Earthquake - Knowledge (XXG)

1359:(USGS) estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0–7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable. In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the United States Geological Survey. A recent increase in the number of major earthquakes has been noted, which could be explained by a cyclical pattern of periods of intense tectonic activity, interspersed with longer periods of low intensity. However, accurate recordings of earthquakes only began in the early 1900s, so it is too early to categorically state that this is the case. 1319: 1174:, an increase in fluid pressure reduces the normal stress acting on the fault plane that holds it in place, and fluids can exert a lubricating effect. As thermal overpressurization may provide positive feedback between slip and strength fall at the fault plane, a common opinion is that it may enhance the faulting process instability. After the mainshock, the pressure gradient between the fault plane and the neighboring rock causes a fluid flow that increases pore pressure in the surrounding fracture networks; such an increase may trigger new faulting processes by reactivating adjacent faults, giving rise to aftershocks. Analogously, artificial pore pressure increase, by fluid injection in Earth's crust, may 1112: 2308:

different roles of loss of family and key community members, loss of home and familiar surroundings, and loss of essential supplies and services to maintain survival. Particularly for children, the clear availability of caregiving adults who can protect, nourish, and clothe them in the aftermath of the earthquake and help them make sense of what has befallen them has been shown to be more important to their emotional and physical health than the simple giving of provisions. As was observed after other disasters involving destruction and loss of life and their media depictions, recently observed in the

935: 682: 1923:. In the open ocean, the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometres (62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600–800 kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them. 1227: 134: 106: 1803: 5952: 5805: 674: 5851: 5764: 5752: 90: 5863: 1715: 5914: 5839: 5740: 1687: 840:

descending into the hot mantle, are the only parts of our planet that can store elastic energy and release it in fault ruptures. Rocks hotter than about 300 °C (572 °F) flow in response to stress; they do not rupture in earthquakes. The maximum observed lengths of ruptures and mapped faults (which may break in a single rupture) are approximately 1,000 km (620 mi). Examples are the earthquakes in

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controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault, however, is not the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is very shallow, typically about 10 degrees. Thus, the width of the plane within the top brittle crust of the Earth can reach 50–100 km (31–62 mi) (such as in

1347:; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake of 3.7–4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7–5.5 every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. This is an example of the 5887: 5940: 5928: 5964: 5875: 1876: 5988: 5904: 5827: 750: 5728: 1903: 997: 5976: 5776: 1494:

calculated using different methods. The magnitude of an earthquake is a single value that describes the size of the earthquake at its source. Intensity is the measure of shaking at different locations around the earthquake. Intensity values vary from place to place, depending on the distance from the earthquake and the underlying rock or soil makeup.

34: 2107: 791:. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and, therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the 2024:. Earthquake forecasting is concerned with the probabilistic assessment of general earthquake hazards, including the frequency and magnitude of damaging earthquakes in a given area over years or decades. For well-understood faults the probability that a segment may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated. 896:. Earthquakes associated with normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about six kilometres (3.7 mi). 1338:

It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. Minor earthquakes occur very frequently around the world in places like California and Alaska in the U.S., as well as in El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile,

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as it adjusts to the effects of the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region as the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude, however, they can still be powerful enough to cause even more damage to buildings that were already previously damaged from the mainshock. If an aftershock is larger

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Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors that cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern. Earthquake clustering has been observed, for example,

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During an earthquake, high temperatures can develop at the fault plane, increasing pore pressure and consequently vaporization of the groundwater already contained within the rock. In the coseismic phase, such an increase can significantly affect slip evolution and speed, in the post-seismic phase it

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A tectonic earthquake begins as an area of initial slip on the fault surface that forms the focus. Once the rupture has been initiated, it begins to propagate away from the focus, spreading out along the fault surface. Lateral propagation will continue until either the rupture reaches a barrier, such

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principal stress. Strike-slip faulting is intermediate between the other two types described above. This difference in stress regime in the three faulting environments can contribute to differences in stress drop during faulting, which contributes to differences in the radiated energy, regardless of

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This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that ruptures and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the larger the resulting magnitude. The most important parameter

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Contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to directly afflicted families and their loved ones. Disaster mental health response research emphasizes the need to be aware of the

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Physical damage from an earthquake will vary depending on the intensity of shaking in a given area and the type of population. Underserved and developing communities frequently experience more severe impacts (and longer lasting) from a seismic event compared to well-developed communities. Impacts

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The shaking of the earth is a common phenomenon that has been experienced by humans from the earliest of times. Before the development of strong-motion accelerometers, the intensity of a seismic event was estimated based on the observed effects. Magnitude and intensity are not directly related and

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For every unit increase in magnitude, there is a roughly thirty-fold increase in the energy released. For instance, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 releases approximately 32 times more energy than a 5.0 magnitude earthquake and a 7.0 magnitude earthquake releases 1,000 times more energy than a 5.0

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In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress levels in the three fault types. Thrust faults are generated by the highest, strike-slip by intermediate, and normal faults by the lowest stress levels. This can easily be understood by considering the direction of the greatest principal stress, the

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of Miletus (625–547 BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water. Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines' (585–526 BCE) beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic

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With these impacts and others, the aftermath may bring disease, a lack of basic necessities, mental consequences such as panic attacks and depression to survivors, and higher insurance premiums. Recovery times will vary based on the level of damage and the socioeconomic status of the impacted

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The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate in the Ring of Fire at depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km (43 mi) are classified as "shallow-focus" earthquakes, while those with a focal depth between 70 and 300 km (43 and

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and where movement on them involves a vertical component. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. The topmost, brittle part of the Earth's crust, and the cool slabs of the tectonic plates that are

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The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes. The

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Although relatively slow seismic waves have traditionally been used to detect earthquakes, scientists realized in 2016 that gravitational measurement could provide instantaneous detection of earthquakes, and confirmed this by analyzing gravitational records associated with the

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Melgar, Diego; Taymaz, Tuncay; Ganas, Athanassios; Crowell, Brendan; Öcalan, Taylan; Kahraman, Metin; Tsironi, Varvara; Yolsal-Çevikbilen, Seda; Valkaniotis, Sotiris; Irmak, Tahir Serkan; Eken, Tuna; Erman, Ceyhun; Özkan, Berkan; Dogan, Ali Hasan; Altuntaş, Cemali (2023).

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and heavy items that could injure someone, locating shutoffs for utilities, and being educated about what to do when the shaking starts. For areas near large bodies of water, earthquake preparedness encompasses the possibility of a tsunami caused by a large earthquake.

1509:) have retained a key feature, where each unit represents a ten-fold difference in the amplitude of the ground shaking and a 32-fold difference in energy. Subsequent scales are also adjusted to have approximately the same numeric value within the limits of the scale. 1403:, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Activities both above ground and below may change the stresses and strains on the crust, including building reservoirs, extracting resources such as coal or oil, and injecting fluids underground for waste disposal or 1754:

Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the

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On average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds between the P- and S-wave times 8. Slight deviations are caused by inhomogeneities of subsurface structure. By such analysis of seismograms, the Earth's core was located in 1913 by

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Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several meters in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as

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An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. Rapid changes of stress between rocks, and the stress from the original earthquake are the main causes of these aftershocks, along with the crust around the ruptured

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and upwards by the ground surface. The mechanics of this process are poorly understood because it is difficult either to recreate such rapid movements in a laboratory or to record seismic waves close to a nucleation zone due to strong ground motion.

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that can devastate communities thousands of kilometers away. Regions most at risk for great loss of life include those where earthquakes are relatively rare but powerful, and poor regions with lax, unenforced, or nonexistent seismic building codes.

2312:, it is also believed to be important not to pathologize the reactions to loss and displacement or disruption of governmental administration and services, but rather to validate the reactions to support constructive problem-solving and reflection. 2030:

have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt.

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material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. For example, in the

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but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the

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is the largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph, reaching 9.5 magnitude on 22 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Cañete, Chile. The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, the

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principal stress) equals the weight of the rock mass itself. In the case of thrusting, the rock mass "escapes" in the direction of the least principal stress, namely upward, lifting the rock mass, and thus, the overburden equals the

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Sibson, R.H. (2002) "Geology of the crustal earthquake source" International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology, Volume 1, Part 1, p. 455, eds. W H K Lee, H Kanamori, P C Jennings, and C. Kisslinger, Academic Press,

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S-waves and later arriving surface waves do most of the damage compared to P-waves. P-waves squeeze and expand the material in the same direction they are traveling, whereas S-waves shake the ground up and down and back and forth.

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are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake

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Goenjian, Najarian; Pynoos, Steinberg; Manoukian, Tavosian; Fairbanks, AM; Manoukian, G; Tavosian, A; Fairbanks, LA (1994). "Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia".

802:, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the 572:

to design structures that withstand shaking. The cultural impact of earthquakes spans myths, religious beliefs, and modern media, reflecting their profound influence on human societies. Similar seismic phenomena, known as

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stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison dripped on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, which caused the earth to tremble.

1655:(F-E regions), which are based on political and geographical boundaries as well as seismic activity. More active zones are divided into smaller F-E regions whereas less active zones belong to larger F-E regions. 2072:

is part of a mobile laboratory that supports the procedures leading to the seismic assessment of masonry buildings and the planning of retrofitting operations on them. It has been applied to assess buildings in

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Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.

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as the end of a fault segment, or a region on the fault where there is insufficient stress to allow continued rupture. For larger earthquakes, the depth extent of rupture will be constrained downwards by the

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is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings, bridges, tunnels, roadways, and other structures, and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by

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Although the mass media commonly reports earthquake magnitudes as "Richter magnitude" or "Richter scale", standard practice by most seismological authorities is to express an earthquake's strength on the

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ruptures are known to have propagated at speeds greater than the S-wave velocity. These have so far all been observed during large strike-slip events. The unusually wide zone of damage caused by the

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are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Strike-slip faults, particularly continental

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Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000-kilometre-long (25,000 mi), horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, known as the

3953: 2237:. Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning. For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as in 487:, from those so weak they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, damage critical infrastructure, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The 1890:

or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the

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of future earthquakes within stated limits. Many methods have been developed for predicting the time and place in which earthquakes will occur. Despite considerable research efforts by

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Earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of life, while powerful, were deadly because of their proximity to either heavily populated areas or the ocean, where earthquakes often create

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by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is the main shock, so none has a notably higher magnitude than another. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at

1153:, observed where the relatively low felt intensities, caused by the slow propagation speed of some great earthquakes, fail to alert the population of the neighboring coast, as in the 5125: 3979: 947:

direction of the force that "pushes" the rock mass during the faulting. In the case of normal faults, the rock mass is pushed down in a vertical direction, thus the pushing force (

530:, landslides, and other seismic events. The frequency, type, and size of earthquakes in an area define its seismic activity, reflecting the average rate of seismic energy release. 5089:

Wang, Gao; Shinfuku, Zhang; Zhao, Shen; Zhang, H; Zhao, C; Shen, Y (2000). "Longitudinal Study of Earthquake-Related PTSD in a Randomly Selected Community Sample in North China".

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Earthquakes can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel is attempting rescue work.

1474: 806:. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake 4320: 5676: 4391: 3984: 340: 4448: 5433: 4341: 3812: 1574:

of the medium. In the Earth's interior, the shock- or P-waves travel much faster than the S-waves (approx. relation 1.7:1). The differences in travel time from the

545:, leading to significant damage and loss of life. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a 2498: 2435: 4287: 835:: normal, reverse (thrust), and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of 1759:

motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and the effects of seismic energy focalization owing to the typical geometrical setting of such deposits.

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Sibson, R.H. (1973). "Interactions between Temperature and Pore-Fluid Pressure during Earthquake Faulting and a Mechanism for Partial or Total Stress Relief".

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should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by

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Hjaltadóttir S., 2010, "Use of relatively located microearthquakes to map fault patterns and estimate the thickness of the brittle crust in Southwest Iceland"

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to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of earthquakes and structures within the Earth. Also, the depth of the

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Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of

6641: 916:) including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Megathrust earthquakes are responsible for about 90% of the total seismic moment released worldwide. 685:

Earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and greater from 1900 to 2018. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities.

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sequence because, after the main event, pore pressure increase slowly propagates into the surrounding fracture network. From the point of view of the

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Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water—including when an earthquake

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Floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.

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may occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 to 700 km (190 to 430 mi)). These seismically active areas of subduction are known as

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is any seismic event—whether natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by the rupture of geological

3695: 2538: 3625: 3469: 2937: 2383: – university research consortium dedicated to exploring the Earth's interior through the collection and distribution of seismographic data 5669: 4128: 3853: 2933: 2453: 2151:, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Loki's wife 1239: 1235: 502:

is used to describe any seismic event that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes can occur naturally or be induced by human activities, such as

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Sibson, R.H. (1982). "Fault Zone Models, Heat Flow, and the Depth Distribution of Earthquakes in the Continental Crust of the United States".

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and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any that are likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.

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of the seismic waves through solid rock ranges from approx. 3 km/s (1.9 mi/s) up to 13 km/s (8.1 mi/s), depending on the

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movements along faults, including normal, reverse (thrust), and strike-slip faults, with energy release and rupture dynamics governed by the

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in Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, India, Nepal, and Japan. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being

1231: 4161: 2926: 1990:, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day or month. Popular belief holds earthquakes are preceded by 4180: 3781: 2574: 1074:. Earthquake swarms can serve as markers for the location of the flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms can be recorded by 787:

along the fault surface that increases the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities, which leads to a form of

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earthquakes occur anywhere on the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a

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Klose, Christian D. (July 2012). "Evidence for anthropogenic surface loading as trigger mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake".

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in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to "air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth."

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and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the

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in the 1930s. It is a relatively simple measurement of an event's amplitude, and its use has become minimal in the 21st century.

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magnitude earthquake. An 8.6-magnitude earthquake releases the same amount of energy as 10,000 atomic bombs of the size used in

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Earthquakes are not only categorized by their magnitude but also by the place where they occur. The world is divided into 754

5402: 5222:; First, E (2002). "Observations of acute reactions of young children and their families to the World Trade Center attacks". 5156: 190: 3712: 3583: 3492: 2806:

Schorlemmer, D.; Wiemer, S.; Wyss, M. (2005). "Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes".

912:. Reverse faults, particularly those along convergent boundaries, are associated with the most powerful earthquakes (called 371: 4440: 3024: 2190:

who restrains the fish with a stone. When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.

6344: 6225: 5767: 5180:(2004). "Preschoolers' traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Disaster Psychiatry Issue". 4345: 3647: 3386: 2375: 2234: 1956:, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly five million people. 1891: 1880: 1310:

in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East.

861: 7181: 2494: 2439: 2171:, causing earthquakes and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge. 1907: 1005: 730: 541:

in Chile, the largest ever recorded at 9.5 magnitude. Earthquakes result in various effects, such as ground shaking and

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was developed in the 1950s as a means to measure remote earthquakes and to improve the accuracy for larger events. The

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than the mainshock, the aftershock is redesignated as the mainshock and the original main shock is redesignated as a

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In modern popular culture, the portrayal of earthquakes is shaped by the memory of great cities laid waste, such as

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Greene II, H.W.; Burnley, P.C. (October 26, 1989). "A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes".

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Every earthquake produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities:

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Salvaneschi, P.; Cadei, M.; Lazzari, M. (1996). "Applying AI to Structural Safety Monitoring and Evaluation".

4659: 1025: 681: 5755: 2887: 1385:, some seismologists are warning that a single earthquake may claim the lives of up to three million people. 6476: 6451: 6391: 6071: 6012: 5866: 4589: 3553: 2255: 2065: 2040: 1807: 1736: 1659: 1502: 1446: 1420: 1323: 1298: 1154: 690: 534: 165: 5842: 3177: 2062:

strategies can be employed by a government or organization to mitigate risks and prepare for consequences.

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As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earthquake arrive at an observatory via the Earth's mantle.

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growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available

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Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, 2003 to 2032, 2003,

3760: 3672: 3604: 2046: 2017: 2003: 1794:, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves. 1791: 1768: 1695: 1663: 1466: 1462: 1131: 979: 877: 815: 803: 718: 569: 558: 381: 348: 4548: 2712: 1415:, and studies point to the state's oil industry as the cause of other earthquakes in the past century. A 581:, have been observed on other celestial bodies, indicating the universality of such events beyond Earth. 44: 6426: 6235: 5743: 3903: 2413: 2309: 2243: 2210: 2021: 1975: 1970: 1723: 1307: 1127: 1021: 913: 889: 865: 832: 788: 726: 404: 332: 205: 185: 180: 175: 4742: 4367:"On Shaky Ground, Association of Bay Area Governments, San Francisco, reports 1995,1998 (updated 2003)" 3692: 1226: 5890: 3629: 2545: 7242: 7232: 6887: 6779: 6631: 6588: 6481: 6406: 5943: 5789: 5592: 5545: 5485: 5256: 4794: 4050: 3993: 3912: 3821: 3507: 3465: 3287: 3247: 3188: 3150: 3105: 3006:

Volcanic Eruptions of 1980 at Mount St. Helens, The First 100 Days: USGS Professional Paper 1249

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The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical "Big One" expected of California's

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ruptures travel at unusually low velocities. A particularly dangerous form of slow earthquake is the

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at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume.

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at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume.

428: 411: 366: 200: 117: 4419: 4120: 3807: 3548: 7252: 6555: 6545: 6086: 6046: 6019: 5794: 5784: 2304:, features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent. 1748: 1646: 1454: 1416: 1371: 1283: 1171: 909: 655:

of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The

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of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The

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Liu, ChiChing; Linde, Alan T.; Sacks, I. Selwyn (2009). "Slow earthquakes triggered by typhoons".

4523: 4469: 4257: 3094:"Sub- and super-shear ruptures during the 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 earthquake doublet in SE Türkiye" 2123:

activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460–371 BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes.

105: 6506: 6215: 5998: 5917: 5624: 5535: 5425: 5374: 4984: 4820: 4093: 4066: 4040: 3949: 3845: 3311: 3236:"Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review" 3204: 3123: 2986: 2866:

Wyss, M. (1979). "Estimating expectable maximum magnitude of earthquakes from fault dimensions".

2839: 2764: 2296: 2175: 2058:

can provide building owners with financial protection against losses resulting from earthquakes.

1991: 1517:

scale, which is based on the actual energy released by an earthquake, the static seismic moment.

1394: 1175: 1150: 893: 807: 243: 210: 170: 4169: 3874: 3060: 3054: 1802: 564:

Efforts to manage earthquake risks involve prediction, forecasting, and preparedness, including

133: 3785: 3050: 2570: 7196: 6906: 6840: 6603: 6349: 6240: 6061: 5616: 5608: 5569: 5501: 5462: 5316: 5285: 5197: 5148: 5106: 5071: 5024: 5020: 4924: 4918: 4897: 4812: 4176: 3837: 3523: 3303: 3064: 2831: 2687: 2602: 2596: 2475: 2273: 2198: 1780: 924: 853: 784: 756: 542: 527: 5557: 4392:"Guidelines for evaluating the hazard of surface fault rupture, California Geological Survey" 4085: 2167:

was the cause and god of earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he struck the ground with a

7128: 7122: 6924: 6828: 6653: 6540: 6431: 6396: 6371: 6230: 6051: 5600: 5565: 5493: 5454: 5417: 5366: 5306: 5264: 5215: 5189: 5177: 5140: 5098: 5063: 5008: 4887: 4847: 4802: 4214: 4058: 4001: 3920: 3829: 3515: 3352: 3295: 3255: 3196: 3158: 3113: 2978: 2883: 2823: 2754: 2186:

who causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth and is guarded by the god

1744: 1269: 1037: 905: 792: 565: 215: 6686: 5951: 5804: 5043:

JM Appel. A Comparative Seismology. Weber Studies (first publication), Volume 18, Number 2.

852:, all in subduction zones. The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, like the 7027: 6769: 6593: 6511: 6446: 6441: 6339: 6205: 6076: 5931: 5850: 5763: 5350:

Geller, Robert J.; Jackson, David D.; Kagan, Yan Y.; Mulargia, Francesco (14 March 1997),

5016: 4760: 4666: 4370: 4232: 3894: 3881: 3743: 3699: 3587: 2646: 2404: 2380: 2354: 2265: 2260: 2217:). Earthquakes form part of the picture through which Jesus portrays the beginning of the 2160: 2136: 2124: 1843: 1731: 1412: 1287: 1257: 1248: 1146: 1059: 928: 826: 776: 709:, which killed between 240,000 and 655,000 people, was the deadliest of the 20th century. 673: 629: 523: 233: 195: 89: 56: 6797: 5751: 5596: 5489: 5382: 5260: 4798: 4054: 3997: 3916: 3825: 3511: 3410: 3338: 3291: 3251: 3192: 3154: 3109: 2974: 2879: 2819: 2750: 1743:, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce 1714: 1591:

Upper crust soils and unconsolidated sediments: 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second

1370:. Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries too, such as along the 1208:

in Parkfield, California where a long-term research study is being conducted around the

6980: 6896: 6716: 6608: 6525: 6329: 6091: 6081: 5967: 5862: 5403:"Operational Earthquake Forecasting: State of Knowledge and Guidelines for Utilization" 5401:

International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (30 May 2011),

5278: 2202: 1887: 1719: 1686: 1630: 1470: 1400: 836: 780: 5913: 5838: 5739: 5458: 5300: 4610: 3439: 1070:. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, as during the 7226: 7191: 6989: 6744: 6583: 6461: 6456: 6180: 6101: 5429: 5378: 5009: 4824: 4707: 4070: 3127: 2768: 2206: 2194: 2187: 2089: 2069: 1983: 1949: 1547: 1514: 1450: 1367: 1297:, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or 1017: 1012:

186 mi) are commonly termed "mid-focus" or "intermediate-depth" earthquakes. In

939: 799: 766: 511: 3925: 3898: 3849: 3315: 2522:

Pressler, Margaret Webb (14 April 2010). "More earthquakes than usual? Not really".

49:. In particular, tone switches from too scientific to encyclopedic between sections. 7186: 7108: 7103: 6936: 6901: 6849: 6764: 6759: 6749: 6729: 6416: 6359: 6190: 5907: 5628: 5219: 5173: 4783:"Probabilities of Earthquake Occurrences along the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone" 4203:"The moment magnitude Mw and the energy magnitude Me: common roots and differences" 3643: 3208: 2990: 2843: 2713:"Reports and publications | Seismicity | Icelandic Meteorological office" 2214: 1987: 1543: 1424: 1382: 1075: 1001: 967: 873: 761: 598: 480: 281: 98: 5370: 3716: 3049:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Science of Earthquakes (2003).

1445:

The instrumental scales used to describe the size of an earthquake began with the

5247:

Allen, Clarence R. (December 1976), "Responsibilities in earthquake prediction",

3579: 3531: 3299: 3020: 2110:

An image from a 1557 book depicting an earthquake in Italy in the 4th century BCE

1848:

Collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings

7201: 7087: 7020: 6999: 6994: 6872: 6774: 6471: 6354: 6293: 5540: 5497: 5102: 3975: 3260: 3235: 2622:

Vassiliou, Marius; Kanamori, Hiroo (1982). "The Energy Release in Earthquakes".

2348: 2290: 2218: 2009: 1458: 1411:

is thought to have been caused by disposing wastewater from oil production into

1029: 594: 476: 309: 276: 5886: 5144: 3378: 3118: 3093: 1485:

are based on the observed effects and are related to the intensity of shaking.

1473:(total rupture area, average slip of the fault, and rigidity of the rock). The 1103:(S-wave) velocity of the surrounding rock. There are a few exceptions to this: 996: 6578: 6466: 6278: 6273: 6195: 6185: 6066: 5939: 5927: 5811: 5731: 5193: 4891: 4218: 4062: 3897:; Wilson, Miles; Gluyas, Jon G.; Julian, Bruce R.; Davies, Richard J. (2018). 2278: 2115: 2106: 2013: 1979: 1945: 1579: 1440: 1302: 1275: 1221: 1196: 1167: 1135: 1013: 656: 641: 578: 515: 492: 391: 271: 160: 5612: 5224:

Journal of ZERO-TO-THREE: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families

4816: 3757:"Historic Earthquakes and Earthquake Statistics: Where do earthquakes occur?" 3527: 2300:(2015), among other works. Jacob M. Appel's widely anthologized short story, 1469:

not only measures the amplitude of the shock but also takes into account the

632:

but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts,

7211: 7206: 7154: 7069: 7064: 7059: 6862: 6857: 6754: 6734: 6620: 6436: 6421: 6037: 5979: 5963: 5878: 5779: 4743:

International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection 2011

4202: 2334: 2328: 2326:

Phenomena similar to earthquakes have been observed in other planets (e.g.,

1875: 1862: 1740: 1667: 1575: 1551: 1253: 1079: 772: 705:

hillsides—and many victims were killed when these structures collapsed. The

645: 574: 550: 519: 261: 155: 150: 94: 5874: 5654: 5620: 5505: 5268: 5201: 5152: 5110: 4494: 3841: 3833: 3519: 3307: 3162: 2835: 1706:

The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to, the following:

5987: 5903: 5826: 5075: 5067: 4807: 4782: 4550:

Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 85

2901: 1902: 1242:

and the aftershocks (which continued to occur after the period shown here)

1058:

Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by

7161: 7149: 7054: 6954: 6784: 6671: 6401: 6376: 6303: 6220: 6210: 4615: 3200: 2759: 2164: 2068:

may help to assess buildings and plan precautionary operations. The Igor

1953: 1839:

Loss of critical community services including hospitals, police, and fire

1786: 1404: 1378: 1331: 737: 633: 554: 507: 386: 5727: 5604: 2827: 749: 97:

occur mostly along tectonic plate boundaries, especially on the Pacific

7144: 7118: 7079: 7015: 6946: 6867: 6724: 6696: 6381: 6308: 6298: 6288: 6283: 5991: 5476:

Wood, H.O.; Gutenberg, B. (6 September 1935), "Earthquake prediction",

4988: 4005: 3278:

Nur, A; Booker, J.R. (1972). "Aftershocks Caused by Pore Fluid Flow?".

2183: 2168: 1914: 1785:

Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated

1756: 1699: 1567: 1537: 1530: 1067: 1033: 698: 694: 546: 5975: 5775: 5648: 5320: 4944: 4851: 1099:

In most cases, the rupture speed approaches, but does not exceed, the

6706: 6701: 6691: 6681: 6613: 6411: 6386: 6334: 6144: 2982: 2119: 2082: 2078: 2074: 1691: 1407:. Most of these earthquakes have small magnitudes. The 5.7 magnitude 1340: 1327: 1123:

at supershear speeds; more than 50,000 people died in both countries.

1100: 1041: 697:, China. More than 830,000 people died. Most houses in the area were 503: 291: 286: 5421: 5311: 4972: 4162:"USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002)" 2785: 2253:(1999). A notable example is Heinrich von Kleist's classic novella, 689:

One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history was the

5124:

Goenjian, Steinberg; Najarian, Fairbanks; Tashjian, Pynoos (2000).

1293:

Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in what has been called an

6975: 6929: 6159: 4045: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2105: 1936: 1901: 1874: 1801: 1713: 1685: 1317: 1290:, showing the most recorded activity in the area since the 1970s. 1225: 1192: 1110: 1063: 995: 933: 748: 702: 680: 672: 590: 472: 104: 88: 5340:

The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science From Lisbon to Richter

4441:"The wicked problem of earthquake hazard in developing countries" 1399:

While most earthquakes are caused by the movement of the Earth's

7112: 6646: 6154: 6149: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6114: 5816: 5346:; 2012) 348 pages; explores both scientific and popular coverage 2140: 2139:, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggle of the god 1764: 1594:

Upper crust solid rock: 3–6 km (1.9–3.7 mi) per second

6801: 5658: 5642: 5447:

International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology

3884:." Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science. 3600: 1326:

and tsunami took almost 100,000 lives on December 28, 1908, in

831:

There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an

795:. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic 733:

is simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.

5445:

Kanamori, Hiroo (2003), "Earthquake Prediction: An Overview",

3713:"Earthquake Facts and Statistics: Are earthquakes increasing?" 1028:. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth where the subducted 27: 4397:. California Department of Conservation. 2002. Archived from 3056:

Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science

888:

Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being

725:, Alaska. The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all been 3335:"What are Aftershocks, Foreshocks, and Earthquake Clusters?" 1982:

concerned with the specification of the time, location, and

648:

is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

475:'s surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the 3626:"USGS Earthquake statistics table based on data since 1900" 2088:

Individuals can also take preparedness steps like securing

1948:

in Tajikistan is in danger of catastrophic flooding if the

1256:. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced 4640: 2407: – study of how tectonic faults influence earthquakes 518:

or focus, while the ground level directly above it is the

5302:

Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales.

2269:

depicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 1995.

1610:

Light sediments: 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second

779:. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and 640:. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its 3702:, USGS Science of Changing World. Retrieved 30 May 2014. 2888:

10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<336:EMEMOE>2.0.CO;2

1825:

Damage to critical infrastructure (short and long-term)

1381:

such as Mexico City, Tokyo, and Tehran in areas of high

4288:"Magnitude 8.0 – SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS Earthquake Details" 2259:, which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647. 904:

Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being

4876:. Vol. 1: A–G. Routledge. 2003. pp. 358–364. 3059:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 2436:"USGS: Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900" 1613:

Earths crust: 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) per second

1339:

Peru, Indonesia, the Philippines, Iran, Pakistan, the

3355:. United States Geological Survey. January 29, 2009. 1597:

Lower crust: 6–7 km (3.7–4.3 mi) per second

1161:

Co-seismic overpressuring and effect of pore pressure

4317:"Earth's gravity offers earlier earthquake warnings" 2927:"M7.5 Northern Peru Earthquake of 26 September 2005" 2472:

Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time

2409:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2385:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1427:, though the link has not been conclusively proved. 7174: 7137: 7096: 7078: 7047: 7040: 7008: 6974: 6967: 6945: 6915: 6881: 6848: 6839: 6715: 6670: 6569: 6533: 6524: 6497: 6317: 6266: 6253: 6168: 6122: 6113: 6036: 5714: 5701: 4342:"Gravity shifts could sound early earthquake alarm" 1894:were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself. 1475:

Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale

5277: 4416:"Historic Earthquakes – 1964 Anchorage Earthquake" 3942:"Study Links 2011 Quake to Technique at Oil Wells" 3379:"The Parkfield, California, Earthquake Experiment" 1828:Roads, bridges, and public transportation networks 982:), making the most powerful earthquakes possible. 4522:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 4520:"The Great 1906 San Francisco earthquake of 1906" 4418:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 3784:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 3759:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 3715:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 3671:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 2645:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 2544:. Journal of Geophysical Research. Archived from 2526:. Washington Post: Washington Post. pp. C10. 2416: – Vertical shift of land in plate tectonics 1600:Deep mantle: 13 km (8.1 mi) per second. 593:resulting from a sudden release of energy in the 522:. Earthquakes are primarily caused by geological 5249:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 3985:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 3051:"5. Earthquake Physics and Fault-System Science" 3019:Watson, John; Watson, Kathie (January 7, 1998). 2669:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2641:Spence, William; S.A. Sipkin; G.L. Choy (1989). 2127:called earthquakes "underground thunderstorms". 537:in China, with over 830,000 fatalities, and the 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4148: 3980:"A Century of Induced Earthquakes in Oklahoma?" 3813:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2201:refers to earthquakes occurring both after the 1658:Standard reporting of earthquakes includes its 1616:Deep mantle: 7 km (4.3 mi) per second 1499:first scale for measuring earthquake magnitudes 1282:. In August 2012, a swarm of earthquakes shook 589:An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of 533:Significant historical earthquakes include the 4923:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 179–. 4547:Noson, L.L.; Qamar, A.; Thorsen, G.W. (1988). 6813: 5670: 5011:Science in popular culture: a reference guide 4648: 3405: 3403: 2737:Stern, Robert J. (2002), "Subduction zones", 1698:, which killed an estimated 60,000 people. A 938:Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the 514:. The initial point of rupture is called the 436: 8: 3899:"Global review of human-induced earthquakes" 3644:"Seismicity and earthquake hazard in the UK" 3229: 3227: 3225: 2782:"Instrumental California Earthquake Catalog" 2368: 2054:to improve their resistance to earthquakes. 55:. There might be a discussion about this on 4874:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History 4086:"Possible Link Between Dam and China Quake" 2601:. Cambridge University Press. p. 148. 2598:The Physics of Rock Failure and Earthquakes 2489: 2487: 2361:European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre 2114:From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher 677:Earthquakes (M6.0+) since 1900 through 2017 553:. Earthquakes' occurrence is influenced by 7044: 6971: 6845: 6820: 6806: 6798: 6530: 6263: 6119: 5711: 5677: 5663: 5655: 3466:"Quake 'swarm' shakes Southern California" 2517: 2515: 1134:has been attributed to the effects of the 443: 429: 112: 5558:"Chapter 3: Earthquakes and their causes" 5310: 4971:, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), 4806: 4044: 3924: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3259: 3117: 2758: 2539:"The Energy Release in Great Earthquakes" 2401:) – International scientific society 1260:adjusts to the effects of the mainshock. 1020:descends beneath another tectonic plate, 601:. Earthquakes may also be referred to as 75:Learn how and when to remove this message 5556:Hyndman, Donald; Hyndman, David (2009). 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4738: 4542: 4540: 3746:, Australian Geographic, March 14, 2011. 2456:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 2454:"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths" 2351: – Belt of Eurasian mountain ranges 1886:Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging 1831:Water, power, sewer and gas interruption 1301:of the previous earthquakes. Similar to 471: – is the shaking of the 4556:. Washington State Earthquake Hazards. 4084:LaFraniere, Sharon (February 5, 2009). 3693:Are Earthquakes Really on the Increase? 2902:"Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog" 2427: 1952:formed by the earthquake, known as the 1419:paper suggested that the 8.0 magnitude 783:only if there are no irregularities or 721:(27 March 1964), which was centered in 693:, which occurred on 23 January 1556 in 124: 5299:Chung, D.H.; Bernreuter, D.L. (1980), 4669:. Ruth Ludwin, U.S. Geological Survey. 4647:, p. 2070), who in turn followed 4292:Global Earthquake Epicenters with Maps 4258:"Newsela | The science of earthquakes" 3273: 3271: 3044: 3042: 2934:National Earthquake Information Center 2370:Centre Sismologique Euro-Méditerranéen 2012:is usually considered to be a type of 4644: 4611:"Fresh alert over Tajik flood threat" 4100:from the original on January 27, 2018 3737:The 10 biggest earthquakes in history 2643:"Measuring the Size of an Earthquake" 1366:, which for the most part bounds the 1000:Collapsed Gran Hotel building in the 7: 5280:Earthquakes and geological discovery 5182:Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1747:. The ground-shaking is measured by 498:In its most general sense, the word 16:Sudden movement of the Earth's crust 4757:"Bay Area Earthquake Probabilities" 4497:. United States Geological Survey. 3603:. United States Geological Survey. 3472:from the original on 27 August 2012 3442:. United States Geological Survey. 3176:Rudnicki, J.W.; Rice, J.R. (2006). 3027:from the original on March 26, 2009 3023:. United States Geological Survey. 2573:. United States Geological Survey. 2497:. United States Geological Survey. 2276:someday, as depicted in the novels 1702:overwhelms the ships in the harbor. 1232:Central Italy earthquakes of August 4720:from the original on March 3, 2024 4681:"Quake myths rely on cloudy facts" 4233:"Speed of Sound through the Earth" 4201:Bormann, P; Di Giacomo, D (2011). 4177:"USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy" 4012:from the original on July 23, 2020 3956:from the original on July 23, 2020 3940:Fountain, Henry (March 28, 2013). 3440:"Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone" 3359:from the original on April 3, 2009 3234:Guerriero, V; Mazzoli, S. (2021). 2250:Aftershock: Earthquake in New York 729:; however, of these ten, only the 14: 5695:Offshore geotechnical engineering 5439:from the original on 17 July 2021 5352:"Earthquakes Cannot Be Predicted" 4582:"Notes on Historical Earthquakes" 3500:Journal of Archaeological Science 3491:Amos Nur; Cline, Eric H. (2000). 2147:of mischief and strife, murdered 1694:in ruins and in flames after the 1072:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 5986: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5912: 5902: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5803: 5774: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5726: 4119:Earle, Steven (September 2015). 3782:"Visual Glossary – Ring of Fire" 3669:"Common Myths about Earthquakes" 3218:from the original on 2019-05-02. 2943:from the original on 25 May 2017 2395:Seismological Society of America 2332:on Mars) and on the Moon (e.g., 1690:1755 copper engraving depicting 1423:was induced by loading from the 459: – also called a 132: 32: 5327:from the original on 2020-01-22 5284:, Scientific American Library, 4781:Pailoplee, Santi (2017-03-13). 4713:United States Geological Survey 4623:from the original on 2008-11-22 4563:from the original on 2020-02-04 4501:from the original on 2010-09-05 4476:from the original on 2018-03-21 4451:from the original on 2022-11-03 4323:from the original on 2016-11-23 4298:from the original on 2013-05-14 4268:from the original on 2017-03-01 4239:from the original on 2010-11-25 4183:from the original on 2017-07-31 4131:from the original on 2022-10-21 3926:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.008 3856:from the original on 2013-09-03 3650:from the original on 2010-11-06 3607:from the original on 2011-05-13 3561:from the original on 2019-10-16 3446:from the original on 2008-05-13 3421:from the original on 2015-08-23 3389:from the original on 2022-10-24 2908:from the original on 2011-07-19 2719:from the original on 2008-04-14 2577:from the original on 2011-06-07 2501:from the original on 2021-04-20 1662:, date and time of occurrence, 1479:Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale 1357:United States Geological Survey 1188:Tidal triggering of earthquakes 1138:developed in such earthquakes. 1119:ruptured along segments of the 1093:brittle-ductile transition zone 619:non-earthquake seismic rumbling 5007:Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). 4708:"Is there earthquake weather?" 4679:Lafee, Scott (April 9, 2010). 4495:"Natural Hazards – Landslides" 4472:. Nctsn.org. 30 January 2018. 3590:). BBC News. October 31, 2002. 1978:is a branch of the science of 1016:zones, where older and colder 1004:metropolis, after the shallow 624:In its most general sense, an 109:Global plate tectonic movement 1: 6345:Mechanically stabilized earth 5645:of the U.S. Geological Survey 5564:(2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole: 5562:Natural Hazards and Disasters 5459:10.1016/s0074-6142(03)80186-9 5371:10.1126/science.275.5306.1616 4369:. Abag.ca.gov. Archived from 2470:Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005). 2376:Injection-induced earthquakes 2020:is often differentiated from 1892:1906 San Francisco earthquake 1881:1906 San Francisco earthquake 1810:, which collapsed during the 1117:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes 7182:Potentially hazardous object 6097:Hydraulic conductivity tests 5546:Resources in other libraries 5449:, International Geophysics, 4121:"11.3 Measuring Earthquakes" 4033:Environmental Earth Sciences 3601:"Earthquake Hazards Program" 3300:10.1126/science.175.4024.885 2263:'s short fiction collection 1908:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 1505:in 1935. Subsequent scales ( 1172:Mohr-Coulomb strength theory 1006:1986 San Salvador earthquake 731:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 6658:Stress distribution in soil 5498:10.1126/science.82.2123.219 5344:University of Chicago Press 5103:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1260 4973:The Oxford Bible Commentary 4686:The San Diego Union-Tribune 4649:Wood & Gutenberg (1935) 4149:Chung & Bernreuter 1980 3261:10.3390/geosciences11030119 3021:"Volcanoes and Earthquakes" 3004:Foxworthy and Hill (1982). 1062:faults and the movement of 1054:Volcano tectonic earthquake 483:. Earthquakes can range in 21:Earthquake (disambiguation) 7269: 5808:Pore pressure measurement 5643:Earthquake Hazards Program 5145:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911 4949:World History Encyclopedia 4643:, p. 1616, following 4221:– via Springer Link. 4166:Earthquake Hazards Program 3580:Italy's earthquake history 3119:10.26443/seismica.v2i3.387 2322:Quake (natural phenomenon) 2319: 2038: 2028:Earthquake warning systems 2001: 1968: 1934: 1912: 1860: 1778: 1710:Shaking and ground rupture 1678:("Fukushima") earthquake. 1644: 1533:(shock- or pressure waves) 1434: 1392: 1267: 1219: 1185: 1051: 992:Depth of focus (tectonics) 989: 942:, northwest of Los Angeles 824: 666: 549:. Earthquakes can trigger 341:Coordinating Committee for 18: 6561:Preconsolidation pressure 5956:Standard penetration test 5692: 5541:Resources in your library 5194:10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006 4917:George E. Dimock (1990). 4586:British Geological Survey 4219:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2 4063:10.1007/s12665-011-1355-7 3875:Global urban seismic risk 1822:Injuries and loss of life 1812:1856 Heraklion earthquake 1582:can be computed roughly. 1377:With the rapid growth of 1280:Yellowstone National Park 701:—dwellings carved out of 372:Adams–Williamson equation 6057:California bearing ratio 5855:Rotary-pressure sounding 5686:Geotechnical engineering 4920:The Unity of the Odyssey 2302:A Comparative Seismology 1994:, in the early morning. 1739:, the distance from the 1507:seismic magnitude scales 1483:Mercalli intensity scale 1461:at great distances. The 1437:Seismic magnitude scales 1431:Measurement and location 1409:2011 Oklahoma earthquake 812:elastic potential energy 707:1976 Tangshan earthquake 539:1960 Valdivia earthquake 320:Seismic intensity scales 315:Seismic magnitude scales 6477:Geosynthetic clay liner 6452:Expanded clay aggregate 6072:Proctor compaction test 6013:Crosshole sonic logging 5999:Nuclear densometer test 5756:Geo-electrical sounding 5276:Bolt, Bruce A. (1993), 4174:A copy can be found at 3978:; Page, Morgan (2015). 3806:Jackson, James (2006). 3415:Encyclopedia Britannica 3353:"Repeating Earthquakes" 2784:. WGCEP. Archived from 2495:"Cool Earthquake Facts" 2256:The Earthquake in Chile 2066:Artificial intelligence 2041:Earthquake preparedness 1503:Charles Francis Richter 1489:Intensity and magnitude 1457:and can be recorded by 1447:Richter magnitude scale 1421:2008 Sichuan earthquake 1155:1896 Sanriku earthquake 714:1960 Chilean earthquake 691:1556 Shaanxi earthquake 535:1556 Shaanxi earthquake 6740:Earthquake engineering 6551:Lateral earth pressure 6176:Hydraulic conductivity 6027:Wave equation analysis 6006:Exploration geophysics 5898:Deformation monitoring 5867:Rotary weight sounding 5269:10.1785/BSSA0660062069 4470:"Earthquake Resources" 4168:. USGS. Archived from 3834:10.1098/rsta.2006.1805 3520:10.1006/jasc.1999.0431 3411:"Aftershock | geology" 3163:10.1038/physci243066a0 2624:Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am 2369: 2239:Short Walk to Daylight 2131:Mythology and religion 2111: 2047:earthquake engineering 2018:earthquake forecasting 2004:Earthquake forecasting 1944:The terrain below the 1910: 1883: 1814: 1792:1964 Alaska earthquake 1769:nuclear power stations 1727: 1703: 1696:1755 Lisbon earthquake 1664:geographic coordinates 1641:Location and reporting 1559:Speed of seismic waves 1467:moment magnitude scale 1463:surface wave magnitude 1335: 1243: 1132:2001 Kunlun earthquake 1124: 1107:Supershear earthquakes 1022:deep-focus earthquakes 1008: 943: 914:megathrust earthquakes 816:Earth's deep interior. 804:elastic-rebound theory 769: 753:Three types of faults: 727:megathrust earthquakes 719:Good Friday earthquake 686: 678: 570:earthquake engineering 559:elastic-rebound theory 382:Earthquake engineering 110: 102: 5918:Settlement recordings 5843:Rock control drilling 5744:Cone penetration test 5068:10.1176/ajp.151.6.895 4808:10.1515/geo-2017-0004 4741:, p. 1205. See also 4660:Earthquake Prediction 4445:www.preventionweb.net 4235:. Hypertextbook.com. 4207:Journal of Seismology 3904:Earth-Science Reviews 3187:. 111, B10308 (B10). 2856:Geoscience Australia. 2739:Reviews of Geophysics 2414:Vertical displacement 2310:2010 Haiti earthquake 2235:San Francisco in 1906 2109: 2022:earthquake prediction 1976:Earthquake prediction 1971:Earthquake prediction 1935:Further information: 1905: 1878: 1861:Further information: 1834:Communication systems 1805: 1718:Damaged buildings in 1717: 1689: 1653:Flinn–Engdahl regions 1349:Gutenberg–Richter law 1321: 1308:North Anatolian Fault 1299:stress redistribution 1229: 1128:Supershear earthquake 1114: 999: 937: 866:North Anatolian Fault 833:interplate earthquake 752: 684: 676: 405:Earth Sciences Portal 377:Flinn–Engdahl regions 343:Earthquake Prediction 108: 92: 6780:Agricultural science 6482:Cellular confinement 5649:IRIS Seismic Monitor 5410:Annals of Geophysics 3646:. Quakes.bgs.ac.uk. 3201:10.1029/2006JB004396 2760:10.1029/2001RG000108 2460:on November 1, 2009. 2390:Lists of earthquakes 2060:Emergency management 2056:Earthquake insurance 2052:seismic retrofitting 1621:Seismic wave arrival 1564:Propagation velocity 1364:Pacific Ring of Fire 1210:Parkfield earthquake 1121:East Anatolian Fault 1026:Wadati–Benioff zones 723:Prince William Sound 669:Lists of earthquakes 566:seismic retrofitting 367:Shear wave splitting 45:confusing or unclear 19:For other uses, see 6672:Numerical analysis 6556:Overburden pressure 6546:Pore water pressure 6326:Shoring structures 6201:Reynolds' dilatancy 6102:Water content tests 6087:Triaxial shear test 6047:Soil classification 6020:Pile integrity test 5605:10.1038/nature08042 5597:2009Natur.459..833L 5490:1935Sci....82..219W 5261:1976BuSSA..66.2069A 4799:2017OGeo....9....4P 4055:2012EES....66.1439K 3998:2015BuSSA.105.2863H 3917:2018ESRv..178..438F 3895:Fougler, Gillian R. 3826:2006RSPTA.364.1911J 3820:(1845): 1911–1925. 3549:"Earthquake Storms" 3512:2000JArSc..27...43N 3383:earthquake.usgs.gov 3292:1972Sci...175..885N 3252:2021Geosc..11..119G 3193:2006JGRB..11110308R 3155:1973NPhS..243...66S 3110:2023Seism...2..387M 2975:1989Natur.341..733G 2936:. 17 October 2005. 2880:1979Geo.....7..336W 2828:10.1038/nature04094 2820:2005Natur.437..539S 2751:2002RvGeo..40.1012S 2595:Ohnaka, M. (2013). 1906:The tsunami of the 1749:ground acceleration 1647:Earthquake location 1453:travel through the 1417:Columbia University 1372:Himalayan Mountains 1284:Southern California 910:convergent boundary 789:stick-slip behavior 267:Epicentral distance 53:clarify the article 7238:Geological hazards 6833:list by death toll 6647:Slab stabilisation 6627:Stability analysis 4665:2009-10-07 at the 4641:Geller et al. 1997 4094:The New York Times 4090:The New York Times 4006:10.1785/0120150109 3950:The New York Times 3946:The New York Times 3880:2011-09-20 at the 3742:2013-09-30 at the 3698:2014-06-30 at the 3586:2004-07-09 at the 2571:"How Much Bigger?" 2442:on April 14, 2016. 2285:Goodbye California 2225:In popular culture 2176:Japanese mythology 2112: 1992:earthquake weather 1911: 1884: 1815: 1728: 1704: 1395:Induced seismicity 1389:Induced seismicity 1336: 1324:Messina earthquake 1244: 1151:tsunami earthquake 1125: 1009: 957:fault dimensions. 944: 925:Strike-slip faults 920:Strike-slip faults 894:divergent boundary 770: 687: 679: 244:Induced seismicity 191:Remotely triggered 111: 103: 7248:Natural disasters 7220: 7219: 7197:Geomagnetic storm 7170: 7169: 7036: 7035: 6963: 6962: 6907:Soil liquefaction 6829:Natural disasters 6795: 6794: 6666: 6665: 6642:Sliding criterion 6604:Response spectrum 6520: 6519: 6350:Pressure grouting 6249: 6248: 6109: 6108: 6062:Direct shear test 5768:Permeability test 5651:– IRIS Consortium 5591:(7248): 833–836. 5575:978-0-495-31667-1 5522:Library resources 5484:(2123): 219–320, 5468:978-0-12-440658-2 5338:Deborah R. Coen. 5291:978-0-7167-5040-6 5030:978-0-313-31822-1 4930:978-0-87023-721-8 4903:978-1-156-78621-5 4888:Sturluson, Snorri 4852:10.1109/64.511774 3286:(4024): 885–887. 3070:978-0-309-06562-7 2969:(6244): 733–737. 2904:. Globalcmt.org. 2814:(7058): 539–542. 2692:978-0-12-440652-0 2608:978-1-107-35533-0 2367:), also known as 2274:San Andreas Fault 2209:, 54) and at his 2045:The objective of 1808:Għajn Ħadid Tower 1781:Soil liquefaction 1775:Soil liquefaction 1540:(both body waves) 1501:was developed by 1230:Magnitude of the 1195:may trigger some 1176:induce seismicity 1048:Volcanic activity 854:San Andreas Fault 617:is also used for 543:soil liquefaction 528:volcanic activity 453: 452: 85: 84: 77: 7260: 7129:Tropical cyclone 7123:Tornado outbreak 7045: 6972: 6925:Pyroclastic flow 6917:Volcano eruption 6846: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6799: 6654:Bearing capacity 6541:Effective stress 6531: 6432:Land reclamation 6372:Land development 6267:Natural features 6264: 6231:Specific storage 6120: 6052:Atterberg limits 5990: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5916: 5906: 5891:Screw plate test 5889: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5807: 5778: 5766: 5754: 5742: 5730: 5712: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5632: 5579: 5566:Cengage Learning 5508: 5471: 5440: 5438: 5407: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5387: 5381:, archived from 5356: 5335:, NUREG/CR-1457. 5334: 5333: 5332: 5314: 5294: 5283: 5271: 5255:(6): 2069–2074, 5232: 5231: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5155:. Archived from 5130: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5097:(8): 1260–1266. 5086: 5080: 5079: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5014: 5004: 4991: 4982: 4976: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4856: 4855: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4810: 4787:Open Geosciences 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4759:. Archived from 4752: 4746: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4676: 4670: 4657: 4651: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4588:. Archived from 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4555: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4447:. 7 March 2018. 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4344:. Archived from 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4286:Geographic.org. 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4173: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4127:(2nd ed.). 4125:Physical Geology 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4048: 4039:(5): 1439–1447. 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 3992:(6): 2863–2870. 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3891: 3885: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3753: 3747: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3709: 3703: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3632:on May 24, 2010. 3628:. Archived from 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3557:. 1 April 2003. 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3530:. Archived from 3497: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3337:. Archived from 3331: 3320: 3319: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3231: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2983:10.1038/341733a0 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2762: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2543: 2537:Kanamori Hiroo. 2534: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2506: 2491: 2482: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2438:. Archived from 2432: 2410: 2400: 2386: 2372: 2366: 2357: – Sunquake 2316:Outside of earth 2199:Matthew's Gospel 2102:Historical views 1888:electrical power 1745:wave propagation 1515:moment magnitude 1455:Earth's interior 1295:earthquake storm 1270:Earthquake swarm 1166:can control the 1142:Slow earthquakes 1086:Rupture dynamics 1038:phase transition 653:seismic activity 489:seismic activity 445: 438: 431: 216:Earthquake swarm 136: 113: 80: 73: 69: 66: 60: 36: 35: 28: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7166: 7133: 7097:Cyclonic storms 7092: 7074: 7032: 7028:Limnic eruption 7004: 6978: 6959: 6947:Natural erosion 6941: 6911: 6885: 6877: 6835: 6826: 6796: 6791: 6770:Earth materials 6711: 6673: 6662: 6571: 6565: 6516: 6493: 6447:Earth structure 6442:Erosion control 6340:Ground freezing 6330:Retaining walls 6313: 6255: 6245: 6206:Angle of repose 6164: 6105: 6039: 6032: 6031: 5992:Visible bedrock 5944:Simple sounding 5932:Shear vane test 5708:instrumentation 5707: 5705: 5697: 5688: 5683: 5639: 5582: 5576: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5516:Further reading 5513: 5512: 5475: 5469: 5444: 5436: 5422:10.4401/ag-5350 5405: 5400: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5354: 5349: 5330: 5328: 5312:10.2172/5073993 5298: 5292: 5275: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5133:Am J Psychiatry 5128: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5091:Am J Psychiatry 5088: 5087: 5083: 5056:Am J Psychiatry 5052: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5017:Greenwood Press 5006: 5005: 4994: 4983: 4979: 4966: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4872:"Earthquakes". 4871: 4870: 4859: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4766: 4764: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4667:Wayback Machine 4658: 4654: 4639: 4635: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4326: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4299: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4242: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4132: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 3976:Hough, Susan E. 3974: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3882:Wayback Machine 3872: 3868: 3859: 3857: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3744:Wayback Machine 3735: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3700:Wayback Machine 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3653: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3588:Wayback Machine 3577: 3573: 3564: 3562: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3422: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3323: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3233: 3232: 3223: 3215: 3185:J. Geophys. Res 3180: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2715:. En.vedur.is. 2711: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2684: 2680: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2578: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2520: 2513: 2504: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2469: 2465: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2408: 2405:Seismotectonics 2398: 2384: 2381:IRIS Consortium 2364: 2355:Helioseismology 2344: 2324: 2318: 2266:After the Quake 2261:Haruki Murakami 2244:The Ragged Edge 2227: 2182:(鯰) is a giant 2161:Greek mythology 2137:Norse mythology 2133: 2125:Pliny the Elder 2104: 2099: 2043: 2037: 2006: 2000: 1973: 1967: 1962: 1939: 1933: 1917: 1900: 1873: 1865: 1859: 1844:property damage 1800: 1783: 1777: 1767:, bridges, and 1712: 1684: 1676:2011 Tohoku-Oki 1649: 1643: 1623: 1561: 1523: 1491: 1443: 1435:Main articles: 1433: 1413:injection wells 1401:tectonic plates 1397: 1391: 1316: 1288:Imperial Valley 1272: 1266: 1224: 1218: 1205: 1190: 1184: 1163: 1147:Slow earthquake 1144: 1109: 1088: 1056: 1050: 994: 988: 963: 961:Energy released 922: 902: 886: 829: 827:Fault (geology) 823: 764: 759: 754: 747: 671: 665: 587: 449: 397: 396: 362: 354: 353: 345: 342: 335: 325: 324: 305: 297: 296: 257: 256:Characteristics 249: 248: 229: 221: 220: 146: 81: 70: 64: 61: 50: 37: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7266: 7264: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7225: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7116: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7042: 7041:Meteorological 7038: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6897:Seismic hazard 6893: 6891: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6717:Related fields 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6637:Classification 6634: 6629: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6609:Seismic hazard 6606: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6503: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6261: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6236:Shear strength 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6211:Friction angle 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6092:Oedometer test 6089: 6084: 6082:Sieve analysis 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5983: 5982: 5971: 5970: 5968:Total sounding 5959: 5958: 5947: 5946: 5935: 5934: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5894: 5893: 5882: 5881: 5870: 5869: 5858: 5857: 5846: 5845: 5834: 5833: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5771: 5770: 5759: 5758: 5747: 5746: 5735: 5734: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5709: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5646: 5638: 5637:External links 5635: 5634: 5633: 5580: 5574: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5473: 5467: 5442: 5416:(4): 315–391, 5398: 5388:on 12 May 2019 5365:(5306): 1616, 5347: 5336: 5296: 5290: 5273: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5207: 5188:(3): 473–489. 5165: 5162:on 2017-08-10. 5139:(6): 911–916. 5116: 5081: 5062:(6): 895–901. 5045: 5036: 5029: 4992: 4977: 4960: 4936: 4929: 4909: 4902: 4879: 4857: 4830: 4773: 4747: 4731: 4699: 4671: 4652: 4633: 4619:. 2003-08-03. 4602: 4573: 4536: 4511: 4486: 4461: 4432: 4407: 4404:on 2009-10-09. 4383: 4358: 4333: 4308: 4278: 4249: 4224: 4213:(2): 411–427. 4193: 4172:on 2016-05-04. 4153: 4141: 4111: 4076: 4023: 3967: 3932: 3886: 3866: 3798: 3773: 3748: 3729: 3704: 3685: 3660: 3635: 3617: 3592: 3571: 3540: 3537:on 2009-03-25. 3483: 3456: 3431: 3399: 3370: 3344: 3341:on 2009-05-11. 3321: 3267: 3221: 3168: 3149:(126): 66–68. 3143:Nat. Phys. Sci 3133: 3083: 3069: 3038: 3011: 2996: 2953: 2918: 2893: 2874:(7): 336–340. 2858: 2849: 2798: 2773: 2729: 2704: 2695: 2678: 2659: 2633: 2614: 2607: 2587: 2561: 2529: 2511: 2483: 2463: 2445: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2402: 2392: 2387: 2378: 2373: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2320:Main article: 2317: 2314: 2226: 2223: 2203:death of Jesus 2132: 2129: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2039:Main article: 2036: 2033: 2002:Main article: 1999: 1996: 1969:Main article: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1932: 1929: 1913:Main article: 1899: 1896: 1872: 1869: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1799: 1796: 1779:Main article: 1776: 1773: 1732:ground rupture 1726:, January 2010 1720:Port-au-Prince 1711: 1708: 1683: 1680: 1645:Main article: 1642: 1639: 1631:Beno Gutenberg 1622: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1541: 1534: 1522: 1519: 1490: 1487: 1471:seismic moment 1432: 1429: 1393:Main article: 1390: 1387: 1315: 1312: 1268:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1220:Main article: 1217: 1214: 1204: 1201: 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1162: 1159: 1143: 1140: 1108: 1105: 1087: 1084: 1052:Main article: 1049: 1046: 990:Main article: 987: 984: 962: 959: 921: 918: 901: 900:Reverse faults 898: 885: 882: 850:Sumatra (2004) 825:Main article: 822: 819: 746: 743: 667:Main article: 664: 663:Major examples 661: 644:or focus. The 586: 583: 526:, but also by 451: 450: 448: 447: 440: 433: 425: 422: 421: 420: 419: 417:Related topics 414: 408: 407: 399: 398: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 346: 339: 336: 331: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 312: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 236: 234:Fault movement 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 147: 142: 141: 138: 137: 129: 128: 122: 121: 83: 82: 40: 38: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7265: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:Meteor shower 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6990:Coastal flood 6988: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6811: 6809: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745:Geomorphology 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6669: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6589:Consolidation 6587: 6585: 6584:Frost heaving 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6462:Geosynthetics 6460: 6458: 6457:Crushed stone 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6412:Cut-and-cover 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6252: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6181:Water content 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6035: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5879:Sample series 5876: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5713: 5710: 5704: 5703:Investigation 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5453:: 1205–1216, 5452: 5448: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5238: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216:Schechter, DS 5211: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4967:Allison, D., 4964: 4961: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4913: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4774: 4763:on 2017-02-18 4762: 4758: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4739:Kanamori 2003 4735: 4732: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4592:on 2011-05-16 4591: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4559: 4552: 4551: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4526:on 2017-02-11 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4422:on 2011-06-23 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4373:on 2009-09-21 4372: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4348:on 2016-11-24 4347: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4142: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4112: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4024: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3788:on 2006-08-28 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3763:on 2006-09-25 3762: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3730: 3719:on 2006-08-12 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3675:on 2006-09-25 3674: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3084: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2788:on 2011-07-25 2787: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2730: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2675:(1): 151–163. 2674: 2670: 2663: 2660: 2649:on 2009-09-01 2648: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2591: 2588: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2551:on 2010-07-23 2547: 2540: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2480:0-8065-2558-4 2477: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Matthew 27:51 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:New Testament 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143:. When Loki, 2142: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090:water heaters 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2070:expert system 2067: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1988:seismologists 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1950:landslide dam 1947: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1921:occurs at sea 1916: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1879:Fires of the 1877: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1818:may include: 1813: 1809: 1806:Ruins of the 1804: 1798:Human impacts 1797: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1648: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605:S-waves speed 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544:Surface waves 1542: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1529:Longitudinal 1528: 1527: 1526: 1521:Seismic waves 1520: 1518: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:Seismic waves 1448: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1368:Pacific Plate 1365: 1360: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1036:undergoing a 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:oceanic crust 1015: 1007: 1003: 998: 993: 985: 983: 981: 977: 971: 969: 960: 958: 955: 950: 941: 940:Carrizo Plain 936: 932: 930: 926: 919: 917: 915: 911: 908:such as at a 907: 899: 897: 895: 891: 884:Normal faults 883: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 842:Alaska (1957) 838: 834: 828: 820: 818: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:seismic waves 798: 794: 793:stored energy 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 768: 763: 758: 751: 744: 742: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 683: 675: 670: 662: 660: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 638:nuclear tests 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:seismic waves 597:that creates 596: 592: 584: 582: 580: 576: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 512:nuclear tests 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 481:seismic waves 479:that creates 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 446: 441: 439: 434: 432: 427: 426: 424: 423: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 406: 403: 402: 401: 400: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 358: 357: 350: 347: 344: 338: 337: 334: 329: 328: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 301: 300: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 282:Seismic waves 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 253: 252: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 225: 224: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 145: 140: 139: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 119: 115: 114: 107: 100: 96: 91: 87: 79: 76: 68: 58: 57:the talk page 54: 48: 46: 41:This article 39: 30: 29: 26: 22: 7187:Impact event 7175:Astronomical 7109:Thunderstorm 7104:Bomb cyclone 6968:Hydrological 6937:Volcanic ash 6902:Seismic risk 6882: 6850:Mass wasting 6765:Biogeography 6760:Hydrogeology 6750:Soil science 6730:Geochemistry 6598: 6489:Infiltration 6417:Cut and fill 6360:Soil nailing 6226:Permeability 6191:Bulk density 5908:Inclinometer 5831:Ram sounding 5716: 5588: 5584: 5561: 5536:Online books 5526: 5481: 5477: 5450: 5446: 5413: 5409: 5390:, retrieved 5383:the original 5362: 5358: 5339: 5329:, retrieved 5301: 5279: 5252: 5248: 5227: 5223: 5210: 5185: 5181: 5178:Schechter, D 5168: 5157:the original 5136: 5132: 5119: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5039: 5015:. Westport: 5010: 4980: 4968: 4963: 4952:. Retrieved 4948: 4939: 4919: 4912: 4892: 4882: 4873: 4846:(4): 24–34. 4843: 4839: 4833: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4765:. Retrieved 4761:the original 4750: 4734: 4722:. Retrieved 4711: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4684: 4674: 4655: 4636: 4625:. Retrieved 4614: 4605: 4594:. Retrieved 4590:the original 4576: 4565:. Retrieved 4549: 4528:. Retrieved 4524:the original 4514: 4503:. Retrieved 4489: 4478:. Retrieved 4464: 4453:. Retrieved 4444: 4435: 4424:. Retrieved 4420:the original 4410: 4399:the original 4386: 4375:. Retrieved 4371:the original 4361: 4350:. Retrieved 4346:the original 4336: 4325:. Retrieved 4311: 4300:. Retrieved 4291: 4281: 4270:. Retrieved 4261: 4252: 4241:. Retrieved 4227: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4185:. Retrieved 4170:the original 4165: 4156: 4151:, p. 1. 4144: 4133:. Retrieved 4124: 4114: 4102:. Retrieved 4089: 4079: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4014:. Retrieved 3989: 3983: 3970: 3958:. Retrieved 3945: 3935: 3908: 3902: 3889: 3869: 3858:. 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Retrieved 2471: 2466: 2458:the original 2448: 2440:the original 2430: 2333: 2327: 2325: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2294:(2009), and 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2238: 2231:Kobe in 1995 2228: 2215:Matthew 28:2 2211:resurrection 2192: 2173: 2158: 2134: 2113: 2087: 2064: 2044: 2035:Preparedness 2026: 2007: 1974: 1943: 1940: 1925: 1918: 1885: 1866: 1851: 1816: 1784: 1761: 1753: 1730:Shaking and 1729: 1705: 1672: 1657: 1650: 1635: 1627: 1624: 1604: 1603: 1586:P-wave speed 1585: 1584: 1562: 1524: 1511: 1496: 1492: 1459:seismometers 1444: 1425:Zipingpu Dam 1398: 1383:seismic risk 1376: 1361: 1353: 1337: 1294: 1292: 1273: 1245: 1240:January 2017 1236:October 2016 1206: 1191: 1182:Tidal forces 1164: 1145: 1126: 1098: 1089: 1076:seismometers 1057: 1010: 1002:San Salvador 980:Alaska, 1964 972: 968:World War II 964: 953: 948: 945: 923: 903: 887: 874:Denali Fault 846:Chile (1960) 830: 781:aseismically 771: 735: 711: 688: 652: 650: 625: 623: 614: 610: 606: 602: 588: 563: 532: 499: 497: 488: 468: 464: 460: 456: 454: 361:Other topics 166:Blind thrust 125: 99:Ring of Fire 86: 71: 65:October 2022 62: 51:Please help 42: 25: 7243:Lithosphere 7233:Earthquakes 7202:Solar flare 7088:Megadrought 7048:Temperature 7021:Megatsunami 7000:Storm surge 6995:Flash flood 6873:Debris flow 6775:Archaeology 6499:Foundations 6472:Geomembrane 6355:Slurry wall 6294:Water table 6258:Interaction 6254:Structures 6241:Sensitivity 6038:Laboratory 5527:Earthquakes 5392:29 December 4969:56. Matthew 4840:IEEE Expert 4645:Allen (1976 4262:newsela.com 3911:: 438–514. 3240:Geosciences 2349:Alpide belt 2297:San Andreas 2219:end of time 2010:forecasting 1998:Forecasting 1853:community. 1536:Transverse 1379:mega-cities 1345:exponential 1303:aftershocks 1276:aftershocks 1258:fault plane 1249:fault plane 1216:Aftershocks 1044:structure. 1030:lithosphere 976:Japan, 2011 876:in Alaska ( 872:), and the 868:in Turkey ( 821:Fault types 777:fault plane 757:Strike-slip 613:. 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