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2172:. Social divisions are expressed through new spatial segregation that illustrates spatial sorting by income, ethnicity, abilities, needs, and lifestyle preferences. Employment segregation is evidence by the overrepresentation of women and ethnic minorities in lower-paid service sector jobs. These divisions in the new economy are much more difficult to overcome as a result of few clear pathways of progression to higher-skilled work.
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within the global value chain. Further work done by Bjorn Asheim (2001) and Gernot
Grabher (2002) challenges the idea of the firm through action-research approaches and mapping organizational forms and their linkages. In short, the focus on the firm in new economic geographies is undertheorized in NEG1 and undercontextualized in NEG2, which limits the discussion of its impact on spatial economic development.
1993:
patterns. While most research in this area concentrates rather on production than on consumption, a distinction can be made between nomothetic (e.g. distribution of spatial agricultural patterns and processes) and idiographic research (e.g. human-environment interaction and the shaping of agricultural landscapes). The latter approach of agricultural geography is often applied within regional geography.
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2112:, economic inequalities are increasing spatially. The New Economy, generally characterized by globalization, increasing use of information and communications technology, the growth of knowledge goods, and feminization, has enabled economic geographers to study social and spatial divisions caused by the rising New Economy, including the emerging
1835:, and his critique of regionalism, made a large impact on the field: the article became a rallying point for the younger generation of economic geographers who were intent on reinventing the discipline as a science, and quantitative methods began to prevail in research. Well-known economic geographers of this period include
2120:
makes technological changes robust. These high technology sectors rely heavily on interpersonal relationships and trust, as developing things like software is very different from other kinds of industrial manufacturing—it requires intense levels of cooperation between many different people, as well as the use of
2119:
The new economic geographies consist of primarily service-based sectors of the economy that use innovative technology, such as industries where people rely on computers and the internet. Within these is a switch from manufacturing-based economies to the digital economy. In these sectors, competition
1969:
that focuses on regional systems of human economic activity. An alternative description of different approaches to the study of human economic activity can be organized around spatiotemporal analysis, analysis of production/consumption of economic items, and analysis of economic flow. Spatiotemporal
1735:
as the "new economic geography," which presents a competing perspective to a similarly named approach within the discipline of geography. This overlap in terminology can lead to confusion. As an alternative, some scholars have proposed using the term "geographical economics" to differentiate between
2151:
However, the focus on the firm as the main entity of significance hinders the discussion of New
Economic Geography. It limits the discussion in a national and global context and confines it to a smaller scale context. It also places limits on the nature of the firm's activities and their position
2147:
Both New
Economic Geographies acknowledge transport costs, the importance of knowledge in a new economy, possible effects of externalities, and endogenous processes that generate increases in productivity. The two also share a focus on the firm as the most important unit and on growth rather than
2142:
New
Economic Geography 2 (NEG2) also seeks to explain the apparently paradoxical emergence of industrial clusters in a contemporary context, however, it emphasizes relational, social, and contextual aspects of economic behaviour, particularly the importance of tacit knowledge. The main difference
1973:
Alternatively, analysis may focus on production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of items of economic activity. Allowing parameters of space-time and item to vary, a geographer may also examine material flow, commodity flow, population flow and information flow from different parts of the
2041:
Moreover, economists and economic geographers differ in their methods in approaching spatial-economic problems in several ways. An economic geographer will often take a more holistic approach to the analysis of economic phenomena, which is to conceptualize a problem in terms of space, place, and
1788:
On the one hand, the economic activities of man are determined from the first by the phenomena of nature; and, on the other hand, the phenomena of nature are subsequently modified by the economic activities of man. Since this is the case, to start the deductions of economics, the inductions of
1992:
It is traditionally considered the branch of economic geography that investigates those parts of the Earth's surface that are transformed by humans through primary sector activities. It thus focuses on structures of agricultural landscapes and asks for the processes that lead to these spatial
1776:
developed, geographers illuminated many aspects used today in the field; maps created by different
European powers described the resources likely to be found in American, African, and Asian territories. The earliest travel journals included descriptions of the native people, the climate, the
1716:, often concentrate on industrial location and employ quantitative methods. However, since the 1970s, two major reactions against neoclassical approaches have reshaped the discipline. One is Marxist political economy, stemming from the contributions of scholars like
1921:
examines the history and development of spatial economic structure. Using historical data, it examines how centers of population and economic activity shift, what patterns of regional specialization and localization evolve over time and what factors explain these
1974:
economic activity system. Through analysis of flow and production, industrial areas, rural and urban residential areas, transportation site, commercial service facilities and finance and other economic centers are linked together in an economic activity system.
2163:
for further reading). Despite increasing inter-connectivity through developing information communication technologies, the contemporary world is still defined through its widening social and spatial divisions, most of which are increasingly gendered.
2042:
scale as well as the overt economic problem that is being examined. The economist approach, according to some economic geographers, has the main drawback of homogenizing the economic world in ways economic geographers try to avoid.
1720:, which offers a critical perspective on spatial economics. The other is the new economic geography, which considers social, cultural, and institutional factors alongside economic aspects in understanding spatial phenomena.
1789:
geography are necessary; and to continue the inductions of geography, the deductions of economics are required. Logically, therefore, economics is impossible without geography, and geography is incomplete without economics.
1886:
As economic geography is a very broad discipline, with economic geographers using many different methodologies in the study of economic phenomena in the world some distinct approaches to study have evolved over time:
1793:
World War II contributed to the popularization of geographical knowledge generally, and post-war economic recovery and development contributed to the growth of economic geography as a discipline. During
1784:
Lindley M. Keasbey wrote in 1901 that no discipline of economic geography existed, with scholars either doing geography or economics. Keasbey argued for a discipline of economic geography, writing,
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development of regions. As a result, the actual impact of clusters on a region is given far less attention, relative to the focus on clustering of related activities in a region.
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2168:
explains these spatial divisions through the characteristics of knowledge goods in the New
Economy: goods defined by their infinite expansibility, weightlessness, and
1777:
landscape, and the productivity of various locations. These early accounts encouraged the development of transcontinental trade patterns and ushered in the era of
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New
Economic Geography 1 (NEG1) is characterized by sophisticated spatial modelling. It seeks to explain uneven development and the emergence of
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have contributed extensively to the analysis of economic geography. Krugman, in particular, referred to his application of spatial thinking to
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Perrons, Diane (2004). "Understanding Social and
Spatial Divisions in the New Economy: New Media Clusters and the Digital Divide".
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1961:
examines the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning, locational decision making, and behavior of firms and individuals.
1806:, while later greatly criticized, notably influenced the field. Valuable contributions also came from location theorists such as
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20:
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2124:. As a result of cooperation becoming a necessity, there is a clustering in the high-tech new economy of many firms.
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Diane
Perrons argues that in Anglo-American literature, the New Economy Geography consists of two distinct types.
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2135:. It does so through the exploration of linkages between centripetal and centrifugal forces, especially those of
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Economic geography takes a variety of approaches to many different topics, including the location of industries,
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1935:
approach to economic geography. More specifically, Evolutionary
Economic Geography uses concepts and ideas from
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2006:
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between these two types is NEG2's emphasis on aspects of economic behaviour that NEG1 considers intangible.
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that studies economic activity and factors affecting it. It can also be considered a subfield or method in
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1986:
1936:
1828:'s article "Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination", published in the American journal
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examines the economic conditions of particular regions or countries of the world. It deals with economic
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3123:
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2604:
Schoenberger, E (2001). "Corporate autobiographies: the narrative strategies of corporate strategists".
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2159:, as a result of regions attracting talented workers instead of developing skills at a local level (see
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2012:
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3209:
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3013:
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2570:"Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? Towards an evolutionary economic geography"
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systems of analysis include economic activities of region, mixed social spaces, and development.
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Spatial divisions within these arising New Economic geographies are apparent in the form of the
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focuses on building theories about spatial arrangement and distribution of economic activities.
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There are diverse methodological approaches in the field of location theory. Neoclassical
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Clark, Gordon L.; Feldman, Maryann P.; Gertler, Meric S.; Williams, Kate (2003-07-10).
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3333:
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1697:
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1404:
1399:
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1334:
1324:
1229:
1132:
689:
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544:
507:
329:
319:
3704:
3509:
3348:
3185:
3104:
3093:
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2034:. Geographers, on the other hand, are interested in the economic processes' impact
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Spatial Divisions of Labour, Social Structures and the Structure of Production
2165:
1414:
1214:
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334:
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2019:
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1264:
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775:
682:
672:
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472:
406:
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353:
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34:
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1982:
Thematically, economic geography can be divided into these subdisciplines:
1939:
to understand the evolution of cities, regions, and other economic systems.
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2739:
Lee, R. and Wills, J. (1997). Geographies of Economies. London: Arnold.
2480:
2447:
2080: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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324:
280:
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Generally, spatially interested economists study the effects of space
1858:
Contemporary economic geographers tend to specialize in areas such as
1765:
2464:
2863:
2734:
Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century
2515:
2412:"urban growth" by Yannis M. Ioannides and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg.
1743:
3602:
2867:
2854:
1764:, which date to the 4th century BC and in the Greek geographer
2049:
1948:
is an approach taken from the point of view of contemporary
41:
2717:
Economic Geography: The Integration of Regions and Nations
1965:
Economic geography is sometimes approached as a branch of
2802:
Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie (TESG)
2427:
Steven Brakman; Harry Garretsen; Charles van Marrewijk.
1756:
Early approaches to economic geography are found in the
3779:
3637:
3497:
3466:
3429:
3307:
3298:
3256:
3208:
3069:
2944:
2937:
2494:Braha, Dan; Stacey, Blake; Bar-Yam, Yaneer (2011).
2754:Work-place: The Social Regulation of Labor Markets
2446:
2496:"Corporate competition: A self-organized network"
2715:Combes, P. P., Mayer, T., Thisse, J.T. (2008).
2633:Economic Geography: A Contemporary Introduction
2292:(journal) - founded and published quarterly at
2400:"urban agglomeration" by William C. Strange.
2388:"location theory" by Jacques-François Thisse.
2353:From S.N. Durlauf and L.E. Blume, ed. (2008).
3614:
3474:Geographic data and information organizations
2879:
1635:
744:
8:
2406:"systems of cities" by J. Vernon Henderson.
2382:"gravity models" by Pierre-Philippe Combes.
2018:These areas of study may overlap with other
2631:Yeung, Henry W. C.; Kelly, Phillip (2007).
3621:
3607:
3599:
3304:
2941:
2886:
2872:
2864:
2851:
1642:
1628:
762:
751:
737:
599:
477:
25:
3525:National Council for Geographic Education
2719:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2588:
2514:
2429:An Introduction to Geographical Economics
2330:The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography
2096:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Subfield of human geography and economics
2766:Tóth, G., Kincses, Á., Nagy, Z. (2014).
2394:"spatial economics" by Gilles Duranton.
2372:"regional development, geography of" by
2356:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
1688:, ethnic economies, gendered economies,
2319:
774:
602:
480:
33:
1772:, compiled almost 2000 years ago. As
2821:Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie
1822:, the theory of core and periphery.
1814:. Other influential theories include
1704:Theoretical background and influences
7:
3893:
3569:
2827:German Journal of Economic Geography
2568:Boschma, Ron; Frenken, Koen (2006).
2440:
2438:
2078:adding citations to reliable sources
3581:
2770:. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing,
2026:Economists and economic geographers
1832:Association of American Geographers
2708:, and Adam Tickell (eds). (2003).
2664:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2004.tb00228.x
14:
2448:"The Study of Economic Geography"
3892:
3880:
3869:
3868:
3770:
3629:Sub-fields of and approaches to
3580:
3568:
3556:
3545:
3544:
3520:International Geography Olympiad
2814:Royal Dutch Geographical Society
2273:Tobler's second law of geography
2054:
2000:Geography of international trade
1712:, following in the tradition of
1609:
1597:
782:
2846:Social and Spatial Inequalities
2723:Scroll down to chapter-preview
2268:Tobler's first law of geography
2065:needs additional citations for
884:Concepts, theory and techniques
3233:Geographic information science
1893:Theoretical economic geography
1868:geographic information systems
402:Geographic information science
1:
3339:Geographic information system
2686:Journal of Economic Geography
2606:Journal of Economic Geography
2577:Journal of Economic Geography
2301:Journal of Economic Geography
1918:Historical economic geography
513:Geographic information system
3266:Environmental social science
2533:10.1016/j.socnet.2011.05.004
2445:Keasbey, Lindley M. (1901).
2362:"new economic geography" by
1672:(also known as "linkages"),
440:Environmental social science
21:Economic Geography (journal)
3824:Non-representational theory
2453:Political Science Quarterly
668:Non-representational theory
3968:
2768:European Spatial Structure
2710:Reading Economic Geography
2046:The New Economic Geography
1808:Johann Heinrich von Thünen
1733:international trade theory
1670:economies of agglomeration
18:
3947:Cross-cultural psychology
3864:
3768:
3540:
3381:Global Positioning System
2904:
2861:
2856:Links to related articles
2213:Environmental determinism
1796:environmental determinism
555:Global Positioning System
108:Environmental determinism
1987:Geography of agriculture
1752:is a worldwide industry.
872:JEL classification codes
3489:National mapping agency
3454:Survey (human research)
3396:Participant observation
2830:, published since 1956.
2306:Oxford University Press
1798:'s time of popularity,
1694:economics of urban form
1058:Industrial organization
915:Computational economics
628:Survey (human research)
570:Participant observation
118:Quantitative revolution
3479:Geographical societies
3276:Landscape architecture
2784:10.13140/2.1.1560.2247
2223:Gravity model of trade
2007:Geography of transport
2003:Geography of resources
1937:evolutionary economics
1791:
1753:
910:Experimental economics
641:Theoretical Approaches
450:Landscape architecture
98:History of cartography
46:
3271:Environmental studies
3243:Statistical geography
3124:Environmental science
2763:. New York: Guilford.
2756:. New York: Guilford.
2736:. New York: Guilford.
2637:John Wiley & Sons
2218:Development geography
2108:With the rise of the
2036:on spatial structures
2020:geographical sciences
1997:Geography of industry
1786:
1747:
445:Environmental studies
412:Statistical geography
45:
19:For the journal, see
3484:Geoscience societies
3449:Interview (research)
3421:Land change modeling
3322:Computer cartography
3300:Techniques and tools
3158:Earth system science
2749:, MacMillan, London.
2712:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2228:Geography and wealth
2074:improve this article
2013:Geography of finance
1911:economic development
1820:Central place theory
1804:climatic determinism
1800:Ellsworth Huntington
1736:the two approaches.
1137:Social choice theory
623:Interview (research)
595:Land change modeling
496:Computer cartography
430:Integrated geography
103:Historical geography
71:History of geography
3851:Sexuality and space
3530:Spatial citizenship
3515:Geographers on Film
3505:Geography education
3115:Atmospheric science
2812:- Published by The
2795:Scientific journals
2618:10.1093/jeg/1.3.277
2525:2011arXiv1107.0539B
2376:and Gordon McCord.
2364:Anthony J. Venables
2208:Cultural psychology
2133:industrial clusters
1952:and its philosophy.
1882:Approaches to study
1678:international trade
1657:is the subfield of
1604:Business portal
925:Operations research
905:National accounting
377:Technical geography
29:Part of a series on
3942:Cultural geography
3937:Cultural economics
3932:Regional economics
3927:Economic geography
3834:Post-structuralism
3411:Statistical survey
3361:Geologic modelling
3200:Quaternary science
2816:(KNAG) since 1948.
2808:2006-08-21 at the
2652:Economic Geography
2590:10.1093/jeg/lbi022
2289:Economic Geography
2203:Cultural economics
2198:Cultural geography
2193:Cultural geography
2137:economies of scale
1959:economic geography
1950:critical geography
1946:economic geography
1929:economic geography
1903:economic geography
1872:Internet geography
1866:(with the help of
1816:Walter Christaller
1802:and his theory of
1758:seven Chinese maps
1754:
1710:location theorists
1655:Economic geography
935:Industrial complex
930:Middle income trap
695:Post-structuralism
585:Statistical survey
535:Geologic modelling
364:Quaternary science
266:Physical geography
123:Critical geography
113:Regional geography
47:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3846:Scientific method
3596:
3595:
3462:
3461:
3294:
3293:
3281:Landscape ecology
3101:Coastal geography
2776:978-3-659-64559-4
2759:Peck, J. (2001).
2752:Peck, J. (1996).
2340:978-0-19-925083-7
2106:
2105:
2098:
2009:and communication
1967:anthropogeography
1909:as well as local
1652:
1651:
761:
760:
609:
608:
487:
486:
455:Landscape ecology
349:Landscape ecology
311:Coastal geography
3959:
3896:
3895:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3774:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3584:
3583:
3572:
3571:
3560:
3548:
3547:
3376:Geovisualization
3305:
3248:Spatial analysis
3133:Paleoclimatology
2942:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2865:
2852:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2543:. Archived from
2518:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2450:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2374:Jeffrey D. Sachs
2351:
2345:
2344:
2324:
2294:Clark University
2263:Spatial analysis
2253:Retail geography
2248:Regional science
2238:Land (economics)
2183:Business cluster
2101:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2058:
2050:
1864:spatial analysis
1837:William Garrison
1826:Fred K. Schaefer
1723:Economists like
1644:
1637:
1630:
1616:Money portal
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1601:
1098:Natural resource
890:Economic systems
786:
763:
753:
746:
739:
600:
550:Geovisualization
478:
417:Spatial analysis
302:Paleoclimatology
93:Age of Discovery
26:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3952:Human geography
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3860:
3775:
3766:
3633:
3631:human geography
3627:
3597:
3592:
3536:
3493:
3458:
3425:
3344:Distributed GIS
3290:
3252:
3204:
3137:Palaeogeography
3065:
2933:
2900:
2892:
2857:
2841:EconGeo Network
2810:Wayback Machine
2792:
2761:Workfare States
2698:
2696:Further reading
2693:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2503:Social Networks
2498:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2465:10.2307/2140442
2444:
2443:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2359:, 2nd Edition:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2304:- published by
2278:Urban economics
2258:Rural economics
2233:Location theory
2178:
2122:tacit knowledge
2102:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2071:
2059:
2048:
2028:
1980:
1907:regionalization
1884:
1876:social networks
1860:location theory
1742:
1706:
1680:, development,
1659:human geography
1648:
1610:
1608:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1310:von Böhm-Bawerk
1198:
1187:
1186:
948:
940:
939:
895:Economic growth
885:
877:
876:
818:
816:classifications
757:
707:
706:
643:
633:
632:
518:Distributed GIS
475:
465:
464:
432:
422:
421:
379:
369:
368:
306:Palaeogeography
268:
258:
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138:
136:Human geography
128:
127:
73:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3965:
3963:
3955:
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3919:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3839:Deconstruction
3836:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Culture theory
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3748:
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3527:
3522:
3517:
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3501:
3499:
3495:
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3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:Remote sensing
3403:
3401:Photogrammetry
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Geomathematics
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3286:Time geography
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:Geoinformatics
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3183:
3174:
3169:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3139:
3126:
3121:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3089:Phytogeography
3086:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
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2948:
2939:
2935:
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2916:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2817:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2790:External links
2788:
2787:
2786:
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2750:
2740:
2737:
2727:
2713:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
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2623:
2596:
2583:(3): 273–302.
2560:
2509:(3): 219–230.
2486:
2434:
2419:
2417:
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2392:
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2333:. OUP Oxford.
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2195:
2190:
2188:Creative class
2185:
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2174:
2161:Creative Class
2157:digital divide
2145:
2144:
2140:
2114:digital divide
2104:
2103:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2032:on the economy
2027:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1940:
1923:
1914:
1897:
1883:
1880:
1874:, innovation,
1830:Annals of the
1741:
1738:
1705:
1702:
1690:core-periphery
1686:gentrification
1674:transportation
1650:
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1103:Organizational
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796:
788:
787:
779:
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772:
771:
759:
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748:
741:
733:
730:
729:
728:
727:
722:
717:
709:
708:
705:
704:
703:
702:
700:Deconstruction
697:
687:
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580:Remote Sensing
577:
575:Photogrammetry
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540:Geomathematics
537:
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510:
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476:
471:
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460:Time geography
457:
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442:
433:
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427:
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423:
420:
419:
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409:
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399:
397:Geoinformatics
394:
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366:
361:
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308:
295:
294:
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288:
286:Phytogeography
283:
269:
264:
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260:
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256:
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245:
240:
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233:
228:
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148:
139:
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129:
126:
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115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
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74:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
57:
49:
48:
38:
37:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3964:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3901:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:Postmodernism
3827:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Structuralism
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
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3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
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3708:
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3683:
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3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Geostatistics
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Geochronology
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:Geomorphology
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:Earth science
3108:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:Barnes, T. J.
2700:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2612:(3): 277–98.
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2550:on 2018-06-13
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:Weber problem
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
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2234:
2231:
2229:
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2221:
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2014:
2011:
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1850:
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1729:Jeffrey Sachs
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1205:de Mandeville
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3645:Agricultural
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3573:
3561:
3549:
3510:Geo-literacy
3467:Institutions
3349:Internet GIS
3309:Quantitative
3186:Soil science
3105:Oceanography
3094:Zoogeography
3079:Biogeography
2978:
2954:Agricultural
2825:
2820:
2801:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2733:
2721:Description.
2716:
2709:
2706:Sheppard, E.
2704:, Peck, J.,
2685:
2680:
2658:(1): 45–61.
2655:
2651:
2645:
2632:
2626:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2580:
2576:
2563:
2552:. Retrieved
2545:the original
2506:
2502:
2489:
2459:(1): 79–95.
2456:
2452:
2428:
2422:
2354:
2349:
2329:
2322:
2299:
2287:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2126:
2118:
2107:
2092:
2083:
2072:Please help
2067:verification
2064:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2017:
1991:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1955:
1942:
1933:evolutionary
1927:Evolutionary
1925:
1916:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1857:
1845:Waldo Tobler
1829:
1824:
1812:Alfred Weber
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:mercantilism
1769:
1762:State of Qin
1755:
1750:coffee trade
1725:Paul Krugman
1722:
1718:David Harvey
1714:Alfred Weber
1707:
1692:theory, the
1667:
1654:
1653:
1574:Publications
1539:
1162:Sociological
1135: /
1033:Geographical
1032:
1013:Evolutionary
988:Digitization
953:Agricultural
857:Mathematical
828:Econometrics
523:Internet GIS
482:Quantitative
434:
381:
315:Oceanography
291:Zoogeography
276:Biogeography
270:
170:
146:Agricultural
140:
78:Graeco-Roman
3665:Development
3587:WikiProject
3439:Ethnography
3431:Qualitative
3391:Map algebra
3386:Hydrography
3327:Web mapping
3317:Cartography
3129:Climatology
3119:Meteorology
2974:Development
2243:New Economy
2110:New Economy
1841:Brian Berry
1774:cartography
1770:Geographika
1682:real estate
1410:von Neumann
1063:Information
1003:Engineering
983:Development
978:Demographic
920:Game theory
862:Methodology
725:Geographers
613:Ethnography
604:Qualitative
565:Map algebra
560:Hydrography
501:Web mapping
491:Cartography
344:Hydrography
298:Climatology
166:Development
3921:Categories
3780:Approaches
3730:Settlement
3720:Population
3690:Historical
3650:Behavioral
3638:Sub-fields
3444:Geopoetics
3258:Integrated
3194:Edaphology
3172:Glaciology
3147:Geophysics
3142:Geobiology
3029:Settlement
3019:Population
2989:Historical
2959:Behavioral
2919:Philosophy
2743:Massey, D.
2730:Dicken, P.
2554:2014-02-16
2314:References
2308:since 2001
2296:since 1925
2170:nonrivalry
2166:Danny Quah
1957:Behavioral
1931:adopts an
1569:Economists
1440:Schumacher
1345:Schumpeter
1315:von Wieser
1235:von Thünen
1196:economists
1172:Statistics
1167:Solidarity
1088:Managerial
1053:Humanistic
1048:Historical
993:Ecological
958:Behavioral
852:Mainstream
648:Behavioral
618:Geopoetics
335:Glaciology
221:Settlement
211:Population
181:Historical
151:Behavioral
3817:Semiotics
3807:Modernism
3757:Strategic
3740:Transport
3715:Political
3705:Marketing
3675:Emotional
3655:Cognitive
3498:Education
3416:Surveying
3238:Geomatics
3218:Geodesign
3210:Technical
3181:Limnology
3177:Hydrology
3056:Strategic
3039:Transport
3014:Political
3004:Marketing
2964:Cognitive
2895:Geography
2672:144632958
2516:1107.0539
2473:0032-3195
2414:Abstract.
2408:Abstract.
2402:Abstract.
2396:Abstract.
2390:Abstract.
2384:Abstract.
2378:Abstract.
2368:Abstract.
1663:economics
1485:Greenspan
1450:Samuelson
1430:Galbraith
1400:Tinbergen
1340:von Mises
1335:Heckscher
1295:Edgeworth
1113:Personnel
1073:Knowledge
1038:Happiness
1028:Financial
998:Education
973:Democracy
867:Political
833:Heterodox
776:Economics
715:Societies
683:Semiotics
673:Modernism
590:Surveying
407:Geomatics
387:Geodesign
354:Limnology
340:Hydrology
248:Strategic
231:Transport
206:Political
196:Marketing
156:Cognitive
35:Geography
3875:Category
3797:Feminist
3787:Critical
3735:Regional
3725:Religion
3710:Military
3700:Language
3695:Internet
3670:Economic
3660:Cultural
3551:Category
3190:Pedology
3071:Physical
3034:Regional
3024:Religion
3009:Military
2999:Language
2994:Internet
2979:Economic
2969:Cultural
2938:Branches
2909:Glossary
2806:Archived
2745:(1984).
2732:(2003).
2176:See also
2086:May 2020
1978:Branches
1944:Critical
1922:changes.
1901:Regional
1578:journals
1564:Glossary
1515:Stiglitz
1480:Rothbard
1460:Buchanan
1445:Friedman
1435:Koopmans
1425:Leontief
1405:Robinson
1290:Marshall
1194:Notable
1142:Regional
1118:Planning
1093:Monetary
1023:Feminist
968:Cultural
963:Business
768:a series
766:Part of
658:Feminist
653:Critical
359:Pedology
226:Regional
216:Religion
201:Military
191:Language
186:Internet
171:Economic
161:Cultural
3899:Commons
3802:Marxist
3762:Tourism
3575:Commons
3354:Web GIS
3223:Geodesy
3167:Geology
3151:Geodesy
3084:Ecology
3061:Tourism
2929:Outline
2914:History
2541:1249348
2521:Bibcode
2481:2140442
1760:of the
1740:History
1584:Schools
1576: (
1535:Piketty
1530:Krugman
1395:Kuznets
1385:Kalecki
1360:Polanyi
1250:Cournot
1245:Bastiat
1230:Ricardo
1220:Malthus
1210:Quesnay
1182:Welfare
1152:Service
823:Applied
799:Outline
794:History
663:Marxist
528:Web GIS
473:Methods
392:Geodesy
325:Geology
281:Ecology
253:Tourism
88:Islamic
83:Chinese
60:Outline
3887:Portal
3752:Social
3685:Health
3563:Portal
3051:Social
2984:Health
2898:topics
2824:- The
2774:
2725:links.
2670:
2539:
2479:
2471:
2337:
1766:Strabo
1520:Thaler
1500:Ostrom
1495:Becker
1490:Sowell
1470:Baumol
1375:Myrdal
1370:Sraffa
1365:Frisch
1355:Knight
1350:Keynes
1325:Fisher
1320:Veblen
1305:Pareto
1285:Menger
1280:George
1275:Jevons
1270:Walras
1260:Gossen
1128:Public
1123:Policy
1078:Labour
1043:Health
900:Market
435:Fields
382:Fields
271:Fields
243:Social
176:Health
141:Fields
55:Portal
3745:Urban
3044:Urban
2946:Human
2924:Index
2835:Other
2668:S2CID
2573:(PDF)
2548:(PDF)
2537:S2CID
2511:arXiv
2499:(PDF)
2477:JSTOR
1557:Lists
1525:Hoppe
1510:Lucas
1475:Solow
1465:Arrow
1455:Simon
1420:Lange
1415:Hicks
1390:Röpke
1380:Hayek
1330:Pigou
1300:Clark
1215:Smith
1177:Urban
1157:Socio
1147:Rural
847:Macro
843:Micro
804:Index
720:Index
236:Urban
3856:Time
3680:Food
2772:ISBN
2469:ISSN
2335:ISBN
1862:and
1851:and
1748:The
1727:and
1541:more
1265:Marx
1255:Mill
1240:List
2780:doi
2660:doi
2614:doi
2585:doi
2529:doi
2461:doi
2076:by
1818:'s
1810:or
1768:'s
1505:Sen
1225:Say
1083:Law
3923::
3179:/
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3149:/
3135:/
3131:/
3117:/
3103:/
2778:,
2666:.
2656:80
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2501:.
2475:.
2467:.
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2455:.
2451:.
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