4507:
71:
2700:), when Earth is moving at its maximum velocity—while the opposite occurs in the southern hemisphere. As a result, in the northern hemisphere, autumn and winter are slightly shorter than spring and summer—but in global terms this is balanced with them being longer below the equator. In 2006, the northern hemisphere summer was 4.66 days longer than winter, and spring was 2.9 days longer than autumn due to orbital eccentricity.
4579:
144:
1581:
4481:
4543:
38:
4567:
4519:
4555:
1350:
4531:
2738:
to the star. All eight planets in the Solar System have near-circular orbits. The exoplanets discovered show that the Solar System, with its unusually-low eccentricity, is rare and unique. One theory attributes this low eccentricity to the high number of planets in the Solar System; another suggests
2721:
years, the northern hemisphere winters will become gradually longer and summers will become shorter. Any cooling effect in one hemisphere is balanced by warming in the other, and any overall change will be counteracted by the fact that the eccentricity of Earth's orbit will be almost halved. This
1048:
Radial trajectories are classified as elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic based on the energy of the orbit, not the eccentricity. Radial orbits have zero angular momentum and hence eccentricity equal to one. Keeping the energy constant and reducing the angular momentum, elliptic, parabolic, and
1887:
1576:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}e&={\frac {r_{\text{a}}-r_{\text{p}}}{r_{\text{a}}+r_{\text{p}}}}\\\,\\&={\frac {r_{\text{a}}/r_{\text{p}}-1}{r_{\text{a}}/r_{\text{p}}+1}}\\\,\\&=1-{\frac {2}{\;{\frac {r_{\text{a}}}{r_{\text{p}}}}+1\;}}\end{aligned}}}
2767:. The exoplanet systems discovered have either no planetesimal systems or a very large one. Low eccentricity is needed for habitability, especially advanced life. High multiplicity planet systems are much more likely to have habitable exoplanets. The
1756:
1877:
1152:"center". "Eccentric" first appeared in English in 1551, with the definition "...a circle in which the earth, sun. etc. deviates from its center". In 1556, five years later, an adjectival form of the word had developed.
769:
1906:
over the next 50 000 years. The arrows indicate the different scales used, as the eccentricities of
Mercury and Mars are much greater than those of Venus and Earth. The 0 point on x-axis in this plot is the year
1623:
972:
1107:
to find the projection angle of 11.86 degrees. Then, tilting any circular object by that angle, the apparent ellipse of that object projected to the viewer's eye will be of the same eccentricity.
2734:
discovered, most have a higher orbital eccentricity than planets in the Solar System. Exoplanets found with low orbital eccentricity (near-circular orbits) are very close to their star and are
1638:
1355:
2464:
respectively, the latter being the least orbital eccentricity of any planet in the Solar System. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit varies from nearly
1206:
880:
2706:
also slowly changes the place in Earth's orbit where the solstices and equinoxes occur. This is a slow change in the orbit of Earth, not the axis of rotation, which is referred to as
1337:
1284:
2619:
to be found passing through the Solar System. Its orbital eccentricity of 1.20 indicates that ʻOumuamua has never been gravitationally bound to the Sun. It was discovered 0.2 AU (
1801:
1089:
2527:), the smallest eccentricity of any known moon in the Solar System; its orbit is as close to a perfect circle as can be currently measured. Smaller moons, particularly
3507:
O'Brien, David P.; Walsh, Kevin J.; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Raymond, Sean N.; Mandell, Avi M. (2014). "Water delivery and giant impacts in the 'Grand Tack' scenario".
900:
824:
696:
2546:
have orbital eccentricities between 0 and 0.35 with an average value of 0.17. Their comparatively high eccentricities are probably due to under influence of
912:
3057:
2560:
have eccentricities mostly between 0.2 and 0.7, but some of them have highly eccentric elliptical orbits with eccentricities just below 1; for example,
2609:
has the largest eccentricity of any known hyperbolic comet of solar origin with an eccentricity of 1.057, and will eventually leave the Solar System.
3189:
2929:
539:
3374:
4358:
4506:
2905:
2859:
4418:
311:
380:
1622:
The semi-major axis, a, is also the path-averaged distance to the centre of mass, while the time-averaged distance is a(1 + e e / 2).
1003:
3644:
3246:
2991:
2639: mi) from Earth and is roughly 200 meters in diameter. It has an interstellar speed (velocity at infinity) of 26.33 km/s (
4413:
4293:
3712:
1175:
993:
3676:
on Earth orbital variations, Includes eccentricity over the last 50 million years and for the coming 20 million years.
3137:
2964:
845:
4378:
4132:
1104:
1028:
3669:
4451:
4090:
4081:
3818:
3685:
2740:
201:
2684:
Orbital mechanics require that the duration of the seasons be proportional to the area of Earth's orbit swept between the
31:
4497:
3679:
3560:
Loeb, Abraham; Batista, Rafael; Sloan, David (August 2016). "Relative
Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time".
4398:
3868:
4343:
532:
465:
1041:, but for open curves (an angle covered by velocity vector). The limit case between an ellipse and a hyperbola, when
2722:
will reduce the mean orbital radius and raise temperatures in both hemispheres closer to the mid-interglacial peak.
4323:
4150:
632:
4461:
4446:
3971:
2655:
2393:
460:
375:
1289:
3405:
3061:
2605:
but within the influence of the planets, is still bound to the Sun with an orbital period of about 10 years.
2424:
due to its estimated aphelion of 937 AU and perihelion of about 76 AU, possibly under influence of
4456:
3764:
2696:) can be substantially longer in duration. Northern hemisphere autumn and winter occur at closest approach (
2409:
1751:{\displaystyle {\frac {r_{\text{a}}}{r_{\text{p}}}}={\frac {\,a\,(1+e)\,}{\,a\,(1-e)\,}}={\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}
1165:
983:
331:
1240:
4318:
3920:
3840:
3828:
3197:
2933:
2601:. As first two's values are less than 1, their orbit are elliptical and they will return. McNaught has a
1123:
565:
525:
248:
3433:
2361:
The table lists the values for all planets and dwarf planets, and selected asteroids, comets, and moons.
4441:
4383:
4353:
4141:
4018:
3986:
3956:
3915:
3900:
3779:
3346:
2932:. Illinois State Museum (Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years). Archived from
2768:
1161:
676:
433:
268:
176:
3456:
2948:
2854:. Jerrold E. Marsden (2nd ed.). Providence, R.I.: AMS Chelsea Pub./American Mathematical Society.
70:
4466:
4288:
3961:
3930:
3858:
3833:
3808:
3769:
3750:
3705:
3579:
3526:
3382:
3285:
666:
306:
263:
253:
2747:
systems, which led the planets to have near-circular orbits. Solar planetesimal systems include the
2692:, so when the orbital eccentricity is extreme, the seasons that occur on the far side of the orbit (
2569:
1872:{\displaystyle {\frac {\,r_{\text{a}}\,}{r_{\text{p}}}}={\frac {\,1+e\,}{1-e}}{\text{ ≈ 1.03399 .}}}
4571:
4328:
4123:
3863:
2799:
While its orbit is hyperbolic, it is however still bound to the Sun due to the influence of planets
2711:
2616:
2413:
2225:
1169:
1056:
For a repulsive force only the hyperbolic trajectory, including the radial version, is applicable.
636:
561:
348:
186:
3098:
4559:
4547:
4001:
3890:
3788:
3595:
3569:
3542:
3516:
3332:
3275:
3154:
2703:
421:
296:
1062:
1017:
from 0 to 1 the orbit's shape is an increasingly elongated (or flatter) ellipse; for values of
4368:
4266:
4196:
3951:
3905:
3823:
3640:
3313:
3242:
2987:
2981:
2901:
2865:
2855:
2771:
of the Solar System also helps understand its near-circular orbits and other unique features.
2659:
2561:
2389:
2270:
839:
608:
336:
273:
152:
885:
809:
4523:
4348:
4280:
4044:
4006:
3880:
3850:
3803:
3660:
3587:
3534:
3303:
3293:
3169:
2780:
2707:
2602:
2580:
2447:
2432:
2362:
2300:
2150:
1891:
1886:
1602:
1226:
1007:
790:
620:
604:
506:
455:
220:
164:
4601:
4388:
3981:
3885:
3875:
3774:
3698:
3673:
3359:
3141:
2968:
2565:
2501:
2497:
2285:
1344:
511:
416:
326:
301:
3331:
Youdin, Andrew N.; Rieke, George H. (15 December 2015). "Planetesimals in Debris Disks".
1597:(also "apofocus", "aphelion", "apogee"), i.e., the farthest distance of the orbit to the
3591:
3583:
3530:
3289:
4583:
4511:
4484:
4436:
4428:
4423:
4308:
4303:
4234:
4214:
4205:
3798:
3784:
3760:
3755:
3730:
3410:
3308:
3263:
2735:
2591:
2557:
2528:
2315:
1598:
1116:
1038:
903:
835:
780:
656:
646:
581:
577:
483:
399:
393:
316:
241:
235:
230:
4595:
4338:
4333:
4252:
3895:
3813:
3633:
3599:
3482:
3134:
2961:
2897:
2748:
2532:
2509:
2493:
2485:
2240:
1925:
827:
596:
553:
488:
321:
278:
3546:
143:
17:
4578:
4535:
4403:
4313:
4187:
4170:
4028:
3925:
3793:
2752:
2744:
2366:
2210:
1985:
803:
628:
600:
588:
206:
196:
191:
42:
3035:
3010:
2612:
2340:
902:
is negative for an attractive force, positive for a repulsive one; related to the
3538:
2891:
2743:
have been found, but none resemble the Solar System. The Solar System has unique
1049:
hyperbolic orbits each tend to the corresponding type of radial trajectory while
4408:
4243:
4013:
3993:
3910:
2890:
Bate, Roger R.; Mueller, Donald D.; White, Jerry E.; Saylor, William W. (2020).
2760:
2756:
2417:
2255:
370:
3075:
1627:
The eccentricity of an elliptical orbit can be used to obtain the ratio of the
3976:
3665:
3155:"Equatorial insolation: from precession harmonics to eccentricity frequencies"
2764:
2697:
2654:
The mean eccentricity of an object is the average eccentricity as a result of
2350:
450:
406:
365:
2869:
2531:, can have significant eccentricities, such as Neptune's third largest moon,
4393:
3745:
3298:
3264:"Exoplanet orbital eccentricity: multiplicity relation and the Solar System"
3112:
2823:
C/2019 Q4 (Borisov) was never bound to the Sun, so its orbit is hyperbolic:
2731:
2689:
2685:
2606:
2489:
2471:
to almost 0.058 as a result of gravitational attractions among the planets.
2330:
2105:
1778:
1632:
1615:
1230:
1022:
764:{\displaystyle e={\sqrt {1+{\frac {2EL^{2}}{m_{\text{red}}\,\alpha ^{2}}}}}}
592:
3613:
3317:
3174:
37:
2693:
2543:
2425:
2165:
2120:
1774:
1628:
1594:
1234:
1037:, decreasing from 180 to 0 degrees. Here, the total turn is analogous to
585:
30:
This article is about eccentricity in astrodynamics. For other uses, see
4298:
3690:
3682:
provides series for Earth orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.
2547:
2505:
2443:
2388:. Such eccentricity is sufficient for Mercury to receive twice as much
2075:
2060:
2015:
1955:
1092:
831:
2484:, the most eccentric of the large moons in the Solar System. The four
3434:"Jupiter's 'Smashing' Migration May Explain Our Oddball Solar System"
2658:
over a given time period. Neptune currently has an instant (current
2195:
2135:
2030:
2000:
573:
967:{\displaystyle e={\sqrt {1+{\frac {2\varepsilon h^{2}}{\mu ^{2}}}}}}
4530:
3574:
3337:
4103:
3722:
3521:
3280:
2808:ʻOumuamua was never bound to the Sun, so its orbit is hyperbolic:
2553:
2397:
2180:
1970:
1940:
1899:
1895:
624:
569:
171:
36:
3219:
3060:. Perth Observatory in Australia. 22 January 2007. Archived from
3378:
2568:
and thus have eccentricities even closer to 1. Examples include
2474:
2378:
2090:
2045:
1903:
1099:. For example, to view the eccentricity of the planet Mercury (
3694:
2400:
was considered to be the planet with the most eccentric orbit (
3616:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 1 August 2016.
2392:
at perihelion compared to aphelion. Before its demotion from
1144:
1135:
1126:
1784:
For Earth's annual orbit path, the ratio of longest radius (
3680:
The orbital simulations by Varadi, Ghil and
Runnegar (2003)
2739:
it arose because of its unique asteroid belts. A few other
2365:
has the greatest orbital eccentricity of any planet in the
603:
is a conic section. It is normally used for the isolated
3239:
Rare Earth: Why
Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe
3011:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)"
2412:
have significant eccentricity, notably the dwarf planet
1160:
The eccentricity of an orbit can be calculated from the
3036:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/2006 P1 (McNaught)"
27:
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
3614:"Is Earthly Life Premature from a Cosmic Perspective?"
2710:. The climatic effects of this change are part of the
2564:
has a value of 0.967. Non-periodic comets follow near-
1091:
yields the projection angle of a perfect circle to an
4495:
3076:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/1980 E1 (Bowell)"
1804:
1641:
1353:
1292:
1243:
1178:
1065:
915:
888:
848:
812:
699:
4367:
4279:
4223:
4159:
4112:
4052:
4043:
3939:
3849:
3738:
3729:
3375:"Jupiter's Youthful Travels Redefined Solar System"
2669:, but from 1800 to 2050 has a mean eccentricity of
595:. The term derives its name from the parameters of
3632:
1871:
1750:
1575:
1331:
1278:
1200:
1083:
1053:tends to 1 (or in the parabolic case, remains 1).
966:
894:
874:
818:
763:
1059:For elliptical orbits, a simple proof shows that
3058:"Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught) – facts and figures"
3005:
3003:
2930:"Graph of the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit"
642:The eccentricity may take the following values:
65: Hyperbolic orbit (eccentricity = 1.3)
3113:"Keplerian elements for 1800 A.D. to 2050 A.D."
3030:
3028:
2504:) have their eccentricities of less than 0.01.
1890:Plot of the changing orbital eccentricities of
607:, but extensions exist for objects following a
3562:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
2556:have very different values of eccentricities.
3706:
533:
8:
3631:Prussing, John E.; Conway, Bruce A. (1993).
3153:Berger A.; Loutre M.F.; Mélice J.L. (2006).
1618:(or "perifocus" etc.), the closest distance.
986:(total energy divided by the reduced mass),
591:(or capture orbit), and greater than 1 is a
572:around another body deviates from a perfect
3455:Davidsson, Dr. Björn J. R. (9 March 2014).
1201:{\displaystyle e=\left|\mathbf {e} \right|}
4480:
4049:
3735:
3713:
3699:
3691:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
1910:
1565:
1534:
875:{\displaystyle F={\frac {\alpha }{r^{2}}}}
826:the coefficient of the inverse-square law
540:
526:
128:
3573:
3520:
3406:"How Did Jupiter Shape Our Solar System?"
3336:
3307:
3297:
3279:
3173:
2983:Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System
1864:
1849:
1839:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1722:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1658:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1511:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1388:
1375:
1368:
1354:
1352:
1325:
1309:
1297:
1291:
1260:
1248:
1242:
1189:
1177:
1103:= 0.2056), one must simply calculate the
1064:
954:
943:
930:
922:
914:
909:or in the case of a gravitational force:
887:
864:
855:
847:
811:
750:
745:
739:
727:
714:
706:
698:
1885:
1332:{\displaystyle r_{\text{a}}=a\,(1+e)\,,}
568:that determines the amount by which its
69:
51: Elliptic (eccentricity = 0.7)
4502:
3670:Berger (1978), Berger and Loutre (1991)
3097:Williams, David R. (29 November 2007).
2842:
2792:
431:
346:
150:
136:
58: Parabolic (eccentricity = 1)
41:An elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic
4359:Transposition, docking, and extraction
3355:
3344:
3237:Ward, Peter; Brownlee, Donald (2000).
2420:has an extremely-high eccentricity of
1912:Eccentricities of Solar System bodies
3666:The NOAA page on Climate Forcing Data
3639:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2947:David R. Williams (22 January 2008).
1279:{\displaystyle r_{\text{p}}=a\,(1-e)}
623:with inverse-square-law force, every
7:
2928:A. Berger & M.F. Loutre (1991).
1781:is perihelion, relative to the Sun.
1229:it can also be calculated from the
1115:The word "eccentricity" comes from
3432:Choi, Charles Q. (23 March 2015).
2450:have even lower eccentricities of
1021:from 1 to infinity the orbit is a
1004:specific relative angular momentum
25:
4419:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
580:, values between 0 and 1 form an
312:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
4577:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4479:
4414:Interplanetary Transport Network
4294:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
3686:Kepler's Second law's simulation
3668:includes (calculated) data from
3457:"Mysteries of the asteroid belt"
3262:Limbach, MA; Turner, EL (2015).
2949:"Neptunian Satellite Fact Sheet"
2442:; its orbit is nearly circular.
1760:For Earth, orbital eccentricity
1190:
994:standard gravitational parameter
142:
4379:Astronomical coordinate systems
4133:Longitude of the ascending node
3481:Raymond, Sean (2 August 2013).
3461:The History of the Solar System
3404:Sanders, Ray (23 August 2011).
3135:United States Naval Observatory
2980:Lewis, John (2 December 2012).
4452:Retrograde and prograde motion
3661:World of Physics: Eccentricity
3241:. Springer. pp. 122–123.
1712:
1700:
1689:
1677:
1322:
1310:
1273:
1261:
1078:
1072:
1025:branch making a total turn of
1010:divided by the reduced mass).
74:Elliptic orbit by eccentricity
1:
3592:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/08/040
2893:Fundamentals of Astrodynamics
996:based on the total mass, and
32:Eccentricity (disambiguation)
4399:Equatorial coordinate system
3539:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.009
2594:(C/2006 P1) with a value of
1217:is the eccentricity vector (
2542:Most of the Solar System's
466:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
4618:
4151:Longitude of the periapsis
2416:(0.44). Even further out,
1601:of the system, which is a
1145:
1136:
1134:"out of the center", from
1127:
1084:{\displaystyle \arcsin(e)}
635:of this Kepler orbit is a
611:orbit through the Galaxy.
435:Engineering and efficiency
254:Bi-elliptic transfer orbit
29:
4475:
4462:Specific angular momentum
3115:JPL Solar System Dynamics
830:such as in the theory of
3268:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2852:Foundations of mechanics
2550:and to past collisions.
1866: ≈ 1.03399 .
639:that defines its shape.
461:Propellant mass fraction
360:Gravitational influences
4457:Specific orbital energy
3299:10.1073/pnas.1406545111
3194:ircamera.as.arizona.edu
3140:13 October 2007 at the
2850:Abraham, Ralph (2008).
2512:has an eccentricity of
2410:Trans-Neptunian objects
1045:equals 1, is parabola.
984:specific orbital energy
895:{\displaystyle \alpha }
819:{\displaystyle \alpha }
566:dimensionless parameter
332:Specific orbital energy
3869:Geostationary transfer
3373:Zubritsky, Elizabeth.
3354:Cite journal requires
3175:10.5194/cpd-2-519-2006
2741:multiplanetary systems
1908:
1873:
1752:
1577:
1333:
1280:
1202:
1085:
968:
896:
876:
820:
765:
249:Hohmann transfer orbit
126:
67:
4442:Orbital state vectors
4384:Characteristic energy
4354:Trans-lunar injection
4142:Argument of periapsis
3819:Prograde / Retrograde
3780:Hyperbolic trajectory
3078:(1986-12-02 last obs)
3038:(2007-07-11 last obs)
3013:(2007-10-22 last obs)
2769:grand tack hypothesis
1889:
1874:
1791:) / shortest radius (
1753:
1578:
1343:is the length of the
1334:
1281:
1203:
1162:orbital state vectors
1086:
969:
897:
877:
821:
766:
677:Hyperbolic trajectory
445:Preflight engineering
177:Argument of periapsis
73:
40:
4289:Bi-elliptic transfer
3809:Parabolic trajectory
3674:Laskar et al. (2004)
3099:"Neptune Fact Sheet"
3064:on 18 February 2011.
2967:4 March 2007 at the
2431:The eccentricity of
1802:
1639:
1351:
1290:
1241:
1176:
1063:
913:
886:
846:
810:
697:
667:Parabolic trajectory
576:. A value of 0 is a
558:orbital eccentricity
501:Propulsive maneuvers
18:Eccentricity (orbit)
4329:Low-energy transfer
3584:2016JCAP...08..040L
3531:2014Icar..239...74O
3290:2015PNAS..112...20L
3190:"Long Term Climate"
2712:Milankovitch cycles
2617:interstellar object
2435:is currently about
1913:
1219:"Hamilton's vector"
1170:eccentricity vector
637:non-negative number
562:astronomical object
478:Efficiency measures
381:Sphere of influence
350:Celestial mechanics
132:Part of a series on
4324:Inclination change
3972:Distant retrograde
3162:Clim. Past Discuss
2986:. Academic Press.
2936:on 6 January 2018.
2704:Apsidal precession
2662:) eccentricity of
1911:
1909:
1869:
1748:
1573:
1571:
1329:
1276:
1198:
1081:
964:
892:
872:
816:
761:
297:Dynamical friction
127:
68:
4493:
4492:
4467:Two-line elements
4275:
4274:
4197:Eccentric anomaly
4039:
4038:
3906:Orbit of the Moon
3765:Highly elliptical
3635:Orbital Mechanics
2907:978-0-486-49704-4
2861:978-0-8218-4438-0
2426:unknown object(s)
2390:solar irradiation
2359:
2358:
1867:
1862:
1831:
1828:
1816:
1746:
1717:
1664:
1661:
1651:
1614:is the radius at
1593:is the radius at
1567:
1557:
1554:
1544:
1505:
1495:
1480:
1462:
1447:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1391:
1378:
1300:
1251:
1227:elliptical orbits
962:
960:
870:
840:classical physics
759:
757:
742:
687:The eccentricity
550:
549:
400:Lagrangian points
337:Vis-viva equation
307:Kepler's equation
154:Orbital mechanics
16:(Redirected from
4609:
4582:
4581:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4533:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4509:
4501:
4483:
4482:
4424:Lagrangian point
4319:Hohmann transfer
4264:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4101:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4070:
4050:
4019:Heliosynchronous
3968:Lagrange points
3921:Transatmospheric
3736:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3650:
3638:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3577:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3524:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3483:"The Grand Tack"
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3381:. Archived from
3370:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3340:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3283:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3196:. Archived from
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3159:
3150:
3144:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2977:
2971:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2847:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2781:Equation of time
2720:
2719:
2714:. Over the next
2708:axial precession
2675:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2603:hyperbolic orbit
2600:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2583:with a value of
2581:Comet Ikeya-Seki
2578:
2577:
2572:with a value of
2566:parabolic orbits
2538:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2508:'s largest moon
2483:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2441:
2440:
2423:
2407:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2325:
2324:
2310:
2309:
2301:Comet Ikeya-Seki
2295:
2294:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2250:
2249:
2235:
2234:
2220:
2219:
2205:
2204:
2190:
2189:
2175:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2145:
2144:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2085:
2084:
2070:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2040:
2039:
2025:
2024:
2010:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1980:
1979:
1965:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1794:
1787:
1777:is aphelion and
1772:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1693:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1610:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1095:of eccentricity
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1036:
1008:angular momentum
1001:
991:
981:
973:
971:
970:
965:
963:
961:
959:
958:
949:
948:
947:
931:
923:
901:
899:
898:
893:
881:
879:
878:
873:
871:
869:
868:
856:
825:
823:
822:
817:
801:
791:angular momentum
788:
778:
770:
768:
767:
762:
760:
758:
756:
755:
754:
744:
743:
740:
733:
732:
731:
715:
707:
621:two-body problem
605:two-body problem
542:
535:
528:
507:Orbital maneuver
456:Payload fraction
436:
417:Lissajous orbits
351:
322:Orbital velocity
269:Hyperbolic orbit
165:Orbital elements
155:
146:
129:
125:
123:
114:
112:
103:
101:
92:
90:
81:
79:
66:
64:
59:
57:
52:
50:
21:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4554:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4504:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4471:
4389:Escape velocity
4370:
4363:
4344:Rocket equation
4271:
4263:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4219:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4108:
4099:
4095:
4091:Semi-minor axis
4086:
4082:Semi-major axis
4077:
4068:
4062:
4035:
3957:Areosynchronous
3941:
3935:
3916:Sun-synchronous
3901:Near-equatorial
3845:
3725:
3719:
3657:
3647:
3630:
3627:
3625:Further reading
3622:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3353:
3343:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3142:Wayback Machine
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2969:Wayback Machine
2960:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2862:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2777:
2728:
2717:
2715:
2682:
2680:Climatic effect
2672:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2607:Comet C/1980 E1
2597:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2570:Comet Hale–Bopp
2558:Periodic comets
2536:
2529:irregular moons
2523:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2480:
2478:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2405:
2384:
2382:
2377:), followed by
2374:
2322:
2320:
2307:
2305:
2292:
2290:
2286:Comet Hale-Bopp
2277:
2275:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2245:
2232:
2230:
2217:
2215:
2202:
2200:
2187:
2185:
2172:
2170:
2157:
2155:
2142:
2140:
2127:
2125:
2112:
2110:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2080:
2067:
2065:
2052:
2050:
2037:
2035:
2022:
2020:
2007:
2005:
1992:
1990:
1977:
1975:
1962:
1960:
1947:
1945:
1932:
1930:
1884:
1851:
1838:
1821:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1735:
1724:
1694:
1671:
1654:
1644:
1637:
1636:
1613:
1608:
1605:of the ellipse.
1592:
1587:
1570:
1569:
1547:
1537:
1533:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1488:
1473:
1472:
1455:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1345:semi-major axis
1340:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1213:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1158:
1122:, derived from
1113:
1061:
1060:
1026:
997:
987:
977:
950:
939:
932:
911:
910:
884:
883:
860:
844:
843:
808:
807:
800:
794:
784:
774:
746:
735:
734:
723:
716:
695:
694:
617:
546:
517:
516:
512:Orbit insertion
502:
494:
493:
479:
471:
470:
446:
438:
434:
427:
426:
422:Lyapunov orbits
413:
412:
396:
386:
385:
361:
353:
349:
342:
341:
327:Surface gravity
302:Escape velocity
292:
284:
283:
264:Parabolic orbit
260:
259:
226:
224:
221:two-body orbits
212:
211:
202:Semi-major axis
167:
157:
153:
121:
120:
110:
109:
99:
98:
88:
87:
77:
76:
75:
62:
61:
60:
55:
54:
53:
48:
47:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4615:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4485:List of orbits
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Orbit equation
4434:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:Gravity assist
4306:
4304:Delta-v budget
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4235:Orbital period
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4215:True longitude
4208:
4206:Mean longitude
4199:
4190:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3962:Areostationary
3959:
3954:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3931:Very low Earth
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3859:Geosynchronous
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3841:Transfer orbit
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:Lagrange point
3796:
3791:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3721:Gravitational
3720:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3663:
3656:
3655:External links
3653:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3605:
3552:
3499:
3473:
3447:
3424:
3411:Universe Today
3396:
3385:on 9 June 2011
3365:
3356:|journal=
3323:
3254:
3247:
3229:
3224:exoplanets.org
3220:"ECCENTRICITY"
3211:
3200:on 2 June 2015
3181:
3168:(4): 519–533.
3145:
3126:
3104:
3089:
3067:
3049:
3024:
2999:
2992:
2972:
2954:
2939:
2920:
2906:
2875:
2860:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2816:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2736:tidally-locked
2727:
2724:
2681:
2678:
2651:
2648:
2592:Comet McNaught
2562:Halley's Comet
2486:Galilean moons
2357:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2316:Comet McNaught
2312:
2311:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2271:Halley's Comet
2267:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1883:
1880:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1835:
1824:
1812:
1795:
1788:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1657:
1647:
1631:radius to the
1620:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1599:center of mass
1590:
1564:
1561:
1550:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1296:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1247:
1223:
1222:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1157:
1154:
1117:Medieval Latin
1112:
1109:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1039:turning number
1013:For values of
957:
953:
946:
942:
938:
935:
929:
926:
921:
918:
904:Kepler problem
891:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
836:electrostatics
815:
798:
781:orbital energy
753:
749:
738:
730:
726:
722:
719:
713:
710:
705:
702:
685:
684:
674:
664:
657:Elliptic orbit
654:
647:Circular orbit
616:
613:
597:conic sections
582:elliptic orbit
578:circular orbit
548:
547:
545:
544:
537:
530:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
486:
484:Gravity assist
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
419:
411:
410:
402:
398:
397:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
378:
373:
368:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
317:Orbital period
314:
309:
304:
299:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
279:Decaying orbit
276:
271:
266:
258:
257:
251:
244:
242:Transfer orbit
240:
239:
238:
236:Elliptic orbit
233:
231:Circular orbit
227:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
168:
163:
162:
159:
158:
151:
148:
147:
139:
138:
134:
133:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4614:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4486:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:-body problem
4431:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:Oberth effect
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4253:Orbital speed
4247:
4245:
4238:
4236:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4207:
4200:
4198:
4191:
4189:
4174:
4172:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4094:
4092:
4085:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:Earth's orbit
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Geostationary
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3646:0-19-507834-9
3642:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3428:
3425:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3348:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3248:0-387-98701-0
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3093:
3090:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2993:9780323145848
2989:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2898:Courier Dover
2895:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2836:
2820:
2817:
2813:≈ 1.20 > 1
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:asteroid belt
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2661:
2657:
2656:perturbations
2649:
2647:
2618:
2615:is the first
2614:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2593:
2582:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2476:
2472:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2433:Earth's orbit
2429:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:planet status
2391:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:Eccentricity
1919:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1822:
1810:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1758:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1655:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1562:
1559:
1548:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1501:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1346:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1143:, "out of" +
1142:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
955:
951:
944:
940:
936:
933:
927:
924:
919:
916:
907:
905:
889:
865:
861:
857:
852:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:central force
813:
805:
797:
792:
787:
782:
779:is the total
777:
771:
751:
747:
736:
728:
724:
720:
717:
711:
708:
703:
700:
692:
690:
682:
678:
675:
672:
668:
665:
662:
658:
655:
652:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:astrodynamics
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
521:
520:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
498:
497:
490:
489:Oberth effect
487:
485:
482:
481:
475:
474:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
442:
441:
437:
430:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
408:
404:
403:
401:
395:
394:N-body orbits
390:
389:
382:
379:
377:
376:Perturbations
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
357:
356:
352:
345:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
288:
287:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
255:
252:
250:
246:
245:
243:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
222:
216:
215:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
197:Orbital nodes
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
166:
161:
160:
156:
149:
145:
141:
140:
137:Astrodynamics
135:
131:
130:
118:
107:
96:
85:
72:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4589:
4572:Solar System
4447:Perturbation
4429:
4404:Ground track
4314:Gravity turn
4265:
4258:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4188:True anomaly
4186:
4171:Mean anomaly
4169:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4102:
4089:
4080:
4073:Eccentricity
4072:
4071:
4029:Lunar cycler
4002:Heliocentric
3942:other points
3891:Medium Earth
3789:Non-inclined
3634:
3608:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3490:. Retrieved
3487:PlanetPlanet
3486:
3476:
3464:. Retrieved
3460:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3409:
3399:
3387:. Retrieved
3383:the original
3368:
3347:cite journal
3326:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3198:the original
3193:
3184:
3165:
3161:
3148:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3107:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3070:
3062:the original
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3015:. Retrieved
2982:
2975:
2957:
2942:
2934:the original
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2892:
2851:
2845:
2828:≈ 3.5 > 1
2819:
2804:
2795:
2753:Hilda family
2745:planetesimal
2730:Of the many
2729:
2702:
2683:
2653:
2650:Mean average
2646: mph).
2611:
2552:
2541:
2477:'s value is
2473:
2430:
2401:
2370:
2367:Solar System
2360:
2211:324 Bamberga
1783:
1762:
1759:
1626:
1621:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1159:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1119:
1114:
1105:inverse sine
1100:
1096:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1032:
1018:
1014:
1012:
998:
988:
978:
975:
908:
804:reduced mass
795:
785:
775:
772:
693:
691:is given by
688:
686:
680:
670:
660:
650:
641:
633:eccentricity
629:Kepler orbit
618:
601:Kepler orbit
589:escape orbit
557:
551:
274:Radial orbit
225:eccentricity
207:True anomaly
192:Mean anomaly
182:Eccentricity
181:
116:
105:
94:
83:
43:Kepler orbit
4560:Outer space
4548:Spaceflight
4409:Hill sphere
4244:Mean motion
4124:Inclination
4113:Orientation
4014:Mars cycler
3952:Areocentric
3824:Synchronous
3436:. Space.com
3274:(1): 20–4.
3204:1 September
3119:17 December
3042:17 December
2761:Hills cloud
2757:Kuiper belt
2046:Luna (Moon)
1156:Calculation
1120:eccentricus
599:, as every
407:Halo orbits
371:Hill sphere
187:Inclination
4349:Rendezvous
4045:Parameters
3881:High Earth
3851:Geocentric
3804:Osculating
3761:Elliptical
3575:1606.08448
3568:(8): 040.
3492:7 November
3466:7 November
3440:4 November
3417:4 November
3389:4 November
3338:1512.04996
3133:Data from
3017:5 December
2837:References
2765:Oort cloud
2763:, and the
2732:exoplanets
2726:Exoplanets
2698:perihelion
2629: km;
2351:2I/Borisov
615:Definition
451:Mass ratio
366:Barycenter
4524:Astronomy
4394:Ephemeris
4371:mechanics
4281:Maneuvers
4224:Variation
3987:Libration
3982:Lissajous
3886:Low Earth
3876:Graveyard
3775:Horseshoe
3600:118489638
3522:1407.3290
3515:: 74–84.
3281:1404.2552
2962:Asteroids
2870:191847156
2787:Footnotes
2690:equinoxes
2686:solstices
2613:ʻOumuamua
2544:asteroids
2444:Neptune's
2408:). Other
2396:in 2006,
2341:ʻOumuamua
2331:C/1980 E1
2106:10 Hygiea
1856:−
1779:periapsis
1740:−
1707:−
1633:periapsis
1616:periapsis
1526:−
1466:−
1382:−
1268:−
1231:periapsis
1166:magnitude
1132:ekkentros
1128:ἔκκεντρος
1111:Etymology
1070:
1023:hyperbola
952:μ
937:ε
890:α
858:α
814:α
748:α
659:: 0 <
593:hyperbola
586:parabolic
584:, 1 is a
291:Equations
219:Types of
124: 0.8
113: 0.6
102: 0.4
91: 0.2
4596:Category
4160:Position
3785:Inclined
3756:Circular
3547:51737711
3318:25512527
3138:Archived
3082:22 March
2965:Archived
2775:See also
2694:aphelion
2502:Callisto
2498:Ganymede
2166:2 Pallas
2121:Makemake
1882:Examples
1775:apoapsis
1635:radius:
1629:apoapsis
1595:apoapsis
1235:apoapsis
4584:Science
4512:Physics
4498:Portals
4369:Orbital
4339:Phasing
4299:Delta-v
4104:Apsides
4098:,
3896:Molniya
3814:Parking
3751:Capture
3739:General
3580:Bibcode
3527:Bibcode
3309:4291657
3286:Bibcode
3101:. NASA.
2951:. NASA.
2913:4 March
2548:Jupiter
2506:Neptune
2448:Venus's
2363:Mercury
2151:Mercury
2016:Jupiter
1956:Neptune
1892:Mercury
1583:where:
1339:where
1208:where:
1168:of the
1164:as the
1150:kentron
1146:κέντρον
1093:ellipse
982:is the
832:gravity
802:is the
789:is the
609:rosette
80: 0
4602:Orbits
4025:Other
3926:Tundra
3794:Kepler
3770:Escape
3723:orbits
3643:
3598:
3545:
3509:Icarus
3316:
3306:
3245:
2990:
2904:
2868:
2858:
2554:Comets
2533:Nereid
2510:Triton
2494:Europa
2375:0.2056
2335:1.057
2241:Nereid
2196:3 Juno
2136:Haumea
2031:Saturn
2001:Uranus
1926:Triton
1917:Object
1237:since
1067:arcsin
1029:arccsc
976:where
806:, and
773:where
683:> 1
663:< 1
631:. The
574:circle
560:of an
556:, the
122:
117:·
115:
111:
106:·
104:
100:
95:·
93:
89:
84:·
82:
78:
63:
56:
49:
4536:Stars
4267:Epoch
4056:Shape
3994:Lunar
3948:Mars
3940:About
3911:Polar
3731:Types
3596:S2CID
3570:arXiv
3543:S2CID
3517:arXiv
3333:arXiv
3276:arXiv
3158:(PDF)
2671:0.008
2664:0.011
2660:epoch
2596:1.000
2585:0.999
2574:0.995
2535:, of
2522:0.000
2479:0.054
2466:0.003
2459:0.006
2452:0.008
2446:and
2437:0.016
2422:0.855
2418:Sedna
2406:0.248
2398:Pluto
2383:0.093
2345:1.20
2321:1.000
2306:0.999
2291:0.995
2276:0.967
2261:0.854
2256:Sedna
2246:0.750
2231:0.440
2216:0.340
2201:0.255
2186:0.248
2181:Pluto
2171:0.231
2156:0.205
2141:0.188
2126:0.155
2111:0.114
2096:0.093
2081:0.088
2076:Vesta
2066:0.075
2061:Ceres
2051:0.054
2036:0.054
2021:0.048
2006:0.047
1991:0.028
1986:Titan
1976:0.016
1971:Earth
1961:0.008
1946:0.006
1941:Venus
1931:0.000
1907:2007.
1900:Earth
1896:Venus
1798:) is
1767:0.016
1603:focus
1124:Greek
627:is a
625:orbit
619:In a
570:orbit
564:is a
172:Apsis
119:
108:
97:
86:
4059:Size
3998:Sun
3977:Halo
3829:semi
3641:ISBN
3566:2016
3494:2015
3468:2015
3442:2015
3419:2015
3391:2015
3379:NASA
3360:help
3314:PMID
3243:ISBN
3206:2016
3121:2009
3084:2010
3044:2009
3019:2008
2988:ISBN
2915:2022
2902:ISBN
2866:OCLC
2856:ISBN
2688:and
2590:and
2537:0.75
2500:and
2475:Luna
2457:and
2414:Eris
2379:Mars
2355:3.5
2226:Eris
2091:Mars
1904:Mars
1902:and
1286:and
1233:and
1225:For
1002:the
992:the
3834:sub
3746:Box
3588:doi
3535:doi
3513:239
3304:PMC
3294:doi
3272:112
3170:doi
2718:000
2643:900
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