Ear - Knowledge (XXG)

1407:. It is fully expanded by the end of the 18th week of development. The eardrum is made up of three layers (ectoderm, endoderm and connective tissue). The auricle originates as a fusion of six hillocks. The first three hillocks are derived from the lower part of the first pharyngeal arch and form the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix, respectively. The final three hillocks are derived from the upper part of the second pharyngeal arch and form the antihelix, antitragus, and earlobe. The outer ears develop in the lower 2177: 843: 1858: 764: 2136: 1496: 49: 2116: 1226: 1480: 4733: 2157: 2201: 1185:. The fluid in these canals rotates according to the momentum of the head. When a person changes acceleration, the inertia of the fluid changes. This affects the pressure on the cupula, and results in the opening of ion channels. This causes depolarisation, which is passed as a signal to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve. Dynamic balance also helps maintain eye tracking when moving, via the 2026: 200: 2000: 1561:). Small auricles can develop when the auricular hillocks do not develop properly. The ear canal can fail to develop if it does not channelise properly or if there is an obstruction. Reconstructive surgery to treat hearing loss is considered as an option for children older than five, with a cosmetic surgical procedure to reduce the size or change the shape of the ear is called an 1577:(MRI) scan. Hearing loss problems also derive from inner ear anomalies because its development is separate from that of the middle and external ear. Middle ear anomalies can occur because of errors during head and neck development. The first pharyngeal pouch syndrome associates middle ear anomalies to the malleus and incus structures as well as to the non-differentiation of the 1806: 4747: 2257:

Depending on where the song of the cricket is coming from, the fly's hearing organs will reverberate at slightly different frequencies. This difference may be as little as 50 billionths of a second, but it is enough to allow the fly to home in directly on a singing male cricket and parasitise it.

822:

The three ossicles transmit sound from the outer ear to the inner ear. The malleus receives vibrations from sound pressure on the eardrum, where it is connected at its longest part (the manubrium or handle) by a ligament. It transmits vibrations to the incus, which in turn transmits the vibrations to

1036:), which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail, the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a sound, which impacts on the eardrum. The malleus rests on the membrane, and receives the vibration. This vibration is transmitted along the incus and stapes to the oval window. Two small muscles, the 1832:

Injury to the ears has been present since Roman times as a method of reprimand or punishment – "In Roman times, when a dispute arose that could not be settled amicably, the injured party cited the name of the person thought to be responsible before the Praetor; if the offender did not appear within

892:

The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains the membranous labyrinth, contained within the temporal bone. The inner ear structurally begins at the oval window, which receives vibrations from the incus of the middle ear. Vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid

1565:. The initial medical intervention is aimed at assessing the baby's hearing and the condition of the ear canal, as well as the middle and inner ear. Depending on the results of tests, reconstruction of the outer ear is done in stages, with planning for any possible repairs of the rest of the ear. 1525:

is the general name of the operation to repair the middle ear's eardrum and ossicles. Grafts from muscle fascia are ordinarily used to rebuild an intact eardrum. Sometimes artificial ear bones are placed to substitute for damaged ones, or a disrupted ossicular chain is rebuilt in order to conduct

1423:

The ears of newborn humans are proportionally very large, even more so than the head's largeness as compared to the body. Ears grow quickly until about the age of nine, then continue to grow steadily in circumference (about 0.5 millimeters a year) throughout life, with the increase in length more

1275:

Around the 33rd day, the vesicles begin to differentiate. Posteriorly, they form what will become the utricle and semicircular canals. Anteriorly, the vesicles differentiate into a rudimentary saccule, which eventually becomes the saccule and cochlea. Part of the saccule eventually gives rise and

2097:

between related species. In humans, there is variability in these muscles, such that some people are able to move their ears in various directions, and it has been said that it may be possible for others to gain such movement by repeated trials. In such primates, the inability to move the ear is

2256:

has tympanal organs on each side of her abdomen. They are connected by a thin bridge of exoskeleton and they function like a tiny pair of eardrums, but, because they are linked, they provide acute directional information. The fly uses her "ears" to detect the call of her host, a male cricket.

1990:

structure grown by seeding cow cartilage cells into a biodegradable ear-shaped mold and then implanted under the skin of the mouse; then the cartilage naturally grew by itself. It was developed as an alternative to ear repair or grafting procedures and the results met with much publicity and

1712:

is a cyst of squamous skin cells that may develop from birth or secondary to other causes such as chronic ear infections. It may impair hearing or cause dizziness or vertigo, and is usually investigated by otoscopy and may require a CT scan. The treatment for cholesteatoma is surgery.

359: 1536:

may be used if the hearing loss is severe or prolonged. Hearing aids work by amplifying the sound of the local environment and are best suited to conductive hearing loss. Cochlear implants transmit the sound that is heard as if it were a nervous signal, bypassing the cochlea. Active

1516:

Causes of conductive hearing loss include an ear canal blocked by earwax, ossicles that are fixed together or absent, or holes in the eardrum. Conductive hearing loss may also result from middle ear inflammation causing fluid build-up in the normally air-filled space, such as by

2041:

The pinna helps direct sound through the ear canal to the eardrum. The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of some mammalian ears helps to sharply focus sounds produced by prey, using echolocation signals. These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a

370: 1149:

Static balance is provided by two ventricles, the utricle and the saccule. Cells lining the walls of these ventricles contain fine filaments, and the cells are covered with a fine gelatinous layer. Each cell has 50–70 small filaments, and one large filament, the

1708:, antibiotics and possibly surgery, if the injury is prolonged or the position of the ossicles is affected. Skull fractures that go through the part of the skull containing the ear structures (the temporal bone) can also cause damage to the middle ear. A 1387:. The ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) normally appear during the first half of fetal development. The first two (malleus and incus) derive from the first pharyngeal arch and the stapes derives from the second. All three ossicles develop from the 884:

and the cochlea. There are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic balance. The cochlea is a spiral shell-shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing. These structures together create the

373: 371: 367: 369: 368: 372: 1833:

the specified time limit, the complainant summoned witnesses to make statements. If they refused, as often happened, the injured party was allowed to drag them by the ear and to pinch them hard if they resisted. Hence the French expression "

1568:

Approximately one out of one thousand children suffer some type of congenital deafness related to the development of the inner ear. Inner ear congenital anomalies are related to sensorineural hearing loss and are generally diagnosed with a

1721:

There are two principal damage mechanisms to the inner ear in industrialised society, and both injure hair cells. The first is exposure to elevated sound levels (noise trauma), and the second is exposure to drugs and other substances

897:, which fills the membranous labyrinth. The endolymph is situated in two vestibules, the utricle and saccule, and eventually transmits to the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure. The cochlea consists of three fluid-filled spaces: the 1238: 1734:

has recently published research on the estimated numbers of persons with hearing difficulty (11%) and the percentage of those that can be attributed to occupational noise exposure (24%). Furthermore, according to the

2268:

sounds. Spiders and cockroaches, for example, have hairs on their legs, which are used for detecting sound. Caterpillars may also have hairs on their body that perceive vibrations and allow them to respond to sound.

1839:", of which the literal meaning is "to have one's ear pulled" and the figurative meaning "to take a lot of persuading". We use the expression "to tweak (or pull) someone's ears" to mean "inflict a punishment"." 365: 364: 361: 360: 366: 940:

provide some supply to the outer rim of the ear and scalp behind it. The posterior auricular artery is a direct branch of the external carotid artery, and the anterior auricular arteries are branches from the

4339:

Cao, Y.; Vacanti, J.P.; Paige, K.T.; Upton, J.; Vacanti, C.A. (1997). "Transplantation of chondrocytes utilizing a polymer-cell construct to produce tissue-engineered cartilage in the shape of a human ear".

1123:

as well as a working ear, human deafness (extreme insensitivity to sound) most commonly occurs because of abnormalities of the inner ear, rather than in the nerves or tracts of the central auditory system.

3550:

Tak SW, Calvert GM, "Hearing Difficulty Attributable to Employment by Industry and Occupation: An Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey – United States, 1997 to 2003," J. Occup. Env. Med. 2008,

1059:

transmitted from the outside world via the middle ear into signals passed along the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain. The hollow channels of the inner ear are filled with liquid, and contain a sensory

1762:

when no external sound is present. While often described as a ringing, it may also sound like a clicking, hiss or roaring. Rarely, unclear voices or music are heard. The sound may be soft or loud, low

3467: 987:

The inner ear is supplied by the anterior tympanic branch of the maxillary artery; the stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery; the petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery; and the

1177:

Dynamic balance is provided through the three semicircular canals. These three canals are orthogonal (at right angles) to each other. At the end of each canal is a slight enlargement, known as the

1432:

Ears are individually very unique, with the odds of two people having matching ears very low. Additionally, the ear's proportions are normally retained for life, and have thus been employed for

2222:

in domestic rabbits, some of which have been bred for exaggerated ear length—a potential health risk that is controlled in some countries. Abnormalities in the skull of a half-lop rabbit were

363: 1739:(NHANES), approximately twenty-two million (17%) US workers reported exposure to hazardous workplace noise. Workers exposed to hazardous noise further exacerbate the potential for developing 3387: 823:

the small stapes bone. The wide base of the stapes rests on the oval window. As the stapes vibrates, vibrations are transmitted through the oval window, causing movement of fluid within the

4779: 1766:

or high pitched and appear to be coming from one ear or both. Most of the time, it comes on gradually. In some people, the sound causes depression, anxiety, or concentration difficulties.

1142:

Providing balance, when moving or stationary, is also a central function of the ear. The ear facilitates two types of balance: static balance, which allows a person to feel the effects of

834:, fluid in the inner ear moves and pushes the membrane of the round window out by a corresponding amount into the middle ear. The ossicles help amplify sound waves by nearly 15–20 times. 3270:

Trigg DJ. Applebaum EL. Indications for the surgical repair of unilateral aural atresia in children. , American Journal of Otology. 19(5):679–684; discussion 684–686, 1998 September

2218:

The ear, with its blood vessels close to the surface, is an essential thermoregulator in some land mammals, including the elephant, the fox, and the rabbit. There are five types of

1731: 1581:. Temporal bone and ear canal anomalies are also related to this structure of the ear and are known to be associated with sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss. 2093:, yet are still large enough to be easily identified. An ear muscle that cannot move the ear, for whatever reason, has lost that biological function. This serves as evidence of 4554: 1253:, and endoderm. The first part of the ear to develop is the inner ear, which begins to form from the ectoderm around the embryo's 22nd day, derived from two thickenings called 4478: 1846:) have been considered unattractive, particularly if asymmetric. The first surgery to reduce the projection of prominent ears was published in the medical literature by 5423: 2798: 2721: 2629: 2223: 1736: 674:

muscles. In some mammals, these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna. In humans, these muscles have little or no effect. The ear muscles are supplied by the

1692:), or by objects inserted into the ear. Another common cause of injury is due to an infection such as otitis media. These may cause a discharge from the ear called 2957: 2735: 1272:, which supply sensation to parts of the inner ear (namely the sensory parts of the semicircular canals, macular of the utricle and saccule, and organ of Corti). 421:. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word "ear" often refers to the external part alone. The middle ear includes the 3154: 4772: 1032:

Sound that travels through the outer ear impacts on the eardrum, and causes it to vibrate. The three ossicles bones transmit this sound to a second window (the

791:. The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the 1080:

cells of the organ of Corti. The fluid pushes the filaments of individual cells; movement of the filaments causes receptor cells to become open to receive the

171: 362: 2176: 2105:

In some animals with mobile pinnae (like the horse), each pinna can be aimed independently to better receive the sound. For these animals, the pinnae help

1607:

is displaced from the ventricles to the semicircular canal. The displaced otolith rests on the cupola, causing a sensation of movement when there is none.

3261:

Siegert R. Combined reconstruction of congenital auricular atresia and severe microtia. Laryngoscope. 113(11):2021–2027; discussion 2028–2029, 2003 Nov.

4567:

Mr. St. George Mivart, Elementary Anatomy, 1873, p. 396. Two ears provide stereo imaging that the brain can use to develop a 3-dimensional sound field.

3078:"Human ears grow throughout the entire lifetime according to complicated and sexually dimorphic patterns--conclusions from a cross-sectional analysis" 3077: 4765: 1403:

Unlike structures of the inner and middle ear, which develop from pharyngeal pouches, the ear canal originates from the dorsal portion of the first

3395: 2553:

Stenström, J. Sten: Deformities of the ear; In: Grabb, W., C., Smith, J.S. (Edited): "Plastic Surgery", Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1979,

2250:. The tympanal organs of some insects are extremely sensitive, offering acute hearing beyond that of most other animals. The female cricket fly 4297: 4653: 4419: 4277: 4223: 4196: 4169: 4142: 4115: 4088: 4061: 4034: 3980: 3953: 3926: 3878: 3851: 3824: 3619: 3306: 2932: 2782: 2705: 2673: 2613: 2588: 2538: 2409: 2368: 1968: 1201:, the ear develops as three distinct structures: the inner ear, the middle ear and the outer ear. Each structure originates from a different 147: 143: 2135: 2102:

on a horizontal plane, an ability which is not common to most monkeys—a function once provided by one structure is now replaced by another.

5416: 1600: 345: 3181: 992: 816: 555: 4866: 4342: 3678: 648: 2375: 5197: 4250: 4007: 3797: 3774:

About 75% of new cases are related to emotional stress as the trigger factor rather than to precipitants involving cochlear lesions.

2566: 2558: 2115: 59: 4578: 2308: 58: 5409: 683: 4482: 1068:. The microscopic "hairs" of these cells are structural protein filaments that project out into the fluid. The hair cells are 4409: 1769:

Tinnitus is not a disease but a symptom that can result from a number of underlying causes. One of the most common causes is

3840:

Miloro, Michael; Ghali, G.E.; Larsen, Peter; Waite, Peter (2004). "Chapter 71. Otoplastic surgery for the protruding ear.".

510:

and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years, and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations.

5365: 4918: 1541:

send sound vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear, bypassing any non-functioning parts of the outer and middle ear.

1376: 1316: 469: 166: 2242:

Only vertebrate animals have ears, though many invertebrates detect sound using other kinds of sense organs. In insects,

1276:

connects to the cochlear duct, which appears approximately during the sixth week and connects to the saccule through the

503:, although many of these conditions may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear. 5871: 5360: 5226: 4973: 4963: 3787: 2963: 1553:. Children may also present cases of abnormal ear canals and low ear implantation. In rare cases, no auricle is formed ( 1842:

The auricles have an effect on facial appearance. In Western societies, protruding ears (present in about 5% of ethnic

1186: 5355: 4990: 4968: 4908: 3347: 1821:. In ancient and modern cultures, ornaments have been placed to stretch and enlarge the earlobes, allowing for larger 973: 942: 937: 831: 3252:

Lam SM. Edward Talbot Ely: father of aesthetic otoplasty. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery. 6(1):64, 2004 Jan–Feb.

2426: 1467:. When deafness is a result of injury or damage to the inner ear, vestibulochoclear nerve, or brain, it is known as 1162:. When a person moves, these otoliths shift position. This shift alters the positions of the filaments, which opens 4985: 4913: 3541:

Senate Public Works Committee, Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972, S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Cong. 2nd session.

1770: 1740: 1578: 1574: 1468: 957: 933: 734: 717:, is sometimes present, lying in the descending part of the helix and corresponding to the ear-tip of mammals. The 3492: 2734:

Greinwald, John H. Jr MD; Hartnick, Christopher J. MD The Evaluation of Children With Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

1782: 1608: 5002: 4435:

Pavey, C.R.; Burwell, C.J. (1998). "Bat Predation on Eared Moths: A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis".

2400:

Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005).

1056: 914: 3417: 2156: 1726:). A large number of people are exposed to sound levels on a daily basis that are likely to lead to significant 1632:

Injuries to the external ear occur fairly frequently, and can leave minor to major deformity. Injuries include:

57: 5866: 5241: 5236: 4933: 2996: 1664:, which can impair blood supply and healing. Owing to its exposed position, the external ear is susceptible to 742: 338: 113: 487:

The ear may be affected by disease, including infection and traumatic damage. Diseases of the ear may lead to

4618: 4592:. Zaragoza: CIHEAM – International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies: 33–41. Archived from 1688:

The ear drum may become perforated in the event of a large sound or explosion, when diving or flying (called

709:

with a complicated relief on its inner surface and a fairly smooth configuration on its posterior surface. A

5876: 5214: 4716: 1673: 1644:

and repeated twisting or pulling of an ear, for discipline or torture. Chronic damage to the ears can cause

1549:

Anomalies and malformations of the auricle are common. These anomalies include chromosome syndromes such as

1464: 1433: 1077: 1022: 977: 969: 859: 771:

The middle ear lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled cavity called the

722: 695: 4504:

Kuc, R. (2009). "Model predicts bat pinna ridges focus high frequencies to form narrow sensitivity beams".

2246:

are used to hear distant sounds. They are located either on the head or elsewhere, depending on the insect

5175: 4325: 1843: 1790: 1778: 1120: 1048:

to dampen excessive vibrations. Vibration of the oval window causes vibration of the endolymph within the

691: 687: 678:, which also supplies sensation to the skin of the ear itself, as well as to the external ear cavity. The 178: 154: 138: 66: 3563:"Exposure to Hazardous Workplace Noise and Use of Hearing Protection Devices Among US WOrkers, 1999–2004" 3014: 1952: 1463:

causes. When hearing loss is a result of injury or damage to the outer ear or middle ear, it is known as

5017: 4293: 2920: 2661: 2356: 2122: 1942: 961: 842: 679: 1857: 627:. The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha. The ear canal stretches for about 1 4737: 3116: 2988: 2503: 2451: 763: 5271: 5068: 4513: 4444: 4386: 4309: 2016: 1727: 1677: 1268:

Around the 28th day, parts of the otic vesicle begin to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. These form

1049: 886: 877: 714: 295: 31: 3022: 1395:

and a new layer of endodermal epithelial will constitute the formation of the tympanic cavity wall.

1307:

develop to separate the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct, respectively.

5320: 2090: 2010: 1570: 1384: 1300: 988: 738: 331: 317: 3901: 3326: 3280: 3018: 2748: 1829:, or from traumatic pull of an earring (for example, by snagging on a sweater), is fairly common. 1495: 5347: 5325: 5313: 5185: 5118: 4938: 4460: 4367: 2850: 2792: 2715: 2623: 2106: 2094: 1928: 1744: 1538: 1456: 881: 730: 710: 651:. The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum, while the surrounding skin contains 575: 462: 434: 1825:

to be slid into a large fleshy gap in the lobe. Tearing of the earlobe from the weight of heavy

1119:(above 20 kHz) Although hearing requires an intact and functioning auditory portion of the 5380: 5330: 5296: 5284: 5262: 5138: 4851: 4834: 4809: 4793: 4649: 4529: 4415: 4359: 4273: 4267: 4246: 4240: 4219: 4192: 4165: 4159: 4138: 4111: 4084: 4057: 4051: 4030: 4024: 4003: 3976: 3949: 3922: 3874: 3847: 3820: 3793: 3765: 3701: 3650: 3625: 3615: 3584: 3517: 3302: 3136: 3097: 3089: 3058: 2992: 2928: 2778: 2701: 2669: 2609: 2584: 2562: 2554: 2534: 2405: 2364: 1986:

that had what looked like a human ear grown on its back. The "ear" was actually an ear-shaped

1916: 1847: 1637: 1596: 1159: 1137: 1133: 706: 605: 579: 496: 454: 414: 398: 253: 228: 4751: 4213: 4186: 4105: 3999:

Manga Fantasy Madness: Over 50 Basic Lessons for Drawing Warriors, Wizards, Monsters and more

3997: 3970: 3943: 3916: 3868: 3182:"Is Putin using a body double? Listen here: Skeptics say spotting a decoy is all in the ears" 1656:

in which the cartilage around the ears becomes lumpy and distorted owing to persistence of a

1092:, which sends information through the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the 830:

The round window allows for the fluid within the inner ear to move. As the stapes pushes the

5623: 5554: 5375: 5370: 5180: 5012: 4678: 4521: 4452: 4351: 4317: 3755: 3747: 3693: 3607: 3574: 3186: 3128: 3048: 3038: 2247: 1822: 1705: 1619:, and other infective and congenital diseases may also result in the perception of vertigo. 1595:

Vertigo refers to the inappropriate perception of motion. This is due to dysfunction of the

1533: 1404: 1304: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1085: 1073: 965: 953: 946: 663:. Earwax naturally migrates outward through ear canal, constituting a self-cleaning system. 652: 394: 3709: 2316: 1249:

Around its second to third week, the developing embryo consists of three layers: ectoderm,

199: 48: 5337: 5202: 5123: 5103: 5083: 4887: 4789: 4703: 2288: 2183: 2030: 1924: 1888: 1645: 1372: 1284: 1283:

As the cochlear duct's mesenchyme begins to differentiate, three cavities are formed: the

1277: 1089: 1069: 1045: 1021:

travel through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear, and are transmitted to the

981: 898: 780: 772: 699: 656: 587: 559: 535: 422: 386: 89: 5572: 4577:

Fayez, I.; Marai, M.; Alnaimy, A.; Habeeb, M. (1994). Baselga, M.; Marai, I.F.M. (eds.).

608:, the ear canal, and the outer layer of the eardrum (also called the tympanic membrane). 4517: 4448: 4313: 3895: 1479: 1225: 880:

contains two small fluid-filled recesses, the utricle and saccule. These connect to the

5829: 5739: 5687: 5544: 5209: 5153: 5073: 5039: 4593: 4549: 3760: 3735: 3611: 3053: 3026: 2815: 2252: 2243: 1884: 1455:

Hearing loss may be either partial or total. This may be a result of injury or damage,

1295:. Both the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani contain an extracellular fluid called 1269: 1167: 1037: 996: 918: 873: 855: 746: 726: 644: 461:

are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids

430: 4732: 3697: 3301:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2010. pp. 1151–1171. 3132: 1265:. This entire mass is eventually surrounded by mesenchyme to form the bony labyrinth. 5855: 5764: 5754: 5279: 5248: 5165: 5148: 5113: 5029: 4928: 4355: 2059: 2055: 1979: 1872: 1774: 1763: 1709: 1661: 1612: 1554: 1522: 1460: 1324: 1320: 1288: 1198: 1093: 1026: 906: 902: 567: 438: 300: 4371: 4269:

X-Men and Philosophy: Astonishing Insight and Uncanny Argument in the Mutant X-Verse

1813:

The ears have been ornamented with jewelry for thousands of years, traditionally by

5861: 5749: 4903: 4824: 2477: 2283: 2227: 2200: 2043: 1880: 1814: 1518: 1507: 1450: 1388: 1262: 1257:

on either side of the head. Each otic placode recedes below the ectoderm, forms an

1254: 1230: 968:. Other arteries which are present but play a smaller role include branches of the 784: 675: 620: 488: 477: 84: 3468:"Traumatic Perforation of the Tympanic Membrane – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders" 3082:

Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht Uber Die Biologisch-Anthropologische Literatur

2025: 1331:, Msx and Otx homeobox genes. The development of inner ear structures such as the 4757: 4132: 4078: 3841: 3814: 2346: 604:

The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible

131: 118: 5834: 5759: 5660: 5522: 5507: 5108: 4898: 4814: 3208: 2265: 2063: 1999: 1864: 1851: 1794: 1786: 1723: 1669: 1529: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1292: 1163: 1033: 812: 788: 612: 551: 4080:

Astonishing Fantasy Worlds: The Ultimate Guide to Drawing Adventure Fantasy Art

3442: 5804: 5677: 5628: 5502: 5454: 5446: 5440: 5432: 5303: 4878: 4829: 4695: 2278: 2219: 2187: 2163: 2142: 1956: 1701: 1689: 1633: 1356: 1214: 1202: 1151: 1116: 1112: 1065: 1061: 1018: 804: 758: 624: 523: 458: 406: 246: 3285:

Diagnóstico y tratamiento en Otorrinolaringología. Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello

3140: 3093: 1391:. Eventually, cells from the tissue surrounding the ossicles will experience 1379:

between the first two arches in an area which will also go on to develop the

159: 5776: 5655: 5492: 5192: 5133: 5053: 4846: 4819: 4801: 4682: 3751: 3043: 2916: 2657: 2352: 2261: 2078: 1987: 1937: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1562: 1392: 1360: 1328: 1296: 1181:, which contains numerous cells with filaments in a central area called the 1081: 1041: 910: 894: 867: 851: 671: 667: 636: 616: 599: 531: 527: 519: 418: 410: 402: 288: 233: 221: 4533: 3769: 3705: 3629: 3604:

The Human Auditory System - Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders

3588: 3101: 3062: 1375:. The tympanic cavity and auditory tube develop from the first part of the 872:

The inner ear sits within the temporal bone in a complex cavity called the

4746: 4363: 1805: 5784: 5704: 5539: 5472: 5401: 5219: 4950: 3945:

DragonArt Collector's Edition: Your Ultimate Guide to Drawing Fantasy Art

2924: 2665: 2360: 2231: 1960: 1876: 1868: 1755: 1697: 1693: 1558: 1486: 1412: 1258: 1250: 1242: 1210: 1206: 847: 776: 702:

all supply sensation to parts of the outer ear and the surrounding skin.

543: 492: 481: 258: 125: 917:—changing mechanical changes into electrical stimuli are present in the 5719: 5665: 5611: 5601: 5487: 5308: 5291: 5098: 4958: 4861: 4856: 4839: 4464: 3579: 2074: 2070: 2051: 2004: 1972: 1964: 1932: 1920: 1900: 1892: 1826: 1818: 1604: 1590: 1550: 1380: 1332: 1155: 1143: 1013: 929:

The blood supply of the ear differs according to each part of the ear.

824: 792: 718: 583: 571: 563: 539: 507: 500: 446: 442: 426: 401:. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts: the 390: 312: 305: 263: 4525: 4321: 1797:, and earwax. It is more common in those with depression and anxiety. 5734: 5709: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5577: 5517: 5497: 4997: 4700:

Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals

2086: 1908: 1649: 1616: 808: 800: 660: 547: 473: 450: 273: 4456: 3562: 1371:

The middle ear and its components develop from the first and second

1174:

that is transmitted to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve.

1146:, and dynamic balance, which allows a person to sense acceleration. 1099:

The human ear can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20

1084:-rich endolymph. This causes the cell to depolarise, and creates an 1076:

when stimulated. Sound waves moving through fluid flows against the

17: 4715:

Scoble, M.J. 1992. The Lepidoptera: Form, function, and diversity.

3606:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 129. pp. 409–431. 3076:

Niemitz, Carsten; Nibbrig, Maike; Zacher, Vanessa (December 2007).

1891:. Pointy ears are a common characteristic of many creatures in the 1415:

forms, they move towards their final position level with the eyes.

1241:

The ear develops in the lower neck region and moves upwards as the

623:

protrudes and partially obscures the ear canal, as does the facing

5814: 5794: 5744: 5724: 5714: 5670: 5616: 5606: 5592: 5549: 5477: 4980: 4266:

William Irwin; Rebecca Housel; J. Jeremy Wisnewski (18 May 2009).

4239:

Henry Jenkins III; Tara McPherson; Jane Shattuc (2 January 2003).

2404:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 855–856. 2199: 2082: 1998: 1983: 1946: 1904: 1896: 1804: 1759: 1237: 1236: 1224: 1108: 1100: 841: 796: 762: 268: 184: 101: 55: 5819: 5809: 5799: 5729: 5582: 5564: 5482: 5467: 5462: 3213:

National institute of deafness and other communication disorders

2777:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 692–694. 2700:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 651–657. 2099: 1912: 1641: 1408: 1352: 640: 546:—involved in the transmission of sound, and is connected to the 5405: 4761: 3736:"Tinnitus: characteristics, causes, mechanisms, and treatments" 1883:. It has been a feature of characters on art as old as that of 952:

The middle ear is supplied by the mastoid branch of either the

433:, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the 5824: 5789: 5696: 5534: 5512: 2047: 2034: 1104: 207:

This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the

4188:

Weimar Cinema: An Essential Guide to Classic Films of the Era

3816:

Advanced Therapy in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

729:. The symmetrical arrangement of the two ears allows for the 3155:"Ears as effective as DNA in identifying people - new study" 2046:, and may be seen in a wide range of animals, including the 1856: 377:

How sounds make their way from the source to the human brain

4646:

Domestic Rabbits & Their Histories: Breeds of the World

3786:

Deborah S. Sarnoff; Robert H. Gotkin; Joan Swirsky (2002).

2363:. pp. Chapter 36. "External and middle ear", 615–631. 666:

Two sets of muscles are associated with the outer ear: the

2927:. pp. Chapter 38. "Development of the ear", 651–653. 2604:

Mitchell, Richard L. Drake, Wayne Vogl, Adam W.M. (2005).

1025:

in the inner ear. This nerve transmits information to the

639:, while the second part near the eardrum is surrounded by 4242:

Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture

2913:

Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice

2749:"Definition of "ultrasound" | Collins English Dictionary" 2654:

Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice

2348:

Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice

2098:

compensated for mainly by the ability to easily turn the

1809:

Stretching of the earlobe and various cartilage piercings

611:

The auricle consists of the curving outer rim called the

437:, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the 4669:

Yack, JE; Fullard, JH (1993). "What is an insect ear?".

803:(stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the 3870:

Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology

3843:

Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

2533:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 848–849. 932:

The outer ear is supplied by a number of arteries. The

3734:

Han BI, Lee HW, Kim TY, Lim JS, Shin KS (March 2009).

3418:"Ruptured Eardrum: Symptoms, Treatments, and Recovery" 846:

The outer ear receives sound, transmitted through the

449:, which enables hearing. The ear canal is cleaned via 3027:"A symphony of inner ear developmental control genes" 2583:(4th ed.). New York: Sinauer. pp. 332–336. 1732:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4555:

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

3789:

Instant Beauty: Getting Gorgeous on Your Lunch Break

3677:

Baguley, D; McFerran, D; Hall, D (9 November 2013).

542:. The middle ear contains the three small bones—the 5775: 5695: 5686: 5591: 5563: 5453: 5439: 5346: 5270: 5261: 5164: 5091: 5082: 5061: 5052: 5028: 4949: 4886: 4877: 4800: 854:, where it is converted to a nervous signal in the 165: 153: 137: 124: 112: 100: 95: 83: 78: 41: 2736:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 635:cm). The first part of the canal is surrounded by 534:of the outer ear is separated from the air-filled 472:and six small swellings that develop in the early 3518:"Cholesteatoma: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 749:, which are connected via pathways to both ears. 4506:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 3493:"Evaluation and management of middle ear trauma" 3320: 3318: 2911:Standring, Susan (2008). Borley, Neil R. (ed.). 2652:Standring, Susan (2008). Borley, Neil R. (ed.). 2345:Standring, Susan (2008). Borley, Neil R. (ed.). 1915:. They are a characteristic of creatures in the 1737:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1299:, while the scala media contains endolymph. The 1055:The inner ear houses the apparatus necessary to 445:, which enable balance when stationary; and the 4026:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Elves and Fairies 3918:Monsters and Grotesques in Medieval Manuscripts 3233: 3231: 3229: 3180:Tangalakis-Lippert, Katherine (19 March 2023). 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2820:Fundamentos de Anatomía con Orientación Clínica 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 1029:of the brain, where it is registered as sound. 936:provides the majority of the blood supply. The 3374:Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine 3299:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine 3117:"Ear size as a predictor of chronological age" 2959:UNSW Embryology. Hearing-Inner Ear Development 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 1793:, exposure to certain medications, a previous 457:(the visible portion of the ear). The ears of 5417: 4773: 3672: 3670: 3668: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2668:. pp. Chapter 37. "Inner ear", 633–650. 1355:, which in turn are controlled by the master 1233:on a developing embryo (about four weeks old) 339: 8: 4411:Corporeality and Culture: Bodies in Movement 4083:. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 103. 3388:"The Ears, A High Risk Area for Skin Cancer" 2983: 2981: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2810: 2808: 2797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2720:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2628:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1834: 1111:). Sounds outside this range are considered 1044:, also help modulate noise. The two muscles 807:. The middle ear also connects to the upper 4191:. Columbia University Press. pp. 96–. 4131:Misha Kavka; Jenny Lawn; Mary Paul (2006). 3972:The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games 3921:. University of Toronto Press. p. 38. 3897:The History of Ancient Art Among the Greeks 3115:Tan, R; Osman, V; Tan, G (1 October 1997). 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 733:. The brain accomplishes this by comparing 5692: 5424: 5410: 5402: 5267: 5088: 5058: 4883: 4780: 4766: 4758: 4545: 4543: 4164:. University of Texas Press. p. 202. 4134:Gothic Nz: The Darker Side of Kiwi Culture 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 2107:localise the direction of the sound source 1867:are a characteristic of some creatures in 1383:. This develops as a structure called the 741:from each ear, in circuits located in the 705:The auricle consists of a single piece of 518:The human ear consists of three parts—the 346: 332: 194: 3759: 3578: 3238:Kliegman; Behrman; Jenson (2007). "367". 3052: 3042: 4479:"The Bat's Ear as a Diffraction Grating" 4185:Noah William Isenberg (13 August 2013). 3602:Levine, RA; Oron, Y (2015). "Tinnitus". 3561:Tak, SW; Davis, RR; Calvert, GM (2009). 2773:Hall, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. (2005). 2696:Hall, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. (2005). 2024: 1971:for his research on the function of the 357: 4137:. Otago University Press. p. 111. 4050:John Michael Greer (1 September 2011). 3443:"How should I evaluate a draining ear?" 2608:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 858. 2300: 2111: 1510:complications can lead to hearing loss. 211: 4408:Karin Sellberg, Lena Wånggren (2016). 4272:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 189. 4245:. Duke University Press. p. 119. 3121:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2790: 2713: 2621: 1315:Most of the genes responsible for the 182: 38: 3376:. Churchill Livingstone. p. 102. 3348:"Ear Injury – Injuries and Poisoning" 3325:Alexandru, Florin (30 January 2004). 2529:Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM (2013). 1969:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1779:disease of the heart or blood vessels 7: 4588:. Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes. 4056:. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 107. 2425:Shmerling, Robert H. (17 May 2017). 1923:. Pointy ears are also found in the 1601:benign paroxysmal positional vertigo 1166:within the cell membranes, creating 619:, and opens into the ear canal. The 4648:. Leawood KS: Leathers Publishing. 3894:Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1850). 2531:Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed 993:anterior inferior cerebellar artery 779:and their attaching ligaments; the 4350:(2): 297–302, discussion 303–304. 4343:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3612:10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00023-8 3472:Merck Manuals Professional Edition 1154:. Within the gelatinous layer lie 649:tympanic part of the temporal bone 615:, the inner curved rim called the 453:, which naturally migrates to the 53:The outer portion of the human ear 25: 4586:Rabbit Production in Hot Climates 2427:"3 reasons to leave earwax alone" 643:. This bony part is known as the 4745: 4731: 4644:Whitman, Bob D. (October 2004). 4356:10.1097/00006534-199708000-00001 4218:. Psychology Press. p. 27. 2175: 2155: 2134: 2114: 1975:in the mammalian hearing organ. 1696:, and are often investigated by 1599:. One common type of vertigo is 1494: 1478: 468:The ear develops from the first 413:. The outer ear consists of the 198: 47: 4158:Lisa Hopkins (1 January 2010). 4104:John Hamilton (1 August 2011). 2452:"Why Do I Have So Much Earwax?" 2260:Simpler structures allow other 1319:of inner ear formation and its 5176:Reissner's/vestibular membrane 4029:. DK Publishing. p. 171. 3352:Merck Manuals Consumer Version 3001:GRAY Anatomía para estudiantes 2775:Textbook of medical physiology 2698:Textbook of medical physiology 1967:. In 1961, he was awarded the 1088:that is transmitted along the 876:. A central area known as the 1: 4919:promontory of tympanic cavity 4736:The dictionary definition of 4579:"Thermoregulation in Rabbits" 4414:. Routledge. pp. 75–76. 4023:Sirona Knight (7 June 2005). 3698:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60142-7 3240:Nelson Textbook of Pedriatics 3133:10.1016/S0167-4943(97)00010-1 1927:genre; for example among the 562:. The inner ear contains the 480:, which are derived from the 2738:. 128(1):84–87, January 2002 2226:in 1868. In marine mammals, 958:posterior auricular arteries 506:The ear has been adorned by 429:. The inner ear sits in the 27:Organ of hearing and balance 4909:secondary tympanic membrane 2606:Gray's anatomy for students 2402:Gray's anatomy for students 2230:are one of three groups of 974:ascending pharyngeal artery 943:superficial temporal artery 938:anterior auricular arteries 832:secondary tympanic membrane 5893: 4914:prominence of facial canal 4619:"Longest ears on a rabbit" 3969:Michael J. Tresca (2010). 1771:noise-induced hearing loss 1741:noise-induced hearing loss 1588: 1579:annular stapedial ligament 1575:magnetic resonance imaging 1557:), or is extremely small ( 1501:Fluid in middle ear cavity 1469:sensorineural hearing loss 1448: 1131: 1011: 991:, arising from either the 934:posterior auricular artery 865: 858:and transmitted along the 756: 597: 29: 4077:Christopher Hart (2008). 3975:. McFarland. p. 34. 3873:. McFarland. p. 91. 3819:. PMPH-USA. p. 513. 3813:Thomas, J. Regan (2010). 2753:www.collinsdictionary.com 2224:studied by Charles Darwin 1359:. Shh is secreted by the 850:of the middle ear to the 538:of the middle ear by the 177: 46: 4934:aditus to mastoid antrum 3372:Colledge, Nicki (2010). 2879:Moore, Keith L. (2008). 2089:that are non-functional 1836:se faire tirer l’oreille 1773:. Other causes include: 1704:. Treatment may include 1648:, a common condition in 1545:Congenital abnormalities 1072:that release a chemical 980:, and the artery of the 819:of the Eustachian tube. 743:superior olivary complex 696:greater occipital nerves 659:that produce protective 4717:Oxford University Press 3752:10.3988/jcn.2009.5.1.11 3044:10.1186/1471-2156-11-68 2085:) have undeveloped ear 1850:in 1845, and the first 1674:squamous-cell carcinoma 1465:conductive hearing loss 1434:forensic identification 1187:vestibulo–ocular reflex 1023:vestibulocochlear nerve 978:internal carotid artery 970:middle meningeal artery 860:vestibulocochlear nerve 775:and includes the three 5433:Human regional anatomy 4623:Guinness World Records 4558:. John Murray: London. 4002:. IMPACT. p. 31. 3948:. IMPACT. p. 28. 3792:. St. Martin's Press. 2215: 2038: 2022: 1861: 1835: 1810: 1743:when they do not wear 1246: 1234: 1121:central nervous system 1115:(below 20 Hz) or 863: 768: 688:auriculotemporal nerve 378: 179:Anatomical terminology 72: 67:Received Pronunciation 4925:Posterior structures 4683:10.1093/aesa/86.6.677 4671:Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am 4328:on 24 September 2013. 3867:Theresa Bane (2013). 2921:Churchill Livingstone 2822:. pp. 1021–1035. 2662:Churchill Livingstone 2357:Churchill Livingstone 2203: 2193:Oryctolagus cuniculus 2123:African bush elephant 2028: 2002: 1991:controversy in 1997. 1860: 1808: 1678:basal-cell carcinomas 1440:Clinical significance 1245:develops (six weeks). 1240: 1228: 1158:, tiny formations of 1064:that is studded with 1057:change the vibrations 962:deep auricular artery 845: 766: 731:localisation of sound 680:great auricular nerve 647:and is formed by the 376: 62: 5166:Cochlear duct / 5130:Perilymphatic space 5030:Auditory tube / 4754:at Wikimedia Commons 4161:Screening the Gothic 4110:. ABDO. p. 23. 3915:Alixe Bovey (2002). 3015:Chatterjee, Sumantra 2966:on 30 September 2012 2456:Keck Medicine of USC 2211:Charles Darwin, 1868 2091:vestigial structures 1311:Molecular regulation 1046:reflexively contract 887:membranous labyrinth 32:Ear (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 5872:Human head and neck 5348:Semicircular canals 5321:Vestibular aqueduct 4518:2009ASAJ..125.3454K 4449:1998Oikos..81..143P 4314:1972PhT....25i..78S 4212:Ken Gelder (2000). 3996:David Okum (2006). 3900:. Chapman. p. 3692:(9904): 1600–1607. 3287:. pp. 624–752. 3003:. pp. 854–871. 2883:. pp. 477–482. 2881:Embriología Clínica 2857:. pp. 321–327. 2579:Purves, D. (2007). 2508:MyHealth.Alberta.ca 2458:. 29 September 2022 2011:crab-eating macaque 1945:character from the 1871:such as the French 1801:Society and culture 1571:computed tomography 1539:middle ear implants 1526:sound effectively. 1385:tubotympanic recess 1323:are members of the 1301:vestibular membrane 989:labyrinthine artery 949:also plays a role. 882:semicircular canals 576:semicircular canals 435:semicircular canals 318:Semicircular canals 5326:endolymphatic duct 5314:Otolithic membrane 5227:Tectorial membrane 5186:Reticular membrane 4991:posterior ligament 4939:pyramidal eminence 4895:Medial structures 4298:"Georg von Békésy" 4296:(September 1972). 3942:J. Peffer (2012). 3580:10.1002/ajim.20690 3392:www.skincancer.org 2855:Embriología Médica 2216: 2127:Loxodonta africana 2039: 2023: 1862: 1811: 1758:is the hearing of 1745:hearing protection 1457:congenital disease 1424:extreme in males. 1247: 1235: 964:, a branch of the 864: 817:pharyngeal opening 769: 556:pharyngeal opening 463:sound localization 379: 73: 64:"Ear" pronounced ( 5849: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5381:crista ampullaris 5331:endolymphatic sac 5263:Vestibular system 5257: 5256: 5139:Cochlear aqueduct 5048: 5047: 4986:superior ligament 4974:anterior ligament 4964:superior ligament 4852:Auricular muscles 4835:intertragic notch 4750:Media related to 4655:978-1-58597-275-3 4599:on 6 October 2021 4526:10.1121/1.3097500 4421:978-1-317-15924-7 4387:"The Stress Test" 4322:10.1063/1.3071029 4279:978-0-470-73036-2 4225:978-0-415-21356-1 4215:The Horror Reader 4198:978-0-231-50385-3 4171:978-0-292-77959-4 4144:978-1-877372-23-0 4117:978-1-60453-215-9 4107:Elves and Fairies 4090:978-0-8230-1472-9 4063:978-0-7387-1600-8 4036:978-1-4406-9638-1 3982:978-0-7864-6009-0 3955:978-1-4403-2417-8 3928:978-0-8020-8512-2 3880:978-0-7864-7111-9 3853:978-1-55009-234-9 3826:978-1-60795-011-0 3621:978-0-444-62630-1 3334:Council of Europe 3308:978-0-7020-3084-0 2989:Drake, Richard L. 2934:978-0-443-06684-9 2784:978-0-7216-0240-0 2707:978-0-7216-0240-0 2675:978-0-443-06684-9 2615:978-0-8089-2306-0 2590:978-0-87893-697-7 2540:978-1-4511-8447-1 2411:978-0-8089-2306-0 2370:978-0-443-06684-9 2313:Oxford Dictionary 2213: 2020: 2017:Darwin's tubercle 1982:was a laboratory 1941:universe and the 1895:genre, including 1848:Ernst Dieffenbach 1783:Ménière's disease 1638:avulsion injuries 1609:Ménière's disease 1597:vestibular system 1534:cochlear implants 1436:since the 1950s. 1373:pharyngeal arches 1160:calcium carbonate 1138:Equilibrioception 1134:Balance (ability) 1052:and the cochlea. 799:(anvil), and the 715:Darwin's tubercle 707:elastic cartilage 582:, as well as the 580:vestibular system 578:belonging to the 497:balance disorders 399:vestibular system 393:and (in mammals) 374: 356: 355: 254:Tympanic membrane 193: 192: 188: 60: 16:(Redirected from 5884: 5693: 5624:Vertebral column 5426: 5419: 5412: 5403: 5371:Ampullary cupula 5268: 5198:Stria vascularis 5181:Basilar membrane 5089: 5059: 5003:annular ligament 4969:lateral ligament 4884: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4759: 4749: 4735: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4598: 4583: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4512:(5): 3454–3459. 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4485:on 18 April 2012 4481:. Archived from 4475: 4469: 4468: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4385:Goodyear, Dana. 4382: 4376: 4375: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4324:. Archived from 4290: 4284: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3763: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3715:on 11 April 2018 3714: 3708:. Archived from 3683: 3674: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3653:. September 2014 3647: 3634: 3633: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3497:www.uptodate.com 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3394:. Archived from 3384: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3187:Business Insider 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3056: 3046: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2962:. Archived from 2954: 2939: 2938: 2908: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2859: 2858: 2847: 2824: 2823: 2812: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2788: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2745: 2739: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2719: 2711: 2693: 2680: 2679: 2649: 2634: 2633: 2627: 2619: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2576: 2570: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2397: 2378: 2374: 2342: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2315:. Archived from 2305: 2205: 2179: 2159: 2145:(desert regions) 2138: 2118: 2014: 1955:was a Hungarian 1953:Georg von Békésy 1838: 1791:emotional stress 1706:watchful waiting 1498: 1482: 1405:pharyngeal cleft 1377:pharyngeal pouch 1335:is regulated by 1305:basilar membrane 1172:action potential 1086:action potential 1074:neurotransmitter 1070:mechanoreceptors 966:maxillary artery 947:occipital artery 921:in the cochlea. 913:responsible for 747:trapezoid bodies 657:sebaceous glands 634: 630: 470:pharyngeal pouch 375: 348: 341: 334: 202: 195: 185:edit on Wikidata 61: 51: 39: 21: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5867:Auditory system 5852: 5851: 5850: 5841: 5771: 5682: 5587: 5559: 5449: 5435: 5430: 5400: 5387: 5342: 5338:Ductus reuniens 5253: 5232:Sulcus spiralis 5203:Spiral ligament 5167: 5160: 5124:Cochlear cupula 5104:Vestibular duct 5084:Auditory system 5078: 5044: 5032:Eustachian tube 5031: 5024: 4945: 4888:Tympanic cavity 4873: 4796: 4786: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4704:Greenwood Press 4694: 4690: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4625:. November 2003 4617: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4550:Darwin, Charles 4548: 4541: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4457:10.2307/3546476 4434: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4010: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3637: 3622: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3567:Am. J. Ind. Med 3560: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3522:www.nlm.nih.gov 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3398:on 4 March 2016 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3236: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3023:Luftkin, Thomas 3013: 3012: 3008: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2956: 2955: 2942: 2935: 2915:(40 ed.). 2910: 2909: 2888: 2878: 2877: 2862: 2849: 2848: 2827: 2816:Moore, Keith L. 2814: 2813: 2806: 2789: 2785: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2729: 2712: 2708: 2695: 2694: 2683: 2676: 2656:(40 ed.). 2651: 2650: 2637: 2620: 2616: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2399: 2398: 2381: 2371: 2351:(40 ed.). 2344: 2343: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2319:on 18 July 2012 2307: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2289:Righting reflex 2275: 2244:tympanal organs 2240: 2214: 2210: 2209:Illustration by 2207: 2206:Half-Lop Rabbit 2196: 2195: 2191: 2184:Domestic rabbit 2180: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2037: 2021: 2013: 2008: 1997: 1925:science fiction 1919:genre, such as 1889:medieval Europe 1803: 1753: 1646:cauliflower ear 1625: 1593: 1587: 1573:(CT) scan or a 1547: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1453: 1447: 1442: 1430: 1421: 1401: 1369: 1327:family such as 1285:scala vestibuli 1278:ductus reuniens 1270:bipolar neurons 1223: 1195: 1140: 1132:Main articles: 1130: 1109:the audio range 1090:spiral ganglion 1016: 1010: 1005: 982:pterygoid canal 927: 899:vestibular duct 870: 840: 773:tympanic cavity 761: 755: 700:cervical plexus 684:auricular nerve 632: 628: 602: 596: 588:auditory system 560:Eustachian tube 536:tympanic cavity 516: 423:tympanic cavity 358: 352: 323: 322: 291: 281: 280: 249: 239: 238: 224: 189: 146: 90:Auditory system 74: 71: 56: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5890: 5888: 5880: 5879: 5877:Sensory organs 5874: 5869: 5864: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5598: 5596: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5210:Organ of Corti 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5095: 5093: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5040:Torus tubarius 5036: 5034: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5018:tensor tympani 5015: 5007: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4806: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4743: 4727: 4726:External links 4724: 4721: 4720: 4708: 4688: 4677:(6): 677–682. 4661: 4654: 4636: 4610: 4569: 4560: 4539: 4496: 4470: 4443:(1): 143–151. 4427: 4420: 4400: 4377: 4331: 4285: 4278: 4258: 4251: 4231: 4224: 4204: 4197: 4177: 4170: 4150: 4143: 4123: 4116: 4096: 4089: 4069: 4062: 4042: 4035: 4015: 4008: 3988: 3981: 3961: 3954: 3934: 3927: 3907: 3886: 3879: 3859: 3852: 3832: 3825: 3805: 3798: 3778: 3726: 3664: 3635: 3620: 3594: 3573:(5): 358–371. 3553: 3543: 3534: 3509: 3484: 3459: 3434: 3409: 3379: 3364: 3339: 3327:"Ear Injuries" 3314: 3307: 3290: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3225: 3209:"Hearing Aids" 3200: 3172: 3161:. 14 July 2023 3146: 3127:(2): 187–191. 3107: 3088:(4): 391–413. 3068: 3006: 2997:Mitchell, Adam 2977: 2940: 2933: 2886: 2860: 2825: 2804: 2783: 2765: 2740: 2727: 2706: 2681: 2674: 2635: 2614: 2596: 2589: 2571: 2546: 2539: 2521: 2510:. 11 July 2023 2495: 2469: 2443: 2431:Harvard Health 2417: 2410: 2379: 2369: 2330: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2253:Ormia ochracea 2239: 2236: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2168:Vulpes lagopus 2162: 2161: 2154: 2152: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2029: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1885:Ancient Greece 1802: 1799: 1775:ear infections 1752: 1749: 1719: 1718: 1686: 1685: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1589:Main article: 1586: 1583: 1546: 1543: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1449:Main article: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1400: 1397: 1368: 1365: 1313: 1312: 1222: 1219: 1194: 1191: 1168:depolarisation 1129: 1126: 1096:of the brain. 1038:tensor tympani 1012:Main article: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 997:basilar artery 926: 923: 919:organ of Corti 874:bony labyrinth 866:Main article: 839: 836: 767:The middle ear 757:Main article: 754: 751: 727:adipose tissue 645:auditory bulla 598:Main article: 595: 592: 515: 512: 431:bony labyrinth 425:and the three 354: 353: 351: 350: 343: 336: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 309: 308: 303: 292: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 256: 250: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 231: 225: 220: 219: 216: 215: 209: 208: 204: 203: 191: 190: 181: 175: 174: 169: 163: 162: 157: 151: 150: 141: 135: 134: 129: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 104: 98: 97: 93: 92: 87: 81: 80: 76: 75: 63: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5889: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5249:Spiral limbus 5247: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5163: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5114:Tympanic duct 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4929:mastoid cells 4927: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4867:pars flaccida 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4742:at Wiktionary 4741: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4637: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4497: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4404: 4401: 4388: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4335: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302:Physics Today 4299: 4295: 4294:Stevens, S.S. 4289: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4252:0-8223-8350-0 4248: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4019: 4016: 4011: 4009:1-60061-381-0 4005: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3890: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3799:0-312-28697-X 3795: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3740:J Clin Neurol 3737: 3730: 3727: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3281:Lalwani, A.K. 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567:0-316-32268-7 2564: 2560: 2559:0-316-32269-5 2556: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2522: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2484:. 1 July 2021 2483: 2482:HealthLink BC 2479: 2473: 2470: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2238:Invertebrates 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228:earless seals 2225: 2221: 2212: 2202: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2060:bat-eared fox 2057: 2056:lesser galago 2053: 2049: 2045: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2001: 1995:Other animals 1994: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980:Vacanti mouse 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1935:races of the 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873:croquemitaine 1870: 1866: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1807: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1710:cholesteatoma 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:perichondrium 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1613:labyrinthitis 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1523:Tympanoplasty 1520: 1509: 1497: 1488: 1485:Perforation ( 1481: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461:physiological 1458: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1427: 1425: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:homeobox gene 1322: 1321:morphogenesis 1318: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289:scala tympani 1286: 1281: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:otic placodes 1252: 1244: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199:embryogenesis 1192: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1094:temporal lobe 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1027:temporal lobe 1024: 1020: 1015: 1007: 1002: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 939: 935: 930: 924: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907:tympanic duct 904: 903:cochlear duct 900: 896: 890: 888: 883: 879: 875: 869: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 837: 835: 833: 828: 826: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 781:auditory tube 778: 774: 765: 760: 752: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 735:arrival-times 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 601: 593: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 513: 511: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 478:otic placodes 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 389:that enables 388: 384: 349: 344: 342: 337: 335: 330: 329: 327: 326: 319: 316: 314: 311: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 285: 284: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 248: 243: 242: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 223: 218: 217: 214: 210: 206: 205: 201: 197: 196: 186: 180: 176: 173: 170: 168: 164: 161: 158: 156: 152: 149: 145: 142: 140: 136: 133: 130: 127: 123: 120: 117: 115: 111: 108: 105: 103: 99: 94: 91: 88: 86: 82: 77: 69: 68: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5573:Adam's apple 5529: 5231: 4904:round window 4738: 4711: 4699: 4691: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4645: 4639: 4627:. Retrieved 4622: 4613: 4601:. Retrieved 4594:the original 4589: 4585: 4572: 4563: 4553: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4487:. Retrieved 4483:the original 4473: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4410: 4403: 4391:. Retrieved 4389:. New Yorker 4380: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4326:the original 4308:(9): 78–80. 4305: 4301: 4288: 4268: 4261: 4241: 4234: 4214: 4207: 4187: 4180: 4160: 4153: 4133: 4126: 4106: 4099: 4079: 4072: 4052: 4045: 4025: 4018: 3998: 3991: 3971: 3964: 3944: 3937: 3917: 3910: 3896: 3889: 3869: 3862: 3846:. PMPH-USA. 3842: 3835: 3815: 3808: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3746:(1): 11–19. 3743: 3739: 3729: 3717:. Retrieved 3710:the original 3689: 3685: 3655:. Retrieved 3603: 3597: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3546: 3537: 3525:. Retrieved 3521: 3512: 3500:. Retrieved 3496: 3487: 3475:. Retrieved 3471: 3462: 3450:. Retrieved 3446: 3437: 3425:. Retrieved 3421: 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3396:the original 3391: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3355:. Retrieved 3351: 3342: 3333: 3298: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3216:. Retrieved 3212: 3203: 3191:. Retrieved 3185: 3175: 3163:. Retrieved 3158: 3149: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3034: 3031:BMC Genetics 3030: 3019:Kraus, Petra 3009: 3000: 2968:. Retrieved 2964:the original 2958: 2912: 2880: 2854: 2851:Sadler, T.W. 2819: 2774: 2768: 2756:. Retrieved 2752: 2743: 2730: 2697: 2653: 2605: 2599: 2581:Neuroscience 2580: 2574: 2549: 2530: 2524: 2512:. Retrieved 2507: 2498: 2486:. Retrieved 2481: 2472: 2460:. Retrieved 2455: 2446: 2434:. Retrieved 2430: 2420: 2401: 2347: 2321:. Retrieved 2317:the original 2312: 2303: 2284:Hearing test 2259: 2251: 2241: 2220:ear carriage 2217: 2208: 2192: 2167: 2148:Vulpes zerda 2147: 2126: 2104: 2068: 2066:and others. 2044:Fresnel lens 2040: 2019:highlighted) 1977: 1957:biophysicist 1951: 1943:Nightcrawler 1936: 1881:earth spider 1879:or Japanese 1875:, Brazilian 1863: 1841: 1831: 1812: 1787:brain tumors 1768: 1754: 1728:hearing loss 1720: 1687: 1672:, including 1670:skin cancers 1631: 1594: 1567: 1548: 1530:Hearing aids 1528: 1519:otitis media 1515: 1508:Otitis media 1454: 1451:Hearing loss 1445:Hearing loss 1431: 1422: 1402: 1389:neural crest 1370: 1314: 1282: 1274: 1267: 1263:otic vesicle 1261:and then an 1248: 1231:otic placode 1196: 1176: 1164:ion channels 1148: 1141: 1098: 1054: 1031: 1017: 986: 951: 931: 928: 925:Blood supply 915:transduction 891: 871: 829: 821: 789:oval windows 770: 721:consists of 704: 676:facial nerve 665: 610: 603: 517: 505: 489:hearing loss 486: 467: 395:body balance 382: 380: 212: 148:A15.3.00.001 144:A01.1.00.005 132:birnlex_1062 106: 65: 36: 5215:stereocilia 5168:scala media 5109:Helicotrema 4899:oval window 4788:Anatomy of 4696:Piper, Ross 4603:25 February 3527:25 February 3502:25 February 3477:25 February 3452:25 February 3427:25 February 3402:25 February 3357:25 February 2323:25 February 2069:Some large 2064:mouse lemur 1865:Pointy ears 1852:case report 1795:head injury 1724:ototoxicity 1668:as well as 1660:around the 1293:scala media 1193:Development 1034:oval window 1019:Sound waves 813:nasopharynx 739:intensities 713:, known as 566:organs—the 552:nasopharynx 459:vertebrates 96:Identifiers 5856:Categories 5740:Fingernail 5366:Horizontal 5304:Kinocilium 5069:membranous 5062:Labyrinths 4879:Middle ear 4830:antitragus 4629:9 February 4489:27 October 3679:"Tinnitus" 3651:"Tinnitus" 2295:References 2279:Hear, hear 2266:near-field 2264:to detect 2262:arthropods 2232:Pinnipedia 2188:French Lop 2164:Arctic fox 2143:Fennec fox 2081:(and also 2079:orangutans 2009:Human and 1949:universe. 1702:audiometry 1690:barotrauma 1684:Middle ear 1634:laceration 1603:, when an 1428:Uniqueness 1367:Middle ear 1317:regulation 1215:mesenchyme 1203:germ layer 1152:kinocilium 1117:ultrasound 1113:infrasound 1066:hair cells 1062:epithelium 911:Hair cells 905:, and the 795:(hammer), 783:; and the 759:Middle ear 753:Middle ear 653:ceruminous 625:antitragus 554:, via the 524:middle ear 407:middle ear 397:using the 296:Vestibules 247:Middle ear 5656:Genitalia 5361:Posterior 5272:Vestibule 5220:tip links 5193:Endolymph 5154:Boettcher 5134:Perilymph 5054:Inner ear 5013:stapedius 4847:Ear canal 4820:antihelix 4802:Outer ear 3141:0167-4943 3094:0003-5548 2993:Wayne, A. 2917:Edinburgh 2793:cite book 2716:cite book 2658:Edinburgh 2624:cite book 2353:Edinburgh 1988:cartilage 1938:Star Trek 1854:in 1881. 1844:Europeans 1717:Inner ear 1666:frostbite 1658:haematoma 1654:wrestlers 1628:Outer ear 1563:otoplasty 1411:. As the 1399:Outer ear 1393:apoptosis 1361:notochord 1297:perilymph 1221:Inner ear 1082:potassium 1050:vestibule 1042:stapedius 954:occipital 895:endolymph 878:vestibule 868:Inner ear 852:inner ear 838:Inner ear 672:extrinsic 668:intrinsic 637:cartilage 631:inch (2.5 617:antihelix 600:Outer ear 594:Outer ear 574:—and the 532:ear canal 528:inner ear 520:outer ear 514:Structure 419:ear canal 411:inner ear 403:outer ear 289:Inner ear 234:Ear canal 222:Outer ear 213:Human ear 5785:Buttocks 5705:Shoulder 5540:Mandible 5473:Forehead 5376:Ampullae 5356:Superior 5242:internus 5237:externus 5149:Claudius 5119:Modiolus 5009:Muscles 4951:Ossicles 4698:(2007), 4552:(1871). 4534:19425684 4393:23 March 4372:41167703 4053:Monsters 3770:19513328 3706:23827090 3630:25726282 3589:19267354 3551:50:46–56 3447:Medscape 3283:(2009). 3218:20 March 3193:22 March 3102:18196763 3063:20637105 3025:(2010). 2999:(2010). 2970:20 April 2925:Elsevier 2853:(2010). 2818:(2009). 2758:20 March 2666:Elsevier 2504:"Earwax" 2478:"Earwax" 2361:Elsevier 2273:See also 2095:homology 2075:gorillas 2073:such as 2071:primates 1961:Budapest 1959:born in 1921:vampires 1877:curupira 1869:folklore 1827:earrings 1815:piercing 1756:Tinnitus 1751:Tinnitus 1698:otoscopy 1694:otorrhea 1559:microtia 1487:otoscope 1413:mandible 1357:gene Shh 1303:and the 1291:and the 1259:otic pit 1251:mesoderm 1243:mandible 1211:endoderm 1207:ectoderm 1156:otoliths 1078:receptor 1003:Function 960:and the 856:cochlear 848:ossicles 815:via the 777:ossicles 745:and the 711:tubercle 544:ossicles 508:earrings 499:such as 493:tinnitus 482:ectoderm 427:ossicles 417:and the 409:and the 259:Ossicles 126:NeuroLex 5830:Toenail 5720:Forearm 5666:Scrotum 5612:Midriff 5602:Abdomen 5595:(Trunk) 5545:Occiput 5488:Eyebrow 5309:Otolith 5292:Saccule 5280:Utricle 5099:Cochlea 5092:General 4959:Malleus 4857:Eardrum 4840:earlobe 4810:Auricle 4794:balance 4790:hearing 4514:Bibcode 4465:3546476 4445:Bibcode 4364:9252594 4310:Bibcode 3761:2686891 3719:30 June 3054:2915946 2514:11 July 2488:11 July 2462:11 July 2436:11 July 2376:Alt URL 2087:muscles 2052:aye-aye 2033:of the 2005:Primate 1973:cochlea 1965:Hungary 1933:Romulan 1909:hobbits 1901:faeries 1893:fantasy 1819:earlobe 1817:of the 1764:pitched 1617:strokes 1605:otolith 1591:Vertigo 1585:Vertigo 1555:atresia 1551:ring 18 1381:pharynx 1333:cochlea 1197:During 1179:ampulla 1170:and an 1144:gravity 1128:Balance 1103:and 20 1014:Hearing 1008:Hearing 995:or the 893:called 825:cochlea 811:at the 793:malleus 719:earlobe 698:of the 606:auricle 586:of the 584:cochlea 572:saccule 568:utricle 564:otolith 558:of the 550:at the 540:eardrum 501:vertigo 476:called 455:auricle 447:cochlea 443:saccule 439:utricle 391:hearing 385:is the 313:Cochlea 306:Saccule 301:Utricle 264:Malleus 229:Auricle 119:D004423 79:Details 5765:Little 5755:Middle 5735:Finger 5710:Axilla 5651:Pelvis 5644:Nipple 5639:Breast 5634:Thorax 5578:Throat 5555:Temple 5518:Tongue 5498:Eyelid 5297:macula 5285:macula 5145:Cells 4998:Stapes 4825:tragus 4652: 4532: 4463: 4418: 4370: 4362: 4276: 4249: 4222: 4195: 4168: 4141: 4114: 4087: 4060: 4033: 4006: 3979: 3952: 3925: 3877: 3850: 3823: 3796: 3768: 3758: 3704: 3686:Lancet 3657:22 May 3628: 3618: 3587: 3305: 3165:4 June 3139: 3100: 3092: 3061: 3051: 3037:: 68. 2931: 2781: 2704: 2672: 2612: 2587: 2565: 2557: 2537: 2408: 2367: 2248:family 2083:humans 2031:Pinnae 1929:Vulcan 1917:horror 1905:pixies 1730:. The 1650:boxers 1623:Injury 1419:Growth 1287:, the 1205:: the 1183:cupula 945:. The 901:, the 809:throat 801:stapes 723:areola 692:lesser 690:, and 661:earwax 633: 629: 621:tragus 548:throat 530:. The 474:embryo 451:earwax 405:, the 274:Stapes 85:System 5815:Ankle 5795:Thigh 5750:Index 5745:Thumb 5725:Wrist 5715:Elbow 5688:Limbs 5671:Vulva 5661:Penis 5617:Navel 5607:Waist 5593:Torso 5550:Scalp 5523:Tooth 5508:Mouth 5478:Cheek 4981:Incus 4815:helix 4597:(PDF) 4582:(PDF) 4461:JSTOR 4437:Oikos 4368:S2CID 3713:(PDF) 3682:(PDF) 3422:WebMD 3330:(PDF) 2561:(C), 2309:"Ear" 2190:breed 1984:mouse 1947:X-Men 1911:, or 1897:elves 1823:plugs 1760:sound 1459:, or 797:incus 785:round 613:helix 415:pinna 387:organ 269:Incus 183:[ 172:52780 107:auris 102:Latin 5835:Sole 5820:Heel 5810:Foot 5805:Calf 5800:Knee 5760:Ring 5730:Hand 5678:Anus 5629:Back 5583:Nape 5565:Neck 5503:Nose 5483:Chin 5468:Face 5463:Hair 5455:Head 5447:Skin 5441:Body 5074:bony 4862:umbo 4792:and 4752:Ears 4650:ISBN 4631:2018 4605:2018 4530:PMID 4491:2011 4416:ISBN 4395:2016 4360:PMID 4274:ISBN 4247:ISBN 4220:ISBN 4193:ISBN 4166:ISBN 4139:ISBN 4112:ISBN 4085:ISBN 4058:ISBN 4031:ISBN 4004:ISBN 3977:ISBN 3950:ISBN 3923:ISBN 3875:ISBN 3848:ISBN 3821:ISBN 3794:ISBN 3766:PMID 3721:2019 3702:PMID 3659:2015 3626:PMID 3616:ISBN 3585:PMID 3529:2016 3504:2016 3479:2016 3454:2016 3429:2016 3404:2016 3359:2016 3303:ISBN 3220:2016 3195:2023 3167:2024 3137:ISSN 3098:PMID 3090:ISSN 3059:PMID 2972:2013 2929:ISBN 2799:link 2779:ISBN 2760:2016 2722:link 2702:ISBN 2670:ISBN 2630:link 2610:ISBN 2585:ISBN 2563:ISBN 2555:ISBN 2535:ISBN 2516:2023 2490:2023 2464:2023 2438:2023 2406:ISBN 2365:ISBN 2325:2016 2100:head 2077:and 2007:ears 1978:The 1931:and 1913:orcs 1887:and 1700:and 1676:and 1652:and 1642:burn 1409:neck 1353:Pax2 1351:and 1349:Otx2 1345:Otx1 1341:Dlx6 1337:Dlx5 1229:The 1213:and 1136:and 1040:and 805:body 787:and 737:and 725:and 694:and 670:and 655:and 641:bone 570:and 526:and 495:and 441:and 160:6861 139:TA98 114:MeSH 18:Ears 5862:Ear 5825:Toe 5790:Hip 5777:Leg 5697:Arm 5535:Jaw 5530:Ear 5513:Lip 5493:Eye 4739:ear 4679:doi 4522:doi 4510:125 4453:doi 4352:doi 4348:100 4318:doi 3756:PMC 3748:doi 3694:doi 3690:382 3608:doi 3575:doi 3159:RNZ 3129:doi 3049:PMC 3039:doi 2569:(P) 2048:bat 2035:bat 1532:or 1329:Pax 1105:kHz 956:or 383:ear 381:An 167:FMA 155:TA2 42:Ear 5858:: 4702:, 4675:86 4673:. 4621:. 4584:. 4542:^ 4528:. 4520:. 4508:. 4459:. 4451:. 4441:81 4439:. 4366:. 4358:. 4346:. 4316:. 4306:25 4304:. 4300:. 3902:80 3772:. 3764:. 3754:. 3742:. 3738:. 3700:. 3688:. 3684:. 3667:^ 3638:^ 3624:. 3614:. 3583:. 3571:52 3569:. 3565:. 3520:. 3495:. 3470:. 3445:. 3420:. 3390:. 3350:. 3332:. 3317:^ 3228:^ 3211:. 3184:. 3157:. 3135:. 3125:25 3123:. 3119:. 3096:. 3086:65 3084:. 3080:. 3057:. 3047:. 3035:11 3033:. 3029:. 3021:; 3017:; 2995:; 2991:; 2980:^ 2943:^ 2919:: 2889:^ 2863:^ 2828:^ 2807:^ 2795:}} 2791:{{ 2751:. 2718:}} 2714:{{ 2684:^ 2660:: 2638:^ 2626:}} 2622:{{ 2506:. 2480:. 2454:. 2429:. 2382:^ 2355:: 2333:^ 2311:. 2234:. 2186:– 2109:. 2062:, 2058:, 2054:, 2050:, 1963:, 1907:, 1903:, 1899:, 1789:, 1785:, 1781:, 1777:, 1747:. 1680:. 1640:, 1636:, 1615:, 1611:, 1521:. 1471:. 1363:. 1343:, 1280:. 1217:. 1209:, 1189:. 1101:Hz 999:. 984:. 976:, 972:, 909:. 889:. 827:. 686:, 682:, 590:. 522:, 491:, 484:. 465:. 128:ID 5425:e 5418:t 5411:v 4781:e 4774:t 4767:v 4706:. 4685:. 4681:: 4658:. 4633:. 4607:. 4590:8 4536:. 4524:: 4516:: 4493:. 4467:. 4455:: 4447:: 4424:. 4397:. 4374:. 4354:: 4320:: 4312:: 4282:. 4255:. 4228:. 4201:. 4174:. 4147:. 4120:. 4093:. 4066:. 4039:. 4012:. 3985:. 3958:. 3931:. 3904:. 3883:. 3856:. 3829:. 3802:. 3750:: 3744:5 3723:. 3696:: 3661:. 3632:. 3610:: 3591:. 3577:: 3531:. 3506:. 3481:. 3456:. 3431:. 3406:. 3361:. 3336:. 3311:. 3242:. 3222:. 3197:. 3169:. 3143:. 3131:: 3104:. 3065:. 3041:: 2974:. 2937:. 2923:/ 2801:) 2787:. 2762:. 2724:) 2710:. 2678:. 2664:/ 2632:) 2618:. 2593:. 2543:. 2518:. 2492:. 2466:. 2440:. 2414:. 2373:. 2359:/ 2327:. 2015:( 1722:( 1489:) 1347:/ 1339:/ 1107:( 862:. 347:e 340:t 333:v 187:] 70:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.