p. 23; Fletcher, 2135:vol. ii, pp. 107–09 1972:Life of King Edward 1869:, passim; Kapelle, 1741:Libellus de exordio 1724:Libellus de exordio 1623:Life of King Edward 1405:Henry of Huntingdon 1258:Annals of Tigernach 1217:begeat, 1187:Battle of Dunsinane 1164:Annals of Tigernach 1148:Libellus de Exordio 1085:Libellus de Exordio 1018:shire of Huntingdon 971:William of Poitiers 902:Libellus de Exordio 837:, and the nobleman 791:Earl of Northumbria 441:Henry of Huntingdon 373:William Shakespeare 71:Earl of Northumbria 4953:, Stroud: Tempus, 4459:Christiansen, Eric 4134:Whitelock, Dorothy 4065:, Anglo-Saxons.net 4046:Michel, Francisque 3931:Chibnall, Marjorie 3889:Anderson, Alan Orr 3877:Anderson, Alan Orr 3578:, p. 263; Johnson 3203:, Anglo-Saxons.net 3175:, Anglo-Saxons.net 3139:, Anglo-Saxons.net 3103:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2420:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2404:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2376:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2348:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2201:, Anglo-Saxons.net 1696:Historical Writing 1679:Historical Writing 1666:Historical Writing 1644:Historical Writing 1538:Peterborough Abbey 1427:Vita Ædwardi Regis 1389: 1365:Bishops of Glasgow 1295: 1174:, argued that the 947: 799:Archbishop of York 678:Vita Ædwardi Regis 497: 414:Vita Ædwardi Regis 5418: 5417: 5413: 5392:Succeeded by 5386: 5371: 5345: 5243:978-0-7486-1234-5 5222:978-0-85115-588-3 5137:(Subscription or 5097:978-0-19-280139-5 5084:Stenton, Frank M. 5067:, Fourth Series, 5056:978-0-7185-1455-6 5038:978-0-521-04102-7 5008:978-0-85991-592-2 4990:978-1-85928-327-1 4960:978-0-7524-2825-3 4880:978-0-85115-526-5 4860:978-1-85285-389-1 4840:(Subscription or 4800:978-0-948459-99-3 4778:978-0-582-05970-2 4760:978-0-7185-1455-6 4731:978-0-9532697-6-1 4706:978-0-7099-0040-5 4685:978-1-904955-34-4 4667:978-0-86054-097-7 4658:Anglo-Saxon Writs 4649:978-0-521-52465-0 4628:978-0-415-15124-5 4615:Gransden, Antonia 4607:978-0-14-028692-2 4594:Fletcher, Richard 4586:978-0-521-39309-6 4565:978-0-7486-1626-8 4544:978-0-415-11629-9 4526:978-0-521-45098-0 4508:978-0-415-01911-8 4490:978-0-19-820442-8 4472:978-0-86054-097-7 4451:978-0-948459-39-9 4398:978-0-7486-2360-0 4341:978-90-04-16670-7 4323:978-0-19-923098-3 4305:978-0-19-925101-8 4284:978-0-413-27830-2 4263:978-0-7509-1891-6 4243:(Subscription or 4195:978-0-85115-615-6 4177:Secondary sources 4168:978-0-14-143994-5 4147:978-0-19-520101-7 4126:978-0-947992-12-5 4113:Stevenson, Joseph 4105:978-0-19-820207-3 4038:978-0-19-822213-2 4016:Anglo-Saxon Writs 4004:978-0-19-822224-8 3983:978-0-19-284075-2 3962:978-0-19-822261-3 3944:978-0-19-820220-2 3923:978-0-19-820203-5 3902:978-1-871615-45-6 3797:Lewis, "Waltheof" 3349:, p. 90; Duncan, 3246:, p. 169; Woolf, 2884:, p. 53; Morris, 2839:Anglo-Saxon Writs 2792:Anglo-Saxon Writs 2659:, p. 107; Mason, 2582:, p. 76; Baxter, 2163:Anglo-Saxon Writs 2095:, vol. ii, p. 104 2019:), the father of 2013:Thorgil Sprakling 1952:, vol. ii, p. 104 1760:, passim; Broun, 1598:Northern Conquest 1456:Historia Anglorum 1415:Historia Anglorum 1411: 1410: 1401:Historia Anglorum 1353:Glasgow Cathedral 1283: 1282: 1244: 1243: 1195:Andrew of Wyntoun 1168:Crínán of Dunkeld 1136: 1135: 1130:Historia Anglorum 952:Leofric of Mercia 775: 774: 710:Thorgil Sprakling 674: 673: 461:Andrew of Wyntoun 433:John of Worcester 387:St Olave's church 231:or more recently 197: 196: 43: 16:(Redirected from 5450: 5411:Earl of Bernicia 5408: 5402:Preceded by 5395:Tostig Godwinson 5380: 5369: 5365:Preceded by 5340: 5334:Preceded by 5329: 5317: 5304: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5255: 5246: 5225: 5214: 5200: 5175: 5162: 5142: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5111: 5100: 5079: 5059: 5041: 5020: 5011: 4993: 4972: 4963: 4942: 4925: 4912: 4896: 4891:, archived from 4863: 4845: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4814: 4803: 4781: 4763: 4742: 4709: 4688: 4670: 4652: 4631: 4610: 4589: 4568: 4552:Duncan, A. A. M. 4547: 4529: 4511: 4493: 4475: 4454: 4432: 4410:The Innes Review 4401: 4380: 4352: 4326: 4308: 4292:Bartlett, Robert 4287: 4266: 4248: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4217: 4206: 4171: 4150: 4129: 4108: 4087: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4055: 4041: 4025:Brooke, C. N. L. 4019: 4007: 3986: 3965: 3947: 3926: 3905: 3884: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3760: 3749: 3743: 3740:English Nobility 3736: 3730: 3727:English Nobility 3723: 3717: 3714:English Nobility 3710: 3704: 3701:English Nobility 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3648: 3645:Simeon of Durham 3625: 3616: 3613:House of Godwine 3609: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3584:Hugh the Chanter 3576:Pictland to Alba 3572: 3566: 3563:Pictland to Alba 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3537:Pictland to Alba 3533: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3511:Pictland to Alba 3503: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3438:Pictland to Alba 3430: 3424: 3421:Pictland to Alba 3409: 3403: 3402:, vol. i, p. 593 3393: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3364: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3324: 3321:Pictland to Alba 3317: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3282:Pictland to Alba 3280:, p. 53; Woolf, 3274: 3268: 3265:Pictland to Alba 3263:, p. 53; Woolf, 3257: 3251: 3248:Pictland to Alba 3236: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3167: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3095: 3087: 3079: 3071: 3063: 3055: 3047: 3039: 3031: 3023: 3015: 3007: 2999: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2967: 2959: 2951: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2914:Rollason (ed.), 2912: 2906: 2895: 2889: 2878: 2872: 2861: 2855: 2850:Phythian-Adams, 2848: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2811:Phythian-Adams, 2809: 2803: 2785: 2779: 2774:Phythian-Adams, 2772: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2670: 2664: 2661:House of Godwine 2653: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2610: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2471:Rollason (ed.), 2469: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2340: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2192: 2183: 2178:, for which see 2172: 2166: 2151:Tostig Godwinson 2140: 2124: 2118: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2041:Saxo Grammaticus 2029:Saxo Grammaticus 2009:Saxo Grammaticus 1997:Sweyn Estridsson 1993:Saxo Grammaticus 1981: 1975: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1945: 1934: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1863: 1857: 1854:Pictland to Alba 1846: 1840: 1837:Pictland to Alba 1833: 1827: 1820: 1811: 1800: 1794: 1787: 1781: 1774: 1765: 1754: 1748: 1745:Symeon of Durham 1713: 1707: 1704:Pictland to Alba 1688: 1682: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1640: 1634: 1619: 1613: 1606:Simeon of Durham 1582: 1576: 1575: 1553: 1476:Morcar of Mercia 1391: 1371:Death and legacy 1359:that Archbishop 1271: 1270: 1264:Annals of Ulster 1253:Osbern Pentecost 1212: 1211: 1120: 1076:Bishop of Durham 964:Bishop of Elmham 930:, 3 April 1043. 823:Richard Fletcher 760: 622: 449:Symeon of Durham 333:Earl of Bamburgh 290:northern England 288:of 11th-century 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 122:Tostig Godwinson 57:(spelled with a 52: 41: 36: 29:Sigurd the Stout 21: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5414: 5407: 5397: 5388: 5383:Uhtred the Bold 5379: 5372: 5370:As Earl in York 5368: 5354: 5346: 5339: 5337:Erik of Hlathir 5323: 5322: 5293:, ed. (1911). " 5289: 5283: 5281: 5269:Siward (d.1055) 5266: 5263: 5258: 5249: 5244: 5228: 5223: 5203: 5178:Midland History 5173: 5165: 5145: 5136: 5128: 5126: 5103: 5098: 5082: 5062: 5057: 5044: 5039: 5025:Rollason, David 5023: 5014: 5009: 4996: 4991: 4975: 4966: 4961: 4945: 4923: 4915: 4899: 4881: 4866: 4861: 4848: 4839: 4831: 4829: 4806: 4801: 4784: 4779: 4766: 4761: 4745: 4732: 4712: 4707: 4691: 4686: 4673: 4668: 4655: 4650: 4634: 4629: 4613: 4608: 4592: 4587: 4571: 4566: 4550: 4545: 4532: 4527: 4514: 4509: 4496: 4491: 4478: 4473: 4457: 4452: 4435: 4404: 4399: 4383: 4355: 4342: 4329: 4324: 4311: 4306: 4290: 4285: 4269: 4264: 4251: 4242: 4234: 4232: 4209: 4196: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4153: 4148: 4132: 4127: 4111: 4106: 4092:Rollason, David 4090: 4076: 4068: 4066: 4058: 4044: 4039: 4022: 4010: 4005: 3991:Greenway, Diana 3989: 3984: 3970:Greenway, Diana 3968: 3963: 3950: 3945: 3929: 3924: 3908: 3903: 3887: 3875: 3867: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3848: 3841: 3837: 3835:Primary sources 3832: 3827: 3821:Norman Conquest 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3783:Earls of Mercia 3780: 3776: 3767: 3763: 3757:Norman Conquest 3750: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3626: 3619: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3590: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3440:, p. 261, n. 59 3431: 3427: 3410: 3406: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3371:Scottish Annals 3365: 3361: 3344: 3340: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3308:Norman Conquest 3305: 3301: 3295:Scottish Annals 3292: 3288: 3275: 3271: 3258: 3254: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3220: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3178: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3142: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3106: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3081: 3073: 3065: 3057: 3049: 3041: 3033: 3025: 3017: 3009: 3001: 2993: 2985: 2977: 2969: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2896: 2892: 2879: 2875: 2865:Norman Conquest 2862: 2858: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2826:Norman Conquest 2823: 2819: 2810: 2806: 2796:Norman Conquest 2788:Florence Harmer 2786: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2720:Norman Conquest 2713: 2709: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2683: 2671: 2667: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2611: 2607: 2594: 2590: 2584:Earls of Mercia 2574: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2499:Norman Conquest 2496: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2423: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2379: 2377: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2351: 2349: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2308: 2299: 2295: 2286: 2282: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2256: 2250:Norman Conquest 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2220:Norman Conquest 2217: 2213: 2204: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2186: 2173: 2169: 2159:Florence Harmer 2147:Olrik 1908–1909 2138: 2125: 2121: 2115:Olrik 1908–1909 2112: 2108: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2033:Olrik 1908–1909 2001:Olrik 1908–1909 1982: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1954: 1946: 1937: 1924: 1920: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1871:Norman Conquest 1864: 1860: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1824:Kings and Lords 1821: 1814: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1784: 1778:Kings and Lords 1775: 1768: 1755: 1751: 1714: 1710: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1637: 1620: 1616: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1373: 1320:A. A. M. Duncan 1118: 998:Ralph the Timid 936: 889:Uhtred the Bold 843:Alfred Ætheling 839:Harold Harefoot 815:William Kapelle 810:Erik of Hlathir 783:Siward Minister 758: 620: 568:Kingdom of Alba 517:Norman conquest 505:Harold Harefoot 469: 445:Orderic Vitalis 403: 395:Heslington Hill 236: 232: 207: 203: 181: 166: 157: 111:Uhtred the Bold 109: 104: 101:Erik of Hlathir 66: 40: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5456: 5454: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5416: 5415: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5373: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5347: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5305: 5291:Chisholm, Hugh 5279: 5262: 5261:External links 5259: 5257: 5256: 5247: 5242: 5226: 5221: 5201: 5163: 5143: 5101: 5096: 5080: 5060: 5055: 5042: 5037: 5021: 5012: 5007: 4994: 4989: 4973: 4964: 4959: 4943: 4913: 4897: 4879: 4864: 4859: 4846: 4804: 4799: 4782: 4777: 4764: 4759: 4743: 4730: 4710: 4705: 4689: 4684: 4671: 4666: 4653: 4648: 4632: 4627: 4611: 4606: 4590: 4585: 4573:Fleming, Robin 4569: 4564: 4548: 4543: 4530: 4525: 4512: 4507: 4494: 4489: 4476: 4471: 4455: 4450: 4433: 4402: 4397: 4381: 4353: 4340: 4327: 4322: 4309: 4304: 4288: 4283: 4267: 4262: 4249: 4207: 4194: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4151: 4146: 4136:, ed. (1979), 4130: 4125: 4109: 4104: 4094:, ed. (2000), 4088: 4074: 4059:Miller, Sean, 4056: 4048:, ed. (1836), 4042: 4037: 4020: 4014:, ed. (1952), 4008: 4003: 3993:, ed. (1996), 3987: 3982: 3972:, ed. (2002), 3966: 3961: 3948: 3943: 3927: 3922: 3912:, ed. (1992), 3906: 3901: 3891:, ed. (1908), 3885: 3879:, ed. (1922), 3873: 3856: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3808: 3799: 3787: 3774: 3761: 3744: 3731: 3718: 3705: 3688: 3675: 3662: 3649: 3627:Barlow (ed.), 3617: 3604: 3588: 3567: 3554: 3541: 3528: 3515: 3498: 3485: 3472: 3459: 3442: 3425: 3404: 3388: 3375: 3359: 3338: 3325: 3312: 3299: 3286: 3269: 3252: 3231: 3218: 3190: 3154: 3118: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2907: 2890: 2873: 2856: 2843: 2837:Harmer (ed.), 2830: 2817: 2804: 2802:, pp. 109, 148 2780: 2778:, pp. 109, 148 2767: 2754: 2737: 2724: 2707: 2694: 2681: 2665: 2648: 2635: 2622: 2605: 2588: 2568: 2555: 2542: 2529: 2516: 2503: 2490: 2477: 2464: 2447: 2445:Aird, "Siward" 2435: 2391: 2363: 2335: 2322: 2306: 2293: 2289:Empire of Cnut 2280: 2276:Empire of Cnut 2267: 2265:, pp. 121, 131 2254: 2241: 2232: 2211: 2184: 2167: 2119: 2106: 2083: 2067: 2058: 2049: 1976: 1970:Barlow (ed.), 1963: 1935: 1927:Empire of Cnut 1918: 1914:Empire of Cnut 1905: 1896: 1884: 1875: 1858: 1856:, pp. 190, 211 1841: 1828: 1812: 1795: 1782: 1776:E.g. Fleming, 1766: 1749: 1718:Historia Regum 1708: 1683: 1670: 1657: 1648: 1635: 1621:Barlow (ed.), 1614: 1596:; see Holman, 1577: 1570: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1523:Crowland Abbey 1484:Northumberland 1440:Historia Regum 1409: 1408: 1396: 1395: 1372: 1369: 1341:Máel Coluim II 1281: 1280: 1277: 1242: 1241: 1238:Seven Sleepers 1230: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1183:Firth of Forth 1134: 1133: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1114: 935: 932: 870:Abingdon Abbey 858:Sywardus Comes 773: 772: 765: 764: 757: 754: 672: 671: 663: 662: 619: 616: 560:Firth of Forth 545:Earl of Mercia 537:Earl of Wessex 468: 465: 457:John of Fordun 408:Encomium Emmae 402: 399: 320:, present-day 272:(Old English: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 175: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 153: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 108:(for Bamburgh) 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 68: 67: 53: 45: 44: 42:Sigvarðr Diger 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5455: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5423: 5420: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5384: 5381:Last held by 5378: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5327: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5206: 5205:Williams, Ann 5202: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5168: 5167:Williams, Ann 5164: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947:Oram, Richard 4944: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4919:(1908–1909), 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4787:Williams, Ann 4783: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747:Keynes, Simon 4744: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714:Keynes, Simon 4711: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4636:Green, Judith 4633: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4438:Williams, Ann 4434: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4416:(2): 111–80, 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406:Broun, Dauvit 4403: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4385:Broun, Dauvit 4382: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4271:Barlow, Frank 4268: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155:Williams, Ann 4152: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4012:Harmer, F. E. 4009: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910:Barlow, Frank 3907: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3703:, pp. 28, 220 3702: 3698: 3697:Domesday Book 3692: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3400:Early Sources 3397: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3069: 3062: 3061: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3013: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763:Early Sources 2758: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746:Early Sources 2741: 2738: 2734: 2733:Early Sources 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716:Early Sources 2711: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2419: 2418: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145:, pp. 33–34; 2144: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1571:9781135929817 1567: 1564:. Routledge. 1563: 1562: 1559: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:East Midlands 1511: 1509: 1505: 1504:Siward's Howe 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Domesday Book 1464: 1461: 1460:Frank Stenton 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1385:James Smetham 1382: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1287: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1038:Middle Angles 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 945: 942:Coin of King 940: 933: 931: 929: 924: 920: 916: 911: 909: 904: 903: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 841:, as well as 840: 836: 831: 829: 824: 820: 816: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 795:Ælfric Puttoc 792: 788: 784: 780: 771: 767: 766: 762: 761: 755: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 719: 715: 711: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 669: 665: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623: 617: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 566:, it met the 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:Robin Fleming 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 466: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421: 416: 415: 410: 409: 400: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 379: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 282:Sigurðr digri 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 257: 228: 201: 192: 188: 184: 179: 176: 174: 170: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 112: 107: 102: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 78: 74: 69: 64: 60: 56: 51: 46: 37: 34: 30: 19: 5421: 5419: 5375: 5358: 5351:Earl in York 5349: 5343:Earl of York 5325: 5298: 5272: 5251: 5233: 5210: 5181: 5177: 5151: 5147: 5127:. Retrieved 5113: 5107: 5087: 5068: 5064: 5046: 5028: 5016: 4998: 4980: 4968: 4950: 4931: 4927: 4901: 4893:the original 4869: 4850: 4830:. Retrieved 4816: 4810: 4790: 4768: 4750: 4721: 4696: 4675: 4657: 4639: 4618: 4597: 4576: 4555: 4534: 4516: 4498: 4480: 4462: 4441: 4413: 4409: 4388: 4361: 4357: 4331: 4313: 4295: 4274: 4253: 4233:. Retrieved 4219: 4213: 4185: 4158: 4137: 4116: 4095: 4082: 4067:, retrieved 4061: 4050: 4028: 4015: 3994: 3973: 3952: 3934: 3913: 3892: 3880: 3866:, retrieved 3860: 3849:, retrieved 3843: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3802: 3782: 3777: 3769: 3764: 3759:, pp. 158–90 3756: 3752: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3729:, pp. 206–20 3726: 3721: 3716:, pp. 221–24 3713: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3683: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3657: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3633:Vita Ædwardi 3632: 3628: 3612: 3607: 3599: 3586:, pp. 52, 53 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3565:, pp. 262–63 3562: 3557: 3549: 3544: 3536: 3531: 3523: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3493: 3488: 3480: 3475: 3467: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3399: 3391: 3383: 3378: 3370: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3294: 3289: 3284:, pp. 254–55 3281: 3277: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250:, pp. 254–55 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3226: 3221: 3213: 3205:, retrieved 3199: 3193: 3185: 3177:, retrieved 3171: 3163: 3157: 3149: 3141:, retrieved 3135: 3127: 3121: 3113: 3105:, retrieved 3099: 3091: 3083: 3075: 3067: 3059: 3051: 3043: 3035: 3027: 3019: 3011: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2955: 2949: 2941: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2915: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2851: 2846: 2838: 2833: 2825: 2820: 2812: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2775: 2770: 2765:, pp. 596–97 2762: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2732: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2702: 2697: 2689: 2684: 2679:, pp. 107–14 2676: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2643: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2563: 2558: 2550: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2511: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2475:, pp. 170–71 2472: 2467: 2450: 2430: 2422:, retrieved 2416: 2406:, retrieved 2400: 2394: 2386: 2378:, retrieved 2372: 2366: 2358: 2350:, retrieved 2344: 2338: 2330: 2325: 2317: 2301: 2296: 2291:, pp. 122–25 2288: 2283: 2278:, pp. 119–22 2275: 2270: 2262: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2203:, retrieved 2197: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2165:, pp. 303–04 2162: 2155:Vita Waldevi 2154: 2142: 2141:; Bartlett, 2132: 2122: 2113:Translation 2109: 2101: 2092: 2086: 2075: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2045:Vita Waldevi 2044: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1984: 1979: 1971: 1966: 1961:, pp. 162–63 1958: 1949: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1916:, pp. 109–18 1913: 1908: 1899: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1839:, pp. 232–40 1836: 1831: 1823: 1810:, pp. 46–50) 1807: 1798: 1790: 1785: 1777: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1711: 1706:, pp. 248–71 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1673: 1665: 1660: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1631:Vita Waldevi 1630: 1627:Vita Ædwardi 1626: 1622: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1561: 1558: 1551: 1531: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1465: 1455: 1447: 1445: 1438: 1434: 1426: 1414: 1412: 1400: 1380: 1345: 1333:Dauvit Broun 1329:Richard Oram 1323: 1314: 1312: 1303: 1296: 1285: 1274: 1262: 1256: 1248: 1246: 1227: 1215: 1201: 1199: 1180: 1175: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1147: 1137: 1129: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1083: 1065: 1056: 1052: 1042: 1033: 1011: 1005: 995: 968: 948: 914: 912: 900: 892: 882: 866:Fécamp Abbey 857: 855: 832: 818: 807: 802: 782: 779:Vita Waldevi 778: 776: 770:Vita Waldevi 769: 750:raven banner 736:, killing a 729: 726:Vita Waldevi 725: 723: 706: 694:Vita Waldevi 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 675: 668:Vita Waldevi 667: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 549: 521:Scandinavian 498: 428: 425:Anglo-Norman 418: 412: 406: 404: 376: 326: 306:Scandinavian 301: 297: 269: 199: 198: 92:from 1023–33 84:Earl in York 54: 33: 5443:1055 deaths 5405:Eadwulf III 5230:Woolf, Alex 5071:: 149–215, 4917:Olrik, Axel 3817:St Cuthbert 3753:Aristocracy 3684:St Cuthbert 3631:, p. 49 (= 3615:, pp. 88–89 3574:See Woolf, 3496:, pp. 37–41 3411:Aitchison, 3373:, pp. 86–87 3345:Aitchison, 3332:Aitchison, 3278:St Cuthbert 3261:St Cuthbert 3240:St Cuthbert 3200:Sawyer 1478 3172:Sawyer 1023 3164:Sawyer 1021 3136:Sawyer 1020 3128:Sawyer 1022 3100:Sawyer 1019 3092:Sawyer 1017 3084:Sawyer 1055 3076:Sawyer 1015 3068:Sawyer 1014 3060:Sawyer 1009 3052:Sawyer 1008 3044:Sawyer 1007 3036:Sawyer 1012 3028:Sawyer 1010 3020:Sawyer 1011 3012:Sawyer 1391 3004:Sawyer 1044 2996:Sawyer 1002 2988:Sawyer 1003 2980:Sawyer 1004 2972:Sawyer 1005 2964:Sawyer 1006 2956:Sawyer 1001 2929:St Cuthbert 2899:St Cuthbert 2882:St Cuthbert 2841:, pp. 423–4 2566:, pp. 76–77 2540:, pp. 48–49 2512:St Cuthbert 2462:, s.a. 1041 2228:Northumbria 2182:, pp. 54–66 2074:See Rauer, 1974:, pp. 34–35 1850:Northumbria 1780:, pp. 21–52 1625:, p. 35 (= 1492:Westmorland 1349:Strathclyde 742:Northumbria 692:(or simply 635:Spratlingus 631:Spratlingus 604:high-reeves 453:hagiography 393:and nearby 353:Northampton 318:Northumbria 262:Old English 136:Scandinavia 97:Predecessor 55:Siƿard eorl 18:Earl Siward 5432:Categories 5389:1041–1055 5308:Siweard 11 5141:required.) 4934:: 212–37, 4844:required.) 4247:required.) 3830:References 3598:Greenway, 3293:Anderson, 3225:Greenway, 3212:; Keynes, 3184:; Keynes, 3148:; Keynes, 3112:; Keynes, 2761:Anderson, 2744:Anderson, 2731:Anderson, 2714:Anderson, 2429:; Keynes, 2417:Sawyer 994 2401:Sawyer 993 2385:; Keynes, 2373:Sawyer 982 2357:; Keynes, 2345:Sawyer 995 2261:Fletcher, 2198:Sawyer 968 2139:(in Latin) 2128:Huntingdon 2098:(in Latin) 2017:Spatlingus 1989:Axel Olrik 1955:(in Latin) 1865:Fletcher, 1848:Rollason, 1677:Gransden, 1664:Gransden, 1642:Gransden, 1488:Cumberland 1383:(1861) by 1337:Owain Foel 1302:" a king ( 1234:housecarls 1172:Alex Woolf 1045:Cumberland 956:Queen Emma 928:Easter Day 835:Harthacnut 819:heahgerefa 805:("earl"). 702:polar bear 612:Holderness 592:Cumberland 588:Lancashire 576:River Tees 509:Harthacnut 485:Herjedalen 467:Background 361:Cumberland 357:Huntingdon 341:Harthacnut 113:(for both) 103:(for York) 5198:0047-729X 5160:1124-1225 5077:0261-3417 4940:0305-9219 4910:0524-0913 4889:0954-9927 4740:1475-8520 4430:0020-157X 4378:0078-2122 4364:: 41–71, 4350:1569-1462 4204:0955-2480 3768:Daniell, 3669:Stenton, 3434:Chronicle 3306:Kapelle, 2888:, pp. 4–5 2863:Kapelle, 2824:Kapelle, 2497:Kapelle, 2316:Barlow, 2263:Bloodfeud 2248:Kapelle, 2224:Bloodfeud 2100:; Rauer, 1957:; Rauer, 1931:Bloodfeud 1867:Bloodfeud 1822:Fleming, 1586:Sigeweard 1419:dysentery 1315:Chronicle 1206:recension 1191:Dunsinane 1104:—between 1061:Allerdale 919:Worcester 915:Chronicle 908:Gospatric 608:Thurbrand 429:Chronicle 322:Yorkshire 296:nickname 294:Old Norse 278:Old Norse 274:Sigeweard 193:Bjorn (?) 185:(Ælfflæd) 180:(unclear) 118:Successor 65:(c. 1200) 5232:(2007), 5207:(1995), 5184:: 1–22, 5169:(1986), 5086:(1971), 5027:(2003), 4979:(1996), 4949:(2004), 4716:(2002), 4695:(1979), 4638:(2002), 4617:(1997), 4596:(2003), 4575:(1991), 4554:(2002), 4461:(1980), 4387:(2007), 4294:(2000), 4273:(1970), 4115:(1987), 3933:(1990), 3785:, p. 103 3781:Baxter, 3772:, p. 186 3738:Clarke, 3725:Clarke, 3712:Clarke, 3673:, p. 417 3656:Wright, 3647:, p. 124 3550:Kingship 3548:Duncan, 3539:, p. 262 3522:Duncan, 3513:, p. 262 3494:Kingship 3492:Duncan, 3468:Kingship 3457:, p. 570 3367:ASC MS D 3351:Kingship 3323:, p. 259 3267:, p. 255 3207:13 March 3179:13 March 3143:13 March 3107:13 March 2918:, p. 171 2905:, p. 171 2815:, p. 181 2735:, p. 595 2701:Barlow, 2692:, p. 119 2688:Barlow, 2673:ASC MS D 2655:Barlow, 2646:, p. 107 2642:Barlow, 2629:Barlow, 2620:, p. 222 2612:Barlow, 2595:Barlow, 2576:ASC MS D 2562:Barlow, 2549:Barlow, 2536:Barlow, 2527:, p. 318 2484:Morris, 2454:ASC MSs 2424:13 March 2408:13 March 2380:13 March 2352:13 March 2329:Barlow, 2300:Barlow, 2287:Bolton, 2274:Bolton, 2230:, p. 267 2205:13 March 2176:Minister 2090:Michel, 2021:Earl Ulf 1947:Michel, 1933:, passim 1925:Bolton, 1912:Bolton, 1873:, passim 1789:Lawson, 1764:, passim 1758:Kingship 1756:Duncan, 1700:Kingship 1681:, p. 152 1668:, p. 194 1646:, p. 144 1610:Siwardus 1590:Sigvarðr 1452:paternal 1431:Galmanho 1361:Cynesige 1090:Libellus 1080:Æthelric 1072:Teesside 1030:Earl Ulf 1002:his sons 923:ætheling 714:Earl Ulf 698:Waltheof 651:Beresune 618:Ancestry 580:Bamburgh 541:Leofwine 481:Jemtland 411:and the 383:Waltheof 310:Earl Ulf 183:Waltheof 5385:in 1016 5367:Himself 5129:28 June 4832:28 June 4235:28 June 4069:28 June 3868:28 June 3851:28 June 3823:, p. 31 3751:Green, 3611:Mason, 3602:, p. 22 3561:Woolf, 3552:, p. 40 3535:Woolf, 3526:, p. 41 3507:David I 3483:, p. 29 3481:David I 3470:, p. 40 3451:Normans 3413:Macbeth 3355:Macbeth 3347:Macbeth 3336:, p. 90 3334:Macbeth 3319:Woolf, 3310:, p. 46 3297:, p. 84 3229:, p. 21 2931:, p. 54 2828:, p. 43 2790:(ed.), 2722:, p. 29 2663:, p. 63 2633:, p. 78 2586:, p. 39 2553:, p. 61 2514:, p. 53 2501:, p. 24 2488:, p. 14 2333:, p. 57 2320:, p. 53 2252:, p. 23 2037:Osbjorn 1985:Beowulf 1826:, p. 49 1594:Sigurðr 1144:Osbjorn 1106:Wulfwig 1102:Lincoln 1028:son of 991:pallium 960:Stigand 897:Eadwulf 874:Ælfwine 872:and to 785:, "the 718:Estrith 659:grossus 533:Godwine 401:Sources 378:Macbeth 369:Osbjorn 329:Ealdred 302:Grossus 178:Osbjorn 167:Godgifu 165:Ælfflæd 106:Eadwulf 79:1041–55 5324: 5295:Siward 5287: 5240: 5219: 5196: 5158: 5135: 5094: 5075: 5053: 5035: 5005: 4987: 4957: 4938: 4908: 4887: 4877: 4857: 4838: 4797: 4775: 4757: 4738: 4728: 4703: 4682: 4664: 4646: 4625: 4604: 4583: 4562: 4541: 4523: 4505: 4487: 4469: 4448: 4428: 4395: 4376: 4348: 4338: 4320: 4302: 4281: 4260: 4241: 4202: 4192: 4165: 4144: 4123: 4102: 4035: 4001: 3980: 3959: 3941: 3920: 3899: 3815:Aird, 3682:Aird, 3580:et al. 3479:Oram, 3276:Aird, 3259:Aird, 3238:Aird, 2927:Aird, 2897:Aird, 2880:Aird, 2603:, MS C 2510:Aird, 2025:Ulfius 2023:(i.e. 2015:(i.e. 1739:; the 1721:, the 1568: 1480:Durham 1078:, but 1068:Durham 1004:. The 983:Robert 891:. The 738:dragon 734:Orkney 645:begot 643:Ulfius 641:; and 639:Ulfius 637:begot 596:thegns 572:Eadred 556:Mersey 552:Humber 507:, and 349:shires 345:Edward 337:Eadulf 292:. The 270:Sigurd 266:Siƿard 200:Siward 190:Father 150:Burial 39:Siward 5326:Died: 5174:(PDF) 4924:(PDF) 1633:below 1544:Notes 1536:, to 1519:saint 1059:) in 1026:Bjorn 1022:writs 787:thegn 746:Oðinn 682:Digri 655:Diere 647:Beorn 627:Ursus 600:holds 525:shire 493:Særna 298:Digri 268:) or 173:Issue 162:Wives 89:Reign 76:Reign 5328:1055 5238:ISBN 5217:ISBN 5194:ISSN 5156:ISSN 5131:2009 5092:ISBN 5073:ISSN 5051:ISBN 5033:ISBN 5003:ISBN 4985:ISBN 4955:ISBN 4936:ISSN 4906:ISSN 4885:ISSN 4875:ISBN 4855:ISBN 4834:2009 4795:ISBN 4773:ISBN 4755:ISBN 4736:ISSN 4726:ISBN 4701:ISBN 4680:ISBN 4662:ISBN 4644:ISBN 4623:ISBN 4602:ISBN 4581:ISBN 4560:ISBN 4539:ISBN 4521:ISBN 4503:ISBN 4485:ISBN 4467:ISBN 4446:ISBN 4426:ISSN 4393:ISBN 4374:ISSN 4346:ISSN 4336:ISBN 4318:ISBN 4300:ISBN 4279:ISBN 4258:ISBN 4237:2009 4200:ISSN 4190:ISBN 4163:ISBN 4142:ISBN 4121:ISBN 4100:ISBN 4071:2009 4033:ISBN 3999:ISBN 3978:ISBN 3957:ISBN 3939:ISBN 3918:ISBN 3897:ISBN 3870:2009 3853:2009 3637:Ibid 3209:2009 3181:2009 3145:2009 3109:2009 2618:Ibid 2426:2009 2410:2009 2382:2009 2354:2009 2207:2009 2180:Ibid 1804:earl 1791:Cnut 1733:and 1692:Cnut 1592:and 1566:ISBN 1508:i.e. 1490:and 1423:saga 1379:The 1158:The 950:and 730:Vita 724:The 661:)". 602:and 584:York 554:and 539:and 501:Cnut 491:and 489:Idre 477:Cnut 391:York 355:and 343:and 314:Cnut 286:earl 145:1055 142:Died 132:Born 59:wynn 5409:As 5341:As 5310:at 5297:". 5271:". 5186:doi 5152:III 5120:doi 5069:XXX 4823:doi 4418:doi 4366:doi 4226:doi 2137:, 1521:at 1403:of 1208:D: 1098:Dux 803:dux 590:to 459:or 431:of 389:in 375:'s 351:of 5434:: 5192:, 5182:11 5180:, 5176:, 5150:, 5112:. 4932:VI 4930:, 4926:, 4883:, 4815:. 4734:, 4720:, 4424:, 4414:55 4412:, 4372:, 4362:51 4360:, 4344:, 4218:. 4198:, 3790:^ 3620:^ 3591:^ 3582:, 3168:; 3132:; 3096:; 3088:; 3080:; 3072:; 3064:; 3056:; 3048:; 3040:; 3032:; 3024:; 3016:; 3008:; 3000:; 2992:; 2984:; 2976:; 2968:; 2960:; 2458:, 2438:^ 2413:; 2309:^ 2187:^ 2161:, 1938:^ 1887:^ 1815:^ 1769:^ 1727:, 1506:, 1498:. 1486:, 1482:, 1443:. 1407:. 1367:. 1331:, 1204:, 1197:. 1108:, 993:. 985:, 962:, 910:. 880:. 876:, 797:, 633:; 598:, 547:. 543:, 535:, 503:, 487:, 483:, 331:, 280:: 276:, 264:: 260:; 250:ər 244:iː 221:ər 215:uː 5267:" 5188:: 5133:. 5122:: 4836:. 4825:: 4420:: 4368:: 4239:. 4228:: 2460:D 2456:C 1612:. 1574:. 1298:" 1267:: 256:/ 253:d 247:w 241:s 238:ˈ 235:/ 227:/ 224:d 218:w 212:s 209:ˈ 206:/ 202:( 31:. 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

Siward, Earl of Northumbria

Index