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Jizya is that it had nothing to do with discrimination, but only helped the government keep tabs on the population, and maintain a structured society. This argument, however, contradicts what is stated in the Qur'an’s verses about the Jizya. These verses give the idea of the Jizya as an act of humiliation and ethnic diversion. The Jizya used to be a tribute required of non-Muslim people under the protection of the
Muslims, which gave this lesser group or society, unable to protect themselves from outside Muslim opposition, the option to submit to the Muslim people and come under their protection. In return for this protection, the minority people are required to pay a tribute to the Muslim government. The Jizya often provided a source of child support for the Muslims to continue their raids and expansion in the form of
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source of renewable revenue and directing that revenue towards something, be it a specific individual, the community, or the local mosque so long as it brought one closer to God. Schools were also beneficiaries of Waqf due to Islam viewing education as a form of worship. The individual making a Waqf was not expected to benefit except in the spiritual sense. The Waqf was a pivotal part of building infrastructure as it would often lead to an increase in the number of businesses surrounding the endowed institution. Waqfs were also used to protect cities in warfare, such as the
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increased with the Omani Arabs' domination of the area. The development of
Zanzibar between 1804 and 1856 increased the economic development of the Swahili coast due to its role as an importer of ivory and slaves from the African interior, through long-distance trading. The Omani traders then exported slaves and ivory from the East African coast due to a high demand in Europe and India. The availability of slaves made them a suitable source of labor on the growing clove plantations of
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750:. The founder could legally appoint himself and his heirs as professor of law and headmaster, a position that can be passed down through the family in perpetuity and one that had the important function of insuring the ongoing prominence of a man and his descendants while "sheltering family assets" from taxation. The Waqf was often used in this way by families to keep money within the immediate family. In the 19th century in
874:, positioned itself for growth through the oil trade. With a sense of possible hope for Sudanese economic profit, Arabs financed manufactory motives in Sudan, expanding products to help industrialize Sudan during the late 20th century. Despite the Arabs placing finances within Sudan territory, this seemed to have caused more issues as Ethiopians swarmed into Sudan, putting Sudan in a financially tough situation.
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order to be able to have control of the trade routes and mineral sources within their territories. Due to the interaction between the
Swahili-Arab traders and interior African tribes, Islam also spread as a religious language. The reign of the Sultans of Zanzibar between 1804 - 1888 and their dominion of the East African Coast from
775:, raids, the coasts of non-Muslim lands as far off as Ireland and Iceland to capture slaves. The slaves could be profitably sold or chained as slave oarsmen to the pirate galleys, pulling the oars that powered the attacks that captured more slaves. Ship owners or their governments could pay protection money to avoid capture.
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Another model of Arab raiding was practiced by armed nomadic
Bedouin tribes who attacked settled farmers; initially Christians in the early centuries, but later also Muslim villages. This was a successful and steady income model, especially since the villagers would pay protection money and save the
643:
Trading along the
Swahili coast between the Swahili-Arabs and interior tribes stimulated the development of the Interior African tribes. Because of the expansion of trade within the African interior, African rulers started developing politically with an aim to expand their kingdoms and territories in
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The pilgrims of the Hajj first traveled by Muslim state-sponsored caravans, but these were replaced by
European-owned steam ships in the later 19th century, which increased the number of travelers but put the transportation industry of the Hajj in non-Muslim hands. In 1908, the Ottoman Empire built a
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Arabic presence along the
Swahili coast began with the migration of Arabs from Arabia to the East African coast as a result of demographic and political struggles in Arabia. Later in the 8th century, trade along the coast was influenced by the majority of Muslim visitors to the coast of East Africa.
431:
took power. Merchants would also participate in the Hajj as this allowed them to receive protection from the guards who accompanied pilgrims on the Hajj. Their trading in the regions along the pilgrimage often provided numerous economic benefits to those regions. This allowed the merchant caravans
489:
Jizyah is what is taken from the People of the Book (people of
Abrahamic faith and followers of the books revealed to them) – and from the mushrikeen (people who worship anything apart from the One God), according to some scholars – every year, in return for their being allowed to settle in Muslim
354:
goldfields near the 9th century. The people of Ghana also participated in the gold trade from its beginning and began to purposefully dominate this trade. North
African regions financially expanded as well due to their shipping of gold to various territories. Gold was a commodity to the Arabs near
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as part of the law, but the interpretation of the law has varied throughout time by the
Muslims. Possible interpretations of the Jizya, and execution of these interpretations, have included a collective tribute, a poll tax, and a discriminatory tax. One argument pertaining to the purpose of the
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argued this was causing harm to the state and used this as a justification for dissolving the agrarian Waqfs. Waqfs also served as a way for the Mamluk converts to Islam to demonstrate their faith by participating in it. It also provided a way for the Mamluk rulers to demonstrate their power and
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practiced Waqf, seeing it as a way of keeping their property safe from government hands and as a way of transferring the bulk of their wealth to their children, going around the laws that prevented this directly. This became problematic in the 14th century when soldiers in the Egyptian army were
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Arabs. Renowned as great mariners, the Omani traders were well known along the Indian Ocean. The arrival of the Omani Arabs along the east African coast in the late 17th century replaced the Portuguese influence along the Swahili Coast after their defeat at Mombasa. Trade along the Swahili coast
683:
is a charitable endowment given by Muslims to help benefit their societies, which had a major role in the economy, the development of cities, and travel. Typically, a Waqf took the form of rulers creating something for the benefit of their people. It required creating something that would be a
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to become more successful and helped make them a greater part of the economy of the Arab world. When Hajj travelers returned to their native lands, they would often bring goods with them which would cause shifts in designs, raising prices, as well as bringing back items to sell directly.
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has seen an increase in revenue due to the tourism industry during the Hajj. In 1994, the Saudi government emphasized tourism as a way to increase their economy. In 2000 it was estimated that nearly sixty percent of all tourism in Saudi Arabia came for the Hajj or the similar
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during a religious pilgrimage. During his trip, he proved extravagant with his gold. Although he is not said to have traded his gold, Mansa Musa proved his wealth to the Meccans by handing out the gold he brought on his trip. Mansa Musa and his people specifically harmed the
754:, Waqf was often used to benefit the nuclear family, excluding the extended family that would have gotten a share of the wealth had the normal inheritance laws been followed. Because of this, the Waqf has been criticized for allowing wealth to be maintained by the few.
408:
467:. Over 40 percent of money spent by tourists being for the Hajj or the ‘Umrah. The increase in the tourism industry during the Hajj has helped to solve the country's large segment of unemployed foreign workers from other countries such as from
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rewarded by giving them temporary fiefs. Many of these were turned into Waqfs by their owners, however, meaning the Mamluk government could no longer reclaim them for redistribution. This would affect the size of the army. In 1378-79,
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was among the best known Swahili-Arab traders. Having set out from Zanzibar in his conquest to obtain Ivory, he defeated Nsama of Trowa and established his own rule in Manyema country in order to control the ivory and slave trade.
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dates back to the 1st century C.E. and up to the 19th century C.E. Though there are not many reliable written records of trade along the East African coast between the 1st and 11th centuries, trade still occurred between the
626:
and thus further increased the demand for slaves along the coast, which stimulated long-distance trading within Eastern and Central Africa. Some of these slaves were bought as household slaves in the Swahili Arabs homes.
787:, or caravan raiding. They led armed men to attack and plunder passing caravans. This economic model remained popular among Muslim tribes for many centuries. Merchants could pay protection money to the caravan raiders.
297:. As is true of the world as a whole, agriculture dominated the economy until the modern period, with livestock grazing playing a particularly large role in the Arab world. Significant trade routes included the
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lands, and in return for protecting them against those who would commit aggression against them. These people would not be required to pay the obligatory Zakaat (annual tax) that Muslims would need to pay.
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the 8th Century, which Africa would supply. Gold was good for the economic growth of the Arab people. As silver was declining in worth, the access to gold allowed the economic value of silver to be saved.
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The small Muslim states on the Persian Gulf and the coast of the Maghreb were supported by a unique economic model of piracy in which the ruler regularly plundered merchant ships and launched
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Some argue that the waqf contributed to the ossification of science in the Muslim world because the law of waqf "permitted little deviation form the original founder's stipulations."
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Trade was allowed on the Hajj and often those on it would have to trade along the way in order to finance their lengthy travels. Typically, money was brought along to give to the
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The Waqf enables a wealthy founder to insure the economic well-being of his descendants by the mechanism of donating his estate to a waqf or trust for the support of a
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in the mid-fifteenth century. While controversial, cash was also sometimes used as a form of Waqf with the interest on it supporting the beneficiaries.
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Before the abolition of slave trade in 1873, when a Proclamation of the prohibition of slave trafficking from the interior to the coast was issued,
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The Ips school ran from all over the Arabian peninsula to southwest Mongolia. This made it easier for trade and travel for students.
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people understood the significance of gold and its economic impact. Arabs participated in the gold trade, specifically within the
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countries). Interaction between these areas was assisted by the knowledge of the monsoon winds by traders who traveled the
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Chapter 2: Socioeconomy and the Horizon of Thought; covers the early socioeconomic history of the Arabian Peninsula
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Distribution of Arabic as sole official language (green) and one of several official or national languages (blue).
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deposits in the early 20th century revolutionized the economy of much of the region, particularly the states of
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South Africa: Time Running Out : the Report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa
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This is mostly about the (perceived) economic downsides of Islamic law and its (alleged) historical impact;
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Nigerian history of oil imports from the Middle East shows a reliance on Iranian oil during the 1970s.
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in the southeast from the time of its origins in the Arabian peninsula and spread in the 7th century
374:, a leader from West Africa, impacted the Arab world with the vast amount of gold he transported to
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Trade and civilisation in the Indian Ocean: an economic history from the rise of Islam to 1750
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Studies in the economic history of the Middle East: from the rise of Islam to the present day
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tribes as well as to the holy cities which the pilgrims would journey through. During the
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One of the major Arabic influences along the Swahili coast was the arrival of the
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The regions conquered in the Muslim conquest included rich farming regions in the
1994:(A collection of essay on various topics roughly organized by historical period.)
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264:
689:
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423:'s control, these goods would be taxed. The level of taxes rose sharply under
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Constructing Ottoman beneficence : an imperial soup kitchen in Jerusalem
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Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law
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However, the exact meaning of the Jizya is debated. It is mentioned in the
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31:
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1380:
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Important pre-modern industries included tanning, pottery, and metalwork.
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Tourism in the Middle East : continuity, change and transformation
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Money, land and trade: an economic history of the Muslim Mediterranean
1401:
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Charity, endowments, and charitable institutions in medieval Islam
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1698:, second edition, Cambridge University Press, 1993, 2003, p. 77.
1214:
Economie morale et mutations de l'islam en Afrique subsaharienne
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815:
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This trade fueled the development of coastal port towns such as
392:
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1951:
The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East
1932:
Introduction to the modern economic history of the Middle East
827:
41:
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2024:
The social origins of Islam: mind, economy, discourse
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2461:
2318:
2217:
2079:
1882:
1617:Hoexter, Miriam; Eisenstadt, S. N. (Shmuel Noah);
1312:
1046:
734:wealth. Waqf would become more popular under the
652:greatly influenced trade along the Swahili Coast.
255:addresses the history of economic activity in the
791:Bedouin the trouble and risk of actual fighting.
929:A Military History of Africa [3 volumes]
902:Key Events in African History: A Reference Guide
597:between local Bantu people and Arab immigrants.
568:greatly influenced trade on the Swahili coast,
1998:William Montgomery Watt; Pierre Cachia (1996).
1165:Tagliacozzo, Eric; Toorawa, Shawkat M. (2016).
564:From the 11th century to the 19th century, the
1625:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
1583:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
1485:Plantation slavery on the east coast of Africa
2057:
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1817:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007).
951:
949:
862:all have smaller but significant reserves.
2064:
2050:
2042:
1785:
1783:
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1216:. Vol. 231. Bruxelles: Éd. De Boeck.
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983:Beckles, Hilary; Shepherd, Verene (2007).
240:
226:
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1456:A History of Africa, 1840–1914: 1840–1880
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1531:Held in trust: Waqf in the Islamic world
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1654:
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1476:
1319:. Jewish Publication Society. p.
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1243:
1241:
1190:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1774:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
1623:The public sphere in Muslim societies
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1610:
1608:
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1516:
1514:
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1448:
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1053:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p.
213:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
7:
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1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1008:
1006:
926:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013-10-21).
493:The word jizyah comes from the word
1800:Changing Nomads in a Changing World
1711:, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
1167:The Hajj : pilgrimage in Islam
387:The economic importance of the Hajj
870:Eastern Africa, more specifically
253:Economic history of the Arab world
203:Economic history of the Arab world
14:
1740:Sait, Siraj; Lim, Hilary (2006).
427:. These levels were lowered when
59:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
2109:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2018:; section 2: The economic basis.
2014:, chapter 4, The Gradeur of the
259:countries and the stretching of
46:
1529:Ghazaleh, Pascale, ed. (2011).
1487:. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.
1045:Sardar, Ziauddin (2014-10-21).
631:Trade with the African interior
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1953:. Princeton University Press.
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1254:. Princeton University Press.
959:World Monarchies and Dynasties
905:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
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2750:Confederate States of America
2073:Economic histories by country
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656:Tippu Tip and the slave trade
545:) and the rest of the world (
1930:Zvi Yehuda Hershlag (1980).
1311:Stillman, Norman A. (1979).
688:, which was built to defend
458:Past In more recent years,
362:Mansa Musa or Musa I of Mali
346:Around the 9th century, The
326:Arab Agricultural Revolution
2810:Scotland in the Middle Ages
2679:Mongolian People's Republic
2022:Mohammed A. Bamyeh (1999).
1019:. Temple University Press.
589:and also the growth of the
495:
30:The economically important
2857:
2760:England in the Middle Ages
2000:A history of Islamic Spain
1483:Cooper, Frederick (1997).
798:
764:
672:
482:
400:
390:
315:
293:, the Nile Valley and the
267:in the east, and from the
208:Economy of the Inca Empire
1911:Nelly Hanna, ed. (2002).
1823:. ABC-CLIO. p. 299.
1347:Maxon, Robert M. (2009).
1081:Conrad, David C. (2009).
989:. Ian Randle Publishers.
703:was maintained by Waqfs.
454:Gathering during the Hajj
2026:. U of Minnesota Press.
1978:M. A. Cook, ed. (1970).
1459:. Hodder and Stoughton.
1419:. London: Rough Guides.
956:Middleton, John (2015).
528:Map of the Swahili Coast
72:may contain suggestions.
57:may need to be rewritten
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1417:The Rough Guide to Oman
1248:Cohen, Mark R. (1994).
1087:. Infobase Publishing.
810:The discovery of large
738:rulers in later years.
342:Map of the Ghana Empire
108:Particular histories of
2491:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1707:Chamberlain, Michael,
1415:Gavin, Thomas (2011).
1315:The Jews of Arab Lands
1049:Mecca: The Sacred City
1013:Adas, Michael (2001).
899:Falola, Toyin (2002).
717:
704:
640:
610:
529:
455:
412:
363:
343:
39:
23:
2684:Serbia and Montenegro
2645:Former industrialized
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783:Some Arabs practiced
715:
698:
638:
608:
527:
453:
410:
391:Further information:
361:
341:
312:The map of IPS school
198:Economic antisemitism
29:
21:
2703:Historical economies
1982:. Psychology Press.
1949:Timur Kuran (2011).
1659:Lev, Yaacov (2005).
1579:Singer, Amy (2002).
1123:Daher, Rami (2007).
716:Tombs of the Mamluks
271:in the north to the
2546:Republic of Ireland
2225:Antigua and Barbuda
593:, which became the
263:in the west to the
718:
705:
701:Citadel of Qaitbay
686:Citadel of Qaitbay
641:
611:
530:
456:
413:
403:Islamic Golden Age
364:
344:
189:Prominent examples
40:
24:
2823:
2822:
2775:Habsburg monarchy
2743:Republic of China
2033:978-0-8166-3263-3
2016:Umayyad Caliphate
2009:978-0-7486-0847-8
1989:978-0-19-713561-7
1960:978-0-691-14756-7
1941:978-90-04-06061-6
1934:. Brill Archive.
1922:978-1-86064-699-7
1896:978-0-521-66993-1
1619:Levtzion, Nehemia
451:
269:Mediterranean Sea
250:
249:
87:
86:
61:quality standards
2848:
2841:Economic history
2765:Ethiopian Empire
2720:Byzantine Empire
2669:Empire of Brazil
2066:
2059:
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2013:
1993:
1964:
1945:
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1900:
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1879:Francis Robinson
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284:Muslim conquests
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170:Economic miracle
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55:This article
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33:
28:
20:
16:
2805:Roman Empire
2770:Feudal Japan
2738:Ming dynasty
2733:Song dynasty
2689:Soviet Union
2664:East Germany
2468:
2408:Saudi Arabia
2326:
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2184:South Africa
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932:. ABC-CLIO.
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840:Persian Gulf
824:Saudi Arabia
809:
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559:Indian Ocean
539:Indian Ocean
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460:Saudi Arabia
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329:
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277:Indian Ocean
252:
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202:
75:
66:You can help
56:
36:trade routes
15:
2780:Inca Empire
2728:Han dynasty
2636:New Zealand
2598:Switzerland
2563:Netherlands
2423:South Korea
2403:Philippines
2383:North Korea
2139:Ivory Coast
866:East Africa
601:Omani Arabs
334:West Africa
322:Spice trade
303:spice trade
286:and since.
265:Arabian Sea
117:Advertising
78:August 2024
2836:Arab world
2830:Categories
2694:Yugoslavia
2438:Tajikistan
2348:East Timor
2333:Azerbaijan
2327:Arab world
2159:Mozambique
2149:Madagascar
1494:0435074199
1261:069101082X
886:References
690:Alexandria
650:Mozambique
401:See also:
372:Mansa Musa
367:Mansa Musa
316:See also:
127:Capitalism
2647:economies
2631:Australia
2558:Lithuania
2418:Singapore
2393:Palestine
2358:Indonesia
2285:Nicaragua
2230:Argentina
1760:313730507
1679:670429590
1557:cite book
1549:893685769
1435:759806997
1367:794702218
1232:690793981
1193:cite book
1185:934585969
812:petroleum
742:Criticism
662:Tippu Tip
639:Tippu Tip
579:Mogadishu
299:Silk Road
165:Recession
70:talk page
32:Silk Road
2785:Iroquois
2608:Scotland
2583:Slovakia
2573:Portugal
2496:Bulgaria
2443:Thailand
2398:Pakistan
2388:Mongolia
2378:Malaysia
2338:Cambodia
2295:Paraguay
2255:Colombia
2235:Barbados
2218:Americas
2209:Zimbabwe
2119:Ethiopia
2104:Botswana
1641:53226174
1621:(2002).
1599:53093194
1503:36430607
1143:83977214
748:madrasah
620:Zanzibar
429:Ibn Saud
411:Ibn Saud
275:and the
122:Business
94:a series
92:Part of
2624:Oceania
2541:Ireland
2536:Hungary
2526:Germany
2516:Estonia
2511:Denmark
2501:Croatia
2486:Belgium
2481:Austria
2476:Albania
2453:Vietnam
2310:Uruguay
2275:Jamaica
2265:Ecuador
2194:Tunisia
2179:Somalia
2174:Senegal
2164:Nigeria
2154:Morocco
2124:Eritrea
2094:Algeria
1881:(ed.).
878:Nigeria
856:Tunisia
844:Algeria
795:Slavery
785:Razzias
779:Raiding
773:Razzias
752:Tripoli
736:Ottoman
726:Mamluks
646:Somalia
583:Mombasa
555:Arabian
541:coast (
425:Hussein
417:Bedouin
291:Maghreb
38:(blue).
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2724:China
2593:Sweden
2578:Russia
2568:Norway
2531:Greece
2521:France
2470:Europe
2462:Europe
2448:Turkey
2433:Taiwan
2368:Israel
2290:Panama
2280:Mexico
2245:Canada
2240:Brazil
2204:Zambia
2199:Uganda
2169:Rwanda
2134:Guinea
2099:Angola
2088:Africa
2080:Africa
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504:Qur'an
496:jazaa’
324:, and
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2613:Wales
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2428:Syria
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1398:JSTOR
872:Sudan
860:Sudan
852:Egypt
848:Libya
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473:India
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465:Umrah
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