Ebionites - Knowledge

2522:; p. 137: "Following the devastation of the Jewish War, the Nazarenes took refuge in Pella, a community in exile, where they lay in anxious wait with their fellow Jews. From this point on it is preferable to call them the Ebionites. There was no clear demarcation or formal transition from Nazarene to Ebionite; there was no sudden change of theology or Christology."; p. 137: "While the writings of later church fathers speak of Nazarenes and Ebionites as if they were different Jewish Christian groups, they are mistaken in that assessment. The Nazarenes and the Ebionites were one and the same group, but for clarity we will refer to the pre-70 group in Jerusalem as Nazarenes, and the post-70 group in Pella and elsewhere as Ebionites." 5484: 58: 3910:. Terms like 'Bishop of the Jerusalem Church' or 'Leader of the Jerusalem Community' are of little actual moment at this point, because from the 40s to the 60s CE, when James held sway in Jerusalem, there really were no other centres of any importance." p. 156: "there can be little doubt that 'the Poor' was the name for James' Community in Jerusalem or that Community descended from it in the East in the next two-three centuries, 4156:

the historical plausibility of this: 1. The name 'Ebionites' might be the term this group used to denote themselves. 2. Hostility to Paul in the Christian sphere before 70 is attested above all in groups which come from Jerusalem. 3. The same is true of observance of the law culminating in circumcision. 4. The direction of prayer towards Jerusalem makes the derivation of the Ebionites from there probable.

5761: 401: 389: 4357:" declare that he was a Greek He went up to Jerusalem, they say, and when he had spent some time there, he was seized with a passion to marry the daughter of the priest. For this reason he became a proselyte and was circumcised. Then, when he failed to get the girl, he flew into a rage and wrote against circumcision and against the sabbath and the Law." Epiphanius of Salamis, 754: 1028:. Many of the Jewish Christians residing at Pella renounced their Jewish practices at this time and joined the mainstream Christian church. Those who remained at Pella and continued in obedience to the Law were labeled heretics. In 375, Epiphanius records the settlement of Ebionites on Cyprus, but by the fifth century, 3694:

That there were two different views among the Ebionites as to the birth of Christ is stated frequently by Origen (cf. e.g. Contra Celsum V. 61), but there was unanimity in the denial of his pre-existence and essential divinity, and this constituted the essence of the heresy in the eyes of the Fathers

2118:

Thus we have a paradox of world-historical proportions, viz., the fact that Jewish Christianity indeed disappeared within the Christian church, but was preserved in Islam and thereby extended some of its basic ideas even to our own day. According to Islamic doctrine, the Ebionite combination of Moses

4155:

Since there is a good century between the end of the Jerusalem community and the writing down of the report quoted above (by Irenaeus), of course reasons must be given why the group of Ebionites should be seen as an offshoot of the Jerusalem community. The following considerations tell in favor of

2959:

Some scholars see the title present already in Paul's references to a collection for the "poor" in Jerusalem (Gal.1:10). But in Rom.15:26 Paul distinguishes this sect from the other Jerusalem believers by speaking of "the poor among the saints." In 2 Cor.9:12 Paul further confirms the economic, or

2697:

Antti Marjanen, Petri Luomanen "A companion to second-century Christian "heretics" p250 "It is interesting to note that the Ebionites first appear in the catalogues in the latter half of the second century. The earliest reference to the Ebionites was included in a catalogue used by Irenaeus in his

4956:

Those who accepted the virginal birth seem to have had more exalted views concerning Christ and, besides observing the Sabbath, to have kept the Sunday as a memorial of His Resurrection. The milder sort of Ebionites were probably fewer and less important than their stricter brethren, because the

3713:

citing E.H.3.27.3 "There were others, however, besides them, that were of the same name, that avoided the strange and absurd beliefs of the former, and did not deny that the Lord was born of a virgin and of the Holy Spirit. But nevertheless, inasmuch as they also refused to acknowledge that he

1218:

influence on the nascent Jewish Christian church in some organizational, administrative and cultic respects, some scholars go beyond that assumption. Regarding the Ebionites specifically, a number of scholars have different theories on how the Ebionites may have developed from an Essene

4766:

that Symmachus was an Ebionite based on his commentaries on certain passages in the Hebrew Scriptures. E.g., Eusebius mentions Isa 7:14 where Symmachus reads "young woman" based on the Hebrew text rather than "virgin" as in the LXX, and he interprets this commentary as attacking the

1840:

was never used by anyone in the early church. Epiphanius contended that the gospel the Ebionites used was written by Matthew and called the "Gospel of the Hebrews". Because Epiphanius said that it was "not wholly complete, but falsified and mutilated", writers such as

1023:

by both Jews and Christians. However, Maccoby's views expressed in his works from the 1980s and ’90s have been almost universally rejected by scholars. Following the defeat of the rebellion and the expulsion of Jews from Judea, Jerusalem became the Gentile city of

4159:

p. 56: "therefore, it seems that we should conclude that Justin's Jewish Christians are a historical connecting link between the Jewish Christianity of Jerusalem before the year 70 and the Jewish Christian communities summed up in Irenaeus' account of the

2171:

misrepresenting itself as Judaism. In 2007, some Messianic commentators expressed concern over a possible existential crisis for the Messianic movement in Israel due to a resurgence of Ebionitism, specifically the problem of Israeli Messianic leaders

3527:

102, 103 Probably the most interesting of the changes from the familiar New Testament accounts of Jesus comes in the Gospel of the Ebionites description of John the Baptist, who, evidently, like his successor Jesus, maintained a strictly vegetarian

1932:(R 1.33–71), "There is, in fact, no section of the Clementine literature about whose origin in Jewish Christianity one may be more certain". Despite this assertion, he expresses reservations that the material is genuinely Ebionite in origin. 5483: 4257:

We may now assert quite confidently that the self-consciously low christology of the later Jewish sect known as the Ebionites does not, as has sometimes been asserted, go back to James and his circle in the early Jerusalem

1035:

The Ebionites are still attested, if as marginal communities, down to the 7th century. Some modern scholars argue that the Ebionites survived much longer and identify them with a sect encountered by the historian

4131: 3734:

Irenaeus wrote that these Ebionites used the Gospel of Matthew, which explains Theodoret's remark. Unlike Eusebius, he did not link Irenaeus' reference to Matthew with Origen's remarks about the 'Gospel of the

5218: 4685:, VI, xvii: "As to these translators it should be stated that Symmachus was an Ebionite. But the heresy of the Ebionites, as it is called, asserts that Christ was the son of Joseph and Mary, considering him a 4689:, and insists strongly on keeping the law in a Jewish manner, as we have seen already in this history. Commentaries of Symmachus are still extant in which he appears to support this heresy by attacking the 3714:

pre-existed, being God, Word, and Wisdom, they turned aside into the impiety of the former, especially when they, like them, endeavored to observe strictly the bodily worship of the law." Also source text

3756:

Theodoret describes two groups of Ebionites on the basis of their view of the virgin birth. Those who deny the virgin birth use the Gospel of the Hebrews; those who accept it use the Gospel of Matthew.

1900:. They are specifically referenced by Epiphanius in his polemic against the Ebionites. The first-named books are substantially contained in the Homilies of Clement under the title of Clement's 4693:. Origen states that he obtained these and other commentaries of Symmachus on the Scriptures from a certain Juliana, who, he says, received the books by inheritance from Symmachus himself."; 4115:

So the 'Ebionite' Christology, which we found first described in Irenaeus about 180 is not the invention of the late second century. It was the creed of the Jerusalem Church from early times.

4957:

denial of the virgin birth was commonly attributed to all. (Origen, Horn. in Luc., xvii.) St. Epiphanius calls the more heretical section Ebionites, and the more Catholic-minded, Nazarenes.

1231:

may be the source of some Ebionites adopting Essene views and practices, while some conclude that the Essenes did not become Jewish Christians, but still had an influence on the Ebionites.

3602: 1989:

which he claimed to be the revelation which a righteous man, Elchasai, had received from an angel, though Hippolytus suspected that Alcibiades was himself the author. Shortly afterwards,

5791: 3174: 5211: 3646:

And when he had been brought to Archelaus and the doctors of the Law had assembled, they asked him who he is and where he has been until then. And to this he made answer and spake:

2110:, the prophet of Islam, was likely to have encountered on the Arabian peninsula "was not the state religion of Byzantium but a schismatic Christianity characterized by Ebionite and 2733:"Philip Schaff: ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second - Christian Classics Ethereal Library" 2152: 1761:

in origin and reflect Jewish Christian beliefs. The exact relationship between the Ebionites and these writings is debated, but Epiphanius's description of some Ebionites in

1417:

3.27.3) recognize some variation in the Christology of Ebionite sects; for example, that while all Ebionites denied Jesus' pre-existence, there was a sub-sect which did not

4794:

The Revelation of Elchasai: Investigations into the Evidence for a Mesopotamian Jewish Apocalypse of the Second Century and its Reception by Judeo-Christian Propagandists

830:, denouncing eighty heretical sects, among them the Ebionites. Epiphanius mostly gives general descriptions of their religious beliefs and includes quotations from their 5204: 2100:

may conflict with the view of most Ebionites regarding the virgin birth, with Muslims affirming and Ebionites denying, according to Epiphanius and other church fathers.

1425:, while dependent on earlier writers, draws the conclusion that the two sub-sects would have used different gospels. The Ebionites may have used only some or all of the 5081:

The Doubt of the Apostles and the Resurrection Faith of the Early Church: The Post-resurrection Appearance Stories of the Gospels in Ancient Reception and Modern Debate

850:

talks of his collection for the "poor among the saints" in the Jerusalem church, but this is generally taken as meaning the poorer members of the church rather than a

838:" (70 CE). The tentative dating of the origins of this sect depends on Epiphanius writing three centuries later and relying on information for the Ebionites from the 4928: 2707:

Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 2000 p. 364 "EBIONITES Name for Jewish Christians first witnessed in Irenaeus (Adv. haer. 1.26.2; Gk. ebionaioi) ca. 180 ce".

4807: 1701: 246: 4842:: "Epiphanius deviates so strikingly from Hippolytus' account of the heresy of Alcibiades that we cannot possibly assume that he is dependent on the Refutation." 885:

or other views rejected by the Ebionites. Epiphanius, however, mentions that a sect of Ebionites came to embrace some of these views despite keeping their name.

432: 5796: 1509:

for the cause of ending the Temple sacrificial system in order to establish a non-transactional and self-transformational form of worship based on authentic

57: 5009: 2303: 3180: 1342:

diet and what they took to be the original form of worship. In this view, the Ebionites had an interest in reviving the traditions inspired by pre-

5811: 5231: 2241: 655:

sects, as well as the tendency of patristic polemicists to conflate different sects and misattribute unusual views and practices, more typical of

514:

Since historical records by the Ebionites are scarce, fragmentary and disputed, much of what is known or conjectured about them derives from the

3141: 1789:

overlay, may have been based upon an Ebionite or gnostic document. The existence and origin of this source continues to be debated by scholars.

4450:"Those who are called Ebionites accept that God made the world. However, their opinions with respect to the Lord are quite similar to those of 1625:, argue for some form of continuity of the Jerusalem church into the second and third centuries and that the Ebionites regarded James as their 1301:). This emendation is not found in any other New Testament manuscript or translation, though a different vegetarian reading is found in a late 241: 5826: 5801: 5153: 5097: 4887: 4755: 4342: 4314: 4207: 4079: 3939: 3672: 3639: 3612: 3270: 3099: 2647: 2551: 2512: 2398: 2360: 2206: 5127:

A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies

5693: 4038:- in our view, James and his Community, pointedly referred to in the early Church literature, as will by now have become crystal clear, as 3054: 709:

wrote "for Ebion signifies 'poor' among the Jews, and those Jews who have received Jesus as Christ are called by the name of Ebionites."

5816: 5458: 1418: 2568: 2467: 1485:

According to Epiphanius alone, the Ebionites believed Jesus' mission as prophet and reformer included proclaiming the abolishment of

1338:, however, argues that Ebionite disdain for eating meat and the Temple sacrifice of animals is due to their preference for the ideal 725:

as 'followers of Ebion', a derivation now considered mistaken for lack of any more substantial references to such a figure. The term

5134: 4912: 4630: 4235: 4179: 4141: 4108: 3866: 3784: 3557: 3504: 3479: 3454: 3188: 3124: 2960:

literal, aspect by speaking of the collection as making up for "the deficiencies of the saints". E. Stanley Jones, '"Ebionites", in

2804: 2613: 2450: 2423: 425: 221: 1997:, with the same beliefs. Epiphanius claimed the Ebionites also used this book as a source for some of their beliefs and practices ( 1040:

around the year 1000. There is another possible reference to Ebionite communities existing around the 11th century in northwestern

5040: 3511:

The vegetarianism of John the Baptist and of Jesus is an important issue too in the Ebionite interpretation of the Christian life.

834:, which have not survived. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Ebionite movement "may have arisen about the time of the 5713: 1664:, Bauckham and others suggest immediate successors to the Jerusalem church under James and the other relatives of Jesus were the 892:

remains obscure and a matter of contention. There is no evidence linking the origin of the later sect of the Ebionites with the

5821: 5670: 2196: 1908:

attributed to Clement. They form an early Christian didactic fiction to express Jewish Christian views, such as the primacy of

1196: 882: 695: 2139:, counters that there is no evidence that the Ebionites remained until the 7th century, much less that they had a presence in 5786: 4541:

They too accept the Matthew's gospel, and like the followers of Cerinthus and Merinthus, they use it alone. They call it the

3392:

Syrian Christians, A Brief History of the Catholic Church of St. George in Milwaukee, Wis. And a Sketch of the Eastern Church

3288:, 8.10., "and with regard to the Spirit, such as the Ebionites, who contend that the prophets spoke only by their own power". 861:

accounts in their attempt to distinguish various sects sometimes confuse them with each other. Other sects mentioned are the

627:

However, the Church Fathers diverge on details regarding some specific Ebionite views about Jesus (the nature and mission of

3774: 1315:. Pines and other modern scholars propose that the Ebionites were projecting their own vegetarianism onto John the Baptist. 5227: 4725: 4699: 3117:

The fall of Jerusalem and the Christian church: A study of the effects of the Jewish overthrow of A. D. 70 on Christianity

2934:

A Critical Investigation of Epiphanius' Knowledge of the Ebionites: A Translation and Critical Discussion of 'Panarion' 30

2054: 1693: 1546: 1479: 988: 889: 671: 508: 236: 96: 1426: 932:

for refusing to recognize his messianic claims. As late as Epiphanius (310–403), members of the Ebionite sect resided in

640: 600:

According to these patristic sources, the Ebionites insisted on the necessity of following both the Law of Moses and the

283: 1827: 1494: 888:

As the Ebionites are first mentioned as such in the second century, their earlier history and any relation to the first

418: 226: 41: 3390: 5535: 2848: 2261: 2038: 1657: 1363: 1079:. Some scholars propose that interactions between Ebionite communities and early Muslims played a role in shaping the 554: 984: 3303:"'I Have Come to Abolish Sacrifices' (Epiphanius, Pan. 30.16.5): Re-examining a Jewish Christian Text and Tradition" 5177: 4834: 1323: 1120: 670:" is both ironic and tragic, since many Ebionite views may have been closer to the authentic views of not only the 1474:, as well as potential converts from all Gentile nations, to repent and follow both the Law of Moses and the 5017: 4681: 2093: 1747:

No writings of the Ebionites have survived outside of a few quotes by others and they are in uncertain form. The

1618: 1490: 1413: 1160: 1020: 648: 166: 5146:

How Jesus Became Christian - The early Christians and the transformation of a Jewish teacher into the Son of God

1849:

consider it a different "edition" of Matthew's Hebrew Gospel; however, internal evidence from the quotations in

5404: 5196: 2191: 2029:

The mainstream Christian view of the Ebionites is partly based on interpretation of the polemical views of the

1347: 2980: 1595: 4223: 3219: 2226: 2211: 1909: 1881: 1861: 1836: 1697: 1584: 1576: 1542: 1467: 1371: 1241: 1228: 1064: 1037: 925: 897: 835: 788:

but do not require its observance upon others and those who believe the Mosaic Law to be obligatory on all.

644: 605: 562: 362: 300: 290: 31: 3859:

James the brother of Jesus: the key to unlocking the secrets of early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls

5765: 5708: 2221: 1950: 1842: 1518: 1387: 1136: 893: 111: 2012:

19.2.1). Scholar Petri Luomanen believes the book to have been written originally in Aramaic as a Jewish

1187:. The reliability of Epiphanius' account of the Ebionites is questioned by some scholars. Modern scholar 5740: 4950: 4435: 3902:

James, Brother of Jesus: The key to unlocking the secrets of early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls

2201: 2097: 2092:

and thus shared Islamic views about Jesus' humanity and also rejected classic and objective theories of

1885: 1865: 1815: 1757:, two third century Christian works, are regarded by general scholarly consensus as largely or entirely 1748: 1736: 1732: 1526: 1510: 1375: 1289: 1265: 1140: 1113: 1076: 1015:

ending in 136 C.E., the Ebionites gradually lost influence and followers. Some modern scholars, such as

817: 733:) was still used in its original, more general sense. Modern Hebrew still uses the Biblical Hebrew term 578: 566: 539: 460: 357: 312: 295: 79: 1824: 1600: 5185: 4857:

The theology of Jewish Christianity: The Development of Christian doctrine before the Council of Nicea

3149: 3087: 1567:

literature are related to the Ebionites. The other popularly proposed connection is that mentioned by

5688: 4676: 3442: 2256: 2168: 2103: 2058: 1982: 1925: 1810: 1626: 1502: 1498: 1250: 1224: 1211: 1172: 1147:, which claimed that Jesus and the Christ are two different beings, and, therefore, the Christ is an 1128: 1011:

without competition from Jewish Christian sects. Once the Jerusalem church was eliminated during the

1004: 776: 656: 519: 352: 4271: 4186:

A connection between early Jerusalem Christianity (the Hebrews) and the later Ebionites is probable.

1362:

The Church Fathers agree that most or all of the Ebionites rejected many of the precepts central to

5831: 5806: 5600: 5580: 5369: 5307: 5240: 4789: 3495:

J Verheyden (2003). "Epiphanius on the Ebionites". In Peter J. Tomson; Doris Lambers-Petry (eds.).

2088:. Paul Addae and Tim Bowes write that the Ebionites were faithful to the original teachings of the 1728: 1475: 1471: 1343: 1200: 1132: 992: 921: 801: 601: 405: 201: 106: 49: 5109:

A Religious Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology

4086:

The fact that he became the head of the Jerusalem church is something which is generally accepted.

2757:

A Religious Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology

1715:

Epiphanius relates that the Ebionites opposed Paul, who they saw as responsible for the idea that

857:

The actual number of sects described as Ebionites is difficult to ascertain, as the contradictory

770:

The earliest reference to a sect that might fit the description of the later Ebionites appears in

4922: 4801: 4598: 4069: 3812: 3371: 3363: 3324: 1978: 1781: 1716: 1459: 1052: 594: 4228:

Unity and Diversity in the New Testament: an inquiry into the character of earliest Christianity

1075:

who accepted Jesus as a prophetic figure and followed traditional Judaism, rejecting mainstream

30:

This article is about the early Jewish Christian sect. For the gospel associated with them, see

2478: 1970:, III, 1). The identity of Symmachus as an Ebionite has been questioned in recent scholarship. 5613: 5540: 5275: 5149: 5130: 5093: 4908: 4883: 4860: 4751: 4626: 4338: 4310: 4304: 4231: 4203: 4175: 4137: 4104: 4075: 3935: 3862: 3780: 3715: 3668: 3635: 3608: 3553: 3526: 3500: 3475: 3450: 3266: 3260: 3184: 3120: 3095: 3083: 3060: 3050: 2800: 2680: 2643: 2609: 2547: 2541: 2508: 2446: 2419: 2414: 2394: 2388: 2356: 2350: 2323: 2160: 1805: 1758: 1661: 1641: 1564: 1444: 1439: 1302: 1220: 1148: 1012: 550: 342: 271: 171: 4622: 4616: 3931: 3925: 3662: 3549: 3543: 5745: 5468: 4994: 4852: 4590: 3355: 3314: 2576: 2156: 2136: 2089: 2050: 2002: 1986: 1820: 1685: 1669: 1633: 1559: 1452: 1448: 1246: 1180: 1156: 1025: 847: 840: 781: 675: 613: 488: 367: 322: 276: 116: 86: 5171: 5044: 3246:

Jewish Christianity: Factional Disputes in the Early Church. Translation Douglas R. A. Hare

5446: 5436: 5188:(archived website of a modern Ebionite revival group founded by Shemayah Phillips in 1985) 4743: 3897: 3854: 2246: 1709: 1665: 1610: 1591: 1568: 1311: 996: 909: 905: 874: 809: 652: 543: 146: 4968: 2732: 2297: 2132: 1775:. Scholar Glenn Alan Koch speculates that Epiphanius likely relied upon a version of the 4462:

only, and repudiate the Apostle Paul, maintaining that he was an apostate from the Law."

2159:

favorably mentions the historical Ebionites in their literature in order to argue that "

5703: 5680: 5510: 5473: 5357: 5337: 5302: 5295: 4686: 4578: 4330: 4255:. By Bruce Chilton; Jacob Neusner. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 100–137, 135. 3539: 3038: 2537: 2266: 2164: 2030: 1854: 1846: 1530: 1514: 1379: 1318:

The strict vegetarianism of the Ebionites may have been a reaction to the cessation of

1278: 1254: 1080: 1046: 570: 523: 449: 393: 101: 4903:

Abdulhaq al-Ashanti & Abdur-Rahmaan Bowes (Paul Addae and Tim Bowes 1998) (2005).

2676:

The Jewish Christians Of The Early Centuries Of Christianity According To A New Source

1501:

of the sins of Israelites or mankind. The Ebionites appear to have believed Jesus was

662:

Some modern critical scholars argue the Church Fathers' condemnation of Ebionites as "

5780: 5643: 5608: 5453: 5416: 5411: 5394: 5374: 5268: 4390: 4127: 3803:

Viljoen, Francois (2006). "Jesus' Teaching on the Torah in the Sermon on the Mount".

3375: 3328: 3170: 2292: 2111: 1792: 1689: 1614: 1554: 1407: 1391: 1164: 862: 771: 621: 617: 582: 4944: 4429: 3629: 549:

The Church Fathers generally agree on key points about the Ebionites, such as their

5733: 5618: 5520: 5463: 5426: 5389: 5332: 5253: 2670: 2601: 2271: 2216: 2046: 2042: 1941: 1731:. Epiphanius further relates that some Ebionites alleged that Paul was a Greek who 1724: 1720: 1434: 1395: 1383: 1339: 1188: 1097: 1016: 1008: 917: 785: 636: 586: 574: 542:— who saw the Ebionites as distinct from other Jewish Christian sects, such as the 176: 3017: 3906:

E.g. p. 154: "As presented by Paul, James is the Leader of the early Church

2674: 495:, whose name may have been taken from the first group of people mentioned in the 5723: 5663: 5653: 5633: 5623: 5590: 5492: 5441: 5431: 5327: 5263: 5248: 4455: 4371: 3648:

I am pure; the Spirit of God hath led me on, and cane and roots and tree-food.

2383: 2186: 1945: 1917: 1692:". The Ebionites may have been spiritual and physical descendants of the "super- 1649: 1645: 1637: 1622: 1606: 1550: 1463: 1399: 1367: 1335: 1152: 1144: 1124: 1096:

Most patristic sources portray the Ebionites as Jews who zealously followed the

968: 821: 628: 609: 590: 558: 91: 5760: 5072:

The Lost Religion of Jesus: Simple Living and Nonviolence in Early Christianity

3423: 2858: 2854: 1557:. One of the popular primary connections of the Ebionites to James is that the 5728: 5648: 5560: 5555: 5530: 5525: 5505: 5500: 5399: 5384: 5379: 5364: 5352: 5322: 4705: 4484: 4479: 3319: 3302: 3206:

The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary

3064: 3046: 2391:: The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity 2081: 2073: 2057:

which broke away from its proto-orthodox theology possibly in reaction to the

2013: 1994: 1921: 1204: 1109: 972: 953: 929: 878: 870: 714: 710: 496: 492: 231: 141: 4568:, reprinted print on demand Read Books, 2010. Vol. 1, pp. 419–422. 4545:, for in truth Matthew alone in the New Testament expounded and declared the 3861:. Penguin Books. pp. 36–7, 156, 224, 432, 495, 566, 674, 744, 781, 941. 3497:

The image of the Judaeo-Christians in ancient Jewish and Christian literature

2873: 2824: 608:

as an exemplar of righteousness and the true successor to Jesus (rather than

5718: 5698: 5658: 5638: 5628: 5585: 5575: 5570: 5545: 5515: 5421: 5342: 5280: 4730: 4451: 4276: 3960:, himself considered (even in early Christian accounts) to be the leader of 3776:

The Image of the Judeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature

3396: 3010:

29,7,7-8; 30, 2, 7; On Weights and Measures 15. On the flight to Pella see:

2946:

Hakkinen, Sakara. "Ebionites," in Marjanen, Antti, and Petri Luomanen, eds.

2684: 2251: 2236: 1430: 1422: 1227:

argues that the conversion of some Essenes to Jewish Christianity after the

1192: 1184: 1101: 1029: 866: 858: 797: 758: 667: 632: 400: 372: 196: 4003:) whom God chose as Heirs to the Kingdom He promised to those that love Him 2679:. Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities II, No. 13. 2543:

Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

1868:, generally refer to the text Jerome cites as used by the Ebionites as the 5041:"You Foolish Galatians, Who Bewitched You? A Crisis in Messianic Judaism?" 3690:

A select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church

3447:

The Ascents of James: History and Theology of a Jewish-Christian Community

1948:, which was used by Jerome and is still extant in fragments, and his lost 1119:

Some Church Fathers describe some Ebionites as departing from traditional

753: 5565: 5550: 5317: 5290: 5285: 5258: 4517:, reprinted print on demand BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. pp. 1–81. 3811:(1). Neotestamenica / New Testament Society of Southern Africa: 135–155. 2911: 2173: 2107: 1913: 1763: 1653: 1572: 1306: 1176: 901: 826: 789: 691: 535: 527: 504: 4565:

Supernatural Religion - An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation

3816: 3779:. Brill, Peter J. Tomson and Doris Lambers-Petry eds. pp. 162–181. 3752:

Jewish Ways of Following Jesus: Redrawing the Religious Map of Antiquity

1779:

as a source document. Some scholars also speculate that the core of the

17: 5347: 4864: 4602: 4581:(1940). "A Proto-Lukan Basis for the Gospel According to the Hebrews". 2620: 2307:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 842. 2231: 2077: 1705: 1636:, hold that James and his circle in the early Jerusalem church held a " 1105: 933: 515: 317: 4335:

How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee

3367: 3224:

The Book of Religious and Philosophical Sects, William Cureton edition

1830:

claim that there was only one Hebrew gospel in circulation, Matthew's

651:, etc.). These variations reflect the esoteric and evolving nature of 4720: 4694: 2034: 1990: 1673: 1580: 1506: 1497:. Consequently, they did not believe Jesus suffered and died for the 1486: 1327: 1319: 1294: 1270: 1215: 1168: 1068: 1041: 1000: 961: 945: 937: 913: 908:, that the early Christians left Jerusalem just prior to the war and 851: 805: 706: 663: 531: 473: 465: 347: 5125:

J. M. Fuller (1999). "Ebionism and Ebionites". In Henry Wace (ed.).

4594: 3343: 1055:, a rabbi from Spain. These communities were located in two cities, 1019:, argue the decline of the Ebionites was due to marginalization and 3359: 3013: 5170: 3545:

Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament

3014:"The Jewish Christians' Move from Jerusalem as a pragmatic choice" 2140: 2069: 2001:

30.17). Epiphanius explains the origin of the name Elchasai to be

1786: 1672:

as an "apostle to the Gentiles", while the Ebionites were a later

1331: 1072: 1060: 1056: 949: 752: 742: 721:; scholars believe he derived this name from a literal reading of 718: 500: 74: 4499:

The Hebrew Gospel & the Development of the Synoptic Tradition

3572:

30.13, "And his food, it says, was wild honey whose taste was of

2049:. In this view, the Ebionites may have been the descendants of a 1437:. However, Irenaeus reports that they only used a version of the 4991:

The Jewish Response to Missionaries: Counter-Missionary Handbook

4943: 4796:. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 8. Tubingen. p. 216. 4428: 3631:

Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandæan John-Book

2296: 2085: 2041:

views of Jesus and allegedly having an improper fixation on the

1860:

Mainstream scholarly texts, such as the standard edition of the

1522: 1351: 1195:

views and practices he ascribes to some Ebionites originated in

957: 941: 5200: 1466:

18:15-19. They believed he came to call all descendants of the

1207:

sect, which Epiphanius mistakenly attributed to the Ebionites.

973:

gnostic movements widespread in Syria and the lands to the east

1253:. Epiphanius states that the Ebionites had amended "locusts" ( 4532:, reprinted Vol. II, Kessinger Publishing, 2006. p. 576. 2519:

In fact, the Ebionites and the Nazarenes are one and the same

1478:

in order to become righteous and merit entry into the coming

1282: 1258: 920:, but does not connect this with Ebionites. They were led by 453: 5116:

Goranson, Stephen (1992). "Ebionites". In D Freedman (ed.).

1541:

Some of the Church Fathers argue that the Ebionites revered

928:

of 115–117, they were persecuted by the Jewish followers of

844:, which may not have had anything to do with the Ebionites. 1462:

in the mold of a new "prophet like Moses" foretold in

487:, meaning 'the poor' or 'poor ones') as a term refers to a 4200:

The Blessing of Africa: The Bible and African Christianity

4172:

Just James - The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition

2468:"The Virgin Birth — An Inquiry into the Biblical Doctrine" 2436: 2434: 2432: 1175:

and celebrated a commemorative meal annually on or around

1135:

spoke only by their own power and not by the power of the

820:(c. 310–320 – 403) gives the most complete account in his 659:

than Jewish Christianity, to Ebionites to discredit them.

1872:, though this is not a term current in the early church. 1032:

reported that they were no longer present in the region.

5191: 5107:

G. Uhlhorn (1894). "Ebionites". In Philip Schaff (ed.).

4376:

Nazarenus, or Jewish, Gentile and Mahometan Christianity

3773:

Richard Bauckham (2003). "The Origin of the Ebionites".

3728:

Albertus Frederik Johannes Klijn, G. J. Reinink (1973).

3262:

Ancient Christian commentary on Scripture: New Testament

1521:

of the dead, while embracing a belief in immortal human

4621:. Polebridge Press, Robert J. Miller ed. 1994. p. 3088:"Chapter VI. The Christianity of the Jewish Christians" 1656:

that the Jewish Jerusalem church gradually adopted the

4977:

The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam

5228:

Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church

3313:. New Testament Studies, Volume 63, Issue 1: 92–110. 2606:

The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity

569:; they argue the Ebionites believed that Jesus was a 4253:

The brother of Jesus: James the Just and his mission

2072:

charges Christianity with having distorted the pure

1688:, and, according to Origen, they viewed Paul as an " 1143:

stated that the Ebionites possessed a separationist

881:, most of whom were Jewish Christian sects who held 491:

sect that existed during the early centuries of the

5679: 5599: 5491: 5239: 5120:. Vol. 2. New York: Doubleday. pp. 260–1. 5010:"'Messianic' Leaders Deny Yeshua in Record Numbers" 4648:

The Gospel of Jesus: according to the Jesus Seminar

2076:of the God of Abraham through the doctrines of the 1795:classifies the Ebionite writings into four groups. 1767:30 bears a striking similarity to the ideas in the 1183:and water only, in contrast to the daily Christian 737:

both in histories of Christianity for "Ebionites" (

4905:Before Nicea: The Early Followers of Prophet Jesus 4822:A companion to second-century Christian "heretics" 3437: 3435: 3433: 3022:Studies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity 2638:Petri Luomanen (2007). Matt Jackson-McCabe (ed.). 2415:A Companion to Second-Century Christian 'Heretics' 2135:, a Palestinian Christian scholar in the field of 952:. From these places, they dispersed and went into 4101:St. Paul versus St. Peter: A Tale of Two Missions 2755:G. Uhlhorn. "Ebionites". In Philip Schaff (ed.). 1575:, where he notes that we learn from fragments of 1378:. The Ebionites are described as emphasizing the 4422: 4420: 3982:; p. 145: "For James 2:5, of course, it is 3768: 3766: 3764: 3587:Textual Apparatus of the UBS Greek New Testament 2948:A Companion to Second-Century Christian'Heretics 2633: 2631: 2629: 2355:. Oxford University Press. 2005. pp. 526–. 2345: 2343: 1853:30.13.4 and 30.13.7 suggest that the text was a 1676:of the early second century that rejected Paul. 1652:). As an alternative to the traditional view of 896:of 66–70 CE or with the Jerusalem church led by 808:(c. 212) remarks that the name derives from the 792:(c. 180) was probably the first to use the term 5111:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). pp. 684–685. 4294:Reproduced in part by permission of the author. 3798: 3796: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 2759:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). pp. 684–685. 2596: 2594: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2116: 1888:included three works known in antiquity as the 1443:, which omitted the first two chapters (on the 5792:Christianity and Judaism related controversies 4973:Islam And Oriens Christianus: Makka 610-622 Ad 4391:"Barnabas and the Gospels: Was There an Early 4133:Heretics: The Other Side of Early Christianity 3709:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J 3296: 3294: 2905: 1549:, as the true successor to Jesus (rather than 5212: 4762:Skarsaune argues that Eusebius may have only 4663:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 4501:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 121. 3730:Patristic evidence for Jewish-Christian sects 3043:Patristic Evidence for Jewish-Christian Sects 2964:Amsterdam University Press, 2000 p. 364. 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2546:. Oxford University Press. pp. 100–103. 2443:Patristic Evidence for Jewish-Christian Sects 2352:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 1579:that the Ebionites interpreted a prophecy of 836:destruction of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem 426: 8: 4839: 4750:. Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 448–450. 4665:. Oxford University Press. pp. 438–439. 4251:Richard Bauckham (2001). "James and Jesus". 3564:Referring to Epiphanius' quotation from the 3033: 3031: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2163:", as promoted by missionary groups such as 2119:and Jesus found its fulfillment in Muhammad. 1803:Irenaeus stated that the Ebionites used the 1696:" — talented and respected Jewish Christian 1324:destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in 70 CE 1131:stated that the Ebionites believed that the 1063:in Yemen. The 12th century Muslim historian 971:places some Ebionites in the context of the 741:‎) and for almsgiving to the needy at 482: 476: 4927:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4880:From the Apostolic Community to Constantine 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2571:. In Singer, Isidore; Alder, Cyrus (eds.). 1326:and a safeguard against the consumption of 5219: 5205: 5197: 4806:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4103:. John Knox Press. pp. 107–113, 134. 3707:Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1982). "Ebionites". 2750: 2748: 2746: 2176:from the belief in the divinity of Jesus. 780:(c. 155-60). Justin distinguishes between 433: 419: 36: 3318: 2982:A Dictionary of Early Christian Biography 2950:. Vol. 76. Brill, 2008, 257–278, esp. 259 2818: 2816: 1739:, but apostatized when she rejected him. 1632:Conservative Christian scholars, such as 5192:The Ebionite Home Page by Allan Cronshaw 4202:. Intervarsity Press. pp. 116–117. 4174:. Fortress Press. pp. 83–102, 229. 3176:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 2979:Henry Wace & William Piercy (1911). 1940:Symmachus produced a translation of the 1151:who was incarnated in Jesus when he was 5186:Yahad Ebyoni: Ebionite Jewish Community 4675:Symmachus' Hypomnemata is mentioned by 3664:The Apocryphal Gospels: An Introduction 3284:Excerpt from St. Methodius of Olympus, 2284: 2242:List of heresies in the Catholic Church 1902:Compendium of Peter's itinerary sermons 967:According to Harnack, the influence of 904:relates a tradition, probably based on 48: 4979:. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006. p18. 4920: 4799: 4529:The Life and Works of Flavius Josephus 3841: 3522: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 1203:and are characteristics of the Jewish 4954:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4309:. A&C Black. 2011. p. 164–. 3829: 3265:. InterVarsity Press. pp. 178–. 3142:"It's 'Kosher' To Accept Real Jesus?" 2207:Diversity in early Christian theology 2106:observes that the Christianity which 1493:himself for them through intentional 1458:The Ebionites viewed Jesus as a 1346:revelation, especially the time from 796:to name a sect he labeled heretical " 698:without making mention of Nazarenes ( 7: 5694:Community of the Lady of All Nations 4661:F.L. Cross; E.A. Livingston (1989). 4439:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2797:The Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary 2783:Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 2016:, probably in Babylonia in 116–117. 1735:in order to marry the daughter of a 1642:pre-existent angelic or divine being 1470: who had strayed from the 1167:deemed obsolete or corrupt, opposed 5797:Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus 5043:. Moriel Ministries. Archived from 4549:using Hebrew script. - Epiphanius, 4514:The Gospel according to the Hebrews 4136:. John Knox Press. pp. 52–56. 4018:and those of his followers (called 3548:. Oxford University Press. p. 3208:. Phillip Feldheim. pp. 70–72. 2608:. HarperCollins. pp. 172–183. 2020:Religious and critical perspectives 1985:, appeared in Rome teaching from a 1954:, written to counter the canonical 1104:as the holiest city and restricted 1051:the "Book of the Travels" of Rabbi 1007:, which then spread throughout the 477: 4089:From an ABC interview with author. 3449:. Society of Biblical Literature. 3024:. Leyden: Brill. pp. 107–138. 1981:reported that a Jewish Christian, 1966:mentioned by Ebed Jesu (Assemani, 1819:. From this, the minority view of 1704:— who sought to undermine Paul in 1702:mandatory circumcision of converts 1525:, the Ebionites may have believed 1402:to fulfill the Hebrew scriptures. 1003:, where it was slowly eclipsed by 643:), and their lifestyle practices ( 25: 4270:Richard Bauckham (January 1996). 3472:The Scrolls and the New Testament 2962:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, 713:was the first to write against a 507:and meriting entry in the coming 222:Split of Christianity and Judaism 5759: 5482: 4948:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 4433:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 4068:Pierre-Antoine Bernheim (1997). 3956:are also the followers of James 3607:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 19–21. 3389:Exarch Anthony J. Aneed (1919). 3301:Simon J. Joseph (January 2017). 2640:Jewish Christianity Reconsidered 2441:Klijn, AFJ; Reinink, GJ (1973). 1910:James the Just, brother of Jesus 1834:. They also note that the title 1543:James the Just, brother of Jesus 1092:Judaism, Gnosticism and Essenism 995:became dispersed throughout the 399: 387: 56: 4820:Antti Marjanen, Petri Luomanen 4563:Walter Richard Cassels (1877). 3930:. Watkins Publishing. pp. 3591:- with Peshitta, Old Latin etc. 2569:"EBIONITES (from = 'the poor')" 2197:Christianity in the 1st century 1785:, beneath a polemical medieval 1191:, for example, argues that the 1067:mentions Jews living in nearby 944:, and Kochaba in the region of 5812:Heresy in ancient Christianity 4975:. in Mark Swanson et al, eds. 4583:Journal of Biblical Literature 4527:William Whiston; H. Stebbing. 4198:Keith Augustus Burton (2007). 3667:. A&C Black. p. 52–. 3589:. United Bible Societies. 1993 3344:"The Tekmoreian Guest-Friends" 3140:Gregerman, Adam (2012-02-09). 2698:Refutation and Subversion ..." 2567:Kohler, Kaufmann (1901–1906). 1896:and a work usually titled the 1857:originally composed in Greek. 1813:wrote that they used only the 1644:) while the Ebionites held a " 1533:, rather than a physical one. 802:stubbornly clinging to the Law 761:showing the location of Pella. 604:to be righteous; they revered 1: 3886:(2008 ed.). p. 594. 3244:Hans-Joachim Schoeps (1969). 3226:. Gorgias Press. p. 167. 2936:. University of Pennsylvania. 1648:" (i.e. Jesus was a mere man 831: 699: 5827:Nontrinitarian denominations 5802:Early Jewish Christian sects 3604:The Diet of John the Baptist 2785:. Vol. 2. p. 7435. 1912:; their connection with the 1517:. Rejecting the belief in a 1295: 1271: 1081:Islamic perspective on Jesus 522:opponents, specifically the 466: 5118:The Anchor Bible Dictionary 5008:Moshe Koniuchowsky (2007). 4646:Robert Walter Funk (1999). 4399:Journal of Higher Criticism 4306:Paul and the Second Century 3750:Edwin K. Broadhead (2010). 3601:James A. Kelhoffer (2005). 3348:Journal of Hellenic Studies 2262:Proto-orthodox Christianity 1964:De distinctione præceptorum 1684:The Ebionites rejected the 1364:proto-orthodox Christianity 1249:and Jesus are portrayed as 1245:, as quoted by Epiphanius, 1229:Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE 686:The hellenized Hebrew term 631:), their use of additional 585:in perfectly following the 483: 5848: 5817:Jewish religious movements 5766:Catholic Church portal 5129:. Hendrickson Publishers. 5090:The Secret Legacy of Jesus 4882:. Crossroad. p. 155. 3661:Hans-Josef Klauck (2003). 2781:O. Cullmann. "Ebioniten". 2505:The Secret Legacy of Jesus 2037:for rejecting many of the 2008:, meaning "hidden power" ( 1916:; and their antagonism to 1283: 1259: 1121:Jewish principles of faith 573:, born the natural son of 454: 29: 5754: 5480: 4989:Bentzion Kravitz (2001). 4748:Jewish Believers in Jesus 4497:James R. Edwards (2009). 3320:10.1017/S0028688516000345 3115:Brandon, S. G. F (1968). 3012:Jonathan Bourgel (2010). 1962:is probably identical to 1400:adopted as the son of God 1394:in perfectly keeping the 1382:as the biological son of 1153:adopted as the son of God 738: 639:(one, some or all of the 591:adopted as the son of God 167:Hebrew Christian movement 4272:"The Relatives of Jesus" 4099:Michael Goulder (1995). 3987:the Poor of this world ( 3924:Robert Eisenman (2006). 3692:. p. footnote 828: 3470:Kriste Stendahl (1991). 3204:Marcus N. Adler (1907). 3041:; Reinink, G.J. (1973). 2932:Glenn Alan Koch (1976). 2393:. Simon & Schuster. 2192:Christianity and Judaism 2039:proto-orthodox Christian 2033:, who portrayed them as 1658:proto-orthodox Christian 1476:moral teachings of Jesus 1427:Jewish–Christian gospels 1390:, who, by virtue of his 1159:, engaged in excessive 987:, the importance of the 924:(d. 107) and during the 672:first disciples of Jesus 641:Jewish–Christian gospels 602:moral teachings of Jesus 581:, who, by virtue of his 555:proto-orthodox Christian 284:Jewish–Christian gospels 247:Circumcision controversy 5178:The American Cyclopædia 5144:Wilson, Barrie (2008). 4389:Blackhirst, R. (2000). 4071:James, Brother of Jesus 3566:Gospel of the Ebionites 3474:. Herder & Herder. 3259:Thomas C. Oden (2006). 3220:Muhammad al-Shahrastani 3181:Chapter 15, pp. 390–391 2910:Epiphanius of Salamis. 2328:Encyclopædia Britannica 2304:Encyclopædia Britannica 2227:History of Christianity 2212:Gospel of the Ebionites 1882:New Testament apocrypha 1870:Gospel of the Ebionites 1862:New Testament apocrypha 1837:Gospel of the Ebionites 1799:Gospel of the Ebionites 1750:Recognitions of Clement 1596:Pierre-Antoine Bernheim 1571:in his 1794 edition of 1468:Twelve Tribes of Israel 1447:) and started with the 1242:Gospel of the Ebionites 1165:denied parts of the Law 1065:Muhammad al-Shahrastani 1059:and "Tilmas", possibly 1038:Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad 926:Second Jewish-Roman War 645:religious vegetarianism 406:Christianity portal 301:Gospel of the Nazarenes 291:Gospel of the Ebionites 237:Christian anti-semitism 32:Gospel of the Ebionites 5822:Nature of Jesus Christ 5088:Butz, Jeffrey (2010). 4477:Eusebius of Caesarea, 3927:The New Testament Code 3286:Symposium on Virginity 2222:Heresy in Christianity 2130: 2124:Hans Joachim Schoeps, 2053:sect within the early 2045:at the expense of the 1843:Walter Richard Cassels 1519:universal resurrection 1414:Historia Ecclesiastica 985:First Jewish–Roman War 894:First Jewish-Roman War 762: 5787:Christian terminology 5741:Positive Christianity 5079:Atkins, J.D. (2019). 5070:Akers, Keith (2000). 5039:James Prasch (2007). 4951:Catholic Encyclopedia 4942:J.P Arendzen (1909). 4543:Gospel of the Hebrews 4436:Catholic Encyclopedia 4427:J.P Arendzen (1909). 4170:John Painter (1999). 4013:the Righteous Teacher 3307:New Testament Studies 3006:3, 5, 3; Epiphanius, 2503:Jeffrey Butz (2010). 2202:Conversion to Judaism 2098:Islamic view of Jesus 2061:compromise of 50 CE. 1993:recorded a sect, the 1958:. Although lost, the 1914:episcopal see of Rome 1886:Clementine literature 1876:Clementine literature 1866:Wilhelm Schneemelcher 1832:Gospel of the Hebrews 1816:Gospel of the Hebrews 1737:High Priest of Israel 1729:apostate from Judaism 1690:apostate from the Law 1553:) and an exemplar of 1527:Jesus was resurrected 1419:deny the virgin birth 1358:On Jesus the Nazarene 1141:Epiphanius of Salamis 983:After the end of the 873:, the fourth century 818:Epiphanius of Salamis 756: 690:was first applied by 622:apostate from the Law 540:Epiphanius of Salamis 358:Expounding of the Law 296:Gospel of the Hebrews 5092:. Inner Traditions. 5014:yourarmstoisrael.org 4790:Luttikhuizen, Gerard 4726:De viris illustribus 4700:De Viris Illustribus 4618:The Complete Gospels 4008:"; p. 273: "... 3628:G.R.S. Mead (2007). 3443:Robert E. van Voorst 3342:W.M. Ramsey (1912). 3179:. Random House, NY. 3092:The History of Dogma 3069:(citing Epiphanius' 2826:Dialogue with Trypho 2507:. Inner Traditions. 2257:Pauline Christianity 2169:Pauline Christianity 2104:Hans Joachim Schoeps 2059:Council of Jerusalem 1983:Alcibiades of Apamea 1926:Robert E. Van Voorst 1894:Acts of the Apostles 1811:Eusebius of Caesarea 1733:converted to Judaism 1640:" (i.e. Jesus was a 1590:Scholars, including 1411:5.61) and Eusebius ( 1277:) to "honey cakes" ( 1225:Hans-Joachim Schoeps 1197:Gnostic Christianity 1129:Methodius of Olympus 1114:converted to Judaism 1030:Theodoret of Cyrrhus 1005:Gentile Christianity 777:Dialogue with Trypho 657:Gnostic Christianity 353:Council of Jerusalem 27:Early Christian sect 5709:Jehovah's Witnesses 5581:Spanish Adoptionism 4650:. Polebridge Press. 3634:. Forgotten Books. 3525:, pp. 102–103 2573:Jewish Encyclopedia 2126:Jewish Christianity 1924:doctrines. Scholar 1754:Clementine Homilies 1727:, and named him an 1719:did not have to be 1680:On Paul the Apostle 1583:as foretelling the 1235:On John the Baptist 1201:Jewish Christianity 1087:Views and practices 993:Jewish Christianity 922:Simeon of Jerusalem 612:), while rejecting 107:Simeon of Jerusalem 50:Jewish Christianity 5276:Antidicomarianites 4878:Karl Baus (1980). 4682:Historia Ecclesiae 4512:Nicholson (1879). 4393:Gospel of Barnabas 4153:. pp. 52–53: 3970:or these selfsame 3832:, p. 195–197. 3576:, as cake in oil". 3418:Irenaeus of Lyon. 2847:Irenaeus of Lyon. 2642:. Fortress Press. 2466:Hegg, Tim (2007). 2153:counter-missionary 1979:Hippolytus of Rome 1880:The collection of 1825:Bodley's Librarian 1782:Gospel of Barnabas 1717:Gentile Christians 1545:and leader of the 1053:Benjamin of Tudela 816:, meaning 'poor'. 763: 557:beliefs in Jesus' 394:Judaism portal 5774: 5773: 5614:Consubstantiation 5172:"Ebionites" 5155:978-0-297-85200-1 5099:978-1-59477-307-5 5047:on 11 August 2004 5020:on 12 August 2007 4945:"Ebionites" 4889:978-0-824-50314-7 4859:. H. Regnery Co. 4840:Luttikhuizen 1985 4769:Gospel of Matthew 4757:978-1-56563-763-4 4691:Gospel of Matthew 4430:"Ebionites" 4344:978-0-06-177818-6 4316:978-0-567-15827-7 4209:978-0-8308-2762-6 4081:978-0-334-02695-2 3941:978-1-84293-186-8 3674:978-0-567-08390-6 3641:978-1-60506-210-5 3614:978-3-16-148460-5 3420:Adversus Haereses 3272:978-0-8308-1497-8 3248:. Fortress Press. 3101:978-1-57910-067-4 3084:Adolf von Harnack 2850:Adversus Haereses 2649:978-0-8006-3865-8 2553:978-0-19-975668-1 2514:978-1-59477-307-5 2400:978-0-7432-8723-4 2389:The Jesus Dynasty 2362:978-0-19-280290-3 2298:"Ebionites" 2161:Messianic Judaism 1956:Gospel of Matthew 1890:Circuits of Peter 1806:Gospel of Matthew 1627:apostolic founder 1565:Pseudo-Clementine 1537:On James the Just 1487:animal sacrifices 1472:covenant with God 1445:nativity of Jesus 1440:Gospel of Matthew 1380:humanity of Jesus 1366:, such as Jesus' 1320:animal sacrifices 1292: 1268: 1212:biblical scholars 1210:While mainstream 1013:Bar Kokhba revolt 782:Jewish Christians 553:and rejection of 551:voluntary poverty 520:Gentile Christian 463: 443: 442: 272:Gospel of Matthew 172:Messianic Judaism 16:(Redirected from 5839: 5764: 5763: 5746:Reincarnationism 5486: 5469:Subordinationism 5454:Pneumatomachians 5385:Melchisedechians 5221: 5214: 5207: 5198: 5182: 5174: 5159: 5140: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5084: 5075: 5074:. Lantern Books. 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5016:. Archived from 5005: 4999: 4998: 4995:Jews for Judaism 4986: 4980: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4947: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4849: 4843: 4831: 4825: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4797: 4786: 4780: 4761: 4744:Skarsaune, Oskar 4740: 4734: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4547:Gospel in Hebrew 4539: 4533: 4531: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4494: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4460:Matthew's gospel 4447: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4230:. S.C.M. Press. 4224:James D. G. Dunn 4220: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4150: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3921: 3915: 3905: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3770: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695:from Irenæus on. 3685: 3679: 3678: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3563: 3536: 3530: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3499:. Mohr Siebeck. 3492: 3486: 3485: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3439: 3428: 3427: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3399:on 17 April 2007 3395:. Archived from 3386: 3380: 3379: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3241: 3228: 3227: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3148:. Archived from 3137: 3131: 3130: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3056:978-9-00403763-2 3035: 3026: 3025: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2976: 2965: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2929: 2918: 2917: 2907: 2880: 2879: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2844: 2831: 2830: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2778: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2741: 2740: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2667: 2654: 2653: 2635: 2624: 2618: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2575:. Archived from 2564: 2558: 2557: 2534: 2523: 2521: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2483: 2477:. Archived from 2472: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2438: 2427: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2320: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2289: 2157:Jews for Judaism 2137:Oriental studies 2128: 2090:historical Jesus 2080:and through the 2055:Jerusalem church 2051:Jewish Christian 1930:Ascents of James 1898:Ascents of James 1828:Edward Nicholson 1821:James R. Edwards 1759:Jewish Christian 1686:Pauline Epistles 1660:theology of the 1638:high Christology 1634:Richard Bauckham 1604: 1560:Ascents of James 1547:Jerusalem church 1453:John the Baptist 1449:baptism of Jesus 1303:Slavonic version 1300: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1276: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1247:John the Baptist 1221:Jewish messianic 1214:do suppose some 1181:unleavened bread 1169:animal sacrifice 1106:table fellowship 1026:Aelia Capitolina 989:Jerusalem church 890:Jerusalem church 841:Book of Elchasai 784:who observe the 740: 704: 701: 676:historical Jesus 674:but also of the 489:Jewish Christian 486: 480: 479: 471: 459: 457: 456: 435: 428: 421: 404: 403: 392: 391: 390: 368:Quartodecimanism 343:Aramaic of Jesus 323:Book of Elchasai 277:Epistle of James 227:Paul and Judaism 87:John the Baptist 60: 37: 21: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5758: 5750: 5675: 5601:Early modernity 5595: 5487: 5478: 5447:Semipelagianism 5437:Patripassianism 5235: 5225: 5169: 5166: 5156: 5143: 5137: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5100: 5087: 5083:. Mohr Siebeck. 5078: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4919: 4915: 4907:. Jamia Media. 4902: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4798: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4758: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4719: 4715: 4704: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4595:10.2307/3262407 4579:Parker, Pierson 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4476: 4472: 4448: 4444: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4331:Ehrman, Bart D. 4329: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4287: 4285: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4184:. p. 229: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4113:. p. 134: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4082: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3953: 3947: 3942: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3898:Robert Eisenman 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3855:Robert Eisenman 3853: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3805:Neotestamentica 3802: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3772: 3771: 3762: 3754:. p. 209: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3688:Schaff (1904). 3687: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3644:. p. 104: 3642: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3560: 3540:Ehrman, Bart D. 3538: 3537: 3533: 3521: 3517: 3509:. p. 188: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3441: 3440: 3431: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3242: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3153: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3071:Anacephalaiosis 3057: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3011: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2978: 2977: 2968: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2930: 2921: 2909: 2908: 2883: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2846: 2845: 2834: 2823:Justin Martyr. 2822: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2779: 2764: 2754: 2753: 2744: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2692: 2669: 2668: 2657: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2627: 2616: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2538:Ehrman, Bart D. 2536: 2535: 2526: 2517:. p. 124: 2515: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2440: 2439: 2430: 2426:. p. 267–. 2418:. BRILL; 2008. 2412: 2408: 2401: 2382: 2381: 2370: 2363: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2332: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2312: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2182: 2149: 2129: 2123: 2067: 2027: 2022: 1976: 1938: 1878: 1801: 1745: 1682: 1674:schismatic sect 1646:low Christology 1611:Michael Goulder 1598: 1592:Robert Eisenman 1585:murder of James 1569:William Whiston 1539: 1360: 1312:War of the Jews 1237: 1127:. For example, 1094: 1089: 1077:Christian views 997:Jewish diaspora 991:began to fade. 981: 906:Aristo of Pella 852:schismatic sect 768: 751: 702: 684: 653:early Christian 472:, derived from 439: 410: 398: 388: 386: 378: 377: 338: 337: 328: 327: 262: 261: 252: 251: 217: 216: 207: 206: 192: 191: 182: 181: 162: 161: 152: 151: 132: 131: 122: 121: 97:Twelve Apostles 80:in Christianity 70: 69: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5845: 5843: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5779: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5704:Indifferentism 5701: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5511:Bosnian Church 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5474:Valentinianism 5471: 5466: 5461: 5459:Psilanthropism 5456: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5358:Valentinianism 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5338:Priscillianism 5335: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5303:Collyridianism 5300: 5299: 5298: 5296:Circumcellions 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5183: 5165: 5164:External links 5162: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5141: 5135: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5098: 5085: 5076: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5031: 5000: 4997:International. 4981: 4961: 4934: 4913: 4895: 4888: 4870: 4844: 4835:Philosophumena 4826: 4813: 4781: 4765: 4756: 4735: 4713: 4707:Church History 4703:, chapter 54; 4668: 4653: 4638: 4631: 4608: 4589:(4): 471–478. 4570: 4555: 4534: 4519: 4504: 4489: 4480:Church History 4470: 4442: 4416: 4381: 4363: 4350: 4343: 4322: 4315: 4296: 4262: 4243: 4236: 4215: 4208: 4190: 4180: 4162: 4142: 4128:Ludemann, Gerd 4119: 4109: 4091: 4080: 4060: 4004: 3958:par excellence 3944:. p. 34: 3940: 3916: 3912:the Ebionites. 3908:par excellence 3889: 3874: 3867: 3846: 3844:, p. 261. 3834: 3822: 3792: 3785: 3760: 3742: 3732:. p. 42: 3720: 3699: 3680: 3673: 3653: 3640: 3620: 3613: 3593: 3578: 3558: 3531: 3515: 3505: 3487: 3480: 3462: 3455: 3429: 3410: 3381: 3360:10.2307/624138 3334: 3290: 3271: 3251: 3229: 3211: 3196: 3189: 3162: 3132: 3125: 3107: 3100: 3075: 3055: 3049:. p. 29. 3027: 3004:Church History 2995: 2966: 2952: 2939: 2919: 2881: 2864: 2832: 2812: 2805: 2788: 2762: 2742: 2724: 2709: 2700: 2690: 2655: 2648: 2625: 2621:an abridgement 2614: 2590: 2559: 2552: 2524: 2513: 2495: 2458: 2451: 2428: 2406: 2399: 2384:James D. Tabor 2368: 2361: 2339: 2310: 2295:, ed. (1911). 2293:Chisholm, Hugh 2283: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2267:Restorationism 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2165:Jews for Jesus 2148: 2145: 2121: 2066: 2063: 2031:Church Fathers 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 1975: 1972: 1937: 1934: 1928:opines of the 1877: 1874: 1855:gospel harmony 1847:Pierson Parker 1800: 1797: 1744: 1741: 1723:or follow the 1681: 1678: 1662:Gentile church 1650:adopted by God 1538: 1535: 1531:spiritual body 1515:works of mercy 1495:self-sacrifice 1489:, rather than 1480:kingdom of God 1429:as additional 1359: 1356: 1236: 1233: 1161:ritual washing 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 980: 977: 767: 764: 750: 747: 696:second century 683: 680: 649:ritual washing 606:James the Just 524:Church Fathers 509:Kingdom of God 441: 440: 438: 437: 430: 423: 415: 412: 411: 409: 408: 396: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 339: 335: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 309: 308: 304: 303: 298: 293: 287: 286: 280: 279: 274: 268: 267: 263: 259: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 218: 214: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 199: 193: 189: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 174: 169: 163: 159: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 133: 130:Ancient groups 129: 128: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 102:James the Just 99: 94: 89: 84: 83: 82: 71: 67: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5844: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5644:Protestantism 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609:Antinomianism 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5417:Monothelitism 5415: 5413: 5412:Monophysitism 5410: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5395:Monarchianism 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375:Macedonianism 5373: 5371: 5370:Luciferianism 5368: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5269:Semi-Arianism 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5136:1-56563-460-8 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5032: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4952: 4946: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4916: 4914:0-9551099-0-6 4910: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4853:Jean Daniélou 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838:, IX, 14–17. 4837: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4632:0-06-065587-9 4628: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4431: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4337:. HarperOne. 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4297: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4237:9780334024040 4233: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4181:0-8006-3169-2 4177: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4145: 4143:0-664-22085-1 4139: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4110:0-664-25561-2 4106: 4102: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4074:. SCM Press. 4073: 4072: 4064: 4061: 4054: 4044: 4043:the Ebionites 4034: 4024: 4014: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3868:0-14-025773-X 3864: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3786:3-16-148094-5 3782: 3778: 3777: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3559:0-19-514182-2 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3506:3-16-148094-5 3502: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3481:0-8245-1136-0 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3456:1-55540-294-1 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3190:0-375-75811-9 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3171:Edward Gibbon 3166: 3163: 3152:on 2016-04-27 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3126:0-281-00450-1 3122: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039:Klijn, A.F.J. 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2875:De Principiis 2868: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806:9780198601722 2802: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2720: 2719:Contra Celsum 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615:0-06-250585-8 2611: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2579:on 2020-09-30 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2484:on 2007-08-21 2480: 2476: 2475:TorahResource 2469: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2452:90-04-03763-2 2448: 2444: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424:90-04-17038-3 2421: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2096:, though the 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920:, as well as 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1884:known as the 1883: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1809:exclusively. 1808: 1807: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1793:John Arendzen 1790: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700:in favour of 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1668:who accepted 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:Gerd Ludemann 1612: 1608: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1555:righteousness 1552: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1408:Contra Celsum 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:righteousness 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:pre-existence 1369: 1365: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334:environment. 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173:vegetarianism 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1112:Gentiles who 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 979:Disappearance 978: 976: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910:fled to Pella 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 863:Carpocratians 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 843: 842: 837: 833: 829: 828: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 778: 773: 772:Justin Martyr 765: 760: 755: 748: 746: 744: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 180 CE 697: 693: 689: 681: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 618:false apostle 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 583:righteousness 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:pre-existence 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 475: 470: 469: 462: 451: 447: 436: 431: 429: 424: 422: 417: 416: 414: 413: 407: 402: 397: 395: 385: 384: 382: 381: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 348:Yeshua (name) 346: 344: 341: 340: 332: 331: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 306: 305: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 282: 281: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 266:New Testament 265: 264: 256: 255: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 211: 210: 203: 200: 198: 195: 194: 186: 185: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 160:Recent groups 156: 155: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 126: 125: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 81: 78: 77: 76: 73: 72: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 5734:Santa Muerte 5724:Narco-saints 5619:Febronianism 5536:Free Spirits 5521:Conciliarism 5464:Sabellianism 5427:Nestorianism 5333:Paulicianism 5312: 5254:Apollinarism 5176: 5145: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5049:. Retrieved 5045:the original 5034: 5022:. Retrieved 5018:the original 5013: 5003: 4990: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4969:Irfan Shahîd 4964: 4955: 4949: 4937: 4904: 4898: 4879: 4873: 4856: 4847: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4793: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4747: 4738: 4724: 4716: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4617: 4611: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4528: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4498: 4492: 4478: 4473: 4465: 4464:- Irenaeus, 4461: 4449: 4445: 4434: 4407:. Retrieved 4402: 4398: 4392: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4334: 4325: 4305: 4299: 4286:. Retrieved 4281: 4275: 4265: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4227: 4218: 4199: 4193: 4185: 4171: 4165: 4154: 4147:. Retrieved 4132: 4122: 4114: 4100: 4094: 4085: 4070: 4063: 4052: 4042: 4032: 4022: 4012: 3974: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3945: 3932:34, 145, 273 3926: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3882:Whiston, W. 3877: 3858: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3808: 3804: 3775: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3718:at CCEL.org. 3708: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3663: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3630: 3623: 3603: 3596: 3586: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3544: 3534: 3518: 3510: 3496: 3490: 3471: 3465: 3446: 3419: 3413: 3401:. Retrieved 3397:the original 3391: 3384: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3310: 3306: 3285: 3276:. Retrieved 3261: 3254: 3245: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3175: 3165: 3154:. Retrieved 3150:the original 3145: 3135: 3119:. S.P. C.K. 3116: 3110: 3091: 3078: 3070: 3042: 3021: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2986:. Retrieved 2981: 2961: 2955: 2947: 2942: 2933: 2912: 2874: 2867: 2849: 2825: 2796: 2791: 2782: 2756: 2737:www.ccel.org 2736: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2703: 2693: 2675: 2671:Shlomo Pines 2639: 2605: 2602:Hyam Maccoby 2581:. Retrieved 2577:the original 2572: 2562: 2542: 2518: 2504: 2498: 2486:. Retrieved 2479:the original 2474: 2461: 2442: 2413: 2409: 2387: 2351: 2331:. Retrieved 2327: 2302: 2287: 2272:Unitarianism 2217:Hebrew Roots 2174:apostatizing 2150: 2133:Irfan Shahîd 2131: 2125: 2117: 2102: 2068: 2047:grace of God 2043:Law of Moses 2028: 2025:Christianity 2009: 2005: 1998: 1977: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1942:Hebrew Bible 1939: 1929: 1906:Recognitions 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1869: 1859: 1850: 1835: 1831: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1791: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769:Recognitions 1768: 1762: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1725:Law of Moses 1714: 1683: 1631: 1619:John Painter 1589: 1558: 1540: 1491:substituting 1484: 1482:on Earth. 1457: 1438: 1435:Hebrew Bible 1412: 1406: 1404: 1396:Law of Moses 1376:virgin birth 1361: 1328:unclean meat 1317: 1310: 1296: 1272: 1240: 1238: 1209: 1199:rather than 1189:Shlomo Pines 1171:, practiced 1149:angel of God 1118: 1098:Law of Moses 1095: 1045: 1034: 1017:Hyam Maccoby 1009:Roman Empire 982: 966: 956:(Anatolia), 918:Jordan River 887: 856: 846: 839: 825: 813: 793: 786:Law of Moses 775: 769: 734: 730: 726: 722: 687: 685: 661: 637:Hebrew Bible 626: 599: 587:Law of Moses 567:virgin birth 548: 513: 467: 445: 444: 177:Hebrew Roots 136: 5689:Americanism 5664:Lutheranism 5654:Arminianism 5634:Josephinism 5624:Gallicanism 5591:Waldensians 5493:Middle Ages 5442:Pelagianism 5432:Novatianism 5328:Manichaeism 5264:Anomoeanism 5249:Adoptionism 4777:Hist. eccl. 4458:. They use 4456:Carpocrates 4372:John Toland 4288:11 February 3991:the Ebionim 3884:Antiquities 3842:Atkins 2019 3711:. p. 9 3523:Ehrman 2005 3354:: 151–170. 3146:The Forward 2324:"Ebionites" 2187:Adoptionism 2112:Monophysite 1960:Hypomnemata 1951:Hypomnemata 1946:Koine Greek 1918:Simon Magus 1904:and in the 1721:circumcised 1623:James Tabor 1607:Will Durant 1599: [ 1464:Deuteronomy 1336:James Tabor 1251:vegetarians 1155:during his 1145:Christology 1137:Holy Spirit 1110:God-fearing 1021:persecution 969:Elchasaites 916:beyond the 867:Cerinthians 822:heresiology 757:Map of the 478:אֶבְיוֹנִים 242:Constantine 190:Pejoratives 92:Simon Peter 5832:Patristics 5807:Elcesaites 5781:Categories 5649:Anabaptism 5561:Josephines 5556:Impanation 5541:Henricians 5531:Fraticelli 5526:Dulcinians 5506:Bogomilism 5405:Modalistic 5400:Athinganoi 5380:Marcionism 5365:Iconoclasm 5353:Sethianism 5323:Gnosticism 5064:Literature 4865:B0007FOFQI 4775:7.1) and ( 4485:III, 27, 4 4284:(2): 18–21 4160:heretics." 3830:Akers 2000 3278:14 October 3156:2023-03-11 3065:1076236746 3047:E.J. Brill 3045:. Leiden: 3002:Eusebius, 2333:2022-11-14 2279:References 2082:veneration 2074:monotheism 2014:apocalypse 1995:Elcesaites 1974:Elcesaites 1864:edited by 1577:Hegesippus 1511:repentance 1322:after the 1100:, revered 1049:Ha'masaot, 930:Bar Kochba 879:Sampsaeans 871:Elcesaites 715:heresiarch 711:Tertullian 511:on Earth. 497:Beatitudes 493:Common Era 313:Clementine 232:Marcionism 142:Elcesaites 5719:Mormonism 5714:Modernism 5699:Feeneyism 5681:Modernity 5659:Calvinism 5639:Pantheism 5629:Jansenism 5586:Taborites 5576:Pasagians 5571:Migetians 5546:Humiliati 5516:Catharism 5501:Arnoldism 5422:Montanism 5343:Naassenes 5313:Ebionites 5281:Audianism 5241:Antiquity 5148:. Orion. 4923:cite book 4802:cite book 4710:. VI, 17. 4452:Cerinthus 4405:(1): 1–22 4361:30.16.6–9 4277:Themelios 3999:Ebionites 3975:Ebionites 3951:Ebionites 3904:. Viking. 3376:162190693 3329:164739491 3073:30.18.1.) 3018:Dan Jaffé 2878:. IV, 22. 2540:(2005) . 2488:13 August 2445:. Brill. 2252:Noahidism 2247:Nazarenes 2237:Judaizers 2094:atonement 1968:Bibl. Or. 1936:Symmachus 1698:ministers 1666:Nazarenes 1503:crucified 1499:atonement 1431:scripture 1423:Theodoret 1340:pre-Flood 1290:translit. 1266:translit. 1205:Elcesaite 1193:heterodox 1185:Eucharist 1102:Jerusalem 875:Nazarenes 859:patristic 798:Judaizers 794:Ebionites 766:Emergence 759:Decapolis 735:the needy 723:Ebionaioi 678:himself. 668:Judaizers 633:scripture 544:Nazarenes 518:of their 468:Ebiōnaîoi 461:translit. 455:Ἐβιωναῖοι 446:Ebionites 373:Shekhinah 215:Adversity 202:Legalists 197:Judaizers 147:Nazarenes 137:Ebionites 5671:Quietism 5566:Lollardy 5551:Hussites 5390:Modalism 5318:Euchites 5291:Donatism 5286:Docetism 5259:Arianism 4855:(1964). 4792:(1985). 4773:Dem. ev. 4764:inferred 4746:(2007). 4687:mere man 4677:Eusebius 4551:Panarion 4409:11 March 4374:(1718). 4359:Panarion 4333:(2014). 4226:(1997). 4149:27 March 4130:(1996). 4053:the Poor 4023:the Poor 3965:the Poor 3900:(1997). 3857:(1998). 3817:43049229 3570:Panarion 3542:(2003). 3528:cuisine. 3445:(1989). 3403:28 April 3222:(2002). 3173:(2003). 3086:(1907). 3008:Panarion 2988:1 August 2913:Panarion 2872:Origen. 2721:. II, 1. 2717:Origen. 2685:13610178 2673:(1966). 2604:(1987). 2386:(2006). 2180:See also 2122:— 2114:views": 2108:Muhammad 2035:heretics 2010:Panarion 1999:Panarion 1851:Panarion 1777:Homilies 1773:Homilies 1764:Panarion 1752:and the 1743:Writings 1694:apostles 1654:Eusebius 1573:Josephus 1405:Origen ( 1368:divinity 1307:Josephus 1297:enkrídes 1284:ἐγκρίδες 1177:Passover 1133:prophets 1125:practice 1108:only to 942:Moabitis 902:Eusebius 877:and the 827:Panarion 790:Irenaeus 729:(Greek: 727:the poor 692:Irenaeus 688:Ebionite 664:heretics 593:to be a 571:mere man 559:divinity 536:Eusebius 528:Irenaeus 516:polemics 484:ʾEḇyōnīm 260:Writings 42:a series 40:Part of 18:Ebionism 5729:Maximón 5348:Ophites 5308:Dualism 5181:. 1879. 5051:21 July 5024:21 July 4679:in his 4603:3262407 4258:church. 4033:Ebionim 3735:Hebrews 3020:(ed.). 2583:26 July 2232:Jesuism 2147:Judaism 2078:Trinity 2006:El Ksai 2003:Aramaic 1922:gnostic 1710:Corinth 1706:Galatia 1563:in the 1460:Messiah 1433:to the 1273:akrídes 1260:ἀκρίδες 1239:In the 1157:baptism 999:in the 948:, near 934:Nabatea 883:gnostic 832:gospels 824:called 800:" for " 749:History 739:אביונים 731:ptōkhoí 717:called 694:in the 666:" and " 635:to the 620:and an 595:Messiah 505:blessed 363:Sabbath 318:Didache 68:Figures 5152: 5133: 5096: 4911: 4886: 4863: 4779:5.17). 4754: 4721:Jerome 4695:Jerome 4629: 4601: 4553:30.3.7 4468:1.26.2 4341: 4313: 4234: 4206: 4178: 4140: 4107: 4078: 3946:These 3938: 3865: 3815: 3783: 3716:online 3671: 3638: 3611: 3556: 3503: 3478: 3453: 3374: 3368:624138 3366: 3327: 3269: 3187: 3123: 3098: 3063: 3053: 2859:III,21 2803: 2683: 2646: 2612: 2550: 2511: 2449: 2422: 2397: 2359: 2155:group 1991:Origen 1892:, the 1787:Muslim 1581:Isaiah 1507:martyr 1398:, was 1384:Joseph 1374:, and 1293: 1269: 1223:sect. 1216:Essene 1069:Medina 1042:Arabia 1001:Levant 962:Cyprus 946:Bashan 938:Paneas 936:, and 914:Jordan 869:, the 865:, the 810:Hebrew 806:Origen 707:Origen 629:Christ 589:, was 575:Joseph 565:, and 538:, and 532:Origen 474:Hebrew 464: 336:Issues 4599:JSTOR 4056:' 4050:' 4046:' 4040:' 4036:' 4030:' 4026:' 4020:' 4016:' 4010:' 4001:' 3997:' 3993:' 3989:' 3984:' 3972:' 3968:' 3962:' 3954:' 3948:' 3813:JSTOR 3574:manna 3372:S2CID 3364:JSTOR 3325:S2CID 3016:. In 2855:I, 26 2829:. 47. 2482:(PDF) 2471:(PDF) 2167:, is 2141:Mecca 2086:icons 2070:Islam 2065:Islam 1603:] 1551:Peter 1529:in a 1523:souls 1505:as a 1348:Enoch 1344:Sinai 1332:pagan 1330:in a 1279:Greek 1255:Greek 1179:with 1073:Hejaz 1061:Saada 1057:Tayma 1047:Sefer 950:Adraa 898:James 814:evyon 812:word 743:Purim 719:Ebion 616:as a 610:Peter 501:Jesus 450:Greek 307:Other 75:Jesus 5232:list 5150:ISBN 5131:ISBN 5094:ISBN 5053:2007 5026:2007 4929:link 4909:ISBN 4884:ISBN 4861:ASIN 4824:p336 4808:link 4752:ISBN 4627:ISBN 4466:Haer 4454:and 4411:2007 4339:ISBN 4311:ISBN 4290:2011 4232:ISBN 4204:ISBN 4176:ISBN 4151:2011 4138:ISBN 4105:ISBN 4076:ISBN 3936:ISBN 3863:ISBN 3781:ISBN 3669:ISBN 3636:ISBN 3609:ISBN 3554:ISBN 3501:ISBN 3476:ISBN 3451:ISBN 3424:V, 1 3405:2007 3280:2010 3267:ISBN 3185:ISBN 3121:ISBN 3096:ISBN 3061:OCLC 3051:ISBN 2990:2007 2801:ISBN 2681:OCLC 2644:ISBN 2610:ISBN 2585:2020 2548:ISBN 2509:ISBN 2490:2007 2447:ISBN 2420:ISBN 2395:ISBN 2357:ISBN 2151:The 1987:book 1845:and 1823:and 1771:and 1708:and 1670:Paul 1621:and 1513:and 1388:Mary 1386:and 1352:Noah 1123:and 1071:and 960:and 958:Rome 954:Asia 848:Paul 682:Name 614:Paul 579:Mary 577:and 117:Paul 112:Jude 4623:436 4591:doi 4058:)." 4048:or 4028:or 3995:or 3568:in 3356:doi 3315:doi 2084:of 1944:in 1451:by 1350:to 1305:of 1044:in 804:". 774:'s 705:). 503:as 499:of 5783:: 5175:. 5012:. 4993:. 4971:. 4925:}} 4921:{{ 4804:}} 4800:{{ 4771:.( 4731:54 4729:, 4723:, 4697:, 4625:. 4597:. 4587:59 4585:. 4483:, 4419:^ 4401:. 4397:. 4395:?" 4282:21 4280:. 4274:. 4084:. 3934:. 3809:40 3807:. 3795:^ 3763:^ 3552:. 3550:13 3432:^ 3422:. 3370:. 3362:. 3352:32 3350:. 3346:. 3323:. 3311:63 3309:. 3305:. 3293:^ 3232:^ 3183:. 3144:. 3094:. 3090:. 3059:. 3030:^ 2969:^ 2922:^ 2884:^ 2857:; 2853:. 2835:^ 2815:^ 2799:. 2765:^ 2745:^ 2735:. 2658:^ 2628:^ 2619:, 2593:^ 2527:^ 2473:. 2431:^ 2371:^ 2342:^ 2326:. 2313:^ 2301:. 2143:. 1712:. 1629:. 1617:, 1613:, 1609:, 1605:, 1601:fr 1594:, 1587:. 1455:. 1421:. 1370:, 1354:. 1309:' 1287:, 1281:: 1263:, 1257:: 1163:, 1139:. 1116:. 1083:. 975:. 964:. 940:, 912:, 900:. 854:. 745:. 700:c. 647:, 624:. 597:. 561:, 546:. 534:, 530:, 526:— 481:, 458:, 452:: 44:on 5234:) 5230:( 5220:e 5213:t 5206:v 5158:. 5139:. 5102:. 5055:. 5028:. 4931:) 4917:. 4892:. 4867:. 4810:) 4760:. 4733:. 4635:. 4605:. 4593:: 4487:. 4413:. 4403:7 4378:. 4347:. 4319:. 4292:. 4240:. 4212:. 4006:' 3978:' 3914:" 3871:. 3819:. 3789:. 3737:' 3677:. 3617:. 3562:. 3484:. 3459:. 3426:. 3407:. 3378:. 3358:: 3331:. 3317:: 3282:. 3193:. 3159:. 3129:. 3104:. 3067:. 2992:. 2916:. 2861:. 2809:. 2739:. 2687:. 2652:. 2623:. 2587:. 2556:. 2492:. 2455:. 2403:. 2365:. 2336:. 448:( 434:e 427:t 420:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index