Eblaite language - Knowledge (XXG)

157: 525:

the Language of Ebla", he highlighted the artificial character of this opposition between morphology and lexicon and noted that "Akkadian differs from Western Semitic as we knew it hitherto because the latter was documented only on the phase following Amorite innovation. If it is traced back to the time before these innovations, a northwestern pre-Amorite Semitic begins to emerge, which is concordant with Akkadian just because the latter preserved its earlier character after Amorite invasion". Essentially basing his study on the lexicon, G. Pettinato was nevertheless the first to announce in 1975 the discovery of a new Semitic language, to which he gave the name "Paleo-

2198:"Our sources pertaining to the West Semites in Syria and Palestine flow almost uninterruptedly from the Old Babylonian period on. Two important conclusions can be drawn on the basis of the study of geographical names and of other, less important considerations : 1) The Semites entered Syria in mass in the Old Babylonian period, encountering a population of unknown, but certainly not Hurrian ethnic affiliation. 2) The Semites must have been established in Palestine long before the Old Babylonian period, and nothing prevents us from assuming that they may have been native to the area from time immemorial." In I. Gelb, 1961 b, p. 45 926:, this remains questionable. The diphthong /ay/ seems to be conserved in Eblaite as illustrated by the form /ʿayn-ʿayn/ though it is still preserved in other semitic languages which have lost the diphthong. However, the reality of this phoneme is heavily discussed by I. Gelb: "The main difference between Fronzaroli's treatment of the diphthong /aj/ at Ebla and mine is that Fronzaroli believes (...) that the original diphthong /aj/ was preserved in Eblaite (even though not written), while I take it to have developed to /ā/." 2950: 411: 748:. This led G. Pettinato to consider, at first, that these documents were written in Sumerian. Such a hypothesis obviously no longer holds today with regard to our understanding of the writing and formulation practices particular to Sumerian and Eblaite scribes. These graphical conventions are so specific that they are very often sufficient to identify the language underlying the ideograms. Thus, for example, the Sumerian practice of writing filiation following the formula 25: 4465: 2048:, calls Eblaite "Paleosyrian" and explains the similarities to Akkadian by the use of the same system of writing borrowed from Sumer. Lipiński separates Eblaite from Akkadian, assigning the latter to the East Semitic languages while classifying Eblaite with Amorite and Ugaritic into a grouping he names the North Semitic languages. 1959:

system follows the same structure as that of other Semitic languages, where the paradigmatic framework is organized based upon a double axis: the derivational axis, within which the verb's basic form goes through a certain number of modifications, and the inflectional axis, where the verb takes on an

763:

of Semitic origin beneath a Sumerogram, it remains difficult to extract its signifier. Fortunately, the restoration of phonetic values to these symbols has been made possible by the existence of bilingual lexical lists, where each Sumerian ideogram has its Eblaite form specified in a glossary using

702:

value. In the first case, the symbol or chain of symbols simply signifies an idea that is understandable by way of its Sumerian meaning; in the second case, the symbol indicates, with a more-or-less large approximation based on writing practices, the form of an Eblaite term following a principle of

524:

that had undergone a strong Western influence. On the other hand, Giovanni Garbini favored a more nuanced approach, drawing attention to the fragility of a comparison with Akkadian, and pointing out that there is no other contemporary model with which to draw comparisons. In his "Considerations on

2313:

P. Fronzaroli, 1978, p. 137. Translated from the French: "l’existence et l’autonomie des phonèmes /h/, /ḥ/ et /ḫ/ que confirme la réalisation de la voyelle /a/ en dans les syllabes fermées /ḥaC/ et /ʾaC/, de même que la tendance à étendre ce phénomène à la voyelle /a/ suivie d’une pharyngale. On

466:, soon contradicted this hypothesis. It therefore became possible not only to identify this city as the ancient city of Ebla, referred to in numerous Mesopotamian and Egyptian sources, but additionally, considering the strong linguistic connotations of the king's name, to specify the identity as 2052:

By supporters of a classification as East Semitic, Eblaite is considered a language which exhibits both West Semitic and East Semitic features. Grammatically, Eblaite is more similar to Akkadian, but lexically and in some grammatical forms, Eblaite is more similar to West Semitic languages.

721:

In fact, three transcription practices appear in the Ebla texts: one exclusively syllabic, another using both syllabism and ideography, and the last largely employing the ideographic principle. Included in the first category is mostly the incantatory texts and the writing of

634:

Such writing practices obviously made approaching Eblaite difficult. Fortunately, some rare documents, bilingual letters or tablets, mostly written syllabically, enabled the breaking down of this graphical barrier and the clarification of our knowledge of this language.

797:. Additionally, while Sumerian sometimes proceeds morphologically by reduplication of a word to make it plural, Eblaite reuses this practice with the same meaning, but transforming it into a simple graphical signified. In this way we find forms along the lines of nasi 2833:

E. Lipinsky 1981. “Formes verbales dans les noms propres d’Ebla et le système verbal sémitique” in La lingua di Ebla, Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli, 21–23 Aprile 1980). Istituto universitario orientale, Series Minor XIV, Naples.

869:/ for example, the phonemes /w/, /y/, /m/, and /n/ are not rendered graphically in the final or initial position. Taking these two examples again, notice that, for one, the quantity of the vowels is not rendered by the writing (the form 557:

Of the Eblaite corpus, whose publication began in 1974 as stated above, the majority of discovered documents are administrative or economic in nature, along with about a hundred historical tablets as well as some scholastic writings:

549:," but again, this proved just as inadequate to convey the Mesopotamian particularities and was not accepted. Therefore, without a name to fit this new language's different linguistic characteristics, "Eblaite" was finally chosen. 69:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG). 2774:

Cyrus Gordon 1990. “Eblaite and Northwest Semitic” in Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language. Publications of the Center for Ebla Research at New York University. Vol n°2 edited by C. Gordon. Eisenbrauns,

970:

does not always allow a complete reconstruction of the paradigms, and the gaps must be filled on the basis of linguistic comparisons as well as internal reconstitutions that take the language's own structures into account.

726:; in the second, the epistolary, historical, and literary documents, not to mention some diplomatic texts; and in the third, economic and administrative texts, relating to the management and stewardship of the palace where 430:

site in Northern Syria of an ancient city from the second half of the third millennium BC completely altered archaeological knowledge of the time, as it indicated the existence of a contemporary urban culture during the

896:, A, ʾA, ḪA, etc. with regard to the writing conventions of Akkadian scribes enabled the determination, beyond some identification difficulties created by the graphical barrier, of "the existence and autonomy of the 784:

As for the strictly syllabic system of writing, it is not free of issues either. The rarity of Vowel + Consonant -type symbols (VC) require certain approximations in the transcription of words. Thus we find the term

2374:

M. Diakonoff prefers the terms "dative-locative" and "locative-adverbial," rather than the conventional "dative" and "locative," in order to better cover the semantic range of these cases. See Diakonoff, 1990, p.

933:

with the alternation of /r/ and /l/. I. Gelb speculated two reasons for this phenomenon: "If the weakness of the r / l phoneme (which is amply exemplified at Ebla) should be considered as an indication of the

2771:

I. J. Gelb 1981. “ Ebla and the Kish civilisation” in La lingua di Ebla, Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli, 21–23 Aprile 1980). Istituto universitario orientale, Series Minor XIV, Naples. pp. 9–73

2669:

Igor Diakonoff 1990. “The importance of Ebla for History and Linguistics” in Eblaitica, Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language. Vol n°2, edited by Cyrus Gordon, Winona Lake, Indiana. pp. 3–29

2650:

M. Dahood 1981. “The linguistic classification of Eblait” in La lingua di Ebla, Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli, 21–23 Aprile 1980). Istituto universitario orientale, Series Minor XIV, Naples.

79: 2826:

W. Lambert 1981. “The Language of Ebla and Akkadian” in La lingua di Ebla, Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli, 21–23 Aprile 1980). Istituto universitario orientale, Series Minor XIV, Naples.

2365:

Nous retenons ici la thèse de I. Gelb, selon laquelle, cette forme du pronom suffixe première personne correspondrait à la forme du singulier et non à celle du pluriel. Cf. I. Gelb 1981, pp. 26–30.

919:, š + V, Pelio Fronzaroli confirmed the existence of the phonemes /s/, /ṣ/, /ḍ/, and /ẓ/, as well as the phonemes /s/, /š/, and /ṯ/, a group to which it is perhaps also necessary to add /z/. 2892:

H.-P. Müller 1984. “Neue Erwägungen zum eblaitischen verbalsystem” in Il Bilinguismo a Ebla, Atti del convegni internazionale (Napoli 19–22 aprile 1982) a cura di Luigi Cagni, Naples,

529:." Although the academic community was in favor of this idea, they were not unanimous regarding Pettinato's proposed name. In fact, while indicating advantageously its similarity to 5017: 827:

system. As Diakonoff specifies, the Sumerian system is organized upon a tense~lax opposition and can only with great difficulty render the voiced~unvoiced opposition as well as the

55: 831:

of Semitic languages. Thus we find the syllables /da/, /ṭa/, and /ta/ transcribed with the same symbol DA, as well as the syllables /gu/, /ku/, and /qu/ with the same symbol GU.

781:

but translates it as "dignitary." This simple example shows the gaps in interpretation that may result from reading Eblaite symbols while only considering their Sumerian values.

2672:

P. Fronzaroli 1977. “L’interferenza linguistica nella Siria settentrionale del III milenio” in Interferenza linguistica, Atti del convegno della Societa di Glottologia. Perugia

4245: 2922:

K. Petracek 1984. “Les catégories flexionnelles en éblaïtes” in Studies on the Language of Ebla. Quaderni di Semitistica n°13, édité par P. Fronzaroli. Florence, pp. 24–57

2778:

C. Gordon 1991. “Eblaite” in Semitic Studies in honor of Wolf Leslau, On the occasion of his eighty-fyfth birthday. Vol n°1, edited by Alan S. Kaye, Wiesbaden. pp. 550–557

877:/ "they will go out" shows us that double consonants face the same fate) and secondly, that the vowel /a/ is used equally to represent the syllables /ʾa/, /ya/, and /ay/. 2017:

have the view that Eblaite is an East Semitic language not to be seen as an early Akkadian dialect, because the differences from other Akkadian dialects are considerable.

842:

of Eblaite. However, to overcome these difficulties, they used – just like ancient Akkadian – graphical conventions such as the use of the symbols E and MA to render the

2899:

R. Mugnaioni 2000. "À propos de la langue d’Ebla" in Travaux 16 – La sémitologie aujourd’hui, Cercle de Linguistique d’Aix-en-Provence, Centre des sciences du langage,

2023:

says that Eblaite "is so closely related to Akkadian that it may be classified as an early Akkadian dialect", although some of the names that appear in the tablets are

2768:

I. J. Gelb 1977. “Thought about Ibla, A preliminary Evaluation," March 1977 in Monographic Journals of the Near East, Syro-Mesopotamian Studies I/1, pp. 3–30

938:

influence on Eblaic phonology, then we should note that this feature is characteristic not only of Hurrian (and other languages in the general area), but also of

823:

To these issues we can also add those connected with the intrinsic limits of the Sumerian writing system, incapable of rendering a portion of Semitic languages'

2916:

G. Pettinato 1975. “Testi cuneiformi del 3° millenio in paleo-cananeo rinvenuti nelle campagna 1974 a Tell Mardikh-Ebla" in Orientalia n°44, pp. 361–374

4833: 2995: 2712:

P. Fronzaroli 1984. “The Eblaic Lexicon : Problems and Appraisal” in Studies on the langage of Ebla. Edited by Pelio Fronzaroli. Quaderni di Semitica

2806:

E. Knudsen 1991. “Amorite Grammar, A comparative statement” in Semitic Studies in honor of Wolf Leslau, On the occasion of his eighty-fyfth birthday. Vol

156: 2822: 2736:

G. Garbini 1984. “La lingua di Ebla” in Le lingue semitiche, Studi di Storia linguistica. Istituto universitario Orientale, Series Minor XX. Naples.

809:"the people." Furthermore it is not uncommon that the writing presents a defective character, where all the morphological markers are not indicated: 4889: 4238: 3558: 89:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

2356:

Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca. "Eblaite and Akkadian: A Look at the Pronominal System." Bēl Lišāni: Current Research in Akkadian Linguistics (2022): 70

4450: 3509: 3484: 97: 3548: 3527: 904:

of the vowel /a/ as in the closed syllables /ḥaC/ and /ʾaC/, as well as the tendency to extend this phenomenon to the vowel /a/ followed by a

2743:

I. J. Gelb 1958. “La lingua degli Amoriti” in Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti morali, Serie VIII, vol n°XIII fasc. 3–4,

710:. On the other hand, the Eblaite syllabary, without being identical, bears significant similarities with that of the ancient Akkadian used in 3543: 2553: 2522: 2491: 2427: 2396: 2150: 2559: 2528: 2497: 2433: 2156: 4580: 4231: 3578: 3573: 715: 432: 2402: 1732:

system that is comparable to that of Akkadian and whose traces are found in certain Semitic languages. In particular, there are three

4307: 2880: 2856: 642:

material, which in Semitic languages typically consists of short sentences, the portion of the Eblaite corpus that is usable from a

2658:

I. Diakonoff 1984. “An evaluation of Eblaite” in Studies on the langage of Ebla. Edited by Pelio Fronzaroli. Quaderni di Semitica

4971: 3499: 2866: 2842: 2037: 5007: 3504: 3494: 2988: 4884: 4868: 3833: 1768:

cases. This organization of the nominal morphology was likely that of all Semitic languages until the first millennium BC.

2595:, Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli, 21–23 Aprile 1980). Istituto universitario orientale, Series Minor XIV, Naples. 4910: 3489: 3401: 110:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

4920: 4655: 3568: 3553: 485:, which exhibited archaic morphological characteristics present in Akkadian, with incontestable lexical similarities to 2264:

Huehnergard, John. “Reading Ancient Mail.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 138, no. 4, 2018, pp. 691–707

4976: 4858: 4853: 4788: 4167: 3563: 3277: 2913:

G. Pettinato 1972. "L’Inscription de Ibbit-Lim roi d’Ebla” in Missione Archeologica Italiana in Siria 1967–1968. Rome.

520:

led to controversies surrounding the nature of this language. For P. Fronzaroli, the opposition suggested an Akkadian

470:. It became necessary, however, to revise these conclusions again, after the 1974 discovery in the ancient ruins of a 2968: 4981: 4590: 4464: 3422: 3415: 2981: 2819:

The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-First Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference

2419:

The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference

4665: 4480: 4081: 3844: 3372: 3350: 3334: 3083: 3063: 3028: 2679:

P. Fronzaroli 1978. “La contribution de la langue d’Ebla à la connaissance du sémitique archaïque” in (C.R.R.A.)

1841: 901: 2963: 2929:(ed. N.J.C. Kouwenberg and G. Deutscher. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten), pp. 110–139. 391:, although scribes might have spoken it sometimes, Eblaite was probably not spoken much, being rather a written 4620: 4262: 3467: 647: 517: 498: 105: 126: 4930: 4863: 4757: 4610: 4528: 4523: 3886: 3823: 3647: 3033: 2068: 760: 741:

Only a small portion of documents found are syllabic, compared to the large quantity of texts written using

706:

The comparative study of Eblaite symbols reveals some differences with the systems used by other schools of

439:, within a geographic zone where, at the time, previous excavations had revealed nothing on the same scale. 271: 3604: 771:

problems remains, still obstructing our understanding. For example, when an Eblaite scribe uses the symbol

4961: 4813: 4572: 3209: 3046: 3023: 3018: 2045: 2041: 542: 486: 207: 74: 4630: 4211: 3783: 3456: 3136: 3122: 3108: 2817:

Manfred Krebernik. 1996. "The Linguistic Classification of Eblaite: Methods, Problems, and Results." In

2626:

Il Bilinguismo a Ebla, Atti del convegni internazionale (Napoli 19–22 aprile 1982) a cura di Luigi Cagni

2006: 1989: 1729: 1654: 1532: 943: 846:/ḥ/ or /ʿ/, or else by playing on syllabic symbols which end in the vowel /e/, which is nothing but the 609:, suffix pronouns, or certain prepositions – which reveal an underlying language distinct from Sumerian. 364: 197: 119: 3849: 2020: 4838: 2732:(1st ed.). Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale, Seminario di studi asiatici. pp. 75–82. 589:

From a linguistic perspective, although a great number of these documents were effectively written in

4848: 4808: 4287: 4138: 3187: 992: 905: 839: 606: 4935: 4843: 4818: 4625: 4600: 4152: 3790: 3733: 3661: 3622: 3598: 3443: 3258: 3219: 1992:

or a "North Semitic" language; scholars notice the great affinity between Eblaite and pre-Sargonic

908:. It is currently lacking the elements to determine the existence of a phoneme /ġ/ or a variant ." 538: 526: 446:'s theories on the subject of all inhabited centers in Syria of the same era, it appeared that the 2949: 2795:

E. Knudsen 1982. “An analysis of Amorite, A review article”, in Journal of Cuneiform Studies. Vol

666:

The main difficulty faced by those studying the language of Ebla arose largely from issues in the

5012: 4925: 4894: 4793: 4640: 4557: 1965: 1961: 1741: 1737: 1040: 982: 963: 828: 506: 3976: 3854: 2932:

W. von Soden 1995: Grundriß der akkadischen Grammatik, 3. ergänzte Auflage. Analecta Oientalia

2757:

I. J. Gelb 1961 b. “The Early History of West Semitic Peoples” in Journal of Cuneiform Studies

4915: 4772: 4767: 4752: 4687: 4605: 4562: 4282: 4277: 4124: 3918: 3797: 3670: 3431: 3389: 3263: 3056: 3004: 2876: 2852: 2624:

M. Civil 1984. “Bilingualism in logographically written languages : Sumerian in Ebla” in

2549: 2543: 2518: 2512: 2487: 2481: 2423: 2417: 2392: 2146: 2140: 2078: 2024: 1993: 939: 679: 675: 598: 590: 455: 368: 202: 180: 101: 2354: 2314:

manque actuellement d’éléments pour juger de l’existence d’un phonème /ġ/ ou d’une variante "

834:

For the same reasons, it is equally impossible for the Sumerian writing system to render the

566:, or bilingual texts. To this list, we must also add a few rare literary texts: fragments of 4828: 4823: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4707: 4692: 4508: 4365: 4350: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4302: 4204: 4159: 4145: 3955: 3906: 3869: 3774: 3760: 3726: 3696: 3677: 3642: 3408: 3382: 3356: 3316: 3309: 3249: 3232: 3204: 3180: 2386: 2014: 1969: 1745: 955: 935: 930: 835: 752:("X son of Y") stands out from the Akkadian and Eblaite practice which prefers the phrasing 691: 687: 683: 482: 415: 302: 4762: 4737: 4732: 4712: 4660: 4650: 4645: 4635: 4615: 4585: 4537: 4533: 4503: 4172: 4076: 4050: 3999: 3864: 3804: 3712: 3705: 3689: 3683: 3610: 3361: 3237: 3227: 2750:

I. J. Gelb 1961 a. Old akkadian writing and Grammar. Material for the Assyrian dictionary

2182: 1753: 1749: 546: 530: 490: 189: 454:

family. However, in 1968, the discovery at the same site of a statue bearing an ancient

4742: 4132: 4086: 4056: 4033: 4027: 3911: 3859: 3740: 3514: 3343: 2095: 885:

As shown above, the difficulties with reading Eblaite texts complicate approaching its

694:

languages, a graphical system where each symbol may have collectively or separately an

667: 502: 451: 228: 287: 5002: 4996: 4542: 4390: 4297: 4066: 4061: 3971: 3718: 3243: 2701:

P. Fronzaroli 1982. “Per una valutazione della morphologia eblaita” in Studi Eblaiti

1765: 1757: 392: 264: 2716:

13. Istituto di Linguistica e di Lingue orientali, Universita di Firenze. Florence.

2662:

13. Istituto di Linguistica e di Lingue orientali, Universita di Firenze. Florence.

2643:

13. Istituto di Linguistica e di Lingue orientali, Universita di Firenze. Florence.

4547: 4360: 4292: 3992: 723: 711: 388: 734:. Qualitatively and quantitatively, this situation entirely resembles that of the 541:, the name proved nevertheless incapable of indicating its morphological roots in 2870: 2846: 2725: 37: 4966: 4956: 4747: 4679: 4552: 4440: 4254: 3617: 3302: 2955: 2010: 1761: 1122: 735: 643: 571: 481:, then of 17,000 others the following year, revealing a language different from 478: 443: 436: 419: 380: 2600:

La lingua di Ebla, Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli, 21–23 Aprile 1980)

4498: 4493: 3164: 3115: 2945: 2040:, claiming that in the third millennium BC, there was no clear border between 1733: 959: 742: 655: 639: 602: 471: 4803: 4488: 4375: 4312: 3129: 2090: 2073: 967: 923: 886: 824: 768: 671: 583: 563: 475: 459: 399: 384: 355: 280: 248: 235: 2580:. Publications of the Center for Ebla Research at New York University. Vol 410: 2919:

G. Pettinato 1979. Catalogo dei testi cuneiformi di Tell Mardikh in M.E.E.

255: 4940: 4595: 4518: 4513: 4420: 4405: 4400: 4355: 3901: 3767: 3171: 3157: 3143: 767:

Even when the phonetic value of the word is specified, a whole series of

745: 727: 695: 594: 534: 467: 4697: 4425: 4415: 4380: 4370: 3950: 3323: 3286: 3150: 2906:

G. Pettinato 1970. “L’inscription de Ibbit-Lim roi d’Ebla” in A.A.A.S.

1121:

Special forms for the masculine second and third person accusative and

958:: independent and suffix. Additionally, the texts have also revealed a 929:

Here we should also highlight the issue of the unstable realization of

897: 843: 699: 579: 559: 521: 513: 494: 141: 108:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

4223: 2690:

P. Fronzaroli 1979. “Problemi di fonetica eblaita” in Studi Eblaitica

777:

meaning "king" in Sumerian, he transcribes it with its Akkadian value

4445: 4395: 4317: 4178: 3092: 1977: 1973: 707: 651: 619: 450:

civilization's cultural identity did not necessarily fall within the

2973: 2889:

M. Liverani 1965. Missione Archeologica Italiana in Siria 1964. Rome

2578:

in Eblaitica : Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language

911:

Also through a contextual analysis of the symbols z + Vowel (V): ze

4798: 4435: 4430: 4410: 847: 773: 409: 376: 4385: 1956: 575: 567: 463: 447: 427: 372: 170: 66: 4227: 2977: 2602:. Istituto universitario orientale, Series Minor XIV, Naples. 2323:

Ibid, pp. 137–139. See also P. Fronzaroli, 1980, pp. 65–89 in

335: 18: 2790:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages

2788:

J. Huehnergard, 2004. "Akkadian and Eblaite" in R. Woodard

344: 323: 317: 308: 371:

in Northern Syria. It was named after the ancient city of

78:

to this template: there are already 1,436 articles in the

2925:

G. Rubio 2006. "Eblaite, Akkadian, and East Semitic." In

942:, and may therefore be either a surviving feature of the 646:

perspective remains relatively narrow and limited from a

593:, a rather large portion of these only used the language 946:(or Afro-Asiatic) or a cross-linguistic areal feature." 16:

Extinct Semitic language used in the third millennium BC

630:"the day when the god of his father had his festival" 2821:(eds. J.S. Cooper – G.M. Schwartz), pp. 233–249. 1760:

cases, but also more concrete relationships like the

341: 338: 326: 314: 311: 62: 4949: 4903: 4877: 4781: 4678: 4571: 4479: 4472: 4343: 4270: 4261: 4123: 4042: 4019: 4012: 3964: 3943: 3934: 3927: 3894: 3885: 3878: 3831: 3822: 3752: 3660: 3635: 3591: 3536: 3477: 3466: 3455: 3370: 3333: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3218: 3197: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3044: 3011: 2872:

Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar

2848:

Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar

2730:

La Lingua Di Ebla: Atti Del Convegno Internazionale

2639:. Edited by Pelio Fronzaroli. Quaderni di Semitica 1748:, covering both syntactical relationships like the 332: 305: 278: 262: 246: 241: 225: 186: 176: 166: 149: 58:

a machine-translated version of the French article.

2754:2, second édition, revised and enlarged. Chicago. 850:trace of one of the two preceding articulations. 638:Of course, even if we add to this collection the 1744:, with singular, dual, and plural; and finally 892:Studying the usage context for the symbols I, I 759:However, if, as we just saw, we can identify a 379:. Variants of the language were also spoken in 2142:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 422:in the second half of the third millennium BC. 104:accompanying your translation by providing an 49:Click for important translation instructions. 36:expand this article with text translated from 5018:Languages attested from the 3rd millennium BC 4239: 2989: 2542:Watson E. Mills,Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990). 2416:Jerrold S. Cooper, Glenn M. Schwartz (1996). 2302:Catalogo dei testi cuneiformi di Tell Mardikh 1996:and debate the relationship between the two. 8: 2927:The Akkadian Language in its Semitic Context 2875:(2nd ed.). Leuven: Peeters Publishers. 2851:(1st ed.). Leuven: Peeters Publishers. 853:Additionally, as shown by the written forms 4834:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2609:K. Cathart 1984. “The Language of Ebla” in 2598:R. Caplice 1981. “Eblaite and Akkadian” in 662:The graphical barrier and writing practices 545:. G. Garbini then proposed the term "Paleo- 320: 4476: 4267: 4246: 4232: 4224: 4016: 3940: 3931: 3891: 3882: 3828: 3474: 3463: 3291: 3282: 3097: 3088: 2996: 2982: 2974: 2785:. Ed. Robert Hetzron. New York: Routledge. 730:is a sufficient system for the writing of 155: 146: 2576:Alfonso Archi 1987. “ Ebla and Eblaite ” 2486:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 550. 2726:"Considerations on the Language of Ebla" 2635:G. Conti 1984. “Arcaismi in Eblaita” in 2611:Proceeding of Irish Biblical Association 2548:. Mercer University Press. p. 226. 2467: 2455: 2169: 2121: 1863: 1775: 1605: 1483: 1383: 1127: 973: 2781:C. Gordon 1997. "Amorite and Eblaite," 2234: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2109: 2061: 512:This opposition between a West Semitic 2810:1, edited by Alan S. Kaye, Wiesbaden. 2446:Krebernik, "Linguistic Classification" 83: 2617:8, edited by A. D. H. Mayes. Dublin. 2139:Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2010). 1740:, with masculine and feminine forms; 395:with East and West Semitic features. 7: 2584:1 edited by C. Gordon. Eisenbrauns, 398:The language was discovered through 900:/h/, /ḥ/, and /ḫ/ confirmed by the 505:and the inscriptions translated by 4210:Languages between parentheses are 2207:See Giovanni Pettinato, 1967–1968. 789:"mother" syllabically rendered as 414:Ebla and other principal sites of 161:Eblaite inscriptions found in Ebla 14: 1988:Eblaite has been described as an 458:inscription, mentioning the king 4972:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 4463: 2948: 2562:from the original on 2016-05-21. 2531:from the original on 2016-04-23. 2500:from the original on 2018-03-20. 2436:from the original on 2018-03-20. 2405:from the original on 2016-05-06. 2159:from the original on 2017-10-18. 582:, as well as some documents for 301: 23: 2969:Eblaitica vol.4 at Google Books 2964:Eblaitica vol.2 at Google Books 2637:Studies on the language of Ebla 4529:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 4524:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 4214:of the language on their left. 2545:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 2246:G. Pettinato 1975, pp. 361–374 114:You may also add the template 1: 4911:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 4308:Tigris–Euphrates river system 670:. Indeed, Eblaite shares its 2422:. Eisenbrauns. p. 259. 2032:North Semitic classification 474:palace (2400–2225 BC) of 42 4977:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 4859:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 4854:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 2000:East Semitic classification 501:were directed by Professor 127:Knowledge (XXG):Translation 86:will aid in categorization. 5034: 4982:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 2724:Garbini, Giovanni (1981). 2517:. Routledge. p. 101. 2255:G. Garbini 1984, pp. 65–68 1972:value through a system of 805:to write the plural of nas 597:, as confirmed by certain 426:The 1964 discovery at the 139: 61:Machine translation, like 4461: 4196: 2483:Semitic studies, Volume 1 2304:(MEE 1, 1979) no. 6424-30 2273:R.B. I., 25. 1977, p. 238 2225:P. Fronzaroli, 1977, p.40 2145:. Elsevier. p. 313. 2096:Dictionary.com Unabridged 1616: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1264: 1211: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1078: 1035: 1018: 991: 986: 981: 979: 954:Eblaite has two forms of 154: 116:{{Translated|fr|Éblaïte}} 38:the corresponding article 4207:or historical languages. 2799:34 / 1–2, Philadelphia. 2391:. Routledge. p. 7. 2291:I. Gelb, 1981, pp. 13–14 960:determinative pronominal 922:As for the existence of 703:syllabic decomposition. 674:writing system with the 605:– such as morphological 140:Not to be confused with 2511:Robert Hetzron (2013). 2385:Robert Hetzron (2013). 553:Nature of the documents 402:tablets found in Ebla. 125:For more guidance, see 5008:East Semitic languages 4814:Babylonian mathematics 2046:West Semitic languages 2042:East Semitic languages 1480:Interrogative pronouns 1380:Determinative pronouns 820:"the mayor takes it." 601:elements added to the 543:East Semitic languages 487:West Semitic languages 423: 3402:Christian Palestinian 3123:Ancient North Arabian 2783:The Semitic Languages 2514:The Semitic Languages 2480:Alan S. Kaye (1991). 2388:The Semitic Languages 1990:East Semitic language 975:Independent Pronouns 968:epigraphical material 716:Early Dynastic Period 433:Early Dynastic Period 413: 365:East Semitic language 98:copyright attribution 4809:Babylonian astronomy 4288:Mesopotamian Marshes 3500:Koy Sanjaq Christian 3188:Pre-classical Arabic 2336:I. Gelb, 1981, p. 24 2057:References and notes 375:, in modern western 4890:Destruction by ISIL 4844:Sumerian literature 4819:Akkadian literature 4255:Ancient Mesopotamia 3344:Ashurian and Hatran 2282:I. Gelb, 1977, p. 7 2186:Amorite and Eblaite 1866: 1778: 1728:Eblaite presents a 1602:Indefinite pronouns 1130: 976: 881:Phonological system 4926:Mesopotamian myths 3965:Harari–East Gurage 3416:Jewish Palestinian 2007:Richard I. Caplice 1864: 1776: 1128: 974: 764:syllabic writing. 507:Giovanni Pettinato 442:In agreement with 424: 106:interlanguage link 4990: 4989: 4941:Ziggurat (Temple) 4916:Sumerian religion 4674: 4673: 4621:Middle Babylonian 4563:Kish civilization 4459: 4458: 4283:Lower Mesopotamia 4278:Upper Mesopotamia 4221: 4220: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4008: 4007: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3656: 3655: 3631: 3630: 3587: 3586: 3559:Koy Sanjaq Jewish 3351:Jewish Babylonian 3272: 3271: 3005:Semitic languages 2593:La lingua di Ebla 2555:978-0-86554-373-7 2524:978-1-136-11580-6 2493:978-3-447-03168-4 2429:978-0-931464-96-6 2398:978-1-136-11580-6 2216:M. Liverani, 1965 2152:978-0-08-087775-4 2079:the Linguist List 2025:Northwest Semitic 2021:Manfred Krebernik 2005:Scholars such as 1948: 1947: 1862: 1861: 1721: 1720: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1599: 1598: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1477: 1476: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1377: 1376: 1355: 1330: 1295: 1270: 1242: 1217: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1119: 1118: 1103: 1084: 1062: 1043: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 956:personal pronouns 950:Pronominal system 776: 755: 751: 595:ideogrammatically 369:3rd millennium BC 294: 293: 181:3rd millennium BC 138: 137: 50: 46: 5025: 4839:Sumerian cuisine 4829:Warfare in Sumer 4824:Economy of Sumer 4477: 4467: 4351:Fertile Crescent 4335:Sinjar Mountains 4330:Hamrin Mountains 4325:Zagros Mountains 4303:Taurus Mountains 4268: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4225: 4017: 3941: 3932: 3892: 3883: 3829: 3697:northern dialect 3475: 3464: 3317:Biblical Aramaic 3310:Imperial Aramaic 3292: 3283: 3181:Nabataean Arabic 3098: 3089: 3064:Canaano-Akkadian 2998: 2991: 2984: 2975: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2935: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2886: 2867:Lipiński, Edward 2862: 2843:Lipiński, Edward 2837: 2829: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2798: 2775:pp. 127–139 2764: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2631: 2620: 2616: 2605: 2587: 2583: 2564: 2563: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2183:Gordon, Cyrus H. 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2136: 2125: 2124:, p. 51-52. 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2087: 2081: 2066: 2015:John Huehnergard 1867: 1779: 1777:Masculine nouns 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1606: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1484: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1384: 1353: 1328: 1293: 1268: 1240: 1215: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1131: 1101: 1082: 1060: 1039: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 977: 962:form as well as 772: 753: 749: 516:and an Akkadian 367:used during the 363:, is an extinct 352:, also known as 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 329: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 290: 274: 258: 251: 231: 192: 159: 147: 117: 111: 85: 84:|topic= 82:, and specifying 67:Google Translate 48: 44: 27: 26: 19: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5022: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4945: 4899: 4873: 4782:Culture/society 4777: 4670: 4666:Muslim conquest 4636:Fall of Babylon 4567: 4468: 4455: 4339: 4257: 4252: 4222: 4217: 4184: 4107: 4038: 4004: 3960: 3944:Amharic–Argobba 3936: 3923: 3874: 3835: 3810: 3748: 3652: 3627: 3583: 3532: 3528:Urmia Christian 3469: 3458: 3451: 3366: 3329: 3268: 3228:Egyptian Arabic 3214: 3210:Modern Standard 3193: 3078: 3040: 3007: 3002: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2883: 2865: 2859: 2841: 2835: 2827: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2796: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2737: 2723: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2629: 2618: 2614: 2603: 2591:A. Cagni 1981. 2585: 2581: 2572: 2567: 2556: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2525: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2494: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2430: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2399: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2153: 2138: 2137: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2038:Edward Lipiński 2034: 2002: 1986: 1953: 1865:Feminine Nouns 1774: 1772:Noun declension 1726: 1604: 1482: 1382: 952: 918: 914: 895: 883: 808: 804: 800: 794: 664: 658:point of view. 632: 627: 618: 555: 408: 389:Cyrus H. Gordon 387:. According to 331: 304: 300: 286: 270: 267: 254: 247: 232: 227: 221: 193: 190:Language family 188: 162: 145: 134: 133: 132: 115: 109: 51: 45:(November 2016) 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4962:Assyriologists 4959: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4869:List of rulers 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4758:Proto-Armenian 4755: 4750: 4745: 4743:Middle Persian 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4631:Neo-Babylonian 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4611:Old Babylonian 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4581:Early Dynastic 4577: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4059: 4054: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4023: 4021: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3938: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3898: 3896: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3730: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3472: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3435: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3376: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3324:Middle Aramaic 3320: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3296: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3220:Dialect groups 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3102: 3095: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2943: 2942:External links 2940: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2863: 2857: 2839: 2831: 2824: 2815: 2804: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2721: 2710: 2699: 2688: 2677: 2670: 2667: 2656: 2648: 2633: 2622: 2607: 2596: 2589: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2554: 2534: 2523: 2503: 2492: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2439: 2428: 2408: 2397: 2377: 2367: 2358: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2316: 2306: 2300:G. Pettinato, 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2188:. p. 101. 2174: 2162: 2151: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2099:(Online). n.d. 2082: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2018: 2001: 1998: 1985: 1984:Classification 1982: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1773: 1770: 1725: 1724:Nominal system 1722: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 989: 988: 985: 980: 951: 948: 944:Semito-Hamitic 916: 912: 893: 882: 879: 806: 802: 798: 792: 668:writing system 663: 660: 625: 616: 611: 554: 551: 503:Paolo Matthiae 407: 404: 292: 291: 284: 276: 275: 268: 263: 260: 259: 252: 244: 243: 242:Language codes 239: 238: 233: 229:Writing system 226: 223: 222: 220: 219: 218: 217: 216: 215: 196: 194: 187: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 160: 152: 151: 136: 135: 131: 130: 123: 112: 90: 87: 75:adding a topic 70: 59: 52: 33: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5030: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Syrian Desert 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887:Ethio-Semitic 3884: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3648:Judeo-Aramaic 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3244:Siculo-Arabic 3241: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2882:9789042908154 2878: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2858:9789068319392 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2805: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2711: 2700: 2689: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2657: 2649: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2623: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2473: 2470:, p. 50. 2469: 2468:Lipiński 2001 2464: 2461: 2458:, p. 49. 2457: 2456:Lipiński 2001 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325:Studi Eblaiti 2320: 2317: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2237:, p. 79. 2236: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2172:, p. 52. 2171: 2170:Lipiński 2001 2166: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:Lipiński 2001 2118: 2115: 2112:, p. 81. 2111: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1951:Verbal system 1950: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1607: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1485: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1385: 1379: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1132: 1129:Suffix forms 1126: 1124: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 984: 978: 972: 969: 965: 964:interrogative 961: 957: 949: 947: 945: 941: 937: 932: 927: 925: 920: 909: 907: 903: 899: 890: 888: 880: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 821: 819: 816: 812: 796: 788: 782: 780: 775: 770: 765: 762: 757: 754:X DUMU.NITA Y 747: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 719: 717: 713: 709: 704: 701: 697: 696:ideogrammatic 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 661: 659: 657: 653: 649: 648:morphological 645: 641: 636: 631: 624: 621: 614: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 552: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 429: 421: 417: 412: 405: 403: 401: 396: 394: 393:lingua franca 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 357: 349: 298: 289: 285: 283: 282: 277: 273: 269: 266: 265:Linguist List 261: 257: 253: 250: 245: 240: 237: 234: 230: 224: 214: 211: 210: 209: 206: 205: 204: 201: 200: 199: 195: 191: 185: 182: 179: 175: 172: 169: 165: 158: 153: 148: 143: 128: 124: 121: 113: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 81: 80:main category 77: 76: 71: 68: 64: 60: 57: 54: 53: 47: 41: 39: 34:You can help 30: 21: 20: 4864:Royal titles 4789:Architecture 4702: 4626:Neo-Assyrian 4473:(Pre)history 4293:Persian Gulf 4200: 4177: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4049: 4026: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3711: 3704: 3695: 3688: 3676: 3669: 3603: 3574:Urmia Jewish 3442: 3437: 3430: 3421: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3381: 3371: 3349: 3342: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3259:Mesopotamian 3242: 3186: 3179: 3170: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3109:Proto-Arabic 3107: 3072: 3071: 3062: 3055: 3045: 2926: 2871: 2847: 2818: 2792:. Cambridge. 2789: 2782: 2729: 2636: 2625: 2610: 2599: 2592: 2577: 2570:Bibliography 2544: 2537: 2513: 2506: 2482: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2442: 2418: 2411: 2387: 2380: 2370: 2361: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2309: 2301: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2235:Garbini 1981 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2177: 2165: 2141: 2117: 2110:Garbini 1981 2105: 2094: 2085: 2072: 2064: 2051: 1987: 1954: 1736:categories: 1734:inflectional 1727: 1714: 1704: 1694: 1673: 1663: 1592: 1582: 1572: 1551: 1541: 1120: 953: 928: 921: 910: 891: 887:phonological 884: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 852: 833: 825:phonological 822: 817: 814: 813:šu-ba-ti = * 810: 790: 786: 783: 778: 766: 758: 740: 736:Mesopotamian 731: 724:anthroponyms 720: 705: 665: 637: 633: 629: 622: 612: 588: 556: 511: 448:Tell Mardikh 441: 428:Tell Mardikh 425: 397: 361:Palaeosyrian 360: 353: 296: 295: 279: 212: 208:East Semitic 198:Afro-Asiatic 102:edit summary 93: 73: 43: 35: 4967:Hittitology 4957:Assyriology 4878:Archaeology 4748:Old Persian 4558:Jemdet Nasr 4139:Hadramautic 4125:Old Arabian 4062:West Gurage 3972:East Gurage 3618:Neo-Mandaic 3396:Palestinian 3303:Old Aramaic 2956:Asia portal 2345:Ibid. p. 65 2011:Ignace Gelb 1978:prefixation 1974:suffixation 1875:accusative 1872:nominative 1787:accusative 1784:nominative 1617:Accusative 1611:Nominative 1495:Accusative 1489:Nominative 1395:Accusative 1389:Nominative 1325:3rd person 1265:3rd person 1212:2nd person 1189:1st person 1139:Accusative 1079:3rd person 1074:*/ʾantina/ 1036:2nd person 1019:1st person 966:forms. The 915:, s + V: se 902:realization 840:pharyngeals 714:during the 652:syntactical 603:Sumerograms 584:conjuration 564:syllabaries 499:Excavations 444:Ignace Gelb 437:Mesopotamia 420:Mesopotamia 4997:Categories 4931:Divination 4641:Achaemenid 4606:Isin-Larsa 4499:Trialetian 4494:Mousterian 4481:Prehistory 4168:Rijal Alma 4153:Qatabanian 3791:Himyaritic 3734:Phoenician 3295:Historical 3264:Peninsular 3165:Taymanitic 3116:Old Arabic 3101:Historical 2628:, Naples, 1955:Eblaite's 1754:accusative 1750:nominative 1687:inanimate 1565:inanimate 1432:masculine 1364:-SI-NA-AT 1055:/'antanu/ 924:diphthongs 906:pharyngeal 836:laryngeals 728:ideography 644:linguistic 539:Phoenician 518:morphology 472:Bronze Age 5013:Cuneiform 4804:Cuneiform 4680:Languages 4489:Acheulean 4376:Babylonia 4313:Euphrates 4263:Geography 4212:varieties 4203:indicate 4082:Sebat Bet 3832:Eastern ( 3784:Deir Alla 3662:Canaanite 3569:Trans-Zab 3554:Inter-Zab 3478:Christian 3432:Palmyrene 3423:Samaritan 3390:Nabataean 3278:Northwest 3233:Levantine 3205:Classical 3130:Dadanitic 2936:33, Rome. 2869:(2001) . 2613:(I.B.A.) 2091:"Eblaite" 2074:MultiTree 1962:aspectual 1889:singular 1884:locative 1878:genitive 1801:singular 1796:locative 1790:genitive 1710:ME-NE-MA 1700:ME-NA-MA 1690:MI-NU-MA 1669:MA-NA-MA 1659:MA-NU-MA 1614:Genitive 1588:MI-NE-IS 1492:Genitive 1455:feminine 1392:Genitive 1367:/-šināt/ 1329:masculine 1279:-SU, -SU 1273:-SU, -SU 1269:masculine 1216:masculine 1184:Singular 1136:Genitive 1083:masculine 1068:*/ʾanti/ 1052:AN-DA-NU 1041:masculine 1031:*/naḥnu/ 829:emphatics 761:signified 746:logograms 718:(DA II). 672:cuneiform 640:onomastic 527:Canaanite 476:cuneiform 460:Ibbit-Lim 406:Discovery 400:cuneiform 356:ISO 639-3 281:Glottolog 249:ISO 639-3 236:Cuneiform 120:talk page 72:Consider 40:in French 4950:Academia 4904:Religion 4773:Urartian 4768:Sumerian 4753:Parthian 4688:Akkadian 4661:Sasanian 4651:Parthian 4646:Seleucid 4596:Simurrum 4586:Akkadian 4519:Khiamian 4509:Natufian 4421:Simurrum 4406:Kassites 4401:Hittites 4356:Adiabene 4160:Awsanian 4043:Tt-group 3919:Tigrinya 3798:Samalian 3775:Galilean 3768:Ugaritic 3713:Medieval 3706:Mishnaic 3690:Biblical 3671:Ammonite 3564:Sanandaj 3549:Betanure 3522:Chaldean 3519:Assyrian 3505:Qaraqosh 3495:Hértevin 3409:Galilean 3383:Lebanese 3238:Maghrebi 3198:Literary 3172:Thamudic 3158:Safaitic 3144:Hasaitic 3137:Dumaitic 3057:Akkadian 3012:Branches 2896:167–204. 2845:(1997). 2705:5. Rome 2694:1. Rome 2560:Archived 2529:Archived 2498:Archived 2434:Archived 2403:Archived 2157:Archived 1994:Akkadian 1966:personal 1766:locative 1758:genitive 1568:MI-(NU) 1421:singular 1411:singular 1401:singular 1361:/-šina/ 1354:feminine 1336:/-šunu/ 1294:feminine 1241:feminine 1115:*/šinā/ 1102:feminine 1061:feminine 1049:/ʾantā/ 983:Singular 940:Egyptian 898:phonemes 889:system. 844:phonemes 811:ḫa-za-an 769:semantic 750:X DUMU Y 743:Sumerian 738:corpus. 700:phonetic 680:Akkadian 676:Sumerian 591:Sumerian 580:proverbs 560:lexicons 535:Ugaritic 489:such as 456:Akkadian 288:ebla1238 96:provide 4936:Prayers 4921:Deities 4885:Looting 4728:Kassite 4723:Hurrian 4718:Hittite 4708:Elamite 4703:Eblaite 4698:Aramaic 4693:Amorite 4616:Kassite 4591:Gutians 4573:History 4538:Samarra 4534:Hassuna 4504:Zarzian 4426:Subartu 4416:Mitanni 4381:Chaldea 4371:Assyria 4344:Ancient 4205:extinct 4201:Italics 4146:Minaean 4071:Endegen 4020:N-group 3981:Inneqor 3956:Argobba 3951:Amharic 3907:Dahalik 3879:Western 3870:Soqotri 3850:Ḥarsusi 3845:Baṭḥari 3836:Arabian 3761:Amorite 3727:Moabite 3678:Edomite 3643:Armazic 3623:Western 3599:Central 3544:Barzani 3470:eastern 3459:Aramaic 3373:Western 3357:Mandaic 3335:Eastern 3287:Aramaic 3250:Maltese 3151:Hismaic 3084:Central 3073:Eblaite 3029:Central 2838:191–210 2830:155–160 2814:866–885 2747:143–164 2720:117–157 2655:177–179 2647:159–172 2606:161–164 2069:Eblaite 1912:-ātu(m) 1909:plural 1898:-ati(m) 1895:-ata(m) 1892:-atu(m) 1881:dative 1821:plural 1793:dative 1730:nominal 1674:mannama 1664:mannuma 1655:animate 1643:written 1633:written 1623:written 1533:animate 1521:written 1511:written 1501:written 1358:-SI-NA 1333:-SU-NU 1320:Plural 1288:/-šum/ 1285:-SU-UM 1235:/-kum/ 1195:/-iyV/ 1171:written 1161:written 1151:written 1147:Person 1142:Dative 1109:/šiyā/ 1096:/šunū/ 1090:/šuwā/ 1025:/ʾanā/ 1008:written 998:written 987:Plural 936:Hurrian 931:liquids 875:taṣṣaʾā 871:da-za-a 863:ba-da-a 848:vocalic 815:ḫazānum 708:scribes 698:and/or 692:Elamite 688:Hurrian 684:Hittite 656:lexical 623:a-mu-su 607:markers 599:Semitic 522:dialect 514:lexicon 495:Aramaic 483:Amorite 479:tablets 468:Amorite 452:Semitic 297:Eblaite 213:Eblaite 203:Semitic 150:Eblaite 142:Elbaite 118:to the 100:in the 42:. 4763:Sutean 4738:Median 4733:Luwian 4713:Gutian 4601:Ur III 4514:Nemrik 4451:Cities 4446:Urartu 4396:Hamazi 4391:Gutium 4366:Armani 4318:Tigris 4271:Modern 4179:Sabaic 4173:Razihi 4077:Mesqan 4051:Mesmes 4000:Harari 3987:Wolane 3984:Ulbare 3977:Siltʼe 3937:versal 3935:Trans- 3865:Shehri 3855:Hobyot 3834:Modern 3805:Sutean 3753:Others 3719:Modern 3684:Hebrew 3636:Others 3611:Turoyo 3605:Mlaḥsô 3592:Others 3537:Jewish 3510:Senaya 3490:Bohtan 3485:Barwar 3468:North- 3444:Siryon 3438:Syrian 3362:Syriac 3093:Arabic 2903:33–56. 2879: 2855: 2709:95 120 2552: 2521: 2490: 2426: 2395: 2149: 1957:verbal 1762:dative 1756:, and 1742:number 1738:gender 1715:mīnema 1705:mīnama 1695:mīnuma 1578:MI-NA 1547:MA-NA 1537:MA-NU 1467:SA-TI 1464:SA-TI 1461:SA-DU 1458:SA-DU 1444:SU-TI 1426:plural 1416:plural 1406:plural 1301:/-šā/ 1282:/-šu/ 1276:/-šu/ 1254:/-ki/ 1248:/-ki/ 1229:/-ka/ 1223:/-ka/ 1201:/-ni/ 1123:dative 1093:SU-NU 1087:SU-WA 1046:AN-DA 993:Person 867:baytay 818:yimḫur 795:-mu-mu 787:ʾummum 779:šarrum 732:realia 690:, and 628:NIDBA 620:DINGIR 547:Syrian 531:Hebrew 491:Hebrew 359:), or 354:Eblan 167:Region 4849:Music 4799:Akitu 4656:Roman 4548:Ubaid 4543:Halaf 4441:Tukri 4436:Sumer 4431:Suhum 4411:Media 4361:Akkad 4133:Faifi 4100:Gyeto 4094:Gumer 4087:Chaha 4057:Muher 4034:Soddo 4028:Gafat 4013:Outer 3928:South 3912:Tigre 3902:Geʽez 3895:North 3860:Mehri 3824:South 3741:Punic 3579:Zakho 3515:Suret 3034:South 2910:19–22 2765:27–47 2740:65–78 2698:64–89 2687:27–43 2676:27–43 2632:75–97 2621:49–56 1970:modal 1968:, or 1932:-ātān 1929:dual 1915:-ātim 1810:-i(m) 1807:-a(m) 1804:-u(m) 1648:value 1638:value 1628:value 1593:mīniš 1552:manna 1542:mannu 1526:value 1516:value 1506:value 1232:-KUM 1176:value 1166:value 1156:value 1106:SI-A 1013:value 1003:value 873:for / 865:for / 861:/ or 859:laḫān 857:for / 855:la-ḫa 801:-nasi 774:LUGAL 654:, or 576:hymns 572:epics 568:myths 537:, or 416:Syria 385:Nagar 377:Syria 63:DeepL 5003:Ebla 4895:Tell 4553:Uruk 4386:Elam 4097:Gura 4091:Ezha 4067:Inor 3457:Neo- 3047:East 3024:West 3019:East 2877:ISBN 2853:ISBN 2803:1–18 2761:15, 2666:1–10 2588:7–17 2550:ISBN 2519:ISBN 2488:ISBN 2424:ISBN 2393:ISBN 2147:ISBN 2044:and 2013:and 1976:and 1852:-ayn 1849:-ayn 1842:dual 1816:-um 1764:and 1746:case 1583:mīna 1573:mīnu 1298:-SA 1251:-GI 1245:-GI 1226:-GA 1220:-GA 1198:-NI 1022:ANA 838:and 712:Kish 464:Ebla 418:and 383:and 381:Mari 373:Ebla 171:Ebla 94:must 92:You 56:View 4794:Art 3993:Zay 2683:25 2077:on 2071:at 1846:-ān 1813:-iš 1447:SA 1441:SI 1435:SU 1192:-I 493:or 462:of 435:of 272:xeb 256:xeb 177:Era 65:or 4999:: 2908:p. 2901:p. 2894:p. 2836:p. 2828:p. 2812:p. 2801:p. 2763:p. 2745:p. 2738:p. 2728:. 2718:p. 2707:p. 2696:p. 2685:p. 2674:p. 2664:p. 2653:p. 2645:p. 2630:p. 2619:p. 2604:p. 2586:p. 2558:. 2527:. 2496:. 2432:. 2401:. 2375:25 2155:. 2129:^ 2093:. 2009:, 1980:. 1964:, 1944:- 1924:- 1904:- 1858:- 1836:- 1830:-ī 1827:-ī 1824:-ū 1752:, 1717:/ 1707:/ 1697:/ 1682:– 1679:– 1676:/ 1666:/ 1595:/ 1585:/ 1575:/ 1560:– 1557:– 1554:/ 1544:/ 1473:– 1470:– 1450:– 1438:– 1373:– 1370:– 1348:– 1345:– 1342:– 1339:– 1313:– 1310:– 1307:– 1304:– 1260:– 1257:– 1207:– 1204:– 1125:: 1112:– 1071:– 1065:– 1028:– 917:11 807:11 803:11 799:11 756:. 686:, 682:, 678:, 650:, 613:in 586:. 578:, 574:, 570:, 562:, 533:, 509:. 497:. 348:-/ 336:iː 324:aɪ 4536:/ 4247:e 4240:t 4233:v 3838:) 2997:e 2990:t 2983:v 2934:n 2885:. 2861:. 2808:n 2797:n 2759:n 2752:n 2714:n 2703:n 2692:n 2681:n 2660:n 2641:n 2615:n 2582:n 2327:1 2027:. 1941:- 1938:- 1935:- 1921:- 1918:- 1901:- 1855:- 1833:- 1713:/ 1703:/ 1693:/ 1672:/ 1662:/ 1591:/ 1581:/ 1571:/ 1550:/ 1540:/ 913:2 894:2 793:3 791:u 626:3 617:4 615:U 345:ə 342:l 339:b 333:ˈ 330:, 327:t 321:. 318:ə 315:l 312:b 309:ɛ 306:ˈ 303:/ 299:( 144:. 129:. 122:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index