195:, creating safe havens for the reintroduction of at-risk species, thereby saving them from extinction. These islands are also used to expand the range of rare species so that an ecological disaster on one island would not result in the total extinction of a species. As many species rebound in numbers in the absence of predators the islands act as species reservoirs enabling the periodic removal of some to create breeding colonies on other cleared islands, or on the mainland itself.
176:) cats, ferrets, stoats, and weasels were all considered to be the main culprits in the decline of native species of New Zealand birds, reptiles and insects. More recent information adds hedgehogs and mice to the list. These species have been introduced for a variety of reasons and some inadvertently. The effect remains the same: they have all contributed to the decline of native animals. Possums and deer did the same for the forest.
560:
219:
Following the example of what had been achieved on offshore islands, groups of New
Zealanders decided to create artificial ecological islands on the mainland so that the public could have easier access and learn what New Zealand looked and sounded like before human colonisation. There are excellent
147:
became dominant. Evolutionary processes resulted in a unique assemblage of plants and animals, and New
Zealand became a land dominated by birds. Without competition from browsing mammals, birds evolved to occupy niches that mammals occupied elsewhere. Threatened by few
204:
163:
With human colonisation came many accidental or deliberate introductions of mammals and birds. These wrought havoc with native species and many became extinct, many others were reduced in range and number, with some teetering on extinction. Traditionally pacific rats
65:
The ultimate goal is to recreate an ecological microcosm of the country as a whole as it was before human arrival. There is usually provision for controlled public access, and scientific study and research.
28:, to refer to an area of land (not necessarily an actual island) isolated by natural or artificial means from the surrounding land, where a natural micro-habitat exists amidst a larger differing
615:
1132:
179:
However, New
Zealand also includes many offshore islands, some of which contained species rare or extinct on the mainland because introduced pests could not reach them.
1092:
1007:
1057:
1012:
1002:
1042:
866:
670:
1260:
884:
1097:
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608:
123:. About 70 million years ago New Zealand became separated, earlier than Australia, South America and Antarctica. About five million years later non-avian
1730:
1082:
1077:
997:
1022:
992:
705:
1117:
932:
1735:
601:
99:
and arose mainly from the particular circumstances of that country's history. For millions of years New
Zealand was part of the supercontinent
1421:
1127:
188:
191:
together with many volunteers have developed and perfected world-first methods of clearing some of these islands of all introduced pests, and
1102:
977:
987:
710:
505:
1112:
1032:
366:
1456:
1217:
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957:
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1653:
1167:
942:
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1137:
1062:
894:
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828:
1617:
1569:
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972:
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861:
795:
690:
583:
390:
Innes, John; Lee, William G.; Burns, Bruce; Campbell-Hunt, Colin; Watts, Corinne; Phipps, Hilary; Stephens, Theo (2012-01-01).
1546:
914:
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624:
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37:
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1318:
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982:
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1471:
1356:
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1067:
818:
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1107:
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730:
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1536:
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1371:
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823:
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685:
273:
249:
1486:
160:, and bats, all evolved in the absence of terrestrial mammals, and have little defence against alien species.
392:"Role of predator-proof fences in restoring New Zealand's biodiversity: a response to Scofield et al. (2011)"
1584:
1461:
1441:
1406:
1376:
1351:
1308:
1222:
1212:
1187:
1182:
715:
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1426:
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660:
1521:
1501:
1491:
1416:
1391:
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1047:
1027:
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1627:
1331:
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904:
838:
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755:
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330:
243:
221:
208:
1516:
1366:
775:
760:
750:
645:
1607:
1290:
700:
192:
61:
the natural or artificial border is maintained to prevent reintroduction of non-native species.
1446:
348:
1326:
338:
1679:
1602:
438:"Bushy Park Tarapuruhi – Bushy Park Tarapuruhi Forest Sanctuary & Historic Homestead"
334:
135:
to dominate - except in New
Zealand where there were no land mammals (only 3 species of
1684:
1658:
1612:
1592:
565:
203:
1709:
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1298:
112:
1674:
1386:
899:
720:
220:
projects where alien species numbers are kept down by various methods other than a
100:
593:
96:
33:
21:
224:
or the coastline, but these are not generally described as ecological islands.
1689:
555:
352:
1411:
588:
319:"Ecological islands: conserving biodiversity hotspots in a changing climate"
152:, many birds had no need to fly and many species became flightless. Birds,
104:
29:
25:
457:
149:
140:
124:
52:
153:
128:
86:
for example, may need to be excluded during a species' recovery phase).
530:
343:
318:
157:
132:
108:
481:
120:
116:
144:
83:
69:
The definition does not include land within a fence erected to:
36:
the term is used to refer to one of several types of nationally
597:
227:
Projects that do meet the criteria, or are aiming to, include:
136:
413:
437:
187:
Increasingly over the last hundred years, New
Zealand's
391:
82:
exclude native animals (although some native animals,
1667:
1636:
1583:
1545:
1317:
1289:
1251:
1231:
1155:
1146:
913:
875:
852:
809:
631:
76:protect a specific species from specific predators
95:The concept of mainland islands was pioneered in
58:native species are reintroduced and nurtured, and
43:In artificial ecological islands (also known as
506:"Vandals hit conservation fence on Coromandel"
867:Pukaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre
609:
8:
367:"Ecological restoration of offshore islands"
1152:
616:
602:
594:
342:
323:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
202:
73:protect farm animals from wild predators
309:
7:
531:"Nangak Tamboree Wildlife Sanctuary"
414:"Tawharanui Open Sanctuary Society"
268:Glenfern Sanctuary Charitable Trust
1731:Nature conservation in New Zealand
458:"Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari"
296:Nangak Tamboree Wildlife Sanctuary
14:
1654:Wainuiomata Water Collection Area
1093:Te Paepae o Aotea (Volkner Rocks)
1008:Moutere Ihupuku / Campbell Island
418:Tawharanui Open Sanctuary Society
256:Maungatautari Restoration Project
51:all non-native species (at least
1281:Te Kuri a Paoa/Young Nick's Head
1271:Puhi Kai Iti / Cook Landing Site
1133:Whanganui-A-Hei (Cathedral Cove)
1058:Taumoana (Five Finger Peninsula)
1013:Moutere Mahue / Antipodes Island
1003:Moutere Hauriri / Bounty Islands
905:Te Kuri a Paoa/Young Nick's Head
895:Puhi Kai Iti / Cook Landing Site
829:Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari
558:
711:Korowai / Torlesse Tussocklands
584:Invasive species in New Zealand
482:"Glenfern Sanctuary | About Us"
1736:Protected areas of New Zealand
1043:Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island)
625:Protected areas of New Zealand
396:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
143:). In the absence of mammals,
55:species) have been eradicated,
1:
1309:Truby King Recreation Reserve
1098:Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound)
317:Cartwright, Jennifer (2019).
1618:Pāuatahanui Wildlife Reserve
862:Pāuatahanui Wildlife Reserve
1083:Te Hapua (Sutherland Sound)
1078:Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut)
854:Government purpose reserves
671:Eyre Mountains/Taka Ra Haka
579:Conservation in New Zealand
574:Biodiversity of New Zealand
1752:
1644:Hutt Water Collection Area
1023:Piopiotahi (Milford Sound)
993:Moana Uta (Wet Jacket Arm)
189:Department of Conservation
1512:Wainuiomata Regional Park
1118:Ulva Island-Te Wharawhara
998:Motu Manawa-Pollen Island
933:Cape Rodney-Okakari Point
839:Tawharanui Open Sanctuary
819:Brook Waimārama Sanctuary
280:Brook Waimārama Sanctuary
244:Tawharanui Open Sanctuary
79:exclude farm animals only
1695:Wildlife management area
1422:Mutukaroa / Hamlins Hill
1347:Auckland Botanic Gardens
1304:Otago Central Rail Trail
284:Moehau Environment Group
274:Shakespear Regional Park
131:leaving the way open to
1726:Ecological connectivity
1412:Motukorea Browns Island
1128:Westhaven (Te Tai Tapu)
890:Maungauika / North Head
801:Whirinaki Te Pua-a-Tāne
706:Ka Whata Tu O Rakihouia
1103:Te Tapuwae o Rongokako
978:Kutu Parera (Gaer Arm)
529:University, La Trobe.
216:
115:, and shared the same
24:, and increasingly in
988:Long Island-Kokomohua
834:Orokonui Ecosanctuary
262:Orokonui Ecosanctuary
206:
1649:Northern Pegasus Bay
1276:Subantarctic Islands
1218:Westland Tai Poutini
1113:Tuhua (Mayor Island)
1033:Poor Knights Islands
222:pest-exclusion fence
211:around perimeter of
209:pest-exclusion fence
1555:Alice Eaves Reserve
1291:Recreation reserves
1261:Hāpūpū / J M Barker
1168:Aoraki / Mount Cook
1123:Waiau Glacier Coast
958:Kahukura (Gold Arm)
885:Hāpūpū / J M Barker
335:2019FrEE...17..331C
1608:Kopuatai Peat Dome
1382:Glenfern Sanctuary
943:Hawea (Clio Rocks)
811:Ecological islands
633:Conservation parks
535:www.latrobe.edu.au
217:
193:island restoration
170:Rattus norveigucus
20:is a term used in
1703:
1702:
1507:Waimakariri River
1432:Onekawa Te Mawhai
1253:National reserves
1247:
1246:
1138:Whangarei Harbour
1028:Pohatu / Flea Bay
877:Historic reserves
736:North-west Nelson
199:Fenced enclosures
103:, which included
18:ecological island
1743:
1613:Manawatu Estuary
1570:Peel Forest Park
1517:Waitākere Ranges
1357:Battle Hill Farm
1153:
973:Kermadec Islands
928:Auckland Islands
781:Te Kahui Kaupeka
618:
611:
604:
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568:
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387:
381:
380:
378:
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363:
357:
356:
346:
344:10.1002/fee.2058
314:
183:Offshore islands
168:), Norway rats (
127:became globally
45:mainland islands
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1721:Nature reserves
1716:Protected areas
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1690:Wilderness area
1680:Ecological area
1663:
1632:
1623:Wairarapa Moana
1603:Firth of Thames
1579:
1547:Scenic reserves
1541:
1457:Queen Elizabeth
1337:Ashley Rakahuri
1313:
1285:
1243:
1227:
1142:
915:Marine reserves
909:
871:
848:
805:
627:
622:
564:
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371:www.doc.govt.nz
365:
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93:
38:protected areas
12:
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5:
1749:
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1728:
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1718:
1708:
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1685:Sanctuary area
1682:
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1605:
1600:
1595:
1593:Awarua Wetland
1589:
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1578:
1577:
1575:Waro Limestone
1572:
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1557:
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1329:
1323:
1321:
1319:Regional parks
1315:
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1306:
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1195:
1193:Mount Aspiring
1190:
1185:
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1165:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1148:National parks
1144:
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1125:
1120:
1115:
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1095:
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1065:
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1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
983:Long Bay-Okura
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
919:
917:
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748:
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728:
726:Mount Richmond
723:
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570:
569:
566:Ecology portal
553:
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547:
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382:
358:
329:(6): 331–340.
308:
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287:
286:
285:
282:
276:
270:
264:
258:
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246:
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200:
197:
184:
181:
172:), ship rats (
166:Rattus exulans
92:
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63:
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59:
56:
13:
10:
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1599:
1598:Farewell Spit
1596:
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1500:
1498:
1497:Te Rau Pūriri
1495:
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1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:Papamoa Hills
1450:
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1300:
1299:Bastion Point
1297:
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1199:
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1173:Arthur's Pass
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796:Whakarewarewa
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694:
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691:Kaimai Mamaku
689:
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1675:Amenity area
1628:Whangamarino
1387:Hunua Ranges
1372:East Harbour
1198:Nelson Lakes
1108:Tonga Island
900:Stony Batter
810:
721:Mavora Lakes
538:. Retrieved
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1637:Other areas
1565:Goldie Bush
1482:Tawhitokino
1472:Tāpapakanga
1437:Orere Point
1397:Lake Tekapo
1163:Abel Tasman
1073:Te Angiangi
1063:Tauparikākā
1053:Taputeranga
716:Lake Sumner
666:Craigieburn
232:New Zealand
97:New Zealand
34:New Zealand
22:New Zealand
1710:Categories
1560:Bruce Park
1537:Whakatīwai
1532:Whakanewha
1527:Wenderholm
1477:Tāwharanui
1467:Shakespear
1447:Pakuratahi
1342:Ātiu Creek
1266:Lewis Pass
1239:Te Urewera
1068:Tāwharanui
1018:Parininihi
953:Horoirangi
824:Bushy Park
786:Te Papanui
771:Ruataniwha
661:Coromandel
540:2021-01-29
515:2021-01-29
491:2021-01-29
467:2021-01-29
443:2021-01-29
423:2021-01-29
376:2021-01-29
304:References
250:Bushy Park
156:, plants,
91:Background
1659:Whitireia
1462:Scandrett
1407:Mahurangi
1377:Ferrymead
1327:Akatarawa
1223:Whanganui
1213:Tongariro
1188:Kahurangi
1183:Fiordland
1088:Te Matuku
1038:Punakaiki
963:Kahurangi
948:Hikurangi
844:Zealandia
766:Raukumara
731:Northland
696:Kaimanawa
589:Exclosure
510:NZ Herald
353:1540-9309
290:Australia
238:Zealandia
150:predators
125:dinosaurs
105:Australia
30:ecosystem
26:Australia
1585:Wetlands
1402:Long Bay
791:Victoria
756:Remutaka
746:Pirongia
676:Hakatere
552:See also
207:Xcluder
154:reptiles
53:predator
1522:Waitawa
1502:Waharau
1492:Te Muri
1487:Te Ārai
1417:Muriwai
1392:Kaitoke
1362:Belmont
1208:Rakiura
1203:Paparoa
1156:Current
776:Tararua
761:Ruahine
751:Pureora
656:Catlins
646:Aorangi
641:Ahuriri
331:Bibcode
158:insects
133:mammals
129:extinct
1442:Pākiri
1352:Āwhitu
1332:Ambury
1232:Former
1178:Egmont
1048:Tapuae
968:Kapiti
938:Hautai
923:Akaroa
741:Oteake
701:Kaweka
686:Hanmer
351:
111:, and
109:Africa
1668:Other
1427:Ōmana
1367:Duder
681:Hāwea
651:Aotea
294:2015
278:2016
272:2011
266:2009
260:2007
254:2006
248:2005
242:2004
236:1999
145:birds
141:seals
121:fauna
117:flora
32:. In
462:MOCA
349:ISSN
139:and
137:bats
119:and
84:weka
339:doi
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