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price for the foods served in the restaurant. The illegal workers are hired by the employers in the companies, competing in the same market with similar businesses that are hiring the legal workers. Due to the competition on the products sold in that free market, increase in illegal immigration may decrease the wage rate of the legal workers. In case of the inflow of unauthorized workers reducing the costs of operation leading to the reduction of prices on a product/services provided, the demand for the services of legal workers with low-skill jobs (such as fast food restaurants, agricultural sectors and construction) will decrease. However, on a positive note, the reduced price on the menu will attract more customers increasing their volume of sales. As a result, this will “increase the demand for the noncompeting category of workers, such as chefs or waiters”.
407:
impact of denial of prenatal benefits to illegal immigrants in
California. Nearly 10% of illegal women had no prenatal care. These women were nearly 4 times as likely to be delivered of low birth weight infants and more than 7 times as likely to be delivered of premature infants as were illegal women who had prenatal care. For every dollar cut from prenatal care, an increase of $ 3.33 in the cost of postnatal care and $ 4.63 in incremental long-term cost were expected. Elimination of publicly funded prenatal care for illegal women could save the state $ 58 million in direct prenatal care costs but could cost taxpayers as much as $ 194 million more in postnatal care, resulting in a net cost of $ 136 million initially and $ 211 million in long-term costs. Although their parents are illegal immigrants, these children are actually U.S citizens.
285:
210:
numbers are fake, or the person of record is too old, young, dead etc., the earnings reported to the Social
Security Agency are put in an Earnings Suspense file. The Social Security spends about $ 100 million a year and corrects all but about 2% of these. From tax years 1937 through 2003 the ESF had accumulated about 255 million mismatched wage reports, representing $ 520 billion in wages and about $ 75 billion in employment taxes paid into the over $ 1.5 trillion in the Social Security Trust funds. As of October 2005, approximately 8.8 million wage reports, representing $ 57.8 billion in wages remained unresolved in the suspense file for tax year 2003.
175:(CBO) found that "over the past two decades, most efforts to estimate the fiscal impact of immigration in the United States have concluded that, in aggregate and over the long term, tax revenues of all types generated by immigrants—both legal and unauthorized—exceed the cost of the services they use." While the overall fiscal impact on the US is beneficial, unauthorized immigrants have an adverse impact on the budgets of state and local governments. While cautioning that the reports are not a suitable basis for developing an aggregate national effect across all states, they concluded that:
63:
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competition in the labor market. At the same time, high-skill natives may gain substantially. They pay less for the services that laborers provide, such as painting the house and mowing the lawn, and natives who hire these laborers can now specialize in producing the goods and services that better suit their skills." Borjas' other research also indicated that "high-school dropouts experience a substantial wage loss from immigration of 6.3% in the short run and 3.1% over the long haul as labor markets adjust to the increased number of workers."
437:
agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, with 28% uncertain and 9% disagreeing. Regarding a second statement, that low-skilled
American workers would be "substantially worse off" if more low-skilled immigrants were allowed entry, 50% agreed or strongly agreed, with 30% uncertain and 9% disagreeing or strongly disagreeing. In other words, despite an overall benefit for the average American, some low-skilled workers already in the U.S. would probably be adversely impacted by a greater supply of low-skilled labor.
459:, states that "Early studies in California and in the Southwest and in the Southeast...have come to the same conclusions. Immigrants, legal and illegal, are more likely to pay taxes than they are to use public services. Illegal immigrants are not eligible for most public services and live in fear of revealing themselves to government authorities. Households headed by illegal immigrants use less than half the amount of federal services that households headed by documented immigrants or citizens make use of."
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of U.S.-born citizens, and instead may raise wages and lower prices in the aggregate." However, certain groups may be adversely affected. Brookings pointed to two studies at the opposite ends of the impact spectrum, one (Borjas-Katz 2007) indicating a 4.5% reduction in the wages of native workers that were high-school dropouts and a roughly 1.6% reduction for native college graduates, with another (Ottaviano-Peri 2008) indicating a small positive for all education levels.
354:. However, they can get Medicaid coverage for health emergencies if they are in a category of people otherwise eligible, such as children, pregnant women, families with dependent children, elderly or disabled individuals, and meet other requirements. The cost of this emergency care was less than 1% of Medicaid costs in North Carolina from 2001–2004 and the majority was for childbirth and related complications.
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construction, food processing, building cleaning and maintenance, and other low-end jobs. Cities with a high percentage of illegal immigration were examined in this study and data showed that illegal immigrants overall impact on the US economy is small. On the other hand, US employers gain from lower labor costs and the ability to use their land, capital, and technology more productively.
469:
they cost in social services" and "contribute to the U.S. economy through their investments and consumption of goods and services; filling of millions of essential worker positions resulting in subsidiary job creation, increased productivity and lower costs of goods and services; and unrequited contributions to Social
Security, Medicare and unemployment insurance programs."
465:(NPR) wrote in 2006: "Supporters of a crackdown argue that the U.S. economy would benefit if illegal immigrants were to leave, because U.S. employers would be forced to raise wages to attract American workers. Critics of this approach say the loss of illegal immigrants would stall the U.S. economy, saying illegal workers do many jobs few native-born Americans will do."
617:. Although few exceptions may apply regarding the Medicare, Social Security, Child Health Insurance Program and Refundable Tax Credits. Karoly and Perez-Arce (2016) did the case study on college tuition and came to the finding of a policy-relevant results. The policy to provide in-state tuition benefits to the
504:, supporting the aging population. Immigrants and their descendants make up a substantial portion of current and projected workforce growth. Without immigrants, the proportion of working-age adults and workers in the overall population would decline significantly. Immigration also has a positive impact on the
102:. In 2004, at the low end, half of workers age 25 and older who lacked a diploma were from Mexico and Central America. These workers were employed in jobs that required little formal education, such as construction labor and dishwashing, and on average they earned much less than did the average native worker.
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estimates that the average household in the bottom quintile received $ 29,015 in benefits and paid $ 4,251 in
Federal, state and local taxes. In the second quintile the average household received $ 24,709 in benefits and paid $ 9,524 in Federal, state and local taxes. In the top quintile, the average
205:
analysts wrote: "Each year, for example, the U.S. Social
Security Administration maintains roughly $ 6 billion to $ 7 billion of Social Security contributions in an "earnings suspense file"—an account for W-2 tax forms that cannot be matched to the correct Social Security number. The vast majority of
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indicates that between 50 percent and 75 percent of unauthorized immigrants pay federal, state, and local taxes. Illegal immigrants are estimated to pay in about $ 7 billion per year into Social
Security. In addition, they spend billions of dollars per year, which supports the US economy and helps to
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resulted with direct and secondary economic and fiscal effects. This policy provided incentives to the people born outside of the United States to come to the country to take the advantage of the benefit. This direct cost, in a long run creates more high-skilled workers, who would raise wages, in no
436:
Members of the IGM Economic
Experts Panel were asked in December 2013 whether they agreed or disagreed with the following statement: "The average US citizen would be better off if a larger number of low-skilled foreign workers were legally allowed to enter the US each year." Fifty-two percent either
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reported in 2012 that: "he most recent economic evidence suggests that, on average, immigrant workers increase the opportunities and incomes of
Americans. Based on a survey of the academic literature, economists do not tend to find that immigrants cause any sizeable decrease in wages and employment
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Congressional Budget Office (2015) reports that “policies designed to improve verification of a person’s legal status at the workplace would target the estimated 8 million unauthorized residents who work.” Under the
Administration’s deferred action programs, certain percentage of people have already
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The Social Security Administration has stated that it believes unauthorized work by non-citizens is a major cause of wage items being posted as erroneous wage reports instead of on an individual's earnings record. When Social Security numbers are already in use; names do not match the numbers or the
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At its peak in August 2007, the number of illegal immigrants in the U.S. was 12.5 million. This decreased by 1.3 million to 11.2 million by July 2008 (11%) due to either increased law enforcement or fewer job opportunities. Based on the Department of Homeland Security estimates in 2009, unauthorized
468:
Professor of Law Francine Lipman writes that the belief that illegal migrants are exploiting the US economy and that they cost more in services than they contribute to the economy is "undeniably false". Lipman asserts that "illegal immigrants actually contribute more to public coffers in taxes than
406:
Moreover, studies have also shown that not providing illegal immigrants with a decent healthcare might actually cost the country in the long-run rather than save expenses. In 2000, researchers compared the perinatal outcomes and costs of illegal women with and without prenatal care and inferred the
126:
Nearly every dollar earned by illegal immigrants is spent immediately, and the average wage for US citizens is $ 10.25/hour with an average of 34 hours per week. This means that approximately 8 million US jobs are dependent upon economic activity produced by illegal immigrant activities within the
296:
Economists have different conclusions regarding the impact on wages from immigration, both legal and illegal. It is challenging to separate the impact of illegal immigration (generally workers with lower educational attainment) from immigration overall. Studies generally conclude there is a small
200:
The Social Security and Medicare contributions of illegal immigrants directly support older Americans, as illegal immigrants are not eligible to receive these services, although their children born in the United States are eligible for such benefits. Illegal immigrants pay social security payroll
90:
The reduction has been driven mainly by a decrease in the number of new immigrants from Mexico, the single largest source. Net immigration from Mexico to the U.S. has stopped and possibly reversed since 2010. At its peak in 2000, about 770,000 immigrants arrived annually from Mexico; the majority
86:
are no longer the clear majority of unauthorized immigrants. The U.S. civilian workforce includes 8 million unauthorized immigrants, accounting for 5% of those working or looking for work in 2014. This number has been relatively stable since 2007, ranging between 8.0 and 8.3 million. Unauthorized
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economist George Borjas wrote that, "Economic theory implies that immigration should lower the wage of competing workers and increase the wage of complementary workers. For example, an influx of foreign-born laborers reduces the economic opportunities for laborers — all laborers now face stiffer
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According to the report presented by Eleanor Chelimsky and the team, hiring an illegal immigrant can have both negative as well as positive effects. For instance, if a restaurant hires a cheap labor of unauthorized workers, it will reduce the employer’s cost eventually leading them to reduce the
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report concluded that native-born workers who are substitutes for immigrants (e.g., lower-skilled workers in the case of illegal immigrants) "will experience negative wage effects." The report continues: "In summary, the immigration surplus stems from the increase in the return to capital that
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NPR reported in March 2006 that when the wages of lower-skilled workers go down, the rest of America benefits by paying lower prices for things like restaurant meals, agricultural produce and construction. The economic impact of unauthorized immigration is far smaller than other trends in the
218:
analysts wrote: "Local school districts are estimated to educate 1.8 million illegal children. At an average annual cost of $ 7,500 (averages vary by jurisdiction) per student, the cost of providing education to these children is about $ 11.2 billion." Other estimates of the costs to educate
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brings injured and ill unauthorized immigrants to hospital emergency rooms but does not pay for their medical care. Almost $ 190 million, or about 25 percent, of the uncompensated costs Southwest border county hospitals incurred resulted from emergency medical treatment provided to illegal
330:
In 2008, Gordon H. Hanson at University of California–San Diego and National Bureau of Economic Research performed a study to see if illegal immigration affects native workers employment. From the study was concluded that unauthorized immigrants provide a source of manpower in agriculture,
427:
and wages: "Together these results imply that the impacts of recent immigrant inflows on the relative wages of U.S. natives are small. The effects on overall wage inequality (including natives and immigrants) are larger, reflecting the concentration of immigrants in the tails of the skill
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of The Heritage Foundation released a study concluding that as of 2010, the "average unlawful immigrant household" had a net deficit (benefits received minus taxes paid) of $ 14,387 per household. Critics of the Rector-Richwine report "questioned several assumptions made by the report’s
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create new jobs. The Texas State Comptroller reported in 2006 that the 1.4 million unauthorized immigrants in Texas added almost $ 18 billion to the gross state product, and contributed $ 1.58 billion in state revenue, while costing the state about $ 1.16 billion in services used.
564:. Nowrasteh wrote that The Heritage Foundation's refusal to account for GDP growth and increased economic productivity from immigration led to "a massive underestimation of the economic benefits of immigration and diminishing estimated tax revenue." Republican Senator
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received or will be receiving an authorization to work. There is the requirement saying that every new employee need to have the proof of the work authorization and their worker identity. However, there are still some workers left without the authorization.
444:. Nonetheless they are less likely to speak English, or even Spanish. That can be a problem because written materials are in English and sometimes in Spanish in this country. Pesticide education materials are needed for the indigenous languages of Mexico.
87:
immigrants represent 26% of farming and 15% of construction labor. They are primarily concentrated in six states: California, New Mexico, Texas, Florida, New York, New Jersey, and Illinois. About two-thirds have been in the U.S. for more than a decade.
360:
reported that "Illegal immigrants can get emergency care through Medicaid, the federal-state program for the poor and people with disabilities. But they can't get non-emergency care unless they pay. They are ineligible for most other public benefits."
206:
these numbers are attributable to illegal workers who will never claim their benefits. For 2010, the Social Security Administration estimated that unauthorized immigrants and their employers paid $ 13 billion in required social security payroll taxes.
576:
Income taxes and eligibility for tax credits are determined based on people’s status of lawful permanent residency. Or else, it is based on the fact, how long anyone has been staying in the United States, despite them being here legally or not. The
392:
A phone survey in which Alexander Ortega and colleagues at the University of California asked illegal immigrants how often they receive medical care reported that illegal immigrants are no more likely to visit the emergency room than native born
477:
PEW studies on unauthorized immigrants estimates that the average household of 3.1 persons earns about $ 36,000 per year. This average wage is consistent with the PEW estimate that 49% of illegal immigrants have not graduated from high school.
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results from the increased supply of labor and the subsequent fall in wages. Natives who own more capital will receive more income from the immigration surplus than natives who own less capital, who can consequently be adversely affected."
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Research by economist David Card University of California-Berkeley) indicated the effect of immigration on native born workers without high school degrees is limited, perhaps reducing the wages of high school dropouts by 5.1% over 20
213:
Estimates indicate that about 4% of the school-age population is made up of children who are illegal immigrants. Many require remedial assistance in language skills, which increases costs to the public schools. During April 2006,
537:, which prompted criticism that the study was overly speculative. The report also counted "the cost of benefits paid to the children of those living in the U.S. illegally, even though many of those children by law are citizens."
182:"The amount that state and local governments spend on services for unauthorized immigrants represents a small percentage of the total amount spent by those governments to provide such services to residents in their jurisdictions";
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2788:
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authors—everything from the amount that legalization could boost earnings for immigrants to the amount of welfare they may use." The Heritage report purported to project costs over a 50-year period and assumed no changes to
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economy, such as the increasing use of automation in manufacturing or the growth in global trade. But economists generally believe that when averaged over the whole economy, the effect is a small net positive. Harvard's
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household received $ 21,515 in benefits and services and paid $ 69,704 in Federal, state and local taxes. However, it is unclear how much benefit the average unauthorized immigrant household is eligible for.
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out-of-pocket. The study found that illegal immigrants tend to visit physicians less frequently than U.S. citizens because they are younger and because people with chronic health problems are less likely to
396:
A RAND study concluded that the total federal cost of providing medical expenses for the 78% illegal immigrants without health insurance coverage was $ 1.1 billion, with immigrants paying $ 321 million of
512:, strengthening these important programs. The higher labor force participation of foreign-born individuals, particularly among young first-generation immigrants, highlights their role in the workforce.
78:
living in the United States in 2016, statistically unchanged from the previous year. The number peaked at 12.2 million in 2007, following a steady increase that began in 1990. An estimated 5.6 million
2724:
2479:
188:"Federal aid programs offer resources to state and local governments that provide services to unauthorized immigrants, but those funds do not fully cover the costs incurred by those governments."
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distribution and higher residual inequality among immigrants than natives. Even so, immigration accounts for a small share (5%) of the increase in U.S. wage inequality between 1980 and 2000."
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immigrant population living in the United States decreased to 10.8 million in January 2009. On the whole, between 2000 and 2009, the unauthorized immigrant population grew by 27 percent.
48:
Economists estimate that legalization of the illegal immigrant population would increase the immigrants' earnings and consumption considerably, and increase U.S. gross domestic product.
2550:
500:
Studies have shown that immigrants contribute to the labor force, stimulate demand in various industries, and foster economic growth. They help maintain a favorable ratio of workers to
123:, the employer will have an advantage of various non-wage benefits like saving the bonus and overtime payment including the advantage of paying the illegal worker at the minimum rate.
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1941:
2489:
1640:
3219:
799:
Rivera-Batiz, Francisco L. (1999). "Undocumented Workers in the Labor Market: An Analysis of the Earnings of Legal and Undocumented Mexican Immigrants in the United States".
1335:"Illegal Workers: Impact on Missouri’s Economy," The Missouri Budget Project, June 21, 2006 and “Replacing the illegal Work Force,” Center for American Progress, March 2006.
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57:
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1548:
960:
365:
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An employer may benefit from the illegal status of a migrant who is desperate for work and therefore prepared to accept poor pay that is below local norms. If paid
185:"The tax revenues that unauthorized immigrants generate for state and local governments do not offset the total cost of services provided to those immigrants"; and
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2840:
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2182:
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1300:
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Bratsberg, Bernt; Ragan, Jr., James F.; Nasir, Zafar M. (2002-07-01). "The Effect of Naturalization on Wage Growth: A Panel Study of Young Male Immigrants".
79:
179:"State and local governments incur costs for providing services to unauthorized immigrants and have limited options for avoiding or minimizing those costs";
3199:
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1966:
1637:"Medical Emergency: Who Pays the Price for Uncompensated Emergency Medical Care Along the Southwest Border? Executive Summary U.S./Mexico Border Coalition"
99:
3234:
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2632:
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380:, legal status, or ability to pay. An example of the cost conflict between federal government, state and local government, and private institutions, the
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At least two research studies have been done which attempt to discover the cost of health care for illegal immigrants by asking the illegal themselves.
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3214:
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Both the population of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. and southwestern border apprehensions have declined significantly over the past decade.
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1971:
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381:
1987:
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IRS estimates that about 6 million unauthorized immigrants file individual income tax returns each year. Research reviewed by the nonpartisan
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2053:
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1534:
610:
369:
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The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments,” Congressional Budget Office, Dec. 2009, p. 8.
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Immigrants to the U.S. are concentrated at both the high and low-income ends of the U.S. labor market, determined largely by their
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J. Lipman, Francine, J. (Spring 2006). "Taxing illegal Immigrants: Separate, Unequal and Without Representation". The Tax Lawyer.
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reported that illegal immigrants, as well as legal immigrants in the country less than five years, generally are not eligible for
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2818:
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1942:"How the Wealth is Spread: The Distribution of Government Benefits, Services and Taxes by Income Quintile in the United States"
1346:"Social Security Administration-Effects of Unauthorized Immigration on the Actuarial Status of the Social Security Trust Funds"
590:
530:
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2015:
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Special Report – December 2006 Illegal Immigrants in Texas:A Financial Analysis of the Impact to the State Budget and Economy
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The methodology and conclusions of The Heritage Foundation's 2013 study were sharply criticized as flawed by, among others,
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3259:
3143:
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2732:
636:
17:
2136:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. p. 343.
41:, enhance the welfare of natives, contribute more in tax revenue than they collect, reduce American firms' incentives to
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1827:
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34:
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arrived illegally. By 2010, the inflow had dropped to about 140,000—a majority of whom arrived as legal immigrants.
62:
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3133:
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2007:
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Project, Michael Greenstone, Adam Looney, Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney, and The Hamilton (30 November 2001).
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adverse impact on the wages of lower-skilled workers from immigration and some benefit for higher-skilled workers:
1139:
3363:
3019:
2612:
2387:
1608:
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were from Mexico in 2015 and 2016, down from 6.4 million in 2009. Non-Mexicans numbered 5.7 million, indicating
33:
is challenging to measure and politically contentious. Research shows that unauthorized immigrants increase the
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jobs and import foreign-produced goods, and benefit consumers by reducing the prices of goods and services.
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2352:
2337:
2316:
2301:
2107:"A Cost-Benefit Framework for Analyzing the Economic and Fiscal Impacts of State-Level Immigration Policies"
1729:
Elimination of public funding of prenatal care for illegal immigrants in California: a cost/benefit analysis
618:
613:. The illegal immigrants staying in US, however, are not eligible for these federal programs except for the
488:
272:
says the average American's wealth is increased by less than 1 percent because of unauthorized immigration.
215:
202:
581:
does not have the estimation of the amount of federal taxes paid by the illegal immigrants in the country.
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916:
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Those people who have the permanent legal status are eligible for most of the government benefits such as
1031:
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1967:"Immigrants Contribute Greatly to U.S. Economy, Despite Administration's "Public Charge" Rule Rationale"
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651:
598:
553:
462:
441:
322:
2167:
1728:
1589:
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Palivos, Theodore; Yip, Chong K. (2010-09-01). "Illegal immigration in a heterogeneous labor market".
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3128:
3123:
3113:
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2845:
2076:
2417:
2077:"The Foreign-Born Population and Its Effects on the US Economy and the Federal Budget - An Overview"
2054:"Rubio sharply critical of Heritage study, offers parents as evidence of contribution of immigrants"
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unauthorized children and US-born children of unauthorized immigrants reached $ 30 billion in 2009.
3103:
2810:
2580:
2367:
2231:
456:
75:
71:
2030:
3108:
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2151:
1683:
1407:"How Changes in Immigration Policy Might Affect the Federal Budget | Congressional Budget Office"
1013:
942:
832:
816:
781:
646:
306:
289:
1435:
1164:
1140:"Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2009"
376:), most hospitals may not refuse anyone treatment for an emergency medical condition because of
1459:"Illegal Aliens: Influence of Illegal Workers on Wages and Working Conditions of Legal Workers"
723:
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The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that people in this salary bracket (the second
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2922:
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2137:
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824:
773:
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1746:
1396:“S&P Study: Costs and Benefits of illegal Immigrants,” Hispanic News, May 1, 2009, p. 2.
995:
987:
926:
879:
863:
808:
765:
738:
561:
549:
1784:
1211:
1145:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics Policy Directorate
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3169:
2397:
2058:
1868:
1771:
1479:
666:
656:
116:
38:
2106:
1375:
1212:"Labor Market Impacts of Amnesty: A Comparative Analysis of IRCA and current conditions"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
154:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1965:
Sherman, Arloc; Trisi, Danilo; Stone, Chad; Gonazales, Shelby; Parrott, Sharon (2019).
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884:
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545:
541:
525:
3337:
3174:
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1275:"The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments"
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687:"The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments"
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521:
452:
269:
1017:
946:
836:
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1280:. The Congress of the United States – Congressional Budget Office. December 2007.
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3015:
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
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2459:
1170:. The Congress of the United States – Congressional Budget Office. November 2005
565:
742:
3289:
1049:"U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Total Lowest in a Decade - Pew Research Center"
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606:
416:
42:
1009:
938:
875:
777:
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2321:
2131:
1458:
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482:
356:
2485:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
1704:
893:
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991:
867:
812:
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2885:
2617:
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1032:"Department of Homeland Security-Border Security Metrics Report-May 2018"
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501:
351:
83:
1406:
1000:
820:
686:
1915:"The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2008 and 2009"
975:
974:
Dustmann, Christian; Fasani, Francesco; Speciale, Biagio (2017-07-01).
346:
1563:"The Economics and Policy of Illegal Immigration in the United States"
724:"On the macroeconomic and welfare effects of undocumented immigration"
3275:
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
2683:
2495:
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
2490:
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
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976:"Illegal Migration and Consumption Behavior of Immigrant Households"
702:"The economic impact of US immigration policies in the Age of Trump"
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1727:
Lu, M. C., Lin, Y. G., Prietto, N. M., & Garite, T. J. (2000).
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Administrative Challenges Facing the Social Security Administration
930:
341:
Healthcare availability for illegal immigrants in the United States
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Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
283:
61:
1731:. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 182(1), 233–239.
1293:"Illegal Immigrants Are Bolstering Social Security With Billions"
1138:
Hoffer, Michael; Rytina, Nancy; Baker, Bryan C. (January 2010).
2551:
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
2171:
2511:
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
1745:. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research.
622:
time, and tax revenues, improving the overall fiscal picture.
230:
134:
1891:"A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States"
1829:
They Take Our Jobs! And Twenty Other Myths about Immigration
171:
A 2007 review of the academic literature by the nonpartisan
31:
economic impact of illegal immigration to the United States
1785:
IGM Experts Panel-Low Skilled Immigrants-December 10, 2013
1609:"Rising health care costs put focus on illegal immigrants"
852:"Legal Status and Wage Disparities for Mexican Immigrants"
18:
Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States
1217:. UCLA North American Integration and Development Center.
1662:"Illegal immigrants not US health care burden – study"
1535:"What Immigration Means For U.S. Employment and Wages"
1457:
Office, U. S. Government Accountability (1988-03-10).
201:
taxes but are not eligible for benefits. During 2006,
2516:
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
3220:
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
1590:"Medicaid spends 1 pct on illegal immigrants: study"
1087:
Passel, Jeffrey S.; Cohn, D’Vera (6 December 2012).
1064:"5 facts about undocumented immigration in the U.S."
440:
Non-citizen farm workers are frequently involved in
3308:
3183:
3157:
3091:
3038:
2972:
2946:
2829:
2723:
2658:
2563:
2503:
2426:
2330:
2264:
2240:
2219:
2206:
2133:
The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration
2008:"The Immigration Bill's '$ 6.3 Trillion Price Tag'"
1988:"Cost of Unlawful Immigrants to the U.S. Taxpayers"
1516:"Opinion - What Does Immigration Actually Cost Us?"
485:) pay about 6.8% of their income in Federal taxes.
1889:Passel, Jeffrey S.; Cohn, D’Vera (14 April 2009).
1436:"Q&A: Illegal Immigrants and the U.S. Economy"
1114:"Decline Seen in Numbers of People Here Illegally"
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1631:
1629:
1509:
1507:
1165:"The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market"
850:Hall, M.; Greenman, E.; Farkas, G. (2010-12-01).
58:Illegal immigrant population of the United States
2964:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
1234:. The Advocates for Human Rights. Archived from
366:Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
2130:D. Blau, Mackie, Francine, Christopher (2017).
2105:Karoly, Lynn A.; Perez-Arce, Francisco (2016).
1089:"Unauthorized Immigrants: 11.1 Million in 2011"
700:Mayda, Anna Maria; Peri, Giovanni (June 2017).
3225:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
2903:List of people deported from the United States
1429:
1427:
1371:
1369:
2650:Trump administration family separation policy
2183:
1986:Robert Rector; Jason Richwine (May 6, 2013).
1809:. National Center for Farmworker Health. 2011
689:. Congressional Budget Office. December 2007.
8:
2700:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
2156:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1547:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1326:, Carole Keeton Strayhorn, Texas Comptroller
980:Journal of the European Economic Association
959:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
572:Income Taxes and eligibility for tax credits
3200:California Coalition for Immigration Reform
473:Relative contribution by income tax bracket
3235:Federation for American Immigration Reform
2216:
2190:
2176:
2168:
1378:. Congressional Testimony – March 14, 2006
1269:
1267:
1265:
1191:"Illegal immigrants and the labour market"
423:(legal and illegal) has a minor impact on
3010:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
3005:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
2995:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
2938:Unaccompanied minors from Central America
2695:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
2465:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
2001:
1999:
1997:
1874:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
999:
920:
883:
3359:Illegal immigration to the United States
3215:Center for Migration Studies of New York
2358:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
2227:Nationality law in the American Colonies
2031:"Heritage's Flawed Immigration Analysis"
1229:"Raising the Floor for American Workers"
731:Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
709:Economics and Policy in the Age of Trump
3149:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
2705:Executive Office for Immigration Review
1514:Edsall, Thomas B. (29 September 2016).
678:
568:of Florida also criticized the report.
3165:California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
2149:
1972:Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
1864:
1853:
1767:
1756:
1540:
1475:
1464:
952:
382:Immigration and Naturalization Service
2413:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
2071:
2069:
106:Economic impact of illegal immigrants
7:
3134:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
2439:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952
2820:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)
2790:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
2675:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
2277:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
35:size of the U.S. economy/contribute
2908:Mexico–United States border crisis
2690:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
1303:from the original on April 7, 2005
25:
3129:"Streamline" (2005–present)
2851:Central American migrant caravans
2398:Bracero Program (1942–1964)
1607:Wolf, Richard (22 January 2008).
1291:Porter, Eduardo (April 5, 2005).
288:Protesters of Proposition 187 in
2913:Mexico–United States border wall
2388:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
2199:Immigration to the United States
1434:Davidson, Adam (30 March 2006).
1258:. US Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1112:Preston, Julia (July 31, 2008).
235:
139:
2670:Department of Homeland Security
1705:"News Releases for 2006 – RAND"
801:Journal of Population Economics
3349:Economic impact of immigration
3210:Center for Immigration Studies
3139:"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
3124:"Front Line" (2004–2005)
2774:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting
2715:Office of Refugee Resettlement
2470:American Homecoming Act (1989)
2029:Nowraseth, Alex (2013-05-07).
2016:Annenberg Public Policy Center
2006:Robert Farley (June 4, 2013).
1741:Card, David (1 January 2009).
585:Eligibility for other benefits
1:
3260:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
3104:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
2866:Eugenics in the United States
637:Economic results of migration
508:and the actuarial balance in
3354:Economy of the United States
2928:Illegal immigrant population
2710:Board of Immigration Appeals
2546:Executive Order 13780 (2017)
2541:Executive Order 13769 (2017)
2434:UN Refugee Convention (1951)
2348:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
1743:"Immigration and Inequality"
711:. VoxEU.org. pp. 69–77.
315:National Academy of Sciences
52:Illegal immigrant population
3144:"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
3119:"Endgame" (2003–2012)
2990:McCain–Kennedy (2005)
2980:DREAM Act (2001–2010)
2959:Canada–United States border
2954:Mexico–United States border
2521:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
2383:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
2084:Congressional Budget Office
2052:Leary, Alex (May 7, 2013).
722:Liu, Xiangbo (2010-12-01).
579:Congressional Budget Office
411:Effect on income inequality
194:Congressional Budget Office
173:Congressional Budget Office
3380:
3280:Negative Population Growth
3270:National Immigration Forum
3255:Migration Policy Institute
3030:US Citizenship Act of 2021
2586:Temporary protected status
2368:Emergency Quota Act (1921)
1990:. The Heritage Foundation.
909:Journal of Labor Economics
743:10.1016/j.jedc.2010.06.030
707:. In Bown, Chad P. (ed.).
506:Social Security trust fund
432:Overall benefits and costs
338:
74:, there were 11.3 million
55:
2613:Security Advisory Opinion
770:10.1007/s00712-010-0139-y
516:Heritage Foundation study
244:This section needs to be
148:This section needs to be
3322:Missing in Brooks County
3250:Mexicans Without Borders
2750:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
2623:National Origins Formula
2307:Chinese Exclusion (1882)
2282:Civil Rights Act of 1866
1804:"Indigenous Farmworkers"
1522:– via NYTimes.com.
615:Child Nutrition Programs
2601:Central American Minors
2531:Secure Fence Act (2006)
2393:Nationality Act of 1940
2343:Naturalization Act 1906
2317:Immigration Act of 1891
2302:Immigration Act of 1882
2292:Naturalization Act 1870
2272:Naturalization Law 1802
2248:Naturalization Act 1790
1438:. National Public Radio
489:The Heritage Foundation
80:unauthorized immigrants
3316:Borderland (TV series)
3170:Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
2643:Unaccompanied children
2418:Luce–Celler Act (1946)
2208:Relevant colonial era,
1863:Cite journal requires
1766:Cite journal requires
1474:Cite journal requires
1253:"Real Earnings – 2011"
603:Unemployment Insurance
599:Refundable tax Credits
442:pesticide applications
293:
100:educational attainment
67:
3344:Demographic economics
2893:Immigration reduction
2804:Niz-Chavez v. Garland
2408:War Brides Act (1945)
2287:14th Amendment (1868)
1062:Pew Research Center.
868:10.1353/sof.2010.0082
813:10.1007/s001480050092
652:Immigration and crime
554:American Action Forum
463:National Public Radio
448:Cost-benefit analysis
339:Further information:
323:Brookings Institution
287:
216:Standard & Poor's
203:Standard & Poor's
119:rather than using an
65:
3195:Arizona Border Recon
3175:Alabama HB 56 (2011)
3039:Immigration stations
2973:Proposed legislation
2871:Guest worker program
2846:Brooks County, Texas
2758:US v. Brignoni-Ponce
2475:Immigration Act 1990
2378:Immigration Act 1924
2363:Immigration Act 1918
2353:Immigration Act 1907
2338:Immigration Act 1903
1709:Medicalnewstoday.com
1680:"Medical News Today"
758:Journal of Economics
364:Because of the U.S.
3114:"Gatekeeper" (1994)
3041:and points of entry
2933:Reverse immigration
2812:Sanchez v. Mayorkas
2725:Supreme Court cases
2581:Visa Waiver Program
2576:Permanent residence
2403:Magnuson Act (1943)
2232:Plantation Act 1740
1668:. 26 November 2007.
1570:Migrationpolicy.org
1189:Tapinos G. (n.d.).
1067:Pew Research Center
1051:. 27 November 2018.
992:10.1093/jeea/jvw017
496:US Aging Population
457:Salem State College
419:wrote in 2009 that
72:Pew Research Center
2898:Immigration reform
2734:US v. Wong Kim Ark
2680:U.S. Border Patrol
2596:Green Card Lottery
2564:Visas and policies
2526:Real ID Act (2005)
2460:Refugee Act (1980)
2212:international laws
2201:and related topics
1520:The New York Times
1297:The New York Times
1118:The New York Times
647:Gallegly amendment
619:illegal immigrants
307:Harvard University
294:
290:Fresno, California
76:illegal immigrants
68:
3331:
3330:
3265:Minuteman Project
3240:Improve The Dream
3158:State legislation
3109:"Babylift" (1975)
3083:Washington Avenue
3078:Sullivan's Island
3000:STRIVE Act (2007)
2923:March for America
2876:Human trafficking
2766:Zadvydas v. Davis
2628:Expedited removal
2559:
2558:
2210:United States and
2143:978-0-309-44448-4
1500:. 25 August 2016.
1413:. 15 January 2015
737:(12): 2547–2567.
455:, a professor at
425:income inequality
399:health care costs
265:
264:
169:
168:
70:According to the
16:(Redirected from
3371:
3364:Informal economy
3230:Community Change
3205:CASA of Maryland
3185:Non-governmental
3099:"Wetback" (1954)
3025:RAISE Act (2017)
2985:H.R. 4437 (2005)
2373:Cable Act (1922)
2322:Geary Act (1892)
2312:Scott Act (1888)
2217:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2033:. Cato Institute
2026:
2020:
2019:
2003:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1839:
1833:
1826:Chomsky, Aviva.
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1682:. Archived from
1676:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1633:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1596:. 13 March 2007.
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1003:
971:
965:
964:
958:
950:
924:
904:
898:
897:
887:
847:
841:
840:
796:
790:
789:
753:
747:
746:
728:
719:
713:
712:
706:
697:
691:
690:
683:
562:Hudson Institute
550:Doug Holtz-Eakin
260:
257:
251:
239:
238:
231:
164:
161:
155:
143:
142:
135:
131:Budgetary impact
21:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3304:
3245:Mexica Movement
3188:
3186:
3179:
3153:
3087:
3040:
3034:
3020:SAFE Act (2015)
2968:
2942:
2881:Human smuggling
2856:Economic impact
2834:
2832:
2825:
2719:
2663:
2661:
2654:
2555:
2499:
2427:1950–1999
2422:
2331:1900–1949
2326:
2297:Page Act (1875)
2260:
2236:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2166:
2165:
2148:
2144:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2059:Tampa Bay Times
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2005:
2004:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1895:Pewhispanic.org
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1862:
1852:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1765:
1755:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1660:
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1655:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1606:
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1601:
1588:
1587:
1583:
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1572:
1565:
1561:
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1556:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1473:
1463:
1461:(PEMD-88-13BR).
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1093:Pewhispanic.org
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1025:
973:
972:
968:
951:
922:10.1.1.199.5549
906:
905:
901:
849:
848:
844:
798:
797:
793:
755:
754:
750:
726:
721:
720:
716:
704:
699:
698:
694:
685:
684:
680:
675:
667:Proposition 187
657:Mexica Movement
628:
591:Social Security
587:
574:
531:Social Security
518:
498:
475:
450:
434:
413:
343:
337:
282:
280:Impact on wages
261:
255:
252:
249:
240:
236:
229:
165:
159:
156:
153:
144:
140:
133:
117:under the table
113:
111:Consumer demand
108:
60:
54:
39:economic growth
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:Save Our State
3292:
3287:
3285:No More Deaths
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:Labor shortage
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:Related issues
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2786:
2782:Barton v. Barr
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
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2448:Section 212(f)
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2086:. January 2020
2065:
2044:
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1993:
1978:
1957:
1933:
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1881:
1865:|journal=
1834:
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1788:
1777:
1768:|journal=
1751:10.3386/w14683
1733:
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1241:on 2016-05-17.
1220:
1203:
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1156:
1130:
1104:
1079:
1054:
1040:
1023:
986:(3): 654–691.
966:
931:10.1086/339616
915:(3): 568–597.
899:
862:(2): 491–513.
842:
791:
748:
714:
692:
677:
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669:
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546:Cato Institute
542:Alex Nowrasteh
526:Jason Richwine
517:
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3053:Castle Garden
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2012:FactCheck.org
2009:
2002:
2000:
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1994:
1989:
1982:
1979:
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1643:on 2008-04-09
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1498:The Economist
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856:Social Forces
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662:Plyler v. Doe
660:
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611:Student Loans
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453:Aviva Chomsky
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374:§ 1395dd
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316:
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273:
271:
270:George Borjas
259:
256:December 2018
247:
242:
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211:
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204:
198:
195:
187:
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160:December 2018
151:
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3063:Ellis Island
3048:Angel Island
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2793: /
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2504:21st century
2441: /
2265:19th century
2254: /
2250: /
2241:18th century
2220:Colonial era
2132:
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2114:. Retrieved
2111:www.rand.org
2110:
2100:
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2024:
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1946:Heritage.org
1945:
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1894:
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1856:cite journal
1837:
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1780:
1759:cite journal
1736:
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1684:the original
1674:
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1612:
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1467:cite journal
1452:
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1355:. April 2013
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1133:
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1072:September 2,
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385:immigrants.
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227:Price levels
221:
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3058:East Boston
2742:Ozawa v. US
2571:Visa policy
2536:DACA (2012)
2037:November 7,
1411:www.cbo.gov
607:Pell Grants
566:Marco Rubio
421:immigration
378:citizenship
335:Health care
3338:Categories
3290:NumbersUSA
3092:Operations
3073:San Ysidro
2833:and events
2660:Government
2116:2020-06-16
1951:2016-08-08
1927:2016-08-08
1900:2016-08-08
1832:(2007), 40
1813:2022-08-28
1714:2016-08-08
1690:2007-02-08
1647:2008-03-24
1575:2016-08-08
1494:"Wage war"
1417:2020-06-15
1359:2016-08-08
1307:August 31,
1098:2016-08-08
673:References
417:David Card
415:Economist
393:Americans.
3068:Otay Mesa
2947:Geography
2633:Detention
2152:cite book
1613:USA Today
1196:April 25,
1149:2 October
1010:1542-4766
939:0734-306X
917:CiteSeerX
876:0037-7732
786:153804786
778:0931-8658
632:DREAM Act
520:In 2013,
368:of 1986 (
357:USA Today
305:In 2007,
2886:Coyotaje
2618:E-Verify
2608:US-VISIT
2090:June 15,
1618:11 April
1543:cite web
1442:11 April
1301:Archived
1174:11 April
1018:73648942
947:16293559
894:25414526
837:44528470
829:12295042
821:20007616
642:E-Verify
626:See also
595:Medicare
558:Tim Kane
535:Medicare
510:Medicare
502:retirees
483:quintile
402:migrate.
352:Medicaid
84:Mexicans
43:offshore
2861:Effects
1922:Cbo.gov
1666:Reuters
1594:Reuters
1353:Ssa.gov
885:4235135
560:at the
552:of the
544:of the
347:Reuters
313:A 2015
292:in 1994
246:updated
150:updated
2814:(2021)
2806:(2021)
2799:(2020)
2784:(2020)
2776:(2011)
2769:(2001)
2760:(1975)
2752:(1923)
2744:(1922)
2736:(1898)
2684:BORTAC
2638:Family
2591:Asylum
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302:years.
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1014:S2CID
943:S2CID
833:S2CID
817:JSTOR
782:S2CID
727:(PDF)
705:(PDF)
2443:1965
2256:1798
2252:1795
2158:link
2138:ISBN
2092:2020
2039:2016
1975:: 5.
1876:link
1869:help
1844:SSRN
1772:help
1620:2011
1549:link
1480:help
1444:2011
1309:2024
1198:2012
1176:2011
1151:2013
1125:2010
1074:2017
1006:ISSN
961:link
935:ISSN
890:PMID
872:ISSN
825:PMID
774:ISSN
609:and
524:and
321:The
127:US.
121:ITIN
29:The
1747:doi
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