Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration

453:. In March 2009, Chavez set minimum production quotas for 12 basic foods that were subject to price controls, including white rice, cooking oil, coffee, sugar, powdered milk, cheese, and tomato sauce. Business leaders and food producers claimed that the government was forcing them to produce this food at a loss. Chávez nationalized many large farms. Chávez said of the farmland, "The land is not private. It is the property of the state." Some of the farmland that had been productive while under private ownership is now idle under government ownership, and some of the farm equipment sits gathering dust. As a result, food production fell substantially. One farmer, referring to the government officials overseeing the land redistribution, stated, "These people know nothing about agriculture." Chávez seized many supermarkets from their owners. Under government ownership, the shelves in these supermarkets are often empty. In 2010, after the government nationalized the port at Puerto Cabello, more than 120,000 tons of food sat rotting at the port. In May 2010, after price controls caused shortages of beef, at least 40 butchers were arrested, and some of them were held at a military base and later strip searched by police. 82:, prevented the entrance of stronger foreign currencies into Venezuela. Previously, the Chávez government turned to China to fund its overspending on social programs. Despite warnings near the beginning of Chávez's tenure in the early 2000s, his government continuously overspent in social spending and did not save enough money for any future economic turmoil, which Venezuela faced shortly before and after his death. Other industries suffered as a result of the over-reliance on oil, with the share of manufacturing in GDP dropping from 17.4% in 1998 when Chávez took office to 14.2% in 2012. As a result of Chávez's overspending and policies such as price controls, there were 219:

billion while the government spent US$ 30.1 billion on social programs and Russian fighter jets. The secretary general of the United Federation of Petroleum Workers of Venezuela (FUTPV) said "PDVSA is falling apart" and that "lack of direction, investment and maintenance are wrecking the oil and natural gas industries". Critics have also accused Chavez of letting loyalists run PDVSA instead of those qualified for the positions since the company only hires political supporters of the president. In 2013, PDVSA took more than US$ 10 billion in loans from China and Russia due to an alleged lack of hard currency and had a financial debt of US$ 39.2 billion.

1055:, which had 16,600 outlets and 85,000 employees that distributed food at highly discounted prices, and ran 6000 soup kitchens throughout the country. The food was sold at as much as 40% below the price ceiling set for privately owned stores. Simultaneously Chávez expropriated many private supermarkets. The Mercal network was criticized by some commentators as being a part of Chávez's strategy to brand himself as a provider of cheap food, and the shops feature his picture prominently. The Mercal network was subject to frequent scarcities of basic staples such as meat, milk and sugar – and when scarce products arrived, shoppers had to wait in line. 529:, Chavez ordered the nationalization of the cement industry, in response to the fact that the industry was exporting its products in order to receive prices above those which it was allowed to obtain within the country. In 2013, it was reported that production of cement dropped by 60%, furnaces stopped and cement had to be imported from Colombia. It was also reported that some stores had shortages of cement and would ration the number of cement bags purchased. Workers of the Socialist Cement Corporation protested against their employers due to not being paid and not being able to receive help at clinics due to company debt. 640: 177:

Stephen Randall, Director of the University of Calgary's Latin American Research Centre, points out that during Chávez's years in power Venezuela increased its dependency on oil exports to 95% (2012) from 80% when he took power in 1999. Furthermore, before the financial crisis in 2008 Venezuelan oil was selling at $ 129/barrel. It then dropped to $ 43/bbl by March 2009. Instead of reining in spending Chavez responded to reduced revenues by introducing more exchange controls and continuing with nationalizations. A 2014 article by

328: 240:) were created. In these Communal councils, citizens form assemblies to determine what will be done with government funds in their local area. Groups are made up of 150-200 or more families in urban areas, and starting at around 15-20 families in rural areas, and their decisions are binding to local government officials. 21,000 of these groups were created in 2007, and 30,179 by 2009. As of 2007, about 30% of state funds were directly controlled by communal councils, with a goal of eventually having them control 50%. 19: 4859: 449:. In January 2008, Chavez ordered the military to seize 750 tons of food that sellers were illegally trying to smuggle across the border to sell for higher prices than what was legal in Venezuela. In February 2009, Chavez ordered the military to temporarily seize control of all the rice processing plants in the country and force them to produce at full capacity, which he claimed they had been avoiding in response to the price caps. In May 2010, Chavez ordered the military to seize 120 tons of food from 4854: 310: 1031:, has stated that they may need to suspend some production for nearly the entire year of 2014 since they owe foreign suppliers $ 463 million. The last report of shortages in Venezuela showed that 22.4% of necessary goods are not in stock. This was the last report by the government since the central bank no longer posts the scarcity index. This has led to speculation that the government is hiding its inability to control the economy which may create doubt about future economic data released. 157: 947: 132: 891: 390:, to "counter inflation and protect the poor", and in March 2009, they set minimum production quotas for 12 basic foods that were subject to price controls, including white rice, cooking oil, coffee, sugar, powdered milk, cheese, and tomato sauce. However, the lack of free-floating currency meant that the government was overpaying for these foods, which led shortages as limited amount of these foods began to be imported, even while demand was growing. 111: 825: 5185: 257: 361:, poverty rates fell from 49.4% in 1999 to 23.9% in 2012. Data from the National Institute of Statistics (INE) shows that Venezuela's poverty rate decreased between 1999 and 2013 from 48.7% to 32.1%. A 2010 OAS report criticizing Venezuela's human rights standards indicated achievements in addressing illiteracy, healthcare and poverty, and economic and social advances. 4015:"Este resultado, unido al aumento de 9,9% observado en el primer trimestre, ubica el crecimiento del primer semestre en 9,6%." "Desde el punto de vista institucional, el sector público creció en 4,6% y el privado en 10,3%." ""La inversión bruta fija continuó su ritmo expansivo, alcanzando niveles superiores a los observados en toda la serie desde el año 1997." 1072:

stores in Venezuela and that liquid milk was even more scarce in the country. Jose Guerra, former executive of the Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV) explained that Venezuela's large increases on purchasing food in 2012 and reserves that are at their lowest levels since 2004 contributed to dollar shortages that Venezuela suffered in the years following 2012.

1018: 6.3 while the black market exchange rate was over ten times higher since the actual value of the bolívar is overvalued for Venezuelan businesses. Since merchants can only receive so much necessary foreign currency from the government, they must resort to the black market which in turn raises the merchant's prices on 787:, the Chávez administration enacted strict currency controls in January 2003, making it more difficult for investors to exchange bolívars for dollars. The controls forced many Venezuelan investors to seek out domestic investment opportunities, rather than foreign investments. It also resulted in a large increase in 1071:

In 2011, food prices in Caracas were nine times higher than when the price controls were put in place and resulted in shortages of cooking oil, chicken, powdered milk, cheese, sugar and meat. Datanálisis, an independent polling firm found that powdered milk could be found in less than half of grocery

1058:

In March 2009, the Venezuelan government set minimum production quotas for 12 basic foods that were subject to price controls, including white rice, cooking oil, coffee, sugar, powdered milk, cheese, and tomato sauce, which is intended to stop food companies from evading the law. Business leaders and

926:

In 2009 the inflation rate was 27.1%. According to the Economist, the Chávez government's economic policies, including strict price controls, have led to Venezuela having the highest inflation in the world at the time. When Chávez left office, the inflation rate was at 29.4%, which was .1% less than

549:

The nation's largest private electricity producer, 82-percent owned by US-based AES Corp, was obtained by paying $ 740 million to AES for its share. Since then, Venezuela's electrical grid has been plagued with occasional blackouts in various districts of the country. In 2011, it had so many problems

232:

that have tax incentives in the new 1999 constitution. As of 2005, approximately 16% of Venezuela's formally employed citizens were employed in a cooperative. However, a 2006 census showed that as many as 50% of the cooperatives were either functioning improperly, or were fraudulently created to gain

1075:

In 2007 14,383 tonnes of milk, rice, pasta, beef and chicken, worth $ 54 million were also abandoned. In 2010, after the government nationalized the port at Puerto Cabello, more than 120,000 tons of food worth 10.5 bolívars sat rotting at the port. In May 2010, during a shortage of beef, at least 40

802:

Foreign trade from Venezuela was ranked 179 out of 185 countries due to many reasons. One was the large number of documents that are needed in order to export and import. The amount of time to export goods from Venezuela is more than 5 times longer than the average country with the time importing is

678:

The SUCRE system is a virtual currency system used mainly by Venezuela and Ecuador. There are some risks such as money laundering and fraud. However, it has been seen as beneficial for trade since Ecuador uses the United States dollar as its national currency and Venezuela's strict currency controls

600:

The Venezuelan government instituted several new taxes on non-priority and luxury goods, aiming to shift the nation's tax burden from the poor to the wealthy, and to control inflation. In 2012, Venezuela's taxes were ranked 188th out of 189 countries due to the high number of payments per year and a

218:

In 2012, analysts said that PDVSA was in a "crisis" since "in the last ten years, they haven't been able to grow production". Analysts and OPEC also disagreed with Venezuela's claims of oil output. Critics have also noticed that investments in oil and natural gas production only amounted to US$ 17.9

188:

continued stating that though oil production decreased, public spending increased to over 50% of the GDP, spending more than received in oil profits which led to foreign loans that amounted to over $ 106 billion as of 2012. Foreign investment flows by the end of his presidency in 2013 were half what

666:

One of the Chávez administration's primary goals was to reduce the influence of foreign capitalists in Venezuela, as part of its overall push towards localized economic democratization. Towards this aim, it strongly promoted various forms of Latin American economic and political integration—such as

918:

was at 29.5% and according to Banco Central de Venezuela, inflation dropped to 14.4% in 2005. During 2005, imported goods were cheaper than commodities made in Venezuela; variability in the price of goods was linked to import performance and exchange stability. In the second quarter of 2006, gross

398:

Chávez created many projects and missions during his presidency, though he often took credit for some started by his predecessors as well. Many projects initiated during his presidency have remained incomplete and have experienced difficulties due to funding issues, political costs, corruption and

364:

The Chávez government overspent in social spending, however, and did not save enough money for any future economic difficulties. On 31 March 2000, Chávez initiated policies that resulted with the Venezuelan government spending more than it received as oil prices began to rise. Poverty in Venezuela

176:

Venezuela is a major producer of oil products, which remains the keystone of the Venezuelan economy. Under the Chávez government, crude oil production decreased from 3.12 million barrels a day when Chávez took office in 1999, to 2.95 million barrels a day in 2007, whilst oil prices increased 660%.

1067:

5 million acres of farmland from large landowners, saying: "The land is not private. It is the property of the state... The land is for those who work it." But, the lack of basic resources made it difficult or impossible to make full use of the expropriated lands by its new tenants – leading to a

855:

The Chavez government's confiscations of private businesses, especially oil businesses, greatly weakened the private sector; oil production collapsed. The government of Venezuela treats PDVSA as a cash-cow, and the company only hires political supporters of the president. The GDP of Venezuela was

524:

being bought by the government. Compensations of $ 552 million for Holcim and $ 267 million for Lafarge were agreed upon, with both of those companies agreeing to stay on as minority partners and retaining 10 to 15 percent shares; the takeover from Cemex was less friendly and compensation had not

227:

Since Chávez was elected in 1998, over 100,000 worker-owned cooperatives—representing approximately 1.5 million people—were formed with the assistance of government start-up credit, technical training, and by giving preferential treatment to cooperatives in state purchases of goods and equipment.

1100:

According to Gilberto Gudino Millán, president of the Trade Union and Business Services in the Zulia State (UCEZ), 490,000 businesses had left Venezuela from 1998 to 2014 in what he called a "business holocaust". In 2006, the business environment in Venezuela was listed as "risky and discouraged

1043:

In January 2008, Chávez ordered the military to seize 750 tons of food that sellers were illegally trying to smuggle across the border to sell for higher prices than what was legal in Venezuela. In February 2009, Chávez ordered the military to temporarily seize control of all the rice processing

1039:

When agricultural measures of the Chávez administration took effect, food imports rose dramatically, and such agricultural mainstays as beef, rice, and milk saw drops in production. With declining oil revenues, food shortages became more widespread. Venezuela faced serious food shortages, as the

617:

Despite the large scale of road building beginning in the 1960s that benefitted the aluminum and oil industry; public services, especially within the infrastructure of Venezuela, was poor. At the beginning of August 2008, Chávez announced that Venezuela would partner with Argentina and Brazil to

456:

Although the Venezuelan government allows small farmers to work the land, it does not always give them title to the land, and they are sometimes required to work as part of a collective. This reallocation of land does not necessarily lead to better food production; farmers are hurt by the state

739:

In 2005, the Venezuelan government partnered with Argentina, and Brazil to negotiate their foreign debt as a collective bloc. Chávez also suggested that at least 10% of all Latin American foreign debt be paid into an "International Humanitarian Fund", that would be used to fund social programs

428:

According to the Venezuelan government, the "Miracle Mission" program had the Venezuela and Cuban governments collaborated to perform free eye care to over 1,139,798 people, with an average of 5,000 operations occurring on a weekly basis in 74 medical centers around Venezuela, as of July 2010.

1006:

economy since Venezuelan merchants rely on foreign goods that require payments with reliable foreign currencies. As Venezuela printed more money for their social programs, the bolívar continued to devalue for Venezuelan citizens and merchants since the government held the majority of the more

373:

reported that in the previous five years that included years under Chávez's policies, purchasing power for those with minimum wage jobs had dramatically decreased compared to other countries in the region, supposedly due to the high inflation rate and the multiple devaluations of Venezuela's

791:, which had reached $ 35 billion by 2006, which is as high as Canada's (which has a slightly higher population), and on a per capita basis is much larger than Germany's ($ 55 billion) By the end of 2013, gold and foreign reserves of Venezuela dropped $ 9 billion in one year to $ 21 billion. 566:, saying that it was inappropriate development in an already overcrowded, over-trafficked area. He suggested the land would be nationalized and turned into a hospital or university. Since then, the mall has rarely been used. It opens occasionally and its parking garage shelters the homeless. 424:

stating that one of the Chávez administration's outstanding weaknesses was the failure to meet its goals of construction of housing. Chávez promised to build 150,000 houses in 2006, but in the first half of the year, completed only 24 percent of that target, with 35,000 houses. In 2013, the

4638:"Personas de 15 años o más, de uno u otro sexo, quienes declararon que durante la semana anterior al día de la entrevista no estaban trabajando y estaban buscando trabajo con remuneración. Asimismo, se incluyen aquellas personas que nunca han trabajado y buscan trabajo por primera vez." 806:

Even though Venezuela has been trying to seek autonomy from most foreign countries, the United States has continued to be its largest trade partner. Venezuela sends 39.3% of its exports to the United States and the majority of imports compiling to 31.2% are from the United States.

63:'s economic collapse in the 1980s, Chávez's government became "semi-authoritarian and hyper-populist" and consolidated its power over the economy in order to gain control of large amounts of resources. Domestically, Chávez used such oil funds for populist policies, creating the " 204:, through which it sought to gain greater state control over the oil industry. The law increased the transnational companies taxation in oil extraction activities to 30% and set the minimum state participation in "mixed companies" at 51%, whereby the state-run oil company, 425:

Venezuelan government also failed to complete nearly 50% of projected homes. The housing market in Venezuela had also shrunk significantly. Developers have avoided Venezuela due to the massive number of companies who have had their property expropriated by the government.

399:

bad execution. As of late 2013, over 4,000 projects initiated remained incomplete with 25% of those projects beginning before 2006. Despite the investment of billions of dollars, such projects that were not completed and experienced multiple delays included repairs to the

1186:

ranked Venezuela as 82 out of 102 countries on a measure of how favorable investment was for financial institutions. In Venezuela, a foreign investor needed an average of 119 days and had to complete 14 different applications to organize a business, while the average in

1123:

1022:. The high rates in the black market make it difficult for businesses to purchase necessary goods since the government often forces these businesses to make price cuts. This leads to businesses selling their goods and making a low profit, such as Venezuelan 901: 979: 183:

stated that under Chávez, oil production declined from 3.5 million barrels per day to 2.6 million barrels per day, though Venezuela only made a profit from 1.4 million barrels per day due to Venezuela giving large amounts of its oil away for free.

878:

have declared that the government's reported income poverty figures did not fall in proportion to the country's vast petroleum revenues in the last two years, much of which was directed to social spending to decrease the cost of living.

215:, which received criticism amongst the Venezuelan public due to corruption. According to finance minister Nelson Merentes, the Venezuelan 2006 budget would get more income from taxation than from the petroleum industry, unlike formerly. 576:

On 28 February 2009 Chavez ordered the military to temporarily seize control of all the rice processing plants in the country and force them to produce at full capacity, which he claimed they had been avoiding in response to the price

2992: 550:

that rations on electricity were put in place to help ease blackouts. On 3 September 2013, 70% of the country plunged into darkness with 14 of 23 states of Venezuela stating they did not have electricity for most of the day.

1026:

franchises offering a Big Mac meal for only $ 1. Since businesses make low profits, this leads to shortages since they are unable import the goods that Venezuela is reliant on. Venezuela's largest food producing company,

358: 1044:

plants in the country and force them to produce at full capacity, which he claimed they had been avoiding in response to the price caps. In May 2010, Chávez ordered the military to seize 120 tons of food from

502:

several industries as part of its policy of wealth redistribution and reducing the influence of multinational corporations. As a result of these nationalizations, production of goods in Venezuela had dropped.

747:

The Venezuelan government had been running out of hard currency to pay bills before the death of Chavez. A major railway project in Venezuela was delayed because Venezuela cannot pay US$ 7.5 billion and owes

511:

reported that price controls were causing shortages of materials used in the construction industry. In 2008, cement production was largely nationalised, with Venezuelan-located plants belonging to Mexico's

1968: 4699: 1618: 675:), regional credit/financial institutions such as Bancosur (to remove dependence on the IMF/World Bank), and trade pacts (such as ALBA, Petrosur, or bartering oil for doctors with Cuba). 542:' 28.5 percent share for $ 572 million. Since the nationalizations of communication companies, allegations of censorship by the government and CANTV have been made, especially during the 274: 4571: 3000: 2952: 3668: 2123: 1533: 994:. In the first few years of Chavez's office, his newly created social programs required large payments in order to make the desired changes. On 5 February 2003, the government created 794:

Since the currency controls were imposed in 2003, there was a series of devaluations, disrupting the economy; the devaluation of February 2013 was the seventh since Chavez took power.

3134: 1491: 1092:

that shut down the country's oil industry. According to the government, an unemployed person is a citizen above the age of 15 who has been seeking employment for more than one week.

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butchers were detained on charges of speculation for allegedly selling meat above the regulated price; some of them were held at a military base and later strip-searched by police.

2889: 490:

in major Venezuelan urban areas. At the Organoponico Bolivar I, a technician comes every 15 days to take a reading from the small pollution meter in the middle of the garden.

4601: 2796: 5575: 4156: 2041: 1884: 321: 5383: 5055: 2934: 1477:

OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin, online version, Oil and gas data, Table 38, Crude oil production in OPEC member countries since commencement (www.opec.org/library/ )

768:

suspended operation in Venezuela. The Venezuelan government faced accusations of owing international airlines more than $ 3.7 billion and violating treaties, with the

4544: 2592: 4213: 3413: 5037: 634: 3487: 211:

Chávez used PDVSA funds to support political projects. Chávez also explored the liquidation of some or all of the assets belonging to PDVSA's US-based subsidiary,

5222: 5360: 1388: 2334: 1591: 4349: 2826: 3759: 3729: 1645: 3565: 5328: 4486: 3460: 5626: 4931: 4244: 3863: 2438: 557:, following months of strikes and labour-management disputes. Since the nationalization of Sidor, the production of the company has dropped every year. 5415: 5410: 4926: 4905: 4900: 1002:

by placing limits on individuals and only offering them so much of a foreign currency. This limit to foreign currency led to a creation of a currency

4461: 2160: 5089: 4787: 4710: 1149:

gave Venezuela's economic freedom a low score of 36.1, twenty points lower than 56.1 in 1999 and was ranked very low at 174 of 177 countries on its

357:

aimed at providing public services (such as food, healthcare, and education) to improve economic, cultural, and social conditions. According to the

4409: 4300: 4071: 2562: 4679: 4187: 2369: 769: 5109: 3022: 146: 5682: 5420: 5400: 4961: 4941: 4568: 4388: 3329: 2515: 1089: 588: 167: 3676: 1559: 1537: 5425: 5405: 4910: 4890: 4838: 4833: 4322: 3626: 2609: 1868: 1799: 1170:. As measured by prices on local stock exchanges, foreign investors were willing to pay on average 16.3 years worth of earnings to invest in 1107:. As measured by prices on local stock exchanges, foreign investors were willing to pay on average 16.3 years worth of earnings to invest in 366: 3381: 3206: 3144: 1502: 938:

wrote that Chávez's popularity "rests squarely on the lower classes who have benefited from these health initiatives and similar policies".

5548: 4516: 1728: 688: 659: 142: 2970: 2804: 418:, a Venezuelan government program to construct new housing units for the poor. The housing mission has also experienced difficulties with 2252: 2189: 1348: 1326: 736:

tool that aims to exploit poor countries, news sources reported. But as of March 2008, Venezuela is still a member of both institutions.

340:

Interim presidents excluded. One year delay of data transferred during presidential term changes due to new policies, inaugurations, etc.

22:

The blue line represents annual rates whereas the red line represents trends of annual rates given throughout the period shown (sources:

5652: 5286: 4954: 4895: 3513: 3071: 137:

High oil prices in the 2000s not seen since Venezuela's economic decline in the 1980s were a main factor for Chávez's initial successes.

3539: 486:

were clearly a top-down initiative based on Cuba's success. Another problem for urban agriculture in Venezuela was the high amounts of

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dropped by 7.7% since the start of Chávez's presidency. It dropped to 10% in February 2006, from the 20% high in 2003 during a

229: 2908: 2641: 197: 5126: 2938: 2701: 205: 4541: 2589: 5647: 5560: 5345: 5339: 5208: 5121: 5022: 4949: 4274: 4221: 3417: 3295: 2145: 1267: 4116: 3166: 2577: 278: 267: 5677: 5616: 5565: 5333: 5243: 5231: 5153: 5143: 5027: 4867: 4823: 4780: 3262: 2550: 2237: 639: 508: 1703: 618:

build a train that would connect Venezuela's capital (Caracas) with Argentina's (Buenos Aires), and cities in between.

4648: 1398: 1048:

after inconsistencies in reports from the Empresas Polar conglomerate were said to have been detected by authorities.

729: 31: 23: 4008: 3984: 3643: 2342: 317: 3701: 2858: 2834: 2311: 907: 100: 3767: 3737: 1649: 5251: 4880: 4875: 4743: 3048: 2636: 2488: 1363: 1152: 923:

was the highest ever recorded by the Banco Central de Venezuela since it started tracking the statistic in 1997.

788: 780:

When initially elected into office in 1998, Chávez promised that he would not create currency exchange controls.

772:

accusing the government of failing to "repatriate" $ 3.7 billion in air ticket revenue owed to foreign airlines.

621:

Venezuela's rail project is being put on hold due to Venezuela not being able to pay the $ 7.5 billion and owing

193: 75: 4494: 4252: 3354: 3121: 534:

Chavez nationalized Venezuela's largest telephone companies and electric utilities. The main telephone company,

5639: 5311: 3860: 3817: 2673: 2449: 543: 162:

Oil production and net petroleum exports. Reductions in exports raised oil prices, assisting Chávez's policies.

5132: 3096: 327: 732:

and World Bank after paying back all his country's debts to both institutions; he charged them with being an

5687: 5634: 5621: 5511: 5188: 4843: 4773: 4748: 3277: 1997: 1145: 1140: 897:

The blue line represents annual inflation rates while the red line represents the trend of inflation rates.

971: 243:

Banking laws passed in 2001 require that all banks set aside at least 3% of their capital for micro-loans.

5370: 5355: 4808: 2744: 1205: 1165: 1102: 998:, a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures. Its creation was to control 539: 420: 400: 83: 39: 18: 2756: 2738: 2019: 716:

joined Venezuela as members of the Bolivaran Alliance for the Americas (ALBA). Chávez described ALBA as "

5538: 5528: 5516: 5323: 5083: 5007: 4997: 4853: 4308: 4075: 1132:

ranked Venezuela one of the lowest countries for doing business ranking it 180 of 185 countries for its

741: 350: 309: 53: 4858: 4676: 3961: 3203: 2366: 1015: 987: 952: 784: 562:

In 2008 Chávez ordered the halting of the construction of a mega-shopping mall, in downtown Caracas by

478:

to Venezuela. Urban agriculture was not embraced in Caracas as it has been in Cuba. Unlike Cuba, where

1942: 408: 201: 5318: 5256: 5017: 1295: 1200: 1183: 1120: 1011: 991: 956: 733: 4385: 2876: 2512: 1816: 946: 859:

For the year 2009, the Venezuelan economy shrank by an average of 2.9% due to the global recession.

156: 5466: 5456: 4992: 3440:"Global Humanitarian Fund, Financial Institution Reform, Among Issues at Second Summit Round Table" 1566: 1164:

In 2006, the business environment in Venezuela was listed as "risky and discouraged investment" by

1059:

food producers claimed that the government was forcing them to produce this food at a loss. Chávez

718:

a flexible model for the integration of Latin America that places social concerns in the forefront.

354: 346: 64: 59:

In the early 2000s when oil prices soared and offered Chávez funds not seen since the beginning of

1068:

lower overall degree of productivity in spite of a larger overall area of land under cultivation.

890: 5461: 5451: 5350: 4987: 3763: 3733: 2067: 1623: 1393: 1239: 584: 580: 3240: 2827:"La empresa está en plena decadencia", reclaman obreros de la Corporación Socialista de Cemento" 1754: 803:

8 times longer than average. Prices for trade are also 3 times higher than the average country.

131: 553:

In 2008 the Venezuelan government nationalized the leading steel company, Argentine-controlled

5583: 5476: 5174: 5077: 5045: 4025: 3945: 3844: 3622: 2283: 2139: 2102: 1864: 1795: 1243: 1051:

As part of his strategy of food security Chávez started a national chain of supermarkets, the

904: 761: 521: 461: 79: 71: 4735: 3905: 3618: 3612: 2725: 1860: 1854: 1835: 1791: 1785: 5501: 5441: 5306: 5148: 5103: 4977: 1453: 920: 474: 353:, primarily via land reform, and social programs. The Chávez government pursued a series of 120: 67:", aimed at providing public services to improve economic, cultural and social conditions. 5486: 5471: 4683: 4631: 4605: 4575: 4548: 4392: 4120: 3930: 3867: 3399: 2596: 2519: 2412: 2373: 1064: 935: 765: 672: 643: 499: 415: 49: 3439: 1680: 962:

The red line represents what the Venezuelan government officially rates the hard bolívar.

4624: 4373: 3923: 3585:"This is the day Venezuela changed. Twenty years ago, Hugo Chávez was elected president" 3382:"ALBA: How Much of a Turn to the Left in Latin American Governance and Economic Policy?" 3222: 2500: 110: 38:

From his election in 1998 until his death in March 2013, the administration of the late

5521: 5481: 5393: 5301: 5271: 5261: 5235: 5167: 4796: 2168: 1367: 1271: 1052: 1045: 1028: 999: 915: 647: 450: 345:

One of the primary ways that the Chávez administration attempted to fix the problem of

42: 824: 5671: 5506: 5496: 5446: 5115: 4982: 4048: 3822: 3794: 3706: 3614:

Changing Venezuela By Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chavez Government

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Changing Venezuela By Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chavez Government

1787:

Changing Venezuela By Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chavez Government

1430: 1023: 975: 749: 655: 622: 438: 383: 4026:"South America :: Venezuela — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency" 3191: 5491: 5296: 4096: 3589: 2737:

Reuters, "Venezuela's nationalisations under Hugo Chavez" (cited above); CBS news,

1943:"Population living below the extreme poverty and poverty lines, by geographic area" 1085: 1003: 404: 4421: 4133: 2531: 2473: 2216: 74:

began to increase domestic spending after the oil price collapse, high inflation,

3985:

INDICE DE PRECIOS AL CONSUMIDOR DEL ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE CARACAS DICIEMBRE 1998.

3883: 2439:"Venezuela Provides More than One Million Free Eye Operations to Latin Americans" 604:

From March 2009 VAT tax rate was raised to 12% to cover for oil price reduction

587:

was created in late 2009 from nationalized banks taken over in the course of the

5610: 5593: 5266: 5060: 1060: 651: 3303: 5555: 4113: 2705: 868: 757: 753: 359:

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)

27: 3049:"Diario El Siglo – Cantv desmiente que esté involucrada en fallas de Twitter" 5200: 1019: 875: 701: 487: 442: 78:, an unfriendly environment with private businesses, as well as the risk of 60: 2967:"Denuncian que en el Táchira no hay agua, internet, ni servicio telefónico" 1836:"The Quiet Revolution: Venezuelans experiment with participatory democracy" 365:

began increasing going into the 2010s. During Chávez's campaign before the

4386:

Chávez Government Seizes 120 Tons of Food from Venezuela's Largest Company

3072:"Venezuela's Electricity To Be Rationed Following Recurring Power Outages" 2513:

Chavez Government Seizes 120 Tons of Food from Venezuela's Largest Company

986:

The implied value or "black market value" is what Venezuelans believe the

525:

been agreed on as of March 2009. According to a 4 April 2008 article from

313:

Data from various sources of Venezuela's poverty rate (%) from 1997–2013.

5533: 5002: 4434: 4043: 3789: 1425: 1300: 1171: 1108: 705: 526: 446: 46: 3296:"Argentina inicia conversaciones con Venezuela por el "Expreso del Sur"" 2253:"Venezuela's black market rate for US dollars just jumped by almost 40%" 208:(PDVSA), could have joint control with private companies over industry. 5281: 5138: 3139: 2678: 2650: 1501:. Latin American Research Centre, University of Calgary. Archived from 882:

Venezuela's infant mortality rate fell by 18.2% between 1998 and 2006.

713: 709: 570: 465: 1969:"Reduction of Poverty and Extreme Poverty Slows Down in Latin America" 1136:

report with protecting investors and taxes being its worst rankings.

783:

In order to prevent capital flight, and maintain the stability of the

369:, he tripled Venezuela's deficit while on a "spending spree". In 2014 2953:"Venezuela: Táchira se quedó militarizada y sin internet – Terra USA" 1179: 1116: 995: 867:

Datos reports real income grew by 137% between 2003 and Q1 2006. The

563: 517: 4009:

Actividad económica crece en 9.6% durante el primer semestre de 2006

3991:"la variación acumulada del IPC para el año 1998, se ubicó en 29,9%" 3566:"Amid unrest, Venezuela is accused of owing airlines $ 3.7 billion" 3488:"Venezuela sees more airlines suspend ticket sales, demand payment" 2890:"Táchira militarizada y sin Internet luego de 16 días de protestas" 4188:"McDonald's Agrees to Cut the Price of a Venezuelan Big Mac Combo" 2726:

Venezuelan businesses say Chávez's price controls create shortages

2578:

A Rotting Chicken in Every Pot: Venezuela's Disastrous Food Policy

1973: 1595: 1175: 1112: 945: 889: 692: 668: 638: 554: 535: 513: 326: 308: 212: 116: 5588: 5050: 2489:

Venezuelan troops crack down on smuggling along Colombian border

2124:"Venezuelans' Quality of Life Improved in UN Index Under Chavez" 2020:"Latin America poverty decline slowing as economies cool - U.N." 1327:"For Venezuela, Drop in Global Oil Prices Could Be Catastrophic" 1188: 1125: 697: 179: 86:

and the inflation rate grew to one of the highest in the world.

5204: 4769: 2702:"Estatizar a Polar es profundizar la escasez; por Ángel Alayón" 4765: 3135:"Cae producción de acero y aluminio en Venezuela durante 2014" 2126:. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014 819: 250: 4323:"Venezuelan food shortages bode ill for Chavez's re-election" 3669:"Chavez Devaluation Puts Venezuelans to Queue on Price Raise" 3023:"Venezuelans Blocked on Twitter as Opposition Protests Mount" 2610:"Venezuelan food shortages bode ill for Chavez's re-election" 2190:"Venezuela entre los países con retroceso del salario mínimo" 2068:"Press release N° 20/10, IACHR publishes report on Venezuela" 1592:"941 billion bolivars Citgo dividends to fund Misión Ciencia" 2674:"In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession" 2367:

Chávez' Government has built 24 percent of scheduled houses.

752:

nearly US$ 500 million. Many international airlines such as

658:

met to discuss the proposed regional economic bloc known as

386:

in 2003 on around 400 basic foods in an effort according to

4462:"With Venezuelan Food Shortages, Some Blame Price Controls" 4350:"With Venezuelan Food Shortages, Some Blame Price Controls" 3847:

CIA World Factbook. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.

2770:"Producción de cemento bajó 60% por paralización de hornos" 1779: 1777: 1775: 1704:"Venezuela's PDVSA oil company is bloated, 'falling apart'" 403:, moving the Las Mayas garbage center, the clean up of the 1755:"Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution | Dollars & Sense" 482:

arose from the bottom-up out of necessity, the Venezuelan

4608:. Retrieved 18 November 2006."Tasa de Desocupacion 8.9%" 1648:(in Spanish). La Prensa. 15 December 2005. Archived from 1040:

Chávez government's price controls distorted the market.

5056:

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)

4542:

Hugo Chávez's Response to Beef Shortage: Arrest Butchers

4072:"VenEconomy: Venezuela's Economy is an Erupting Volcano" 2909:"El régimen venezolano estrecha el cerco sobre internet" 2859:

Outraged Chávez puts stop to near-complete shopping mall

2590:

Hugo Chavez's Response to Beef Shortage: Arrest Butchers

2161:"Dollar-Desperate Venezuelans Get Defrauded on Internet" 967: 2335:"7 obras millonarias del chavismo, todavía inconclusas" 856:

approximately the same in 2012 as it was in the 1970s.

836: 4578:. Retrieved 13 June 2006."Tasa de Desocupacion 16.6%" 4101:

A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present

3444:

United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development

3330:"China Railway Group's project in Venezuela hits snag" 2413:"Why Venezuela's government is taking over apartments" 2390:"Misión Vivienda incumplió 70% de su objetivo de 2014" 4517:"Se pudrieron alimentos valorados en Bs. 10 millones" 2797:"Constructores en eterna lucha por conseguir cemento" 2573: 2571: 2484: 2482: 2121:

Charlie Devereux & Raymond Colitt. 7 March 2013.

1949:. Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean 464:

to the populace, to increase local self-reliance. In

277:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 3514:"Airlines keep cutting off Venezuelans from tickets" 3167:"Two malls tell a tale of Venezuelan capital flight" 331:

Venezuela's extreme poverty rate from 1990 to 2013.

236:

Additionally, several thousand "Communal Councils" (

5602: 5574: 5434: 5369: 5242: 5069: 5036: 4970: 4919: 4866: 4816: 4709:. International Finance Corporation. Archived from 2649:. Earth Action Network, Inc.: 18–20. Archived from 2159:Goodman, Joshua; Devereux, Charlie (2 April 2013). 1998:"UN: Reduction of Poverty Slowing in Latin America" 1010:At the end of 2013, the official exchange rate was 460:The government also tried to introduce large-scale 4672: 4670: 3400:"Chavez: Venezuela to pull out of IMF, World Bank" 902:International Monetary Fund: Data & Statistics 4245:"Venezuela's Consumer Prices Climbed 56% in 2013" 3702:"Venezuela's currency: The not-so-strong bolívar" 3225:OAS Foreign Trade Information System (FTIS), 2007 2969:. Informe21.com. 20 February 2014. Archived from 2854: 2852: 1534:"Why Venezuela is so desperate, in 5 easy charts" 871:estimates that 31.9% are below the poverty line. 728:Chávez announced Venezuela's withdrawal from the 4374:Chávez orders army to seize Venezuela rice mills 2745:Venezuela is set to take control of Cemex plants 2501:Chavez orders army to seize Venezuela rice mills 1560:"Ley Orgánica de Hidrocarburos aprobada en 2001" 1290: 1288: 1156:report with its freedom trend heading downward. 1128:countries was 30 days and six applications. The 679:have created a US dollar shortage in Venezuela. 4074:. Latin American Herald Tribune. Archived from 1922:Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 1729:"Venezuela's PDVSA to go $ 4.5B deeper in debt" 1458:United States Energy Information Administration 1420: 1418: 1416: 3564:Mogollon, Mery; Kraul, Chris (13 March 2014). 3355:"Who Needs Bitcoin? Venezuela Has Its 'Sucre'" 3263:"Venezuela increases VAT from 9 to 12 percent" 2935:"Táchira amanece sin Internet por segundo día" 2877:Venezuela's nationalisations under Hugo Chavez 2871: 2869: 2867: 1619:"Citgo's Status Is Giving Houston the Jitters" 1527: 1525: 1523: 247:Poverty reduction programs and social spending 5216: 4781: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4301:"A Food Fight for Hugo Chavez - BusinessWeek" 4214:"Venezuela overhauls foreign exchange system" 3962:Imported goods are cheaper, BCV acknowledges. 3540:"Venezuelans blocked from buying flights out" 2993:"Twitter reports image blocking in Venezuela" 2728:International Heralrd Tribune, 3 January 2007 2362: 2360: 2312:"Little Bread, Lots of Circuses in Venezuela" 1261: 1259: 8: 3455: 3453: 3302:(in Spanish). 22 August 2008. Archived from 3204:Fifteen Percent Surtax On Non-priority Goods 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 1362:Lansberg-Rodríguez, Daniel (15 March 2015). 1320: 1318: 1191:countries was 30 days and six applications. 635:Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government 228:There has been an increase in the amount of 5589:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) 5051:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) 3957: 3955: 3323: 3321: 2101:. Penguin Books: New York. pp. 59–70. 5287:United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) 5223: 5209: 5201: 4788: 4774: 4766: 3943:Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA, 2005). 3921:Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA, 1998). 3790:"Brazil's oil boom: Filling up the future" 1485: 1483: 951:Blue line represents implied value of the 5361:2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis 4649:"490,000 companies disappear in 15 years" 4275:"Venezuela inflation data under scrutiny" 3241:"Ease of Doing Business in Venezuela, RB" 2247: 2245: 2099:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela 2072:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 441:on food, and these price controls caused 297:Learn how and when to remove this message 223:Cooperatives and economic democratization 5329:2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations 5090:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century 4435:"Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies" 4044:"Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies" 3696: 3694: 2757:Hugo Chavez Nationalizes Cement Industry 2739:Hugo Chavez Nationalizes Cement Industry 1426:"Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies" 411:, and multiple transportation projects. 273:Relevant discussion may be found on the 17: 4487:"¿Por qué faltan dólares en Venezuela?" 3861:Perspectivas Sociales 2006 de VenAmCham 3818:"Venezuela's oil industry: Up in smoke" 3070:Toothaker, Christopher (16 June 2011). 2955:. Noticias.terra.com. 20 February 2014. 2551:In Venezuela, Land 'Rescue' Hopes Unmet 2474:Venezuelan shoppers face food shortages 1217: 942:Implied value and currency black market 770:International Air Transport Association 5421:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election 4962:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election 4942:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election 4932:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2238:Meat, Sugar Scarce in Venezuela Stores 2137: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 589:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009-2010 538:, was nationalised by buying US-based 457:setting low prices for their produce. 4157:"The 'Cheapest' Country in the World" 3644:"Venezuelan devaluation sparks panic" 3642:Mander, Benedict (10 February 2013). 3122:Venezuela nationalizes steel industry 2672:Cawthorne, Andrew (21 January 2015). 1996:Andres Heno, Luis (5 December 2013). 1915:"Venezuela Achieves Millennium Goals" 1090:two-month strike and business lockout 498:In 2006, the Chávez government began 7: 5549:National Center for Foreign Commerce 3194:, Associated Press, 28 February 2009 3192:Chavez Seizes Venezuelan Rice Plants 1817:"Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution" 1236:Financial Times World Desk Reference 914:When Chávez took office, the annual 689:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas 4896:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 4212:Goodman, Joshua (22 January 2014). 2491:, Associated Press, 22 January 2008 2217:"Chavez boosts food price controls" 1325:Siegel, Robert (25 December 2014). 1296:"Venezuela's Expensive Friendships" 382:The Venezuelan government also set 4621:Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas 3946:The World Factbook 2006: Venezuela 3924:The World Factbook 1998: Venezuela 3904:The Economist (16 February 2006), 3675:. 11 February 2013. Archived from 3486:Mogollon, Mery (24 January 2014). 3276:Carlos Chirinos (23 August 2008). 2999:. 14 February 2014. Archived from 2310:Wilson, Peter (26 December 2014). 2042:"Institute of National Statistics" 1389:"Inflation rate (consumer prices)" 1234:Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). 14: 5292:Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni 5110:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality 4906:Constitutional referendum of 2009 4901:Constitutional referendum of 2007 4591:Instituto Nacional de Estadistica 4561:Instituto Nacional de Estadistica 4460:Neuman, William (20 April 2012). 4422:Chávez boosts food price controls 4348:Neuman, William (20 April 2012). 4155:Gupta, Girish (24 January 2014). 4134:"The World's Troubled Currencies" 3538:Wilson, Peter (10 January 2014). 3512:Wilson, Peter (24 January 2014). 2937:. El-nacional.com. Archived from 2892:. El-nacional.com. Archived from 2833:. 9 December 2013. Archived from 2532:Chavez boosts food price controls 1889:instituto nacional de estadistica 1454:"Total Petroleum Production 2014" 1182:, but only 5.8 in Venezuela. The 1130:International Finance Corporation 1119:, but only 5.8 in Venezuela. The 1084:According to government figures, 5277:Assassination of Danilo Anderson 5184: 5183: 4857: 4852: 4736:"2013 Index of Economic Freedom" 4493:. 8 October 2013. Archived from 4243:Vyas, Kejal (30 December 2013). 4186:Pons, Corina (14 January 2014). 3870:p.18. Retrieved 29 August 2006. 3583:Johnson, Tim (6 December 1998). 2861:, The Guardian, 24 December 2008 2580:, Huffington Post, 2 August 2010 2446:Correo del Orinoco International 2411:Grant, Will (15 November 2010). 823: 507:A 3 January 2007 article in the 255: 155: 130: 109: 4395:, Latin American Herald Tribune 3328:Han Shih, Toh (11 April 2013). 3261:Freddy Campos (22 March 2009). 3213:, El Universal, 7 December 2006 3143:. 23 March 2015. Archived from 3097:"Power cut paralyses Venezuela" 2907:Meza, Alfredo (13 March 2014). 2553:, Washington Post, 20 June 2009 2522:, Latin American Herald Tribune 2076:Organization of American States 1834:Andrew Kennis (6 August 2010). 1266:Corrales, Javier (7 May 2015). 629:International economic policies 573:was nationalised in early 2009. 569:A food plant owned by US giant 95:Petroleum and natural resources 5416:2009 constitutional referendum 5411:2007 constitutional referendum 5097:El ocaso del socialismo mágico 4412:, Business Week, 11 March 2010 3884:"World Development Indicators" 3760:"Import Partners of Venezuela" 3730:"Export Partners of Venezuela" 3386:Council on Hemispheric Affairs 2795:Rojas, Beatriz (28 May 2013). 2642:E - The Environmental Magazine 2565:, Business Week, 11 March 2010 2392:. La Patilla. 30 December 2014 1671:Wilson, Peter (30 July 2012). 1646:"Congreso aprueba presupuesto" 1617:Romero, Simon (5 March 2005). 1178:, 11.1 in Mexico, and 10.7 in 1115:, 11.1 in Mexico, and 10.7 in 816:Economic growth and production 601:61.7% tax on income per year. 192:On 13 November 2001, under an 1: 5683:Economic history of Venezuela 5561:Socialism of the 21st century 5346:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis 5023:Socialism of the 21st century 4911:Presidential election of 2012 4891:Presidential election of 2006 4839:Presidential election of 1998 4599:Globales de Fuerza de Trabajo 4569:Globales de Fuerza de Trabajo 4114:CADIVI, una medidia necesaria 3906:Venezuela: Mission Impossible 3380:Christina DeFeo (July 2010). 2700:Alayón, Ángel (13 May 2015). 1702:Wilson, Peter (28 May 2012). 886:Consumer prices and inflation 776:Currency and foreign reserves 437:From 2003, Chavez set strict 5566:Venezuelan communal councils 5334:South American Energy Summit 5154:Venezuela Information Office 5144:The Silence and the Scorpion 5028:Venezuelan communal councils 4410:A Food Fight for Hugo Chávez 3934:. Retrieved 18 October 2005. 2563:A Food Fight for Hugo Chavez 2215:Grant, Will (4 March 2009). 671:, somewhat analogous to the 509:International Herald Tribune 407:, a National Cancer Center, 5401:2005 parliamentary election 5384:2000 trade union referendum 5127:Public image of Hugo Chávez 4376:, Reuters, 28 February 2009 2637:"How Green Is That Garden?" 2503:, Reuters, 28 February 2009 2278:Mankiw, N. Gregory (2014). 1268:"Don't Blame It on the Oil" 980:International Monetary Fund 927:when he first took office. 730:International Monetary Fund 472:, a pilot program to bring 433:Agriculture and land reform 394:Missions and other projects 206:Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. 32:Central Intelligence Agency 24:International Monetary Fund 5704: 5426:2012 presidential election 5406:2006 presidential election 4001:Banco Central de Venezuela 3977:Banco Central de Venezuela 3278:"¿Partió el tren del Sur?" 2437:Edward Ellis (July 2010). 1532:Caruso-Cabrera, Michelle. 968:Banco Central de Venezuela 686: 667:regional currencies (e.g. 632: 583:was nationalized in 2009; 468:, the government launched 367:2012 presidential election 101:Energy policy of Venezuela 98: 5611:Con mis hijos no te metas 5162: 4937:Recall referendum of 2004 4850: 4803: 4744:Index of Economic Freedom 4634:Retrieved 19 August 2006 4604:27 September 2011 at the 4574:27 September 2011 at the 4011:Retrieved 16 August 2006 3987:Retrieved 11 August 2006 3949:. Retrieved 22 July 2006. 3912:. Retrieved 22 June 2006. 3414:"Chávez: goodbye IMF, WB" 2759:, CBS News, 4 April 2008. 2144:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1815:Betsy Bowman; Bob Stone. 1364:"Coup Fatigue in Caracas" 1153:Index of Economic Freedom 990:is worth compared to the 789:foreign currency reserves 5627:2002–2003 general strike 5312:2013 Uribana prison riot 4886:General election of 2000 3611:Gregory Wilpert (2007). 3334:South China Morning Post 2022:Reuters. 5 December 2013 1853:Gregory Wilpert (2007). 1784:Gregory Wilpert (2007). 544:2014 Venezuelan protests 233:access to public funds. 5622:Plaza Altamira military 5302:Death of Franklin Brito 4844:Death and state funeral 4749:The Heritage Foundation 4249:The Wall Street Journal 4119:5 December 2008 at the 3359:The Wall Street Journal 2280:Principles of economics 1146:The Wall Street Journal 1141:The Heritage Foundation 905:CIA: The World Factbook 744:requirements attached. 230:cooperative enterprises 189:they had been in 1999. 5389:2004 recall referendum 5356:Los Maniceros massacre 5340:¿Por qué no te callas? 5252:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez 5122:¿Por qué no te callas? 4876:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez 4809:President of Venezuela 4682:5 January 2010 at the 4103:(Oxford 2010), p. 313. 3766:. 2012. Archived from 3736:. 2012. Archived from 2635:Howard, April (2006). 2476:, BBC, 10 January 2006 2097:Rory, Carroll (2014). 1673:"PDVSA´s Lost Decade…" 1536:. CNBC. Archived from 1206:Shortages in Venezuela 983: 955:(VEF) compared to the 911: 874:Social scientists and 663: 625:nearly $ 500 million. 540:Verizon Communications 470:Organoponico Bolivar I 414:Chávez also initiated 401:Parque Central Complex 342: 324: 119:petroleum facility on 84:shortages in Venezuela 70:As Chávez's successor 35: 5529:Bolivarian Revolution 5379:2000 general election 5324:Rodrigo Granda affair 5084:Bolivarian propaganda 4998:Bolivarian Revolution 4817:Early life and career 4700:"DOING BUSINESS 2013" 4547:23 April 2014 at the 3866:9 August 2007 at the 2595:23 April 2014 at the 2372:11 April 2008 at the 1007:reliable currencies. 949: 893: 742:structural adjustment 687:Further information: 642: 351:wealth redistribution 330: 312: 200:, Chávez enacted the 54:Bolivarian Revolution 45:proposed and enacted 21: 5617:Coup attempt of 2002 5319:Daktari Ranch affair 4927:Coup attempt of 2002 4834:Coup attempt of 1992 4630:15 July 2010 at the 4625:Tasa de desocupacion 4305:www.businessweek.com 3983:12 December 2006). 3929:9 March 2021 at the 3420:on 28 September 2007 1349:"Divide y ven serás" 1242:. pp. 618–621. 1201:Economy of Venezuela 1184:World Economic Forum 1121:World Economic Forum 1096:Business environment 1035:Food and agriculture 992:United States dollar 976:Federal Reserve Bank 895:Inflation: 1998-2013 683:Regional integration 662:on 27 November 2008. 266:factual accuracy is 40:Venezuelan President 5678:Crisis in Venezuela 5457:Bolivarian missions 4993:Bolivarian missions 4424:, BBC, 4 March 2009 4391:30 May 2020 at the 4279:Buenos Aires Herald 4224:on 14 February 2014 4136:. The Market Oracle 3679:on 17 February 2013 3461:"The party is over" 3446:. 2 September 2002. 3003:on 28 February 2014 2997:The Washington Post 2973:on 6 September 2020 2534:, BBC, 4 March 2009 2518:30 May 2020 at the 2236:, 8 February 2007, 2234:The Washington Post 1759:dollarsandsense.org 1540:on 25 February 2016 1492:"The Chavez Legacy" 1174:companies, 15.9 in 1134:Doing Business 2013 1111:companies, 15.9 in 931:Government spending 811:Economic indicators 388:The Washington Post 355:Bolivarian Missions 347:economic inequality 238:Consejos Communales 90:Government policies 65:Bolivarian missions 5452:Bolivarian Circles 5351:Operation Emmanuel 4988:Bolivarian Circles 4551:, CNBC, 7 May 2010 4466:The New York Times 4354:The New York Times 4281:. 31 December 2013 4167:on 24 January 2014 4078:on 20 October 2014 3764:CIA World Factbook 3734:CIA World Factbook 3710:. 11 February 2013 3617:. Verso. pp. 3173:. 8 September 2013 3103:. 4 September 2013 3029:. 15 February 2014 2933:Eleonora Delgado. 2599:, CNBC, 7 May 2010 2078:. 24 February 2010 2000:. Associated Press 1859:. Verso. pp. 1790:. Verso. pp. 1735:. 14 November 2013 1652:on 20 October 2013 1624:The New York Times 1598:. 19 February 2006 1508:on 21 October 2013 1490:Randall, Stephen. 1394:CIA World Factbook 1240:Dorling Kindersley 1160:Foreign investment 984: 912: 863:Income and poverty 835:. You can help by 785:Venezuelan bolívar 664: 585:Banco Bicentenario 581:Banco de Venezuela 343: 325: 196:authorized by the 36: 5665: 5664: 5584:Bank of the South 5435:Domestic policies 5257:Plan Bolívar 2000 5198: 5197: 5046:Bank of the South 5018:Plan Bolívar 2000 4881:1999 Constitution 4689:(17 August 2006). 4311:on 14 March 2010. 4007:15 August 2006). 3798:. 5 November 2011 3628:978-1-84467-552-4 3570:Los Angeles Times 3492:Los Angeles Times 3467:. 1 February 2014 3124:, CNN, 1 May 2008 2941:on 10 March 2014. 2896:on 10 March 2014. 2455:on 15 August 2010 2345:on 4 January 2015 2333:Guevara, Ariana. 2074:(Press release). 1977:. 5 December 2013 1870:978-1-84467-552-4 1821:Dollars and Sense 1801:978-1-84467-552-4 1572:on 17 August 2006 1139:In January 2013, 853: 852: 762:American Airlines 462:urban agriculture 341: 307: 306: 299: 198:National Assembly 76:currency controls 50:economic policies 5695: 5307:Yare prison riot 5225: 5218: 5211: 5202: 5187: 5186: 5175:Nicolás Maduro → 5168:← Rafael Caldera 5149:Venezuelanalysis 5104:El pueblo soy yo 4920:Political events 4861: 4856: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4767: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4567:, January 1999) 4558: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4497:on 22 April 2014 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4441:. 20 August 2011 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4396: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4329:. 13 August 2012 4319: 4313: 4312: 4307:. 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Archived from 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4129: 4123: 4110: 4104: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4052:. 20 August 2011 4040: 4034: 4033: 4022: 4016: 4014: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3974: 3968: 3967:(9 August 2006). 3959: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3919: 3913: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3826:. 27 August 2012 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3416:. Archived from 3410: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3361:. 2 January 2014 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3300:EmpresasNews.com 3292: 3286: 3285: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3237: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3147:on 10 April 2015 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3051:. Elsiglo.com.ve 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2886: 2880: 2873: 2862: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2803:. Archived from 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2616:. 12 August 2012 2606: 2600: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2448:. Archived from 2443: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2386: 2380: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2341:. Archived from 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2314:. Foreign Policy 2307: 2294: 2293: 2282:(7th ed.). 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2044:. Archived from 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1919: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1891:. Archived from 1881: 1875: 1874: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1781: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1679:. Archived from 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1565:. Archived from 1564: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1529: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1507: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1434:. 20 August 2011 1422: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1397:. Archived from 1385: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1351:. 21 March 2022. 1345: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1322: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1292: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1263: 1254: 1253: 1231: 1101:investment", by 963: 960: 921:fixed investment 848: 845: 827: 820: 516:, Switzerland's 494:Nationalizations 409:Plan Vargas 2005 336: 302: 295: 291: 288: 282: 279:reliably sourced 259: 258: 251: 202:Hydrocarbons Law 159: 134: 121:Margarita Island 113: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5598: 5570: 5544:Economic policy 5512:Vuelta al Campo 5430: 5365: 5238: 5229: 5199: 5194: 5158: 5065: 5032: 5013:Economic policy 4971:Domestic policy 4966: 4915: 4862: 4848: 4829:Military career 4812: 4799: 4794: 4764: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4684:Wayback Machine 4677:A dual economy. 4675: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4632:Wayback Machine 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606:Wayback Machine 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576:Wayback Machine 4559: 4555: 4549:Wayback Machine 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4523:. 20 April 2014 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4399: 4393:Wayback Machine 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4255:on 15 June 2015 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4121:Wayback Machine 4111: 4107: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4012: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3975: 3971: 3960: 3953: 3942: 3938: 3931:Wayback Machine 3920: 3916: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868:Wayback Machine 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3770:on 13 June 2007 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3740:on 13 June 2007 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3648:Financial Times 3641: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3306:on 10 July 2011 3294: 3293: 3289: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3265:. El Universal. 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209:9 July 2012 at 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3076:Huffington Post 3069: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2879:" 5 March 2009. 2874: 2865: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2837:on 7 April 2014 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2807:on 4 April 2014 2794: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2597:Wayback Machine 2588: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2520:Wayback Machine 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2379:(31 July 2006). 2374:Wayback Machine 2365: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2297: 2290: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2259:. 26 March 2014 2251: 2250: 2243: 2232: 2228: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2048:on 27 July 2012 2040: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1895:on 27 July 2012 1883: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1733:Financial Times 1727: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1683:on 7 April 2014 1670: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1531: 1530: 1521: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1424: 1423: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1401:on 13 June 2007 1387: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1250: 1233: 1232: 1219: 1214: 1197: 1162: 1098: 1082: 1037: 961: 950: 944: 936:Teresa A. Meade 933: 888: 865: 849: 843: 840: 833:needs expansion 818: 813: 800: 778: 766:United Airlines 740:without having 726: 695: 685: 644:Dmitry Medvedev 637: 631: 615: 610: 598: 520:, and France's 496: 435: 416:Mission Habitat 396: 380: 335: 303: 292: 286: 283: 272: 264:This section's 260: 256: 249: 225: 174: 173: 172: 171: 170: 163: 160: 151: 150: 149: 138: 135: 126: 125: 124: 114: 103: 97: 92: 52:as part of his 12: 11: 5: 5701: 5699: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5576:Foreign policy 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5262:Vargas tragedy 5259: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5179: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5133:¿¡Revolución!? 5129: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5078:Aló Presidente 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5038:Foreign policy 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4946:2007 protests 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4762: 4761: 4727: 4716:on 30 May 2014 4691: 4666: 4640: 4613: 4597:, April 2006) 4583: 4553: 4534: 4508: 4478: 4452: 4426: 4414: 4397: 4378: 4366: 4340: 4314: 4292: 4266: 4235: 4204: 4178: 4147: 4132:Hanke, Steve. 4124: 4105: 4089: 4063: 4035: 4032:. 31 May 2023. 4017: 3993: 3969: 3951: 3936: 3914: 3897: 3875: 3849: 3837: 3809: 3781: 3751: 3721: 3690: 3660: 3634: 3627: 3603: 3575: 3556: 3530: 3504: 3478: 3449: 3431: 3405: 3391: 3372: 3346: 3317: 3287: 3268: 3253: 3227: 3215: 3196: 3184: 3158: 3126: 3114: 3088: 3062: 3040: 3014: 2984: 2958: 2944: 2925: 2899: 2881: 2863: 2848: 2818: 2787: 2761: 2749: 2730: 2718: 2692: 2664: 2627: 2601: 2582: 2567: 2555: 2536: 2524: 2505: 2493: 2478: 2466: 2429: 2403: 2381: 2356: 2325: 2295: 2289:978-1285165875 2288: 2270: 2241: 2226: 2207: 2181: 2151: 2114: 2108:978-0143124887 2107: 2089: 2059: 2033: 2011: 1988: 1960: 1934: 1906: 1876: 1869: 1845: 1840:In These Times 1826: 1807: 1800: 1771: 1746: 1720: 1694: 1663: 1637: 1609: 1583: 1551: 1519: 1479: 1470: 1445: 1412: 1380: 1368:Foreign Policy 1354: 1340: 1314: 1284: 1272:Foreign Policy 1255: 1248: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1196: 1193: 1161: 1158: 1097: 1094: 1081: 1078: 1053:Mercal network 1046:Empresas Polar 1036: 1033: 1029:Empresas Polar 1000:capital flight 972:Dolar Paralelo 943: 940: 932: 929: 916:inflation rate 887: 884: 864: 861: 851: 850: 830: 828: 817: 814: 812: 809: 799: 796: 777: 774: 725: 722: 684: 681: 630: 627: 614: 613:Transportation 611: 609: 608:Infrastructure 606: 597: 594: 593: 592: 578: 574: 567: 559: 558: 551: 547: 531: 530: 495: 492: 451:Empresas Polar 439:price controls 434: 431: 395: 392: 384:price controls 379: 378:Price controls 376: 305: 304: 263: 261: 254: 248: 245: 224: 221: 161: 154: 153: 152: 136: 129: 128: 127: 115: 108: 107: 106: 105: 104: 96: 93: 91: 88: 72:Nicolás Maduro 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5700: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:Vuelvan Caras 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447:Bolivarianism 5445: 5443: 5442:Boliburguesía 5440: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5191: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5116:Mi amigo Hugo 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:Bolivarianism 4981: 4979: 4978:Boliburguesía 4976: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4655:. 14 May 2014 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 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