327:
944:
846:
1447:
Cowper, Spencer; Gardener, Robert; Colquhoun, James; Nicola, L.; Brocklesby, Richard; HEN TOM; Steplin, Joseph; Hondt, De; Allamond, Mons (1755), "An
Extraordinary and Surprising Agitation of the Waters, though without Any Perceptible Motion of the Earth, Having Been Observed in Various Parts of This Island, Both Maritime and Inland, on the Same Day, and Chiefly about the Time, That the More Violent Commotions of Both Earth and Waters so Extensively Affected Many Very Distant Parts of the Globe; the Following Accounts, Relating to the Former, Have Been Transmitted to the Society; in Which are Specified the Times and Places when and Where They Happened",
60:
550:
739:, chief engineer to the realm, presented his plans for the re-building of Lisbon. Maia presented four options from abandoning Lisbon to building a completely new city. The first, and cheapest, plan was to rebuild the old city using recycled materials. The second and third plans proposed widening certain streets. The fourth option boldly proposed razing the entire Baixa quarter and "laying out new streets without restraint". This last option was chosen by the king and his minister.
450:
704:(1st Marquis of Pombal) survived the earthquake. When asked what was to be done, Pombal reportedly replied "bury the dead and heal the living", and set about organizing relief and rehabilitation efforts. Firefighters were sent to extinguish the raging flames, and teams of workers and ordinary citizens were ordered to remove the thousands of corpses before disease could spread. Contrary to custom and against the wishes of the Church, many corpses were loaded onto
1027:, the national historical archive. Studying and cross-referencing the priests' accounts, modern scientists were able to reconstruct the event from a scientific perspective. Without the questionnaire designed by the Marquis of Pombal, that would have been impossible. Because Pombal was the first to attempt an objective scientific description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner of modern seismological scientists.
2536:
2465:
291:
2663:
1121:
5947:
2360:
664:
743:
67:
310:. Contemporary reports state that the earthquake lasted from three and a half to six minutes, causing fissures 5 metres (16 ft) wide in the city center. Survivors rushed to the open space of the docks for safety and watched as the sea receded, revealing a plain of mud littered with lost cargo and shipwrecks. Approximately 40 minutes after the earthquake, a
430:
930:
has claimed that the earthquake's consequences extended into the vocabulary of philosophy, making the common metaphor of firm "grounding" for philosophers' arguments shaky and uncertain: "Under the impression exerted by the Lisbon earthquake, which touched the
European mind in one its more sensitive
683:
and the court had left the city, after attending Mass at sunrise, fulfilling the wish of one of the king's daughters to spend the holiday away from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph I developed a fear of living within walls, and the court was accommodated in a huge complex of tents and pavilions
961:
despised him as an upstart son of a country squire. The prime minister, in turn, disliked the old nobles, whom he considered corrupt and incapable of practical action. Before 1 November 1755, there had been a constant struggle for power and royal favour, but the competent response of the
Marquis of
919:
published three separate texts in 1756 on the Lisbon earthquake. As a younger man, fascinated with the earthquake, he collected all the information available in news pamphlets and formulated a theory of the causes of earthquakes. Kant's theory, which involved shifts in huge caverns filled with hot
836:
A 2009 study estimated that the earthquake cost between 32 and 48 per cent of
Portugal's GDP. Also, "in spite of strict controls, prices and wages remained volatile in the years after the tragedy. The recovery from the earthquake also led to a rise in the wage premium of construction workers. More
318:
river "so fast that several people riding on horseback ... were forced to gallop as fast as possible to the upper grounds for fear of being carried away." It was followed by two more waves. Candles lit in homes and churches all around the city for All Saints' Day were knocked over, starting a
565:
Economic historian Álvaro
Pereira estimated that of Lisbon's population at the time of approximately 200,000 people, 30,000–40,000 were killed. Another 10,000 may have died in Morocco. A 2009 study of contemporary reports relating to the 1 November event found them vague and difficult to separate
1446:
Robertson, John; Webb, Philip
Carteret; Adee, Swithin; Hodgson, John; Cranbrook; Pringle, John; Mills, Henry; Birch, Thomas; Thomlinson, Mr; Philips, Richard; Crusius, Lewis; Blair, John; Parker, Viscount; Huxham, John; Borlase, William; Swanzey; Arderon, William; Barber, Thomas; Harrison, John;
47:
912:
was also influenced by the devastation following the earthquake, whose severity he believed was due to too many people living within the close quarters of the city. Rousseau used the earthquake as an argument against cities as part of his desire for a more naturalistic way of life.
962:
Pombal effectively severed the power of the old aristocratic factions. However, the silent opposition and resentment of King Joseph I began to rise, which would culminate with the attempted assassination of the king in 1758 and the subsequent elimination of the powerful
433:
437:
436:
432:
431:
438:
326:
508:
In 2015, it was determined that the tsunami waves may have reached the coast of Brazil, then a colony of
Portugal. Letters sent by Brazilian authorities at the time of the earthquake describe damage and destruction caused by gigantic waves.
381:
mountain range in central inland
Portugal) were visibly affected by the earthquake, the tsunami, or both. The shock waves of the earthquake destroyed part of Covilhã's castle walls and its large towers and damaged several other buildings in
1731:
409:
archipelago suffered most of their destruction from the tsunami, with the sea penetrating about 150 metres (490 ft) inland. Current and former
Portuguese towns in northern Africa were also affected by the earthquake. Places such as
512:
Although seismologists and geologists have always agreed that the epicenter was in the
Atlantic to the west of the Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has been a subject of considerable debate. Early hypotheses had proposed the
761:
In less than a year, the city was cleared of debris. Keen to have a new and perfectly ordered city, the king commissioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large avenues and widened streets – the new
435:
720:
were constructed at high points around the city to deter looters; more than thirty people were publicly executed. The army prevented many able-bodied citizens from fleeing, pressing them into relief and reconstruction work.
349:, destruction was rampant. The tsunami destroyed some coastal fortresses in the Algarve and, at lower levels, it razed several houses. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were heavily damaged, except
1092:
is a concept album detailing the story of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The album is entirely sung in Portuguese and explores not only the history but also its effects on Portuguese society, culture and spirituality.
2074:. The often abstruse critic Benjamin gave a series of radio broadcasts for children in the early 1930s; this one, from 1931, discusses the Lisbon earthquake and summarizes some of its impact on European thought.
954:
947:
701:
820:. The earthquake had struck on an important religious holiday and had destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion amongst the citizens of a staunch and devout
852:, by João Glama Ströberle (who depicted himself standing on a pile of rubble on the lower-right corner). In the upper-left corner is an angel holding a fiery sword, personifying divine judgement.
2392:
931:
epochs, the metaphor of ground and tremor completely lost their apparent innocence; they were no longer merely figures of speech" (263). Hamacher claims that the foundational certainty of
777:
protected constructions in Europe. Small wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes were simulated by marching troops around them. Lisbon's "new" Lower Town, known today as the
2296:
Martínez-Loriente, S., Sallarès, V. & Gràcia, E. The Horseshoe Abyssal plain Thrust could be the source of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami. Commun Earth Environ 2, 145 (2021).
2106:
Dynes, Russell Rowe. "The dialogue between Voltaire and Rousseau on the Lisbon earthquake: The emergence of a social science view." University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center, 1999.
521:
showed that a location closer to the shore of Portugal was required to comply with the observed effects of the tsunami. A 1992 seismic reflection survey of the ocean floor along the
2350:
418:, where the tsunami hit hard the coastal fortifications of both towns, in some cases going over it, and flooding the harbor area, were affected. In Spain, the tsunamis swept the
1777:
2163:. Princeton University Press, 2002. This book centers on philosophical reaction to the earthquake, arguing that the earthquake was responsible for modern conceptions of evil.
2006:
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972).
5846:
6433:
808:
in 1780, was founded following the social disarray of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The purpose of the institution was to provide shelter and schooling to children in need.
434:
59:
1264:
725:
626:
2306:
667:
Executions in the aftermath of the Lisbon earthquake. At least 34 looters were hanged in the chaotic aftermath of the disaster. As a warning against looting, King
1953:
1230:
610:
1006:
Did you perceive the shock to be greater from one direction than another? Example, from north to south? Did buildings seem to fall more to one side than the other?
573:
Eighty-five percent of Lisbon's buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of Portugal's distinctive 16th-century
1812:"Geschichte und Naturbeschreibung der merkwürdigsten Vorfälle des Erdbebens, welches an dem Ende des 1755sten Jahres einen großen Theil der Erde erschüttert hat"
924:, Kant's slim early book on the earthquake "probably represents the beginnings of scientific geography in Germany. And certainly the beginnings of seismology".
1801:"Von den Ursachen der Erderschütterungen bei Gelegenheit des Unglücks, welches die westliche Länder von Europa gegen das Ende des vorigen Jahres betroffen hat"
1621:
1541:
570:. Pereira estimated the total death toll in Portugal, Spain and Morocco from the earthquake and the resulting fires and tsunami at 40,000 to 50,000 people.
2644:
1562:
2365:
2349:
1824:
Amador, Filomena (2004) "The causes of 1755 Lisbon earthquake on Kant" In: Escribano Benito, J.J.; Español González, L.; Martínez García, M.A., ed.s.
786:
735:
The king and the prime minister immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city. On December 4, 1755, a little more than a month after the earthquake,
943:
5666:
6360:
593:, was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami. Inside, the 70,000-volume royal library as well as hundreds of works of art, including paintings by
577:
architecture. Several buildings that had suffered little earthquake damage were destroyed by the subsequent fire. The new Lisbon opera house (the "
1202:
920:
gases, though inaccurate, was one of the first systematic attempts to explain earthquakes in natural rather than supernatural terms. According to
875:
6702:
6330:
6095:
2402:
2228:
2175:
1932:
1876:
1385:
824:
country. Theologians and philosophers focused and speculated on the religious cause and message, seeing the earthquake as a manifestation of
6584:
5781:
1828:(in English) Logroño, Spain: Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas (Universidad de la Rioja), vol. 2, pp. 485–495.
1145:
522:
164:
6033:
5992:
5861:
5836:
5796:
2622:
837:
significantly, the earthquake became an opportunity to reform the economy and to reduce the economic semi-dependency vis-à-vis Britain."
6146:
6090:
1512:
622:
391:
6386:
6164:
5679:
31:
1250:
6419:
2246:
2214:
2139:
2121:
2090:
2071:
1849:
178:
845:
6886:
6846:
6810:
2453:
1226:
728:
as the new royal residence in 1760, but was later abandoned due to a lack of priority or interest in a palace being built in the
630:
6600:
2093:. Recent scholarly essays on the earthquake and its representations in art, with a focus on Voltaire. (In English and French.)
6881:
6871:
6851:
6779:
6002:
2637:
1155:
887:
6866:
6718:
6626:
6442:
6174:
5696:
2426:
1165:
1160:
1109:
The board game Lisboa was created in 2017 by Vital Lacerda and focuses on the reconstruction of Lisbon after the earthquake.
6426:
618:
1981:
6876:
6621:
6544:
6048:
6007:
5972:
5881:
5659:
2207:
Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering: Proceedings of the Second International Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 21–25 June 1999
1703:
1598:
6355:
6198:
6136:
5922:
5917:
1368:
1197:
Zitellini N. et al., The tectonic source of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami. Anali di Geofisica 1999; 42(1): 49.
1072:
2384:
6340:
6068:
5982:
5876:
5791:
5776:
2535:
1170:
1102:
995:
The prime minister's response was not limited to the practicalities of reconstruction. He ordered a query sent to all
1399:
6861:
6769:
6764:
6723:
6682:
6656:
5997:
5967:
5851:
5821:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2630:
2520:
2398:
The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, available seismological studies from the European Archive of Historical Earthquake Data
2249:. In German. Cited by Hamacher as a broad survey of philosophical and literary reactions to the Lisbon earthquake.
990:
458:
123:
2181:
1625:
1424:
890:", a world closely supervised by a benevolent deity. The Lisbon disaster provided a counterexample for Voltaire.
274:. As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it led to the birth of modern
6856:
6825:
6784:
6728:
6574:
6564:
6559:
6502:
6461:
5987:
5927:
5901:
5871:
5866:
1782:
1537:
1055:
1040:
899:
613:, which housed 18,000 books, was also destroyed. The earthquake damaged several major churches in Lisbon, namely
335:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
1359:
6815:
6774:
6687:
6641:
6569:
6549:
6476:
6456:
6270:
6235:
6215:
6073:
6038:
5786:
5652:
2503:
2498:
2431:
2407:
2184:". Discussion Paper 06/03, Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University, 2006.
2007:
1594:
Earthquakes and tsunami in November 1755 in Morocco: a different reading of contemporaneous documentary sources
1220:
1175:
1140:
1135:
857:
264:
6651:
1818:
1811:
1800:
1357:
Viana-Baptista MA, Soares PM. Tsunami propagation along Tagus estuary (Lisbon, Portugal) preliminary results.
1593:
981:. After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake struck on All Saints' Day, there was a surge of converts to Sebastianism.
256:). Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon around 30,000–40,000. A further 10,000 may have died in Morocco.
6820:
6789:
6759:
6697:
6579:
6554:
6523:
6497:
6471:
6466:
6298:
6245:
6220:
6126:
6085:
6078:
5891:
2580:
1958:
1130:
646:
638:
590:
498:
383:
252:
Chronologically, it was the third known large-scale earthquake to hit the city (following those of 1321 and
2380:
2195:
1671:
Kendrick writes that the remark is apocryphal and is attributed to other sources in anti-Pombal literature.
6749:
6733:
6677:
6672:
6646:
6616:
6528:
6518:
6492:
6325:
6053:
5886:
5831:
5806:
2611:
1803:
In: Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences), ed.s (1902)
642:
567:
558:
279:
253:
234:
107:
605:, were lost. The royal archives disappeared together with detailed historical records of explorations by
6631:
6320:
6250:
6225:
6184:
6100:
6058:
6043:
5955:
5932:
5811:
1532:
909:
751:
518:
1198:
4743:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4703:
4688:
4673:
4658:
4643:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4468:
4440:
4435:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2871:
549:
6805:
6754:
6692:
6345:
6255:
6021:
5896:
2550:
2446:
2270:
1456:
1273:
778:
755:
680:
668:
602:
323:
which burned for hours in the city, asphyxiating people up to 30 metres (98 ft) from the blaze.
449:
361:, the waves reached the top of the city walls. Other towns in different Portuguese regions, such as
6379:
6290:
6265:
6240:
6179:
6154:
6114:
5771:
5765:
5687:
958:
904:
693:
342:
46:
1050:
A fictionalised version of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake features as a main plot element of the 2014
6308:
6303:
6230:
6159:
6141:
5754:
2513:
2286:
2116:
Gunn, A.M. "Encyclopedia of Disasters". Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008.
1819:"Immanuel Kants fortgesetzte Betrachtung der seit einiger Zeit wahrgenommenen Erderschütterungen"
1759:
1491:
1474:
1307:
1289:
1150:
2261:
Fonseca, Joao F. B. D. (2020), "A Reassessment of the Magnitude of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake",
2029:
1262:
Fonseca, Joao F. B. D. (2020). "A Reassessment of the Magnitude of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake".
978:
645:, which were preserved to remind Lisboners of the destruction. Most of the documentation of the
637:
square was consumed by fire and hundreds of patients burned to death. The tomb of national hero
307:
218:
6395:
6350:
6335:
6280:
6260:
6210:
6131:
5977:
5801:
2653:
2560:
2525:
2508:
2483:
2242:
2238:
2224:
2210:
2171:
2135:
2117:
2086:
2067:
1966:
1928:
1882:
1872:
1845:
1751:
932:
598:
362:
260:
210:
2397:
2233:
Weinrich, Harald. "Literaturgeschichte eines Weltereignisses: Das Erdbeben von Lissabon." In
2154:
This Gulf of Fire: The Destruction of Lisbon, or Apocalypse in the Age of Science and Reason.
334:
depicts the rescue of a three-year-old from under fallen masonry, under the watchful gaze of
6275:
5759:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4728:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4538:
4518:
4473:
4430:
4395:
4340:
4280:
4275:
4185:
4110:
3847:
3712:
3637:
3622:
3049:
2969:
2944:
2934:
2686:
2278:
2011:
1962:
1920:
1743:
1464:
1281:
1234:
967:
785:), is one of the city's famed attractions. Sections of other Portuguese cities, such as the
729:
614:
578:
530:
387:
378:
242:
214:
153:
999:
of the country regarding the earthquake and its effects. Questions included the following:
700:, which still stands on the site of the old tented camp. Like the king, the prime minister
649:
sent to Lisbon for archiving became lost after the fire that followed the 1755 earthquake.
505:, several vessels were whirled round in the harbor, and water poured into the marketplace.
6400:
6313:
6169:
6063:
2570:
2488:
2439:
2417:
2412:
2127:
2059:
1558:
1545:
1372:
1206:
1125:
927:
921:
825:
770:
713:
658:
358:
2189:
Les tremblements de terre en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. La naissance d'un risque
1826:
Actas VIII Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas
537:
throw of more than 1 km (0.62 mi). This structure may have created the primary
405:
and many smaller settlements suffered significant damage. Almost all of the ports in the
345:
city affected by the catastrophe. Throughout the south of the country, in particular the
2274:
1460:
1277:
1106:, one of the many times and places visited by the book's time-traveling protagonists.
856:
The earthquake and its aftermath strongly influenced the intelligentsia of the European
663:
5841:
2596:
2493:
1662:
1251:
Between History and Periodicity: Printed and Hand-Written News in 18th-Century Portugal
1097:
1064:
1024:
963:
891:
821:
817:
736:
689:
582:
514:
493:, on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, resulting in partial destruction of the "
350:
290:
259:
The earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the
241:
in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (110 nmi; 120 mi) west-southwest of
6840:
5816:
2290:
2100:. Long Beach: Shangton Longley Press, 1994. (No apparent ISBN.) A narrative history.
1567:
1527:
1332:
1293:
1036:
916:
709:
606:
1763:
5856:
2606:
1868:
Earthquakes in Human History : The Far-Reaching Effects of Seismic Disruptions
1085:
1080:
974:
805:
697:
526:
494:
470:
230:
1732:"The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake"
1308:"Magnitude of Great Lisbon Earthquake may have been lower than previous estimates"
17:
2348:
1914:
1503:" in Venice and specifically states they were the same ones that destroyed Lisbon
5714:
5704:
2565:
2182:
The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake
1948:
1013:
354:
249:
region, and about 290 km (160 nmi; 180 mi) southwest of Lisbon.
742:
5749:
5739:
2422:
2393:
The Lisbon earthquake of 1755: the catastrophe and its European repercussions.
1924:
1886:
1747:
1572:
1051:
774:
747:
474:
374:
370:
275:
267:
2297:
2221:
The Last Day: Wrath, Ruin & Reason in The Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755
1755:
1364:
138:
125:
5744:
5724:
5719:
2316:
2196:
Reading the Lisbon Earthquake: Adorno, Lyotard, and the Contemporary Sublime
1500:
1089:
1003:
At what time did the earthquake begin, and how long did the earthquake last?
574:
517:, about 320 km (170 nmi; 200 mi) south-west of Lisbon, until
501:
was created when a low lying connection to the mainland was washed away. At
466:
462:
419:
415:
320:
238:
6411:
2103:
Chase, J. "The Great Earthquake at Lisbon (1755)". Colliers Magazine, 1920.
1469:
712:
beyond the mouth of the Tagus. To prevent disorder in the ruined city, the
453:
Calculated travel times (in hours) for the tsunami waves of 1 November 1755
5946:
5729:
5709:
5675:
2662:
2657:
2368:
was created from a revision of this article dated 30 April 2005
1496:
1219:
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
895:
861:
816:
The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and
797:
538:
534:
486:
478:
423:
271:
221:, at around 09:40 local time. In combination with subsequent fires and a
1982:"Assassin's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft - here's the first trailer"
1071:, and possibly coincides with a real-world earthquake recorded there in
233:
estimate the Lisbon earthquake had a magnitude of 7.7 or greater on the
2282:
1386:"'This Gulf Of Fire' Examines The Lisbon, Portugal, Earthquake In 1755"
1285:
1060:
867:
790:
717:
672:
502:
482:
402:
398:
366:
346:
331:
311:
299:
246:
222:
1866:
1563:"Documentos mostram que tsunami atingiu costa brasileira século XVIII"
1478:
469:. Tsunamis as tall as 20 metres (66 ft) swept along the coast of
2601:
2575:
2555:
2469:
2015:
1778:"Japan tsunami is small compared to five of world's biggest tsunamis"
1238:
1019:
If fire broke out, how long did it last and what damage did it cause?
996:
726:
project proposed that a new royal palace be built in Campo de Ourique
634:
594:
490:
406:
295:
226:
156:
and about 290 km (160 nmi; 180 mi) southwest of Lisbon
5644:
692:
never waned, and it was only after Joseph's death that his daughter
2161:
Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Modern Philosophy
1023:
The answers to those and other questions are still archived in the
953:
The earthquake had a major impact on politics. The prime minister,
5734:
2320:
1068:
942:
894:
wrote, "the earthquake of Lisbon sufficed to cure Voltaire of the
741:
705:
685:
662:
641:
was also lost. Visitors to Lisbon may still walk the ruins of the
586:
554:
548:
448:
428:
411:
325:
315:
289:
754:
pombalina" (pombaline cage), developed for the reconstruction of
457:
Shocks from the earthquake were felt throughout Europe as far as
2132:
Premises: Essays on Philosophy and Literature from Kant to Celan
1842:
Premises: Essays on Philosophy and Literature from Kant to Celan
443:
152:
About 200 km (110 nmi; 120 mi) west-southwest of
27:
Catastrophic earthquake that primarily affected Lisbon, Portugal
6415:
5648:
5503:
4980:
4457:
3934:
3411:
2888:
2675:
2626:
2435:
1063:. Notably, a similar earthquake occurs earlier in the story in
2408:
Images and historical depictions of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake
1807:(in German) Berlin, Germany: G. Reimer. vol. 1, pp. 417–427.
1044:
977:
predicted that a terrible earthquake would destroy Lisbon on
935:' philosophy began to shake following the Lisbon earthquake.
679:
The royal family escaped unharmed from the catastrophe: King
2346:
2079:
The Lisbon Earthquake of 1755: Representations and Reactions
1499:
himself noted feeling the shocks when he was imprisoned in "
263:. The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European
1515:. 14th ed., Leipzig, Berlin and Vienna 1894; Vol. 6, p. 248
461:
and in North Africa, and according to some sources even in
1951:, revised by Rachel E. Cowgill (2001). "Carter, Richard".
581:"), opened seven months before, burned to the ground. The
2312:
1449:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
306:
The earthquake struck on the morning of 1 November 1755,
1649:
The Lisbon Earthquake in 1755: The First Modern Disaster
1009:
How many people died and were any of them distinguished?
955:
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal
948:
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal
804:, "Maria the Pious"), and organized by Police Intendant
800:, a Portuguese institution founded by Maria I (known as
2010:. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
1622:"A Comprehensive Report of the Great Lisbon Earthquake"
1400:"Muralhas da Cidade da Covilhã | www.visitportugal.com"
1919:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 134.
886:
attacks the notion that all is for the best in this, "
314:
engulfed the harbor and downtown area, rushing up the
2413:
More images of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami
2302:
Paice, Edward: "Wrath of God", Quercus History (2008)
2134:, pp. 261–293. Stanford University Press, 1999.
2418:
Contemporary eyewitness account of Rev. Charles Davy
2149:. Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1957.
481:
across the Atlantic Ocean. A three-metre (ten-foot)
6798:
6742:
6711:
6665:
6609:
6593:
6537:
6511:
6485:
6449:
6289:
6197:
6113:
6020:
5954:
5910:
5847:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
5695:
5686:
2589:
2543:
2476:
191:
170:
160:
117:
102:
94:
79:
2111:1755, O Terramoto de Lisboa, The Lisbon Earthquake
2168:Wrath of God: The Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755
633:(the largest public hospital at the time) in the
2263:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2098:Disaster at Lisbon: The Great Earthquake of 1755
2077:Braun, Theodore E. D., and John B. Radner, eds.
1265:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
793:, were also rebuilt along Pombaline principles.
2085:2005:02). Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2005.
2030:"Lisboa Deluxe Edition (Includes Upgrade Pack)"
675:to be constructed in several parts of the city.
561:, which was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake.
2359:
688:, then on the outskirts of Lisbon. The king's
66:
6427:
5660:
2638:
2447:
2423:Tsunami Forecast Model Animation: Lisbon 1755
1096:The Lisbon earthquake is vividly depicted in
1012:Did the sea rise or fall first, and how many
568:local series of earthquakes on 18–19 November
497:" section of the city wall. In County Clare,
225:, the earthquake almost completely destroyed
8:
1916:The Illustrated History of Natural Disasters
881:
880:("Poem on the Lisbon disaster"). Voltaire's
873:
865:
611:Henrique de Meneses, 3rd Marquis of Louriçal
353:, which was protected by the sandy banks of
39:
1871:. Princeton University Press. p. 100.
6434:
6420:
6412:
6203:
6119:
6026:
5960:
5692:
5667:
5653:
5645:
5500:
4977:
4454:
3931:
3408:
2885:
2672:
2645:
2631:
2623:
2454:
2440:
2432:
2298:https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00216-5
1425:"O terramoto de 1755 ao redor da Gardunha"
812:Effect on society, economy, and philosophy
627:Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha
609:and other early navigators. The palace of
525:detected a 50-kilometre-long (31 mi)
45:
38:
1844:. Harvard University Press. p. 263.
1468:
957:, was the favourite of the king, but the
414:(ceded by Portugal to Spain in 1668) and
2376:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1523:
1521:
844:
217:on the morning of Saturday, 1 November,
1967:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05031
1865:deBoer, Jelle; Sanders, Donald (2005).
1193:
1191:
1187:
1913:Kozák, Jan; Cermák, Vladimir (2010).
1725:
1723:
422:Atlantic Coast, damaging the city of
270:, and inspired major developments in
7:
2130:. "The Quaking of Presentation." In
2008:"Significant Earthquake Information"
1980:McWhertor, Michael (5 August 2014).
750:protective wooden structure called "
302:overwhelming the ships in the harbor
2319:, 2017, retrieved: March 17, 2021 (
1536:. 1830. Vol. 1, chapter 25, p. 439
1730:Pereira, Alvaro S. (1 June 2009).
1222:Significant Earthquake Information
32:Lisbon earthquake (disambiguation)
25:
1611:Pereira (2006), pp. 8–9, 33–9921.
876:Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne
773:buildings are among the earliest
653:Relief and reconstruction efforts
5945:
2661:
2534:
2463:
2358:
1513:Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon
1227:National Geophysical Data Center
1146:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault
1119:
523:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault
165:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault
65:
58:
5837:History of Portugal (1777–1834)
1736:The Journal of Economic History
1156:List of earthquakes in Portugal
888:the best of all possible worlds
860:. The noted writer-philosopher
850:Allegory of the 1755 Earthquake
489:on the southern British coast.
171:
2427:Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
2191:. Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 2005.
2062:. "The Lisbon Earthquake." In
1166:List of megathrust earthquakes
1161:List of historical earthquakes
585:, which stood just beside the
294:1755 copper engraving showing
1:
2317:Institute of European History
2313:EGO – European History Online
2237:, pp. 64–76. Stuttgart:
2205:Seco e Pinto, P.S. (Editor).
1599:Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.
1059:, developed and published by
1016:did it rise above the normal?
392:Fort of São Filipe de Setúbal
2308:The Lisbon Earthquake (1755)
1272:(1). GeoScienceWorld: 1–17.
631:Royal Hospital of All Saints
6703:1766 Southeastern Caribbean
2202:17.1 (2004): pp. 1–18.
2113:. Argumentum, Lisbon, 2004.
1805:Kant's gesammelte Schriften
1171:List of historical tsunamis
589:river in the modern square
390:. In Setúbal, parts of the
377:(which is located near the
319:fire that developed into a
6903:
2403:The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake
1647:Dynes, Russell R. (2003).
1360:Science of Tsunami Hazards
1043:composed and published an
991:Parochial Memories of 1758
988:
787:Vila Real de Santo António
656:
29:
6373:
6206:
6122:
6029:
5963:
5943:
5510:
5499:
4987:
4976:
4464:
4453:
3941:
3930:
3418:
3407:
2895:
2884:
2682:
2671:
2532:
2200:Yale Journal of Criticism
2170:. London: Quercus, 2008.
1925:10.1007/978-90-481-3325-3
1840:Hamacher, Werner (1996).
1783:Christian Science Monitor
1748:10.1017/S0022050709000850
1708:. J.B. Lippincott Company
1538:Online electronic edition
1035:The 18th-century English
985:Development of seismology
696:began building the royal
209:, impacted Portugal, the
53:
44:
6443:18th-century earthquakes
6147:Exclusive Economic Zone
6034:Administrative divisions
1176:Southwest Iberian Margin
1141:1761 Portugal earthquake
1136:1755 Cape Ann earthquake
732:neighborhood of Lisbon.
566:from reports of another
341:Lisbon was not the only
6887:18th century in Morocco
6847:Earthquakes in Portugal
5862:Constitutional monarchy
2612:Transtejo & Soflusa
2066:vol. 2. Belknap, 1999.
1959:Oxford University Press
1957:. Oxford Music Online.
1388:. NPR. 2 November 2015.
1371:11 October 2008 at the
1333:"The Lisbon Earthquake"
1205:11 October 2007 at the
1131:1722 Algarve earthquake
864:used the earthquake in
647:1722 Algarve earthquake
207:Great Lisbon earthquake
6882:Earthquakes in Morocco
6872:1755 natural disasters
6852:18th-century in Lisbon
6165:Science and technology
5832:1761 Lisbon earthquake
5827:1755 Lisbon earthquake
2354:
2334:Listen to this article
2156:New York: Knopf, 2015.
1470:10.1098/rstl.1755.0059
1056:Assassin's Creed Rogue
950:
882:
874:
866:
853:
758:
676:
562:
454:
446:
338:
303:
286:Earthquake and tsunami
280:earthquake engineering
235:moment magnitude scale
203:1755 Lisbon earthquake
40:1755 Lisbon earthquake
6867:18th-century tsunamis
6585:1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo
5867:Republican Revolution
5812:Treaty of Tordesillas
5797:Portuguese golden age
5782:1383–1385 interregnum
2353:
2147:The Lisbon Earthquake
1705:The Lisbon Earthquake
1667:The Lisbon Earthquake
1533:Principles of Geology
1404:www.visitportugal.com
946:
910:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
848:
745:
666:
657:Further information:
552:
545:Casualties and damage
452:
441:
329:
293:
229:and adjoining areas.
6877:Earthquakes in Spain
6780:1786 Kangding-Luding
6361:World Heritage Sites
5897:Carnation Revolution
2385:More spoken articles
1821:, ibid. pp. 463–472.
1814:, ibid. pp. 429–461.
1544:20 July 2008 at the
1495:, Book 2, Ch. XXVI;
858:Age of Enlightenment
779:Pombaline Lower Town
756:Pombaline Lower Town
681:Joseph I of Portugal
669:Joseph I of Portugal
639:Nuno Álvares Pereira
583:Royal Ribeira Palace
442:2016 animation from
336:Our Lady of the Star
205:, also known as the
195:40,000–50,000 deaths
30:For other uses, see
6719:1770 Port-au-Prince
6627:1751 Port-au-Prince
5772:Kingdom of Portugal
5766:Manifestis Probatum
2677:12th-15th centuries
2275:2020BuSSA.110....1F
2235:Literatur für Leser
2096:Brooks, Charles B.
1680:Gunn (2008), p. 77.
1628:on 22 December 2012
1592:Blanc P.-L. (2009)
1561:(18 October 2015).
1461:1755RSPT...49..351R
1278:2020BuSSA.110....1F
1126:Portugal portal
1103:Masters of the Maze
1047:on the earthquake.
905:Negative Dialectics
694:Maria I of Portugal
623:São Vicente de Fora
619:St Paul's Cathedral
219:Feast of All Saints
135: /
41:
6724:1771 Great Yaeyama
6175:Telecommunications
5852:Liberal Revolution
5755:County of Portugal
2355:
2283:10.1785/0120190198
2219:Shrady, Nicholas.
1954:Grove Music Online
1786:. 28 October 2010.
1492:Histoire de ma vie
1427:. Jornal do Fundão
1286:10.1785/0120190198
1151:Earthquake Baroque
1084:by the Portuguese
1031:In popular culture
951:
854:
759:
677:
621:, Santa Catarina,
563:
455:
447:
339:
304:
18:Earthquake of 1755
6862:1750s earthquakes
6834:
6833:
6409:
6408:
6369:
6368:
6193:
6192:
6109:
6108:
6096:Political parties
6049:Foreign relations
6016:
6015:
5978:Iberian Peninsula
5941:
5940:
5787:Treaty of Windsor
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5495:
5494:
4972:
4971:
4449:
4448:
3926:
3925:
3403:
3402:
2880:
2879:
2620:
2619:
2581:Parque das Nações
2351:
2239:Kohlhammer Verlag
2229:978-0-14-311460-4
2223:, Penguin, 2008,
2187:Quenet, Grégory.
2176:978-1-84724-623-3
2064:Selected Writings
1934:978-90-481-3324-6
1878:978-0-691-23420-5
1817:Kant, I. (1756c)
1810:Kant, I. (1756b)
1799:Kant, I. (1756a)
1602:2009; 9: 725–738.
1571:(in Portuguese).
716:was deployed and
702:Sebastião de Melo
591:Praça do Comércio
439:
397:On the island of
261:Portuguese Empire
211:Iberian Peninsula
199:
198:
16:(Redirected from
6894:
6857:1755 in Portugal
6601:1746 Lima–Callao
6436:
6429:
6422:
6413:
6389:
6382:
6204:
6150:
6137:Economic history
6120:
6027:
5961:
5949:
5760:Treaty of Zamora
5693:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5646:
5501:
4978:
4455:
3932:
3409:
2886:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2624:
2538:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2375:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2293:
2152:Molesky, Mark.
2128:Hamacher, Werner
2060:Benjamin, Walter
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1831:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1624:. Archived from
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1559:Losekann, Marcos
1555:
1549:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1472:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1363:2006; 24(5):329
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
1216:
1210:
1195:
1124:
1123:
1122:
885:
879:
871:
730:Campo de Ourique
684:in the hills of
615:Lisbon Cathedral
531:Cape St. Vincent
499:Aughinish Island
440:
388:Salamanca, Spain
386:, as well as in
379:Serra da Estrela
298:in flames and a
243:Cape St. Vincent
215:Northwest Africa
187:
185:
173:
154:Cape St. Vincent
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
90:
88:
69:
68:
62:
49:
42:
21:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6794:
6770:1783 New Jersey
6738:
6707:
6661:
6622:1751 Concepción
6605:
6589:
6545:1730 Valparaíso
6533:
6507:
6481:
6445:
6440:
6410:
6405:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6365:
6341:Public holidays
6285:
6189:
6148:
6105:
6069:Law enforcement
6012:
5950:
5937:
5906:
5822:Restoration War
5682:
5673:
5643:
5634:
5506:
5491:
4983:
4968:
4460:
4445:
3937:
3922:
3414:
3399:
2891:
2876:
2678:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2621:
2616:
2585:
2539:
2530:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2366:This audio file
2363:
2356:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2305:Wilke, Jürgen,
2260:
2257:
2255:Further reading
2252:
2180:Pereira, A.S. "
2166:Paice, Edward.
2159:Neiman, Susan.
2145:Kendrick, T.D.
2109:Fonseca, J. D.
2055:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1879:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1795:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1546:Wayback Machine
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1489:
1485:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1373:Wayback Machine
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1207:Wayback Machine
1196:
1189:
1184:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1033:
993:
987:
979:All Saints' Day
941:
928:Werner Hamacher
922:Walter Benjamin
843:
834:
826:divine judgment
814:
783:Baixa Pombalina
714:Portuguese Army
661:
659:Pombaline style
655:
547:
429:
330:A contemporary
308:All Saints' Day
288:
179:
177:
151:
143:
141:
137:
134:
129:
126:
124:
122:
121:
111:
95:Local time
86:
84:
83:1 November 1755
80:Local date
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6900:
6898:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6839:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6785:1787 New Spain
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6765:1783 Calabrian
6762:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6729:1773 Guatemala
6726:
6721:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6657:1759 Near East
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6575:1738 Dangjiang
6572:
6567:
6565:1737 Kamchatka
6562:
6560:1733 Dongchuan
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6503:1717 Guatemala
6500:
6495:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6416:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6390:
6383:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6170:Stock Exchange
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5902:Third Republic
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5872:First Republic
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:Peninsular War
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Lisbon Airport
2593:
2591:
2590:Transportation
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2544:Neighbourhoods
2541:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2378:
2364:
2357:
2345:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:External links
2326:
2325:
2324:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2231:
2217:
2203:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2125:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2094:
2075:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2034:eaglegames.net
2021:
1998:
1972:
1940:
1933:
1905:
1892:
1877:
1857:
1850:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1789:
1769:
1742:(2): 466–499.
1719:
1695:
1682:
1673:
1663:T. D. Kendrick
1654:
1639:
1613:
1604:
1585:
1550:
1528:Lyell, Charles
1517:
1505:
1483:
1438:
1416:
1391:
1377:
1350:
1324:
1299:
1254:
1243:
1211:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1114:
1111:
1098:Avram Davidson
1065:Port-au-Prince
1041:Richard Carter
1032:
1029:
1025:Torre do Tombo
1021:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1004:
989:Main article:
986:
983:
964:Duke of Aveiro
940:
937:
933:René Descartes
892:Theodor Adorno
842:
839:
833:
830:
822:Roman Catholic
818:intelligentsia
813:
810:
737:Manuel da Maia
690:claustrophobia
654:
651:
546:
543:
515:Gorringe Ridge
394:were damaged.
287:
284:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
175:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
119:
115:
114:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
81:
77:
76:
64:
63:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6899:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6816:1797 Riobamba
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6775:1784 Erzincan
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6688:1766 Istanbul
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:1755 Cape Ann
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:1737 Valdivia
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:1732 Montreal
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6477:1709 Zhongwei
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6462:1703 Apennine
6460:
6458:
6457:1700 Cascadia
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6430:
6425:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:Iberian Union
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:Consolidation
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5665:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2367:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2247:3-17-087225-7
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:90-5809-116-3
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:0-8047-3620-0
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:0-313-34002-1
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:0-7294-0857-4
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:0-674-94586-7
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1851:9780674700734
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1669:. p. 75.
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
971:
969:
968:Távora family
965:
960:
956:
949:
945:
938:
936:
934:
929:
925:
923:
918:
917:Immanuel Kant
914:
911:
907:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
878:
877:
870:
869:
863:
859:
851:
847:
840:
838:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
811:
809:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
757:
753:
749:
746:Model of the
744:
740:
738:
733:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
711:
710:buried at sea
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
674:
670:
665:
660:
652:
650:
648:
644:
643:Carmo Convent
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Vasco da Gama
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Ópera do Tejo
576:
571:
569:
560:
559:Carmo Convent
556:
551:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
529:southwest of
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:, and struck
472:
468:
464:
460:
451:
445:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:Cova da Beira
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
337:
333:
328:
324:
322:
317:
313:
309:
301:
297:
292:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
265:Enlightenment
262:
257:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Seismologists
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
194:
190:
186:
183:
176:
169:
166:
163:
159:
155:
148:
120:
116:
112:
105:
101:
97:
93:
82:
78:
61:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6821:1797 Sumatra
6790:1787 Boricua
6760:1782 Mendoza
6698:1766 Marmara
6683:1763 Komárom
6636:
6580:1738 Vrancea
6555:1732 Irpinia
6524:1722 Algarve
6498:1716 Algiers
6467:1703 Genroku
6299:Architecture
6271:Prostitution
6236:Homelessness
6216:Demographics
6132:Central bank
6074:Human rights
6039:Constitution
5892:Overseas War
5857:Liberal Wars
5826:
5764:
5505:21st century
4982:20th century
4459:19th century
3936:18th century
3413:17th century
2890:16th century
2607:Lisbon Metro
2307:
2266:
2262:
2234:
2220:
2206:
2199:
2194:Ray, Gene. "
2188:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2131:
2110:
2097:
2082:
2078:
2063:
2038:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:
1975:
1952:
1943:
1915:
1908:
1903:, pp.145–146
1901:The Last Day
1900:
1895:
1867:
1860:
1841:
1835:
1825:
1804:
1792:
1781:
1772:
1739:
1735:
1710:. Retrieved
1704:
1698:
1693:pp. 152–155.
1691:The Last Day
1690:
1685:
1676:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1616:
1607:
1597:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1566:
1553:
1548:21 May 2009.
1531:
1508:
1490:
1486:
1452:
1451:, Series I,
1448:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:
1394:
1380:
1375:27 May 2009.
1358:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1339:. 6 May 2016
1336:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1312:ScienceDaily
1311:
1302:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1246:
1225:(Data Set),
1221:
1214:
1209:27 May 2009.
1108:
1101:
1095:
1086:Gothic metal
1079:
1077:
1054:
1049:
1034:
1022:
994:
975:Sebastianist
972:
952:
926:
915:
903:
855:
849:
835:
815:
806:Pina Manique
801:
795:
782:
768:
763:
760:
734:
723:
698:Ajuda Palace
678:
572:
564:
527:thrust fault
511:
507:
495:Spanish Arch
471:North Africa
456:
396:
340:
305:
268:philosophers
258:
251:
245:, a cape in
206:
202:
200:
181:
36:
6826:1799 Vendée
6750:1780 Tabriz
6734:1778 Kashan
6678:1762 Arakan
6673:1761 Lisbon
6647:1755 Meknes
6637:1755 Lisbon
6617:1751 Takada
6529:1727 Tabriz
6519:1721 Tabriz
6493:1714 Bhutan
6246:Immigration
6221:Drug policy
6127:Agriculture
6003:Earthquakes
5887:Estado Novo
5877:World War I
5807:Renaissance
5715:Lusitanians
5705:Oestriminis
2566:Bairro Alto
2269:(1): 1–17,
1991:31 December
1949:Roger Fiske
1455:: 351–398,
1337:VolcanoCafe
973:In 1752, a
959:aristocracy
872:and in his
775:seismically
766:of Lisbon.
748:seismically
519:simulations
355:Ria Formosa
237:, with its
142: /
6841:Categories
6811:1792 Unzen
6652:1756 Düren
6632:1754 Cairo
6321:Literature
6091:Parliament
6054:Government
5882:28 de Maio
5750:Al-Andalus
2499:Metro area
2381:Audio help
2372:2005-04-30
2053:References
1887:1266229674
1578:27 October
1573:Rede Globo
1568:Fantástico
1365:Online PDF
1317:1 November
1199:Online PDF
1078:The album
1052:video game
841:Philosophy
625:, and the
475:Martinique
420:Andalusian
343:Portuguese
276:seismology
192:Casualties
6806:1790 Oran
6755:1780 Java
6693:1766 Cuba
6472:1707 Hōei
6331:Monuments
6251:Languages
6226:Education
6185:Transport
6101:President
6059:Judiciary
6044:Elections
6008:Volcanoes
5973:Mountains
5956:Geography
5745:Visigoths
5725:Gallaecia
5720:Lusitania
2551:Alcântara
2315:, Mainz:
2291:213399185
1756:1471-6372
1501:The Leads
1294:213399185
1090:Moonspell
1039:composer
771:Pombaline
603:Correggio
575:Manueline
533:, with a
467:Caribbean
463:Greenland
373:and even
321:firestorm
239:epicenter
174:intensity
139:36°N 11°W
118:Epicenter
103:Magnitude
6396:Category
6346:Religion
6256:Naturism
6086:Military
6022:Politics
5933:Language
5923:Military
5911:By topic
5777:Monarchs
5730:Hispania
5710:Ophiussa
5697:Timeline
5680:articles
5676:Portugal
2658:Portugal
2514:Timeline
2489:District
2477:By topic
2383: ·
2241:, 1971.
1899:Shrady,
1764:29519289
1689:Shrady,
1632:11 March
1542:Archived
1497:Casanova
1369:Archived
1203:Archived
1113:See also
997:parishes
966:and the
939:Politics
896:theodicy
862:Voltaire
798:Casa Pia
671:ordered
539:tectonic
535:dip-slip
487:Cornwall
479:Barbados
465:and the
272:theodicy
180:MMI XI (
106:7.7–9.0
6380:Outline
6356:Symbols
6309:Cuisine
6291:Culture
6266:Poverty
6241:Housing
6199:Society
6180:Tourism
6155:Fishing
6115:Economy
5993:Regions
5983:Islands
5918:Economy
5688:History
2526:Tourism
2509:History
2484:Climate
2370: (
2341:minutes
2271:Bibcode
2040:23 July
1986:Polygon
1457:Bibcode
1274:Bibcode
1061:Ubisoft
1037:Baroque
908:361).
900:Leibniz
883:Candide
868:Candide
832:Economy
791:Algarve
718:gallows
673:gallows
557:of the
541:event.
503:Kinsale
483:tsunami
459:Finland
416:Mazagon
403:Funchal
399:Madeira
375:Covilhã
371:Setúbal
367:Cascais
363:Peniche
347:Algarve
332:ex-voto
312:tsunami
300:tsunami
247:Algarve
223:tsunami
182:Extreme
144:36; -11
87:1755-11
85: (
6401:Portal
6304:Cinema
6261:People
6231:Health
6160:Mining
6142:Energy
5998:Rivers
5968:Cities
5802:Empire
5678:
2602:Carris
2576:Chiado
2556:Alfama
2521:People
2504:Mayors
2470:Lisbon
2289:
2245:
2227:
2213:
2174:
2138:
2120:
2089:
2070:
2036:. 2021
1931:
1885:
1875:
1848:
1762:
1754:
1479:104951
1477:
1431:22 May
1409:22 May
1343:23 May
1292:
764:mottos
752:gaiola
706:barges
635:Rossio
629:. The
601:, and
599:Rubens
595:Titian
491:Galway
407:Azores
296:Lisbon
227:Lisbon
213:, and
113:(est.)
6799:1790s
6743:1780s
6712:1770s
6666:1760s
6610:1750s
6594:1740s
6538:1730s
6512:1720s
6486:1710s
6450:1700s
6387:Index
6351:Sport
6336:Music
6326:Media
6281:Women
6211:Crime
6149:(EEZ)
5988:Lakes
5928:Music
5735:Suebi
2867:1490s
2862:1480s
2857:1470s
2852:1460s
2847:1450s
2842:1440s
2837:1430s
2832:1420s
2827:1410s
2822:1400s
2817:1390s
2812:1380s
2807:1370s
2802:1360s
2797:1350s
2792:1340s
2787:1330s
2782:1320s
2777:1310s
2772:1300s
2767:1290s
2762:1280s
2757:1270s
2752:1260s
2747:1250s
2742:1240s
2737:1230s
2732:1220s
2727:1210s
2722:1200s
2717:1190s
2712:1180s
2707:1170s
2702:1160s
2697:1150s
2692:1140s
2654:Years
2571:Baixa
2561:Belém
2287:S2CID
1796:See:
1760:S2CID
1712:7 May
1475:JSTOR
1290:S2CID
1182:Notes
1088:band
1069:Haiti
1014:hands
802:A Pia
686:Ajuda
587:Tagus
555:ruins
424:Cadiz
412:Ceuta
359:Lagos
357:. In
316:Tagus
161:Fault
98:09:40
6314:Wine
6276:Time
6079:LGBT
5740:Buri
5630:2024
5625:2023
5620:2022
5615:2021
5610:2020
5605:2019
5600:2018
5595:2017
5590:2016
5585:2015
5580:2014
5575:2013
5570:2012
5565:2011
5560:2010
5555:2009
5550:2008
5545:2007
5540:2006
5535:2005
5530:2004
5525:2003
5520:2002
5515:2001
5487:2000
5482:1999
5477:1998
5472:1997
5467:1996
5462:1995
5457:1994
5452:1993
5447:1992
5442:1991
5437:1990
5432:1989
5427:1988
5422:1987
5417:1986
5412:1985
5407:1984
5402:1983
5397:1982
5392:1981
5387:1980
5382:1979
5377:1978
5372:1977
5367:1976
5362:1975
5357:1974
5352:1973
5347:1972
5342:1971
5337:1970
5332:1969
5327:1968
5322:1967
5317:1966
5312:1965
5307:1964
5302:1963
5297:1962
5292:1961
5287:1960
5282:1959
5277:1958
5272:1957
5267:1956
5262:1955
5257:1954
5252:1953
5247:1952
5242:1951
5237:1950
5232:1949
5227:1948
5222:1947
5217:1946
5212:1945
5207:1944
5202:1943
5197:1942
5192:1941
5187:1940
5182:1939
5177:1938
5172:1937
5167:1936
5162:1935
5157:1934
5152:1933
5147:1932
5142:1931
5137:1930
5132:1929
5127:1928
5122:1927
5117:1926
5112:1925
5107:1924
5102:1923
5097:1922
5092:1921
5087:1920
5082:1919
5077:1918
5072:1917
5067:1916
5062:1915
5057:1914
5052:1913
5047:1912
5042:1911
5037:1910
5032:1909
5027:1908
5022:1907
5017:1906
5012:1905
5007:1904
5002:1903
4997:1902
4992:1901
4964:1900
4959:1899
4954:1898
4949:1897
4944:1896
4939:1895
4934:1894
4929:1893
4924:1892
4919:1891
4914:1890
4909:1889
4904:1888
4899:1887
4894:1886
4889:1885
4884:1884
4879:1883
4874:1882
4869:1881
4864:1880
4859:1879
4854:1878
4849:1877
4844:1876
4839:1875
4834:1874
4829:1873
4824:1872
4819:1871
4814:1870
4809:1869
4804:1868
4799:1867
4794:1866
4789:1865
4784:1864
4779:1863
4774:1862
4769:1861
4764:1860
4759:1859
4754:1858
4749:1857
4744:1856
4739:1855
4734:1854
4729:1853
4724:1852
4719:1851
4714:1850
4709:1849
4704:1848
4699:1847
4694:1846
4689:1845
4684:1844
4679:1843
4674:1842
4669:1841
4664:1840
4659:1839
4654:1838
4649:1837
4644:1836
4639:1835
4634:1834
4629:1833
4624:1832
4619:1831
4614:1830
4609:1829
4604:1828
4599:1827
4594:1826
4589:1825
4584:1824
4579:1823
4574:1822
4569:1821
4564:1820
4559:1819
4554:1818
4549:1817
4544:1816
4539:1815
4534:1814
4529:1813
4524:1812
4519:1811
4514:1810
4509:1809
4504:1808
4499:1807
4494:1806
4489:1805
4484:1804
4479:1803
4474:1802
4469:1801
4441:1800
4436:1799
4431:1798
4426:1797
4421:1796
4416:1795
4411:1794
4406:1793
4401:1792
4396:1791
4391:1790
4386:1789
4381:1788
4376:1787
4371:1786
4366:1785
4361:1784
4356:1783
4351:1782
4346:1781
4341:1780
4336:1779
4331:1778
4326:1777
4321:1776
4316:1775
4311:1774
4306:1773
4301:1772
4296:1771
4291:1770
4286:1769
4281:1768
4276:1767
4271:1766
4266:1765
4261:1764
4256:1763
4251:1762
4246:1761
4241:1760
4236:1759
4231:1758
4226:1757
4221:1756
4216:1755
4211:1754
4206:1753
4201:1752
4196:1751
4191:1750
4186:1749
4181:1748
4176:1747
4171:1746
4166:1745
4161:1744
4156:1743
4151:1742
4146:1741
4141:1740
4136:1739
4131:1738
4126:1737
4121:1736
4116:1735
4111:1734
4106:1733
4101:1732
4096:1731
4091:1730
4086:1729
4081:1728
4076:1727
4071:1726
4066:1725
4061:1724
4056:1723
4051:1722
4046:1721
4041:1720
4036:1719
4031:1718
4026:1717
4021:1716
4016:1715
4011:1714
4006:1713
4001:1712
3996:1711
3991:1710
3986:1709
3981:1708
3976:1707
3971:1706
3966:1705
3961:1704
3956:1703
3951:1702
3946:1701
3918:1700
3913:1699
3908:1698
3903:1697
3898:1696
3893:1695
3888:1694
3883:1693
3878:1692
3873:1691
3868:1690
3863:1689
3858:1688
3853:1687
3848:1686
3843:1685
3838:1684
3833:1683
3828:1682
3823:1681
3818:1680
3813:1679
3808:1678
3803:1677
3798:1676
3793:1675
3788:1674
3783:1673
3778:1672
3773:1671
3768:1670
3763:1669
3758:1668
3753:1667
3748:1666
3743:1665
3738:1664
3733:1663
3728:1662
3723:1661
3718:1660
3713:1659
3708:1658
3703:1657
3698:1656
3693:1655
3688:1654
3683:1653
3678:1652
3673:1651
3668:1650
3663:1649
3658:1648
3653:1647
3648:1646
3643:1645
3638:1644
3633:1643
3628:1642
3623:1641
3618:1640
3613:1639
3608:1638
3603:1637
3598:1636
3593:1635
3588:1634
3583:1633
3578:1632
3573:1631
3568:1630
3563:1629
3558:1628
3553:1627
3548:1626
3543:1625
3538:1624
3533:1623
3528:1622
3523:1621
3518:1620
3513:1619
3508:1618
3503:1617
3498:1616
3493:1615
3488:1614
3483:1613
3478:1612
3473:1611
3468:1610
3463:1609
3458:1608
3453:1607
3448:1606
3443:1605
3438:1604
3433:1603
3428:1602
3423:1601
3395:1600
3390:1599
3385:1598
3380:1597
3375:1596
3370:1595
3365:1594
3360:1593
3355:1592
3350:1591
3345:1590
3340:1589
3335:1588
3330:1587
3325:1586
3320:1585
3315:1584
3310:1583
3305:1582
3300:1581
3295:1580
3290:1579
3285:1578
3280:1577
3275:1576
3270:1575
3265:1574
3260:1573
3255:1572
3250:1571
3245:1570
3240:1569
3235:1568
3230:1567
3225:1566
3220:1565
3215:1564
3210:1563
3205:1562
3200:1561
3195:1560
3190:1559
3185:1558
3180:1557
3175:1556
3170:1555
3165:1554
3160:1553
3155:1552
3150:1551
3145:1550
3140:1549
3135:1548
3130:1547
3125:1546
3120:1545
3115:1544
3110:1543
3105:1542
3100:1541
3095:1540
3090:1539
3085:1538
3080:1537
3075:1536
3070:1535
3065:1534
3060:1533
3055:1532
3050:1531
3045:1530
3040:1529
3035:1528
3030:1527
3025:1526
3020:1525
3015:1524
3010:1523
3005:1522
3000:1521
2995:1520
2990:1519
2985:1518
2980:1517
2975:1516
2970:1515
2965:1514
2960:1513
2955:1512
2950:1511
2945:1510
2940:1509
2935:1508
2930:1507
2925:1506
2920:1505
2915:1504
2910:1503
2905:1502
2900:1501
2872:1500
2687:1139
2494:Flag
2243:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2083:SVEC
2068:ISBN
2042:2022
1993:2019
1929:ISBN
1883:OCLC
1873:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1752:ISSN
1714:2014
1634:2018
1580:2015
1433:2021
1411:2021
1345:2020
1319:2021
1231:NOAA
1081:1755
1073:1751
796:The
769:The
708:and
553:The
485:hit
477:and
444:NOAA
351:Faro
278:and
254:1531
201:The
172:Max.
130:11°W
127:36°N
6064:Law
2656:in
2321:pdf
2279:doi
2267:110
2198:."
2012:doi
1963:doi
1921:doi
1744:doi
1465:doi
1282:doi
1270:110
1235:doi
1100:'s
1045:ode
902:" (
898:of
789:in
6843::
2425:–
2339:16
2323:).
2311:,
2285:,
2277:,
2265:,
2209:.
2032:.
1984:.
1961:.
1927:.
1881:.
1780:.
1758:.
1750:.
1740:69
1738:.
1734:.
1722:^
1665:.
1596:.
1565:.
1540:.
1530:.
1520:^
1473:,
1463:,
1453:49
1402:.
1367:.
1335:.
1310:.
1288:.
1280:.
1268:.
1233:,
1229:,
1201:.
1190:^
1075:.
1067:,
970:.
828:.
724:A
617:,
597:,
426:.
401:,
369:,
365:,
282:.
6435:e
6428:t
6421:v
5668:e
5661:t
5654:v
2646:e
2639:t
2632:v
2455:e
2448:t
2441:v
2387:)
2379:(
2374:)
2343:)
2336:(
2281::
2273::
2142:.
2124:.
2081:(
2044:.
2018:.
2014::
1995:.
1969:.
1965::
1937:.
1923::
1889:.
1854:.
1766:.
1746::
1716:.
1651:.
1636:.
1582:.
1467::
1459::
1435:.
1413:.
1347:.
1321:.
1296:.
1284::
1276::
1237::
781:(
184:)
110:w
108:M
89:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
