538:
374:
613:
318:
447:
132:
625:, 25% above the projected 674 million birr, the Second Five-Year Plan was 13% higher than planned at 1,694 million birr, and the Third Five-Year Plan was estimated to cost 3,115 million birr. There were numerous issues including deficient national development management that affected the Planning Commission, which prepared the first and second plans, and the Ministry of Planning which planned the third.
238:
177:, marketing infrastructure, and agrarian production. Their dependent households and communities were visible to the wider social system in reciprocity among kinship and associational groupings, and by collection and redistribution of taxes, tribute, and political and religious leaders and marketing goods and services in
393:
and local producers) and caravans of Arab and
Ethiopian Muslims (typically long-distance trade). The caravans operated in a well-established pattern; large merchants who would make long journeys announced their day of departure. They usually embarked on their journey at dawn and halted for water and
640:
The second and third plans hoped to enrich the economy at the rate of 4.3% and 6.0% respectively, with agriculture, manufacturing and transportation expected to increase at the rates of 2.5%, 27.3% and 6.7% annually in the second plan and 2.9%, 14.9%, and 10.9% in the third. The
Planning Commission
118:
in 1954, led by a policy-making body headed by
Emperor Selassie to improve agriculture and industry productivity, literacy and well-being, and the standard of living. The First Five-Year Plan (1957–1961), Second Five-Year Plan (1962–67) and Third Five-Year Plan (1968–73) projected
577:. The bank was later closed by order of Emperor Haile Selassie, who paid compensation to its shareholders, and replaced it with the Bank of Ethiopia in 1932, fully owned by the Ethiopian government, with £750,000 in capital. It was established in accord with the Egyptian concession of 30 May 1905.
589:
was the primary industry in
Ethiopia, consisting mostly of coffee production, with a feudal system that relied on inequitable land ownership. The majority of the population was expected to till the fields belonging to wealthy landowners. At this time, industrialization was not fully complete. For
620:
The Second Five-Year Plan (1962–1967) envisioned the economy converting to agro-industry, with objectives including diversification over the next twenty years. The Third Five-Year Plan (1968–1973) aimed to facilitate economic well-being by increasing manufacturing and agro-industrial
509:
I have the honor to inform you the
National Bank of Egypt is prepared to send duly authorized agent to Addis Abbaba to study the question on the spot, and to negotiate details. Our agent could start as early as Sir J. Harrington, His Majesty's Agent at Addis Abbaba, should think it advisable.
216:
argue that peasants were greatly affected by continual extreme natural and human-made dangers, such as looting, disease and famine, pest infestations, seasonal fluctuations of rivers and streams, and soil erosion in highland areas. During early
Ethiopian expansion, highland areas such as Wag and
608:
for state development plans. It was a policy-making body headed by the
Emperor to improve agriculture and industry productivity, literacy, well-being, and living standards. The First Five-Year Plan (1957–1961) sought to develop transportation infrastructure, the construction industry, and
633:(GNP). The export rate increased 3.2% annually as opposed to the projected 3.7%, and the growth targets for the agricultural, manufacturing, and mining sectors were also missed. During the first plan, exports reached 3.5% and imports grew by 6.4% per year, continuing a failure to improve the
609:
communication between regions. Another goal was to create a framework of skilled or semiskilled labor in the processing industries to reduce import dependency in
Ethiopia. The last goal was to promote agricultural development through commercial ventures.
488:
By early 1875, Pierre Arnoux advised
Menelik II to create Ethiopia's own currency. Around 1900, Frenchman M. Delharbe proposed the first bank, which Menelik rejected due to concerns about French influence. In May 1903, John Lane Harrington, the British
628:
The project managers failed to achieve the objectives because they did not identify the resources (personnel, equipment, and funds) needed to continue large-scale economic development during the first plan, hampering the growth of the
421:
were very inconvenient for caravans, often taking five months, while unencumbered travellers sometimes easily undertook for twenty years. Muslims monopolized the trading system in line with an advantage to
Christians, controlling most
557:. According to the agreement, the bank could engage in commercial business (selling shares, accepting deposits, and effecting payments in checks) and issue banknotes. The bank quickly began to expand, opening branches in Harar,
601:, which began operating in Ethiopia in the 1950s, employed 70% of the Ethiopian workforce involved in the food-processing sector; in turn, the food-processing sector employed 37% of the workers in manufacturing and industry.
123:(GDP). There was an increase in the manufacturing growth rate from 1.9% in 1960–1961 to 4.4% in 1973–74, with the wholesale, retail trade, transportation, and communication sectors increasing from 9.5% to 15.6%.
1096:
Cities of the World: A Compilation of Current Information on Cultural, Geographical, and Political Conditions in the Countries and Cities of Six Continents, Based on the Department of State's "Post Reports"
119:
to develop the agricultural industry and manufacturing sector and employ skilled manpower in the country. Between 1960 and 1970, Ethiopia enjoyed an annual 4.4% growth rate in its per capita and overall
641:
did not evaluate these two plans as a result of a shortage of qualified personnel. According to the Ethiopian Central Statistical Authority, there was sustainable economic growth in the
1335:
522:
to lodge all government public funds, issue loans, print banknotes, and mint coins in addition to other privileges. As Menelik's banking request was presented to
157:
were positioned in the lowest level of the social order. Scholars have classified the Ethiopian dominion in terms of the geographical and cultural sphere of the
537:
737:"The Logic of Barter in Ethiopian History and its Resilience in Contemporary Society: Case Studies in the Exchange of Food, Clothing and Household Goods"
596:
1315:
778:
1428:
1104:
1072:
1017:
1433:
549:, but Harrington feared the concession would give political weight to the French railway. The bank was established in 1905 with 1 million
645:
of 1960–1961 and 1973–1974. Between 1960 and 1970, Ethiopia enjoyed an annual 4.4% growth rate in per capita production and
480:
of coins by the emperor in the 1890s, replacing the barter system. However, resistance emerged from the central and southern provinces.
476:
in the early twentieth century, the use of Harar currency following the Abyssinian annexation of the Emirate of Harar in 1887, and the
389:
and currency of various kinds. Commerce was traditionally based on two institutions: the local market found in every village (between
1409:
409:
and other articles, cattle, equines, skins, corn, cotton, butter, onions, and baskets of red peppers. Shops were not available in
494:
189:
1413:
84:
1286:
649:(GDP). The manufacturing sector more than doubled from 1.9% in 1960–1961 to 4.4% in 1973–1974, and the growth rate for the
1401:
605:
545:
Britain's undue authority seemed to have appeared in the early stages of the planning, which was supported by economist
325:
Principal trading commodities of the empire included coffee, tobacco and sunflower, with 200–300 tons per year.
115:
37:
497:'s interest to formulate a proposal. In December 1904, the Foreign Office of Ethiopia approached the governor of the
256:
was home to a concentrated bureaucratic commercial system with goods and merchandise imported from and through the
277:
merchants sent to Abyssinia, especially to Shewa.. The routes to those provinces linked to the Abyssinian town of
173:
patterns of the southern regions. Ethiopian peasants produced and depended on various economic activities such as
1438:
519:
398:
290:
531:
53:
612:
1034:
83:
by the Abyssinians. Despite these changes, the barter system continued into the early 20th century until the
586:
550:
373:
646:
630:
498:
438:, trade routes were filled with discrimination wherein merchants were seized as slaves on some occasions.
245:
120:
96:
819:
515:
317:
282:
166:
591:
546:
469:
451:
174:
72:
68:
1196:
1144:
962:
915:
907:
860:
756:
714:
706:
182:
446:
1405:
1352:
1188:
1136:
1100:
1068:
1013:
954:
899:
852:
748:
698:
554:
431:
226:
213:
92:
530:, placed restrictions on Ethiopia's interest while maintaining their own, culminating in the
1180:
1060:
946:
891:
690:
286:
270:
253:
150:
131:
108:
80:
41:
490:
477:
386:
281:, connecting them to Harar. Foreign citizens were also involved in local business, mostly
201:
1007:
621:
performance. The First Five-Year Plan involved a total investment of about 839.6 million
458:
The economic structure of the Ethiopian Empire was modernized under the reign of Emperor
1009:
Medieval Ethiopian Economies: Subsistence, Global Trade and the Administration of Wealth
1378:"Industry and Industrialization in Ethiopia: Policy Dynamics and Spatial Distributions"
803:"Industry and Industrialization in Ethiopia: Policy Dynamics and Spatial Distributions"
622:
570:
562:
527:
523:
435:
170:
104:
76:
1422:
1239:
919:
718:
634:
574:
526:
authorities in May 1903, France, Britain and Italy, which dominated interests in the
382:
274:
205:
158:
114:
After the end of the Italian occupation, the National Economic Council embarked on a
21:
1253:
305:
engaged in selling cotton, cloth, clothing, glassware, brass and copper, drinks and
1214:
642:
502:
427:
402:
337:. Locally produced woven clothing, earrings, bracelets, wax, butter, honey, mules,
88:
44:
became the center of commerce while imports and exports passed through the port of
48:, operated by Muslim merchants, delivering commodities to the Abyssinians through
1294:
1287:"Ethiopia: Growth and Structure of the Economy ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_03_01""
1094:
1377:
1125:"The Trade of Northern Ethiopia in the Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries"
1064:
802:
650:
354:
262:
1052:
895:
694:
459:
278:
64:
49:
1192:
1140:
958:
903:
856:
752:
702:
1398:
An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia from Early Times to 1800
566:
558:
406:
306:
302:
194:
An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia from Early Times to 1800
162:
142:
71:, modern banking institutions and currencies were introduced, including the
29:
518:
from the National Bank of Egypt to establish a monopolized bank called the
196:
in 1961 from available sources published in 1800, which were attributed to
657:, transportation, and communication sectors increased from 9.5% to 15.6%.
32:
Muslim caravans, and a strong trade culture nourished business within the
390:
298:
146:
100:
1148:
1124:
864:
840:
760:
736:
473:
423:
418:
353:
were imported to Harar and exported to other parts of the world. Other
338:
294:
266:
territory whereas Barbara ran through the mountains of the Nole tribe.
188:
The pioneer of analysis of the premodern economic history of Ethiopia,
154:
1200:
1168:
966:
934:
911:
879:
710:
678:
841:"Feudalism in Ethiopia: A Further Comment on Paradigms and Their Use"
654:
414:
350:
178:
33:
493:
to Ethiopia, supported Menelik's desire and asked him not to reject
79:, minted in Harar beginning in 1892 following the annexation of the
1184:
981:
950:
611:
536:
468:
of Shewa. Several changes occurred, including the introduction of
464:
445:
372:
358:
342:
333:
per parcel was another commodity, largely produced or exported to
330:
316:
257:
241:
236:
222:
218:
136:
130:
57:
45:
501:
to inquire about undertaking a venture. The bank's governor, Sir
1035:"A SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY OF NORTH SHÄWA, ETHIOPIA (1880s-1935)"
410:
362:
346:
334:
326:
237:
25:
321:
Medieval map of trade routes and kingdoms in the Horn of Africa
229:
were places of political, cultural and economic agglomeration.
541:
The Bank of Abyssinia, now Bank of Ethiopia, in February 1934
1169:"The Politics of Banking: The Bank of Abyssinia, 1905-1931"
880:"Ethiopia: A Survey on the Existence of a Feudal Peasantry"
779:"The Birth and Development of Banking Services in Ethiopia"
1316:"Haile Selassie I University - Five Year Plan 1967 - 1971"
679:"Harär Town and Its Neighbours in the Nineteenth Century"
935:"Peasants and Feudalism in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia"
212:
system of land tenure in medieval Ethiopia. Scholars of
1173:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
95:, was established by a fifty-year concession from the
1059:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 44–82,
208:and land charters as well as trade routes and the
1215:"Banknotes and Banking in Abyssinia and Ethiopia"
260:and Barbara routes. Zeila was bounded by Somali
1336:"An Overview of Ethiopia's Planning Experience"
604:In 1954–1955, the government created the
514:On 10 March 1905, Menelik granted a fifty year
454:was used as the national currency of Ethiopia.
1051:Henze, Paul B. (2000), Henze, Paul B. (ed.),
8:
982:"Economic Stagnation in Ethiopia, 1500-1800"
777:Teklemedhin, Fasil Alemayehu and Merhatbeb.
244:and surrounding countryside depicted by Sir
103:on banking. In 1932, by decree of Emperor
377:Ethiopian caravans crossing river in 1927
1240:"The Short Life of the Bank of Ethiopia"
986:UN ŒIL SUR LA CORNE / AN EYE ON THE HORN
666:
1033:DECHASA, ABEBE DEMISIE (5 July 2022).
192:, published a full-length book titled
145:was a central tenet in the economy of
1330:
1328:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1118:
1116:
1057:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
884:The Journal of Modern African Studies
7:
772:
770:
730:
728:
672:
670:
939:Canadian Journal of African Studies
820:"The Rise of Feudalism in Ethiopia"
590:instance, the Dutch sugar company
417:. Trade routes between Gondar and
14:
1254:"Ethiopia - Economy | Britannica"
616:Sheger Agro Industry in the 1960s
329:with a market price of a quarter
381:Trade was carried out using the
269:Most goods were consumed in the
204:also contributed to analysis of
18:economy of the Ethiopian Empire
1353:"Development plans - Ethiopia"
1238:Arnaldo, Mauri (6 July 2022).
683:The Journal of African History
345:(a bread used by travellers),
1:
1357:African Studies Centre Leiden
637:that had existed since 1951.
585:Under Haile Selassie's rule,
63:Starting during the reign of
1429:Economic history of Ethiopia
1129:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
741:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
534:, signed in December 1906.
484:Bank of Abyssinia concession
462:, whose power flourished as
169:whose conquest was based on
24:, traditionally composed of
1434:Economies by former country
1123:PANKHURST, RICHARD (1964).
1065:10.1007/978-1-137-11786-1_3
369:19th and early 20th century
149:since the beginning of the
107:, the bank was renamed the
1455:
1167:Schaefer, Charles (1992).
1093:Stetler, Susan L. (1993).
1006:Wion, Anaïs (2020-01-08).
980:Scientifique, Secrétaire.
896:10.1017/S0022278X00014312
845:Northeast African Studies
735:Pankhurst, Alula (2007).
695:10.1017/S0021853700027316
606:National Economic Council
40:times, neighboring state
573:and a transit office in
933:Cohen, John M. (1974).
878:Cohen, John M. (1974).
385:partly with the aid of
361:, ostrich feathers and
198:Encyclopedia Aethiopica
165:people in the northern
127:Feudalism and peasantry
75:in 1890 and Ethiopia's
647:gross domestic product
631:gross national product
617:
542:
512:
499:National Bank of Egypt
455:
378:
322:
249:
246:Richard Francis Burton
139:
121:gross domestic product
116:state development plan
97:National Bank of Egypt
56:, which connected the
677:Caulk, R. A. (1977).
615:
540:
507:
470:Maria Theresa thalers
449:
376:
320:
240:
167:provinces of Ethiopia
134:
20:was dominated by the
1297:on 17 September 2019
839:Ellis, Gene (1979).
783:www.abyssinialaw.com
547:Gebrehiwot Baykedagn
452:Maria Theresa thaler
401:, Tigre people sold
365:were also exported.
73:Maria Theresa thaler
1053:"Medieval Ethiopia"
569:, with agencies in
99:in 1905, and had a
87:in 1936. The first
69:Emperor of Ethiopia
1258:www.britannica.com
1219:www.pjsymes.com.au
1040:. pp. 42, 48.
618:
543:
456:
379:
323:
250:
140:
85:Italian occupation
1402:Richard Pankhurst
1106:978-0-8103-7099-9
1074:978-1-137-11786-1
1019:978-90-04-41958-2
532:Tripartite Treaty
520:Bank of Abyssinia
349:and all kinds of
227:Great Rift Valley
214:Ethiopian studies
190:Richard Pankhurst
93:Bank of Abyssinia
1446:
1439:Ethiopian Empire
1385:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1293:. Archived from
1283:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
977:
971:
970:
930:
924:
923:
875:
869:
868:
836:
830:
829:
827:
826:
816:
810:
809:
807:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
774:
765:
764:
747:(1/2): 155–179.
732:
723:
722:
674:
600:
271:Emirate of Harar
254:Emirate of Harar
233:Emirate of Harar
109:Bank of Ethiopia
81:Emirate of Harar
42:Emirate of Harar
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1419:
1418:
1394:
1392:Further reading
1389:
1388:
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1376:
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1371:
1362:
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1314:
1313:
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1262:
1260:
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1237:
1236:
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1212:
1208:
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1165:
1156:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1107:
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1087:
1079:
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1032:
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1027:
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1005:
1004:
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989:
979:
978:
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932:
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927:
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838:
837:
833:
824:
822:
818:
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805:
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787:
785:
776:
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768:
734:
733:
726:
676:
675:
668:
663:
594:
583:
491:plenipotentiary
486:
444:
387:commodity money
371:
315:
235:
202:Taddesse Tamrat
151:imperial regime
129:
12:
11:
5:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:. 4 July 2022.
1369:
1344:
1341:. 4 July 2022.
1324:
1321:. 4 July 2022.
1307:
1291:lcweb2.loc.gov
1269:
1245:
1230:
1206:
1185:10.2307/219391
1179:(2): 361–389.
1154:
1112:
1105:
1085:
1073:
1043:
1025:
1018:
998:
972:
951:10.2307/483880
945:(1): 155–157.
925:
890:(4): 665–672.
870:
831:
811:
808:. 4 July 2022.
794:
766:
724:
689:(3): 369–386.
665:
664:
662:
659:
582:
581:Haile Selassie
579:
528:Horn of Africa
485:
482:
443:
440:
430:ports through
370:
367:
314:
311:
234:
231:
221:, and through
183:cash economies
128:
125:
105:Haile Selassie
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1410:9781599070810
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
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1391:
1379:
1373:
1370:
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1354:
1348:
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1311:
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1159:
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1142:
1138:
1135:(1): 49–159.
1134:
1130:
1126:
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1113:
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1102:
1098:
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1089:
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692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
671:
667:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
636:
635:trade deficit
632:
626:
624:
614:
610:
607:
602:
598:
593:
588:
580:
578:
576:
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568:
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511:
506:
504:
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461:
453:
450:By 1890, the
448:
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433:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:According to
395:
392:
388:
384:
383:barter system
375:
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366:
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352:
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344:
340:
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207:
206:hagiographies
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