334:
1502:
57:
44:
953:
1249:
1314:
1543:
1184:
1262:
1210:
411:
and other crops will not grow well. The grains are cooked in water, like rice, or boiled with milk and sugar. Sometimes it is fermented to make
1402:
1332:
974:
954:
https://andhrabharati.com/dictionary/index.php?w=%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81}
426:(willingly abstaining from some types of food / food ingredients). For this reason, these seeds are commonly also referred to as "
1236:
1536:
1461:
199:
1267:
1301:
1080:
1057:
1038:
56:
1582:
1466:
1415:
1319:
802:
333:
1529:
1420:
1577:
1171:
796:
784:
680:
1176:
1163:
763:
1158:
1000:
715:
1085:
700:
863:
837:
757:
377:
183:
1215:
407:, but the exact date or region of domestication is uncertain. It is cultivated on marginal lands where
17:
1567:
1381:
1342:
1119:
1376:
790:
721:
664:
1293:
1474:
1111:
935:
735:
727:
652:
646:
633:
403:
207:
51:
1407:
1254:
1501:
1363:
1093:
980:
970:
843:
822:
741:
672:
658:
611:
547:
1513:
1443:
1572:
1562:
1368:
1280:
927:
749:
688:
640:
511:
485:
1350:
849:
778:
694:
565:
438:(i.e., "rice for fasting", literally). Other common names to identify these seeds include
94:
43:
1394:
1389:
814:
583:
81:
1150:
1556:
1275:
808:
107:
939:
898:
885:
1479:
1098:
1202:
1062:
1049:
1509:
1453:
1306:
1288:
1223:
1032:
605:
367:
160:
150:
120:
1023:
984:
1197:
1145:
1132:
1433:
1355:
1428:
1327:
1072:
1017:
617:
420:
394:
914:
Hilu, Khidir W. (1994). "Evidence from RAPD markers in the evolution of
1189:
1106:
931:
453:
423:
140:
1228:
386:
130:
1241:
994:
1137:
435:
416:
398:
390:
332:
68:
1124:
412:
408:
341:
998:
967:
Insect pests of millets: systematics, bionomics, and management
415:. While also being part of staple diet for some communities in
419:, these seeds are, in particular, (cooked and) eaten during
1517:
540:
532:
524:
516:
490:
498:
472:
458:
440:
552:
1007:
570:
428:
1537:
505:
479:
465:
447:
8:
559:
577:
1544:
1530:
995:
401:. Its wild ancestor is the tropical grass
42:
31:
877:
18:Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea
867:, also called Japanese barnyard millet
7:
1498:
1496:
1467:7bb3294c-8061-4772-a399-9a34f1658d9a
1343:61372cf5-0cf7-4af1-85ba-cc1f9a1857ce
1516:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
1421:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30158481-2
25:
1500:
55:
920:Plant Systematics and Evolution
389:is widely grown as a cereal in
1:
299:(Hitchc.) Makino & Nemoto
491:
289:(Hitchc.) Thell. ex de Lesd.
904:USDA NRCS Plant Fact Sheet.
571:
553:
541:
533:
525:
517:
499:
473:
459:
441:
429:
1599:
1495:
803:Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus
578:
560:
506:
480:
466:
448:
213:
206:
189:
182:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1382:Echinochloa frumentacea
1333:Echinochloa~frumentacea
1039:Echinochloa frumentacea
1009:Echinochloa frumentacea
900:Echinochloa frumentacea
797:Hieroglyphus daganensis
785:Atractomorpha crenulata
681:Haplothrips ganglbaueri
373:Echinochloa frumentacea
350:Echinochloa frumentacea
338:Echinochloa frumentacea
277:Oplismenus frumentaceus
267:Echinochloa glabrescens
193:Echinochloa frumentacea
36:Echinochloa frumentacea
965:Kalaisekar, A (2017).
830:Developing grain pests
716:Nephotettix cincticeps
594:Insect pests include:
496:in the Garhwal Hills,
355:Indian barnyard millet
345:
247:Echinochloa crus-galli
237:Echinochloa crus-galli
227:Echinochloa crus-galli
864:Echinochloa esculenta
838:Agonoscelis pubescens
764:Macrosiphum eleusines
758:Hysteroneura setariae
336:
257:Echinochloa crusgalli
969:. London: Elsevier.
918:millets (Poaceae)".
363:billion dollar grass
323:Panicum frumentaceum
791:Hieroglyphus banian
722:Sogatella furcifera
701:Chilo diffusilineus
665:Atherigona nudiseta
365:) is a species of
233:Hitchc. nom. illeg.
175:E. frumentacea
932:10.1007/BF00939730
736:Nilaparvata lugens
728:Sogatella kolophon
653:Atherigona soccata
647:Atherigona simplex
634:Atherigona falcata
404:Echinochloa colona
346:
313:Panicum crus-galli
303:Panicum crus-galli
293:Panicum crus-galli
283:Panicum crus-galli
217:Echinochloa colona
1583:Panicoideae stubs
1525:
1524:
1490:
1489:
1364:Open Tree of Life
1001:Taxon identifiers
976:978-0-12-804243-4
844:Dolycoris indicus
823:Euproctis similis
820:leaf caterpillar
742:Peregrinus maidis
673:Mythimna separata
659:Atherigona oryzae
612:Anomala dimidiata
514:-speaking areas,
331:
330:
325:Roxb. nom. illeg.
253:(Link) W.F.Wright
16:(Redirected from
1590:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1504:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1309:
1307:NBNSYS0000034368
1297:
1296:
1284:
1283:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1192:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1026:
996:
989:
988:
962:
956:
950:
944:
943:
911:
905:
896:
890:
889:
886:"The Plant List"
882:
750:Cletus punctiger
689:Sesamia inferens
641:Atherigona pulla
626:Seedling feeders
581:
580:
574:
563:
562:
556:
544:
536:
528:
520:
509:
508:
502:
494:
483:
482:
476:
469:
468:
462:
451:
450:
444:
432:
195:
60:
59:
46:
32:
27:Species of grass
21:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1351:Observation.org
1349:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1003:
993:
992:
977:
964:
963:
959:
951:
947:
913:
912:
908:
897:
893:
884:
883:
879:
874:
859:
850:Nezara viridula
779:Acrida exaltata
695:Chilo partellus
592:
383:Japanese millet
202:
197:
191:
178:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1578:Flora of Malta
1575:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1505:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:wfo-0000865321
1471:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1298:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1142:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1067:
1054:
1044:
1029:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1004:
999:
991:
990:
975:
957:
945:
926:(3): 247–257.
906:
891:
876:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
858:
855:
854:
853:
832:
831:
827:
826:
818:
815:Oxya bidentata
773:
772:
768:
767:
753:
745:
733:plant hoppers
731:
710:
709:
705:
704:
684:
676:
668:
637:
628:
627:
623:
622:
621:sp. (in India)
600:
599:
591:
588:
430:vrat ke chawal
329:
328:
327:
326:
320:
319:(Roxb.) Trimen
310:
300:
290:
280:
274:
264:
254:
244:
234:
224:
211:
210:
204:
203:
198:
187:
186:
180:
179:
172:
170:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:article is a
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
986:
982:
978:
972:
968:
961:
958:
955:
949:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
907:
903:
901:
895:
892:
887:
881:
878:
871:
866:
865:
861:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
833:
829:
828:
825:
824:
819:
817:
816:
811:
810:
809:Oxya nitidula
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
786:
781:
780:
776:grasshoppers
775:
774:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
759:
754:
752:
751:
746:
744:
743:
738:
737:
732:
730:
729:
724:
723:
718:
717:
712:
711:
708:Sucking pests
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
683:
682:
677:
675:
674:
669:
667:
666:
661:
660:
655:
654:
649:
648:
643:
642:
638:
636:
635:
630:
629:
625:
624:
620:
619:
614:
613:
608:
607:
602:
601:
597:
596:
595:
589:
587:
585:
575:
573:
572:kuthiraivaali
567:
557:
555:
554:bonthasaamalu
549:
545:
543:
537:
535:
529:
527:
521:
519:
513:
503:
501:
495:
493:
487:
477:
475:
463:
461:
455:
445:
443:
437:
433:
431:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
343:
339:
335:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
309:(Link) Trimen
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
215:
214:
212:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
188:
185:
184:Binomial name
181:
177:
176:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:Tracheophytes
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1518:expanding it
1507:
1492:
1008:
966:
960:
948:
923:
919:
915:
909:
899:
894:
880:
862:
848:
842:
836:
821:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:Leaf feeders
762:
756:
748:
740:
734:
726:
720:
714:
713:leafhoppers
699:
693:
687:
686:stem borers
679:
671:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
632:
616:
610:
604:
603:white grubs
598:Root feeders
593:
569:
551:
539:
531:
523:
515:
497:
489:
471:
457:
439:
427:
402:
382:
378:E. esculenta
376:
372:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
348:
347:
337:
322:
317:frumentaceum
316:
312:
306:
302:
296:
292:
286:
282:
279:(Link) Kunth
276:
270:
266:
260:
256:
250:
246:
240:
236:
230:
226:
223:(Link) Ridl.
220:
216:
192:
190:
174:
173:
161:
114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
1568:Echinochloa
1510:Panicoideae
1289:NatureServe
1224:iNaturalist
1033:Wikispecies
916:Echinochloa
606:Holotrichia
546:) seeds in
474:Shyama Chal
381:are called
368:Echinochloa
359:sawa millet
307:frumentacea
261:frumentacea
251:frumentacea
221:frumentacea
162:Echinochloa
151:Panicoideae
147:Subfamily:
121:Commelinids
95:Angiosperms
1557:Categories
1395:kew-410272
1390:Plant List
1242:30158481-2
872:References
631:shoot fly
579:குதிரைவாளி
481:শ্যামা চাল
1198:GrassBase
1177:200025299
1164:200025299
1146:FloraBase
985:967265246
747:leaf bug
670:armyworm
561:బొంతసామలు
421:religious
169:Species:
65:Kingdom:
1462:VicFlora
1451:VASCAN:
1434:25514531
1429:Tropicos
1328:NSWFlora
1294:2.155893
1255:10855406
1203:imp03287
1070:BioLib:
1024:Q1760148
1018:Wikidata
940:33838562
857:See also
618:Apogonia
548:Gujarati
542:moraiaya
492:jhangora
395:Pakistan
273:Kossenko
263:W. Wight
208:Synonyms
137:Family:
108:Monocots
1573:Cereals
1563:Millets
1444:5395859
1190:2702822
1125:1115347
1107:Ecocrop
755:aphids
678:thrips
512:Marathi
467:শ্যামাক
460:Shyamak
454:Kannada
424:fasting
385:. This
371:. Both
271:barbata
157:Genus:
141:Poaceae
127:Order:
69:Plantae
1441:uBio:
1403:PLANTS
1369:974781
1356:125810
1340:NZOR:
1320:158098
1281:177074
1268:502211
1229:162191
1086:502469
1047:APDB:
983:
973:
938:
847:, and
725:, and
698:, and
662:, and
615:, and
568:, and
566:Telugu
500:bhagar
486:Bangla
442:oodalu
397:, and
387:millet
297:edulis
241:edulis
231:edulis
131:Poales
1508:This
1250:IRMNG
1216:14828
1138:ECHCF
1099:38H23
1073:42709
1063:97228
1050:49758
936:S2CID
835:bugs
609:sp.,
590:Pests
584:Tamil
582:) in
564:) in
534:mario
526:morio
510:) in
484:) in
470:) or
452:) in
436:Hindi
434:" in
417:India
399:Nepal
391:India
361:, or
315:var.
305:var.
295:var.
287:edule
285:var.
269:var.
259:var.
249:var.
243:Honda
239:var.
229:var.
219:var.
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1514:stub
1454:7577
1416:POWO
1408:ECFR
1377:PfaF
1315:NCBI
1276:IUCN
1263:ITIS
1237:IPNI
1211:GRIN
1185:GBIF
1133:EPPO
1112:5597
1081:BOLD
1058:APNI
981:OCLC
971:ISBN
812:and
761:and
739:and
518:samo
449:ಊದಲು
413:beer
409:rice
375:and
342:MHNT
200:Link
1475:WFO
1302:NBN
1172:FoC
1159:FNA
1151:332
1120:EoL
1094:CoL
928:doi
924:189
522:or
507:भगर
1559::
1477::
1464::
1431::
1418::
1405::
1392::
1379::
1366::
1353::
1330::
1317::
1304::
1291::
1278::
1265::
1252::
1239::
1226::
1213::
1200::
1187::
1174::
1161::
1148::
1135::
1122::
1109::
1096::
1083::
1060::
1035::
1020::
979:.
934:.
922:.
841:,
806:,
800:,
794:,
788:,
782:,
719:,
692:,
656:,
650:,
644:,
586:.
550:,
538:,
488:,
456:,
393:,
357:,
117::
104::
91::
78::
1545:e
1538:t
1531:v
1520:.
987:.
952:{
942:.
930::
902:.
888:.
576:(
558:(
530:(
504:(
478:(
464:(
446:(
353:(
344:)
340:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.