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On land, vegetation appears on a scale from brown (low vegetation) to dark green (heavy vegetation); at the ocean surface, phytoplankton are indicated on a scale from purple (low) to yellow (high). This visualization was created with data from satellites including SeaWiFS, and instruments including
578:, exceed all animal and plant life on the surface. The actual thickness of the biosphere on Earth is difficult to measure. Birds typically fly at altitudes as high as 1,800 m (5,900 ft; 1.1 mi) and fish live as much as 8,372 m (27,467 ft; 5.202 mi) underwater in the
437:
as 10. This is much larger than the total number of estimated stars (and Earth-like planets) in the observable universe as 10, a number which is more than all the grains of beach sand on planet Earth; but less than the total number of atoms estimated in the observable universe as 10; and the
663:, at depths of 11,034 m (36,201 ft; 6.856 mi). Other researchers reported related studies that microorganisms thrive inside rocks up to 580 m (1,900 ft; 0.36 mi) below the sea floor under 2,590 m (8,500 ft; 1.61 mi) of ocean off the coast of the
679:
into the Earth's crust. The rate at which the temperature increases depends on many factors, including the type of crust (continental vs. oceanic), rock type, geographic location, etc. The greatest known temperature at which microbial life can exist is 122 °C (252 °F)
2370:
Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Middelboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (17 March 2013). "High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth".
1413:"There may be more Earth-like planets than grains of sand on all our beaches - New research contends that the Milky Way alone is flush with billions of potentially habitable planets -- and that's just one sliver of the universe"
667:, as well as 2,400 m (7,900 ft; 1.5 mi) beneath the seabed off Japan. Culturable thermophilic microbes have been extracted from cores drilled more than 5,000 m (16,000 ft; 3.1 mi) into the
5047:
2832:
690:" is defined by temperature rather than absolute depth. On 20 August 2014, scientists confirmed the existence of microorganisms living 800 m (2,600 ft; 0.50 mi) below the ice of
620:
at least 19 km (12 mi) deep underground, and at least 64 km (40 mi) high in the atmosphere. Marine life under many forms has been found in the deepest reaches of the
2108:
1605:
Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; Nagase, Toshiro; Rosing, Minik T. (8 December 2013). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early
Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".
1253:"Exactly How Much Life Is on Earth? - According to a new study, living cells outnumber stars in the universe, highlighting the deep, underrated link between geophysics and biology"
412:
of Earth's biosphere; i.e., artificial Earth-like biospheres. Others may include the creation of artificial non-Earth biospheres—for example, human-centered biospheres or a native
854:
team, it has been calculated that provided the probability of abiogenesis is higher than 1 to 1000, the closest alien biosphere should be within 100 light-years from the Earth.
4754:
2807:
2596:
2194:
Horneck G; Eschweiler U; Reitz G; Wehner J; Willimek R; Strauch K. (1995). "Biological responses to space: results of the experiment "Exobiological Unit" of ERA on EURECA I".
1356:
1126:
4690:
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1450:
2055:
767:, have been created to study ecosystems and the potential for supporting life outside the Earth. These include spacecraft and the following terrestrial laboratories:
3408:
379:" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is but one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being
4715:
4014:
512:
of Quebec, Canada that were as old as 4.28 billion years, the oldest record of life on earth, suggesting "an almost instantaneous emergence of life" after
1422:
1891:
1741:
1930:
1841:
Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; Slack, John F.; Rittner, Martin; Pirajno, Franco; O'Neil, Jonathan; Little, Crispin T. S. (2 March 2017).
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1680:"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia"
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2311:
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2417:
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659:, the deepest spot in the Earth's oceans. In fact, single-celled life forms have been found in the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, by the
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1232:
1207:
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In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems. This includes artificial biospheres such as
1986:
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on the Earth is estimated to be 10; the total number since the beginning of Earth, as 10, and the total number for the entire time of a
1005:
605:
live up to 3,050 m (10,010 ft; 1.90 mi). Herbivorous animals at these elevations depend on lichens, grasses, and herbs.
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No biospheres have been detected beyond the Earth; therefore, the existence of extraterrestrial biospheres remains hypothetical. The
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composite of global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance, from
September 2001 to August 2017. Provided by the
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Nobel
Laureate for his work on decomposition of ozone talking to Harry Kroto Nobel Laureate by the Vega Science Trust.
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62:
2800:"These new worlds are just the start. There are many more life-supporting planets out there waiting to be discovered"
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39:
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1920:
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127:
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401:. This term was coined during the 1960s and encompasses both biological and physical components of the planet.
174:
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the NASA/NOAA Visible
Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer.
2956:
2151:
Zhang, K. Dose; A. Bieger-Dose; R. Dillmann; M. Gill; O. Kerz (1995). "ERA-experiment "space biochemistry"".
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have demonstrated that microbes live deep beneath the Earth's terrestrial surface and that the total mass of
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2023:"First-Ever Scientific Estimate Of Total Bacteria On Earth Shows Far Greater Numbers Than Ever Known Before"
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marine microbes have been found at more than a depth of 10,000 m (33,000 ft; 6.2 mi) in the
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scene on Earth, simultaneously showing the lithosphere (ground), hydrosphere (ocean) and atmosphere (air)
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35:
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521:
1446:"Using the inclinations of Kepler systems to prioritize new Titius–Bode-based exoplanet predictions"
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It is also possible that artificial biospheres will be created in the future, for example with the
676:
496:" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. In 2017, putative fossilized
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issue, covers virtually every major concern and concept since debated regarding materials and
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2673:"Dynamic Simulation of Pressure Control System for the Closed Ecology Experiment Facility"
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1953:
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live at elevations as high as 5,400 m (17,700 ft; 3.4 mi) above sea level;
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376:
170:
45:
1781:
Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (19 October 2015).
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
847:, it is currently unknown what percentage of these planets actually develop biospheres.
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2477:"Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden"
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397:. When these four component spheres are combined into one system, it is known as the
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Geochemists define the biosphere as being the total sum of living organisms (the "
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to map the past, current and future impacts of human activities on the biosphere
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524:, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the
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50:
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839:, given the large number of planets. Three of the planets discovered orbiting
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and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the
30:
This article is about the sum of all ecosystems. For the sum of all planetary
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migrate at altitudes of at least 8,300 m (27,200 ft; 5.2 mi);
237:(life created from living matter), at least some 3.5 billion years ago.
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647:—may be as much as 0.8 trillion tons of carbon (of the total biosphere
571:
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1039:
800:
Biosphere J (CEEF, Closed
Ecology Experiment Facilities), an experiment in
264:
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2297:
1843:"Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates"
1705:
643:
microorganisms—which includes bacteria and archaea, but not the nucleated
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1958:
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466:
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1870:
1783:"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon"
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1991:
1678:; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013).
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The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must
2715:
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2623:
2562:
2535:
2159:(8). A. Klein, H. Meinert, T. Nawroth, S. Risi, C. Stride: 119–129.
631:
Under certain test conditions, microorganisms have been observed to
1554:
404:
The Second
International Conference on Closed Life Systems defined
5703:
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5256:
4872:
3352:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3135:
3089:
3051:
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On the abundance of extraterrestrial life after the Kepler mission
2130:
Briand, F.; Snelgrove, P. (2003). "Mare
Incognitum? An overview".
1464:
1444:
T. Bovaird, T.; Lineweaver, C.H.; Jacobsen, S.K. (13 March 2015).
843:
could possibly contain biospheres. Given limited understanding of
801:
754:
722:
698:
675:, from rocks between 65–75 °C (149–167 °F). Temperature
608:
Life forms live in every part of the Earth's biosphere, including
543:
535:
449:
269:
263:
166:
3802:
729:
life. In contrast, most of the more populous biomes lie near the
5648:
5504:
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5479:
5353:
5304:
5148:
3230:
3165:
3160:
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3014:
1921:"Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest"
1417:
609:
413:
285:
190:
162:
58:
4936:
4829:
3806:
3390:
2965:
1987:"Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life"
307:. The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s (see
5607:
5251:
2769:"New Estimate for Alien Earths: 2 Billion in Our Galaxy Alone"
2624:"Bios-3: Siberian experiments in bioregenerative life support"
2272:"Microbial flora in the deepest sea mud of the Mariana Trench"
1742:"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth"
598:
2099:"The Strange Beasts That Live In Solid Rock Deep Underground"
1074:
Campbell, Neil A.; Brad
Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006).
740:
2677:
Transactions of the Japan
Society of Mechanical Engineers B
2936:
2481:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
454:
Stromatolite fossil estimated at 3.2–3.6 billion years old
2056:"Life Might Thrive a Dozen Miles Beneath Earth's Surface"
1022:
Nealson, Kenneth H.; Zeki, S.; Conrad, Pamela G. (1999).
827:
suggests they should be very rare, save ones composed of
686:
Strain 116). It is likely that the limit of life in the "
2743:
Rare earth: why complex life is uncommon in the universe
585:
There are more extreme examples for life on the planet:
4692:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
2444:"Microbes discovered by deepest marine drill analysed"
363:
and, generally speaking, all life and Earth sciences.
1227:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 45.
639:
is estimated as 5 × 10 g. The mass of
276:
The term "biosphere" was coined in 1875 by geologist
2587:"Life Confirmed Under Antarctic Ice; Is Space Next?"
1284:
Crockford, Peter W.; et al. (6 November 2023).
1117:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted"
651:, estimated at between 1 and 4 trillion tons).
635:. The total amount of soil and subsurface bacterial
520:
4.54 billion years ago. According to biologist
5952:
5810:
5691:
5551:
5542:
5352:
5147:
5060:
5030:
4979:
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4681:
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4390:
4317:
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4178:
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3599:
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3000:
2887:Book), San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1970,
807:Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (
295:origin, it is an indication of the effect of both
2932:Article on the Biosphere at Encyclopedia of Earth
2536:"Lakes under the ice: Antarctica's secret garden"
2016:
2014:
1451:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1380:"To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand"
566:, features life of some kind. Recent advances in
2410:"Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor"
1503:"How many atoms are in the observable universe?"
1080:. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.
574:life in so-called "uninhabitable zones" may, in
311:), preceding the 1935 introduction of the term "
2475:Szewzyk, U; Szewzyk, R; Stenstrom, TR. (1994).
1536:"Emergence of life in an inflationary universe"
1069:
1067:
416:biosphere—as part of the topic of biospherics.
4716:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2334:
2332:
1735:
1733:
1644:"Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom"
1286:"The geologic history of primary productivity"
4948:
4841:
3818:
3402:
2977:
2064:. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017
1831:Early edition, published online before print.
709:. On land, biomes are separated primarily by
408:as the science and technology of analogs and
233:matter, such as simple organic compounds) or
177:, with minimal inputs and outputs. Regarding
157: 'sphere'), is the worldwide sum of all
8:
778:, United States, 3.15 acres (13,000 m).
504:) were announced to have been discovered in
2746:(2nd rev. ed.). New York: Copernicus.
1954:"Earliest evidence of life on Earth 'found"
1347:"How many stars are there in the Universe?"
1225:Dictionary of Forestry and Wildlife Science
1012:, 6th ed. (2004) Columbia University Press.
593:of 11,300 metres (37,100 feet; 7.0 miles);
5814:
5548:
4976:
4955:
4941:
4933:
4848:
4834:
4826:
4787:
3825:
3811:
3803:
3409:
3395:
3387:
3235:
2984:
2970:
2962:
2895:. This book, originally the December 1970
2341:"Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth"
697:Earth's biosphere is divided into several
327:as the science of the biosphere. It is an
4727:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
2740:Ward, Peter D.; Brownlee, Donald (2004).
2688:
2639:
2561:
2510:
2500:
2287:
1869:
1816:
1806:
1713:
1581:
1571:
1553:
1473:
1463:
1047:
4755:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
2848:Zubrin, Robert; Wagner, Richard (2011).
2021:University of Georgia (25 August 1998).
197:definition, the biosphere is the global
169:. The biosphere (which is technically a
44:
2097:Fox-Skelly, Jasmin (24 November 2015).
998:
835:may be quite numerous, at least in the
4325:Corporate environmental responsibility
2810:from the original on 25 September 2017
2716:"Institute for Environmental Sciences"
2075:
713:. Terrestrial biomes lying within the
492:. More recently, in 2015, "remains of
438:estimated total number of stars in an
221:. The biosphere is postulated to have
140: 'settlement, house' and
2798:Rees, Sir Martin (22 February 2017).
2456:from the original on 16 December 2014
2251:from the original on 10 November 2014
2111:from the original on 25 November 2016
2035:from the original on 10 November 2014
1642:Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013).
1392:from the original on 28 December 2022
763:Experimental biospheres, also called
514:ocean formation 4.4 billion years ago
27:Global sum of all ecosystems on Earth
7:
4698:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
3761:
1740:Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015).
1534:Totani, Tomonori (3 February 2020).
1515:from the original on 1 December 2023
1482:from the original on 1 December 2023
1425:from the original on 1 December 2023
1359:from the original on 17 January 2020
1265:from the original on 1 December 2023
484:found in 3.48 billion-year-old
161:. It can also be termed the zone of
3785:
2779:from the original on 24 August 2017
2599:from the original on 22 August 2014
1129:from the original on 3 October 2013
558:Every part of the planet, from the
469:found in 3.7 billion-year-old
175:closed system with regard to matter
4340:Environmental full-cost accounting
2767:Choi, Charles Q. (21 March 2011).
2339:Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013).
2289:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10440.x
1385:Swinburne University of Technology
785:at the Institute of Biophysics in
551:, a barophilic organism, from the
442:(observed and unobserved), as 10.
25:
4274:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
2420:from the original on 2 April 2013
2351:from the original on 2 April 2013
2054:Hadhazy, Adam (12 January 2015).
1966:from the original on 2 March 2017
1933:from the original on 2 March 2017
1897:from the original on 23 July 2018
1656:from the original on 29 June 2015
1223:Bebarta, Kailash Chandra (2011).
813:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
633:survive the vacuum of outer space
280:, who defined it as the place on
115: 'sphere'), also called the
6016:
6015:
4786:
4775:
4774:
4744:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
3784:
3772:
3760:
3742:
3741:
3480:
3371:
3370:
1378:Mackie, Glen (1 February 2002).
1190:Möller, Detlev (December 2010).
1024:"Life: past, present and future"
899:
885:
871:
4330:Corporate social responsibility
4259:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4198:Community-supported agriculture
3883:Human impact on the environment
3719:Human impact on the environment
2722:from the original on 2011-11-08
2697:from the original on 2012-03-18
2534:Fox, Douglas (20 August 2014).
1194:Chemistry of the Climate System
1094:from the original on 2014-11-02
946:Man and the Biosphere Programme
677:increases with increasing depth
429:Currently, the total number of
4570:Socially responsible marketing
3627:Public transport encouragement
2408:Oskin, Becky (14 March 2013).
1952:Ghosh, Pallab (1 March 2017).
831:life only. On the other hand,
701:, inhabited by fairly similar
254:ones on other planets or moons
225:, beginning with a process of
1:
4761:Sustainable Development Goals
4565:Socially responsible business
2585:Mack, Eric (20 August 2014).
2270:Takamia; et al. (1997).
2244:Aspen Global Change Institute
1985:Dunham, Will (1 March 2017).
1752:Mindspark Interactive Network
1501:Baker, Harry (11 July 2021).
850:Based on observations by the
229:(life created naturally from
181:, it is an open system, with
4981:Pollution / quality
2671:Nakano; et al. (1998).
2216:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00279-N
2173:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00280-R
1787:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1411:Mack, Eric (19 March 2015).
931:Circumstellar habitable zone
4590:Sustainability organization
4375:Standards and certification
3966:Social return on investment
3617:Natural resource management
2312:"National Geographic, 2005"
819:Extraterrestrial biospheres
462:for life on Earth includes
63:Goddard Space Flight Center
6073:
4015:Systemic change resistance
2622:; Lisovsky GM (Oct 1997).
2153:Advances in Space Research
1573:10.1038/s41598-020-58060-0
665:northwestern United States
260:Origin and use of the term
143:
126:
101:
84:
40:Biosphere (disambiguation)
29:
6011:
5817:
5552:Types / location
4863:
4770:
4193:Climate-smart agriculture
3840:
3737:
3529:Environmental engineering
3478:
3366:
3279:
3238:
2915:environmental degradation
2276:FEMS Microbiology Letters
2132:CIESM Workshop Monographs
2082:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1312:10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.040
1180:. Vienna: W. Braunmuller.
1010:The Columbia Encyclopedia
765:closed ecological systems
721:are relatively barren of
516:, and not long after the
419:
98: 'life' and
4335:Environmental accounting
4084:Sustainable architecture
4074:Environmental technology
3612:Environmental technology
3561:Environmental toxicology
3556:Environmental statistics
3551:Environmental humanities
2854:. Simon & Schuster.
1178:Die Entstehung Der Alpen
645:eukaryote microorganisms
628:remains to be explored.
331:concept for integrating
291:While the concept has a
189:at a rate of around 100
4208:Sustainable agriculture
3524:Environmental economics
3447:Environmental chemistry
1808:10.1073/pnas.1517557112
1198:. De Gruyter. pp.
1077:Biology: Exploring Life
793:, in what was then the
201:system integrating all
4751:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
4620:Sustainable management
4605:Urban drainage systems
4345:Environmental planning
4309:Water recycling shower
4299:Tidal stream generator
4094:Sustainable industries
4053:Sustainable population
4038:Demographic transition
4020:Tragedy of the commons
3581:Sustainability science
2957:Atlas of the Biosphere
2947:Paul Crutzen Interview
2502:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810
1149:"Meaning of biosphere"
1040:10.1098/rstb.1999.0532
971:Simple biosphere model
852:Kepler Space Telescope
760:
759:Biosphere 2 in Arizona
747:
555:
541:
518:formation of the Earth
455:
435:habitable planet Earth
273:
193:. By the most general
70:
38:. For other uses, see
4643:Humanistic capitalism
4458:Environmental finance
4099:Sustainable packaging
3546:Environmental studies
3418:Environmental science
2690:10.1299/kikaib.64.107
2061:Astrobiology Magazine
1706:10.1089/ast.2013.1030
1352:European Space Agency
1298:(21): P7741–4750.E5.
907:Earth sciences portal
825:rare Earth hypothesis
758:
751:Artificial biospheres
744:
683:Methanopyrus kandleri
547:
539:
453:
440:inflationary universe
323:). Vernadsky defined
309:Vladimir I. Vernadsky
267:
48:
36:Ecosphere (planetary)
5927:remnant natural area
5564:storage and recovery
5230:habitat conservation
5048:Deforestation (REDD)
4913:Biomolecular complex
4610:Urban infrastructure
4304:Water heat recycling
4127:Conservation biology
3971:Steady-state economy
3946:Micro-sustainability
3931:Ecological footprint
3888:Planetary boundaries
3534:Environmental health
3519:Environmental design
3514:Ecological economics
3251:Evolutionary history
2949:, freeview video of
2442:(15 December 2014).
1475:10.1093/mnras/stv221
859:terraforming of Mars
522:Stephen Blair Hedges
508:precipitates in the
5881:Earth Overshoot Day
5455:Marine conservation
5436:non-timber products
4711:Earth Summit (1992)
4365:Metrics and indices
4218:Sustainable fishery
4137:Holocene extinction
3956:Product stewardship
3926:Earth Overshoot Day
3703:Environment by year
3693:Research institutes
3607:Energy conservation
3432:Atmospheric science
3188:Natural environment
2898:Scientific American
2884:Scientific American
2554:2014Natur.512..244F
2493:1994PNAS...91.1810S
2387:2013NatGe...6..284G
2208:1995AdSpR..16h.105H
2165:1995AdSpR..16h.119D
1871:10.1038/nature21377
1862:2017Natur.543...60D
1799:2015PNAS..11214518B
1698:2013AsBio..13.1103N
1621:2014NatGe...7...25O
1564:2020NatSR..10.1671T
1304:2023CBio...33E4741C
1251:(1 December 2023).
1153:WebDictionary.co.uk
1034:(1392): 1923–1939.
941:Life-support system
781:BIOS-1, BIOS-2 and
18:Ecosphere (ecology)
6052:Biological systems
5866:Ecosystem services
4989:Ambient standards
4170:Sustainable energy
4132:Endangered species
4089:Sustainable design
4003:Consumer behaviour
3779:Environment portal
3662:Water purification
2835:2018-08-17 at the
1926:The New York Times
1541:Scientific Reports
1326:on 1 December 2023
1258:The New York Times
1122:The New York Times
1115:(3 October 2013).
986:Winogradsky column
951:Montreal Biosphere
879:Environment portal
761:
748:
624:while much of the
589:has been found at
580:Puerto Rico Trench
556:
542:
456:
274:
252:, and potentially
71:
6029:
6028:
6007:
6006:
5806:
5805:
5485:genetic resources
5421:genetic resources
5056:
5055:
4964:Natural resources
4930:
4929:
4857:Hierarchy of life
4823:
4822:
4749:Earth Summit 2002
4732:Lisbon Principles
4704:Our Common Future
4382:Sustainable yield
4188:Civic agriculture
3941:Green consumption
3878:Global governance
3800:
3799:
3622:Pollution control
3384:
3383:
3362:
3361:
3035:chemical elements
2941:ongoing programme
2861:978-1-4516-0811-3
2753:978-0-387-95289-5
2548:(7514): 244–246.
2374:Nature Geoscience
1762:on 1 October 2018
1608:Nature Geoscience
1234:978-81-8069-719-7
1209:978-3-11-022835-9
1176:Suess, E. (1875)
1087:978-0-13-250882-7
719:Antarctic Circles
587:Rüppell's vulture
540:Rüppell's vulture
510:Nuvvuagittuq Belt
506:hydrothermal vent
490:Western Australia
475:Western Greenland
460:earliest evidence
420:Earth's biosphere
367:Narrow definition
329:interdisciplinary
173:) is virtually a
16:(Redirected from
6064:
6019:
6018:
5970:
5917:Natural heritage
5876:overexploitation
5815:
5549:
5495:herbal medicines
5475:FAO Plant Treaty
5015:
4992:
4977:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4934:
4923:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4827:
4790:
4789:
4778:
4777:
4722:Agenda 21 (1992)
4693:
4658:Natural resource
4545:Organic movement
4520:Impact investing
4239:Hydroelectricity
4213:Sustainable diet
4165:Renewable energy
4160:Carbon footprint
4142:Invasive species
4079:Natural building
4030:World population
3991:Marketing myopia
3951:Over-consumption
3921:Circular economy
3916:Anti-consumerism
3873:Environmentalism
3827:
3820:
3813:
3804:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3764:
3763:
3745:
3744:
3667:Waste management
3657:Urban metabolism
3652:Sewage treatment
3642:Renewable energy
3484:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3388:
3374:
3373:
3246:
3236:
3176:tropical cyclone
3126:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2903:energy resources
2866:
2865:
2845:
2839:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2683:(617): 107–114.
2668:
2662:
2661:
2643:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2487:(5): 1810–1813.
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2440:Morelle, Rebecca
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2395:10.1038/ngeo1773
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2314:. Archived from
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1995:. Archived from
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1919:(1 March 2017).
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1873:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1793:(47): 14518–21.
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1758:. Archived from
1756:Associated Press
1737:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:10.1038/ngeo2025
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1557:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1458:(4): 3608–3627.
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1322:. Archived from
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1155:. Archived from
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1019:
1013:
1003:
966:Shadow biosphere
909:
904:
903:
902:
895:
890:
889:
888:
881:
876:
875:
837:Milky Way galaxy
737:Annual variation
595:bar-headed geese
562:ice caps to the
301:Matthew F. Maury
251:
245:
232:
195:biophysiological
154:
147:
137:
130:
112:
105:
95:
88:
21:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6003:
5968:
5948:
5934:Systems ecology
5900:Natural capital
5802:
5687:
5676:reclaimed water
5538:
5500:UPOV Convention
5348:
5143:
5052:
5026:
5022:Ozone depletion
5013:
4990:
4966:
4961:
4931:
4926:
4867:
4859:
4854:
4824:
4819:
4766:
4691:
4683:
4682:Agreements and
4677:
4614:
4418:Climate finance
4386:
4313:
4269:Reclaimed water
4222:
4174:
4146:
4103:
4057:
4043:Family planning
4024:
3897:
3854:
3836:
3831:
3801:
3796:
3733:
3707:
3671:
3595:
3586:Systems ecology
3485:
3476:
3437:Biogeochemistry
3420:
3415:
3385:
3380:
3358:
3275:
3244:
3225:
3182:
3124:
3104:
3095:Gaia hypothesis
3085:Plate tectonics
3046:
2996:
2990:
2928:
2875:
2873:Further reading
2870:
2869:
2862:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2837:Wayback Machine
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2641:10.2307/1313164
2617:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2563:10.1038/512244a
2533:
2532:
2528:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2239:"The Biosphere"
2236:
2235:
2231:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1999:on 2 March 2017
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1856:(7643): 60–64.
1845:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1750:. Yonkers, NY:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1692:(12): 1103–24.
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1291:Current Biology
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1249:Overbye, Dennis
1247:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
905:
900:
898:
891:
886:
884:
877:
870:
867:
821:
753:
739:
661:Challenger Deep
534:
471:metasedimentary
448:
427:
422:
369:
321:ecology history
282:Earth's surface
262:
247:
241:
230:
171:spherical shell
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6070:
6068:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6047:Superorganisms
6044:
6034:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5969:(perpetuation)
5964:
5958:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5922:Nature reserve
5919:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5818:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5555:
5553:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5399:climate change
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5367:Bioprospecting
5364:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5012:Clean Air Act
5004:
4999:
4994:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4784:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4757:(Rio+20, 2012)
4752:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4503:Infrastructure
4500:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:Eco-capitalism
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4350:Sustainability
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4318:Accountability
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3976:Sustainability
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Anthropization
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:Sustainability
3832:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3729:Technogaianism
3726:
3724:Sustainability
3721:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3490:Related fields
3487:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2927:
2926:External links
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:global warming
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2840:
2821:
2790:
2759:
2752:
2732:
2707:
2663:
2618:Salisbury FB;
2610:
2577:
2526:
2467:
2431:
2400:
2381:(4): 284–288.
2362:
2328:
2303:
2282:(2): 279–285.
2262:
2237:Staff (2014).
2229:
2196:Adv. Space Res
2186:
2143:
2122:
2089:
2046:
2010:
1977:
1944:
1908:
1833:
1773:
1729:
1667:
1634:
1597:
1548:(1671): 1671.
1526:
1493:
1436:
1403:
1370:
1345:Staff (2020).
1337:
1276:
1240:
1233:
1215:
1208:
1182:
1169:
1140:
1104:
1086:
1063:
1014:
997:
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:
983:
978:
976:Soil biomantle
973:
968:
963:
961:Rare biosphere
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
916:Climate system
912:
911:
910:
896:
893:Ecology portal
882:
866:
863:
820:
817:
816:
815:
805:
798:
779:
752:
749:
738:
735:
688:deep biosphere
657:Mariana Trench
603:mountain goats
553:Galapagos Rift
533:
530:
498:microorganisms
447:
444:
426:
423:
421:
418:
368:
365:
317:Arthur Tansley
305:Earth sciences
297:Charles Darwin
261:
258:
183:photosynthesis
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6069:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6022:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6000:
5999:Non-renewable
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5939:Urban ecology
5937:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:Privatization
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:Surface water
5664:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5168:
5167:peak farmland
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4922:
4918:
4917:Macromolecule
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4738:Earth Charter
4736:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Environmental
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Refurbishment
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:Organizations
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Green economy
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Eco-socialism
4446:
4444:
4443:Eco-investing
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:Disinvestment
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Marine energy
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Cultured meat
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Simple living
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3793:
3792:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3591:Urban ecology
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3245:(abiogenesis)
3241:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Earth science
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2893:0-7167-0945-7
2890:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2879:The Biosphere
2877:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:Amri Wandel,
2825:
2822:
2809:
2805:
2804:The Telegraph
2801:
2794:
2791:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2733:
2721:
2718:. Ies.or.jp.
2717:
2711:
2708:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2634:(9): 575–85.
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2318:on 2012-08-22
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:(8): 105–18.
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2028:Science Daily
2024:
2017:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1159:on 2011-10-02
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
992:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
908:
897:
894:
883:
880:
874:
869:
864:
862:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Earth analogs
830:
826:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
773:
770:
769:
768:
766:
757:
750:
743:
736:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
684:
678:
674:
670:
669:Earth's crust
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
550:
549:Xenophyophore
546:
538:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
480:
479:microbial mat
476:
472:
468:
465:
461:
452:
445:
443:
441:
436:
432:
424:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
383:
378:
374:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
271:
266:
259:
257:
255:
250:
244:
238:
236:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:living beings
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
146:
142:
139:
136:
129:
125:
122:
121:Ancient Greek
118:
114:
111:
104:
100:
97:
94:
87:
83:
80:
79:Ancient Greek
76:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6042:Oceanography
5997: /
5871:Exploitation
5756:Conservation
5699:Desalination
5634:
5527:conservation
5378:
5362:Biodiversity
5310:conservation
5157:Agricultural
5085:Fossil fuels
4919: >
4915: >
4911: >
4907: >
4903: >
4899: >
4895: >
4893:Organ system
4891: >
4887: >
4883: >
4879: >
4875: >
4871: >
4868:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4779:
4703:
4468:Construction
4391:Applications
4121:
4109:Biodiversity
3868:Anthropocene
3789:
3777:
3765:
3746:
3647:Road ecology
3600:Applications
3576:Radioecology
3539:epidemiology
3472:Soil science
3467:Oceanography
3351:
3284:Biodiversity
3270:astrobiology
3255:
2992:Elements of
2951:Paul Crutzen
2913:trends, and
2907:solar energy
2896:
2882:
2878:
2850:
2843:
2824:
2814:25 September
2812:. Retrieved
2803:
2793:
2783:25 September
2781:. Retrieved
2772:
2762:
2742:
2735:
2724:. Retrieved
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2680:
2676:
2666:
2631:
2627:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2590:
2580:
2545:
2539:
2529:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2447:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2403:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2320:. Retrieved
2316:the original
2306:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2242:
2232:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2102:
2092:
2066:. Retrieved
2059:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2026:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1990:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1957:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1924:
1917:Zimmer, Carl
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1853:
1849:
1836:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1745:
1689:
1685:Astrobiology
1683:
1676:Noffke, Nora
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1647:
1637:
1615:(1): 25–28.
1612:
1606:
1600:
1545:
1539:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1508:Live Science
1506:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1455:
1449:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1416:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1383:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1350:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1295:
1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1256:
1243:
1224:
1218:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1152:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1120:
1113:Zimmer, Carl
1107:
1096:. Retrieved
1076:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1009:
1001:
981:Wardian case
856:
849:
822:
795:Soviet Union
762:
696:
681:
630:
618:inside rocks
607:
584:
568:microbiology
557:
502:microfossils
457:
431:living cells
428:
405:
403:
392:
386:
380:
370:
357:geochemistry
345:biogeography
290:
278:Eduard Suess
275:
239:
187:solar energy
151:
148:
141:
134:
131:
124:
116:
109:
106:
99:
92:
89:
82:
74:
72:
5990:Nationalism
5962:Common-pool
5603:Hydrosphere
5596:remediation
5581:Groundwater
5176:Degradation
4921:Biomolecule
4881:Biocoenosis
4684:conferences
4555:Procurement
4498:Development
4398:Advertising
4360:Measurement
4294:Tidal power
4289:Small hydro
4254:Micro hydro
4117:Biosecurity
4069:Appropriate
3998:Sustainable
3981:Advertising
3903:Consumption
3893:Development
3791:WikiProject
3637:Remediation
3452:Geosciences
3425:Main fields
3335:Prokaryotes
3123:Atmosphere
3118:Meteorology
2937:GLOBIO.info
2917:(including
2905:(including
2620:Gitelson JI
2460:15 December
2414:LiveScience
2345:LiveScience
2255:10 November
2039:10 November
1901:19 February
1660:15 November
1363:January 17,
1006:"Biosphere"
936:Homeostasis
926:Thomas Gold
845:abiogenesis
787:Krasnoyarsk
772:Biosphere 2
622:world ocean
614:hot springs
494:biotic life
473:rocks from
406:biospherics
388:hydrosphere
341:meteorology
243:Biosphere 2
215:hydrosphere
207:lithosphere
51:false color
6036:Categories
5985:Extraction
5944:Wilderness
5905:accounting
5888:Management
5854:ecological
5842:tragedy of
5761:Peak water
5746:Efficiency
5719:Sanitation
5661:Stormwater
5654:harvesting
5630:Irrigation
5532:management
5490:gene banks
5431:management
5409:management
5325:resilience
5291:phosphorus
5247:industrial
5225:Management
5201:soundscape
5107:Geothermal
4885:Population
4575:Sanitation
4530:Livelihood
4453:Ecovillage
4438:Eco-cities
4355:Accounting
4264:Pico hydro
4244:Hydropower
4062:Technology
3860:Principles
3754:scientists
3216:Wilderness
3069:geological
2911:population
2726:2011-11-08
2701:2009-11-14
2628:BioScience
2322:2012-12-18
2104:BBC Online
1555:1911.08092
1519:1 December
1486:1 December
1429:1 December
1396:1 December
1330:1 December
1269:1 December
1163:2010-11-12
1098:2008-09-14
993:References
921:Cryosphere
841:TRAPPIST-1
692:Antarctica
653:Barophilic
641:prokaryote
394:atmosphere
337:geophysics
293:geological
235:biogenesis
231:non-living
227:biopoiesis
219:atmosphere
211:cryosphere
199:ecological
185:capturing
159:ecosystems
119:(from
77:(from
6057:Biosphere
5995:Renewable
5980:Depletion
5967:Conflict
5849:Economics
5827:enclosure
5786:Resources
5766:Pollution
5683:Watershed
5586:pollution
5517:Seed bank
5512:Rangeland
5394:Fisheries
5379:Biosphere
5372:biopiracy
5315:fertility
5191:cityscape
5186:Landscape
5093:peak coal
5080:Resources
5031:Emissions
4909:Organelle
4877:Ecosystem
4869:Biosphere
4668:Recycling
4663:Planetary
4653:Materials
4648:Landscape
4633:Fisheries
4600:Transport
4525:Landscape
4508:Marketing
4483:Gardening
4423:Community
4370:Reporting
4234:Footprint
4122:Biosphere
3632:Recycling
3502:Chemistry
3462:Limnology
3457:Hydrology
3294:Eukaryota
3261:Hierarchy
3256:Biosphere
3221:Wildfires
3211:Radiation
3201:Ecosystem
3141:Moonlight
3075:Structure
3030:particles
2773:Space.com
2603:21 August
1766:8 October
1465:1412.6230
1133:3 October
956:Noosphere
829:microbial
591:altitudes
572:microbial
486:sandstone
399:ecosphere
382:geosphere
361:hydrology
349:evolution
333:astronomy
315:" by Sir
313:ecosystem
191:terawatts
117:ecosphere
75:biosphere
57:Project,
6021:Category
5954:Resource
5893:adaptive
5791:improved
5751:Conflict
5736:Security
5731:Scarcity
5724:improved
5714:Leaching
5591:recharge
5571:Drinking
5522:Wildlife
5389:Bushmeat
5384:Bushfood
5337:planning
5242:gemstone
5237:Minerals
5218:property
5206:viewshed
5196:seascape
5127:sunlight
5101:peak oil
5097:peak gas
4889:Organism
4781:Category
4580:Sourcing
4515:Greening
4408:Business
4284:Security
4279:Scarcity
3748:Category
3712:See also
3698:Glossary
3688:Journals
3376:Category
3345:bacteria
3328:protista
3289:Organism
3156:Sunlight
3002:Universe
2833:Archived
2808:Archived
2777:Archived
2720:Archived
2695:Archived
2658:11540303
2597:Archived
2572:25143097
2521:11607462
2454:Archived
2449:BBC News
2424:17 March
2418:Archived
2355:17 March
2349:Archived
2249:Archived
2224:11542695
2181:11542696
2115:11 March
2109:Archived
2078:cite web
2068:11 March
2033:Archived
1964:Archived
1959:BBC News
1931:Archived
1892:Archived
1880:28252057
1827:26483481
1724:24205812
1654:Archived
1592:32015390
1513:Archived
1480:Archived
1423:Archived
1390:Archived
1357:Archived
1320:37827153
1263:Archived
1127:Archived
1092:Archived
1058:10670014
865:See also
711:latitude
626:deep sea
526:universe
467:graphite
464:biogenic
425:Overview
288:dwells.
67:ORBIMAGE
5822:Commons
5811:Related
5776:Quality
5692:Aspects
5618:glacial
5559:Aquifer
5465:Pasture
5416:Forests
5342:reserve
5117:Nuclear
5087: (
5043:Trading
5038:Airshed
4814:Degrees
4807:Studies
4800:Science
4595:Tourism
4488:Geopark
4478:Finance
4473:Fashion
4048:Control
3936:Ethical
3845:Outline
3767:Commons
3683:Degrees
3571:Physics
3566:Geodesy
3497:Biology
3442:Ecology
3353:Viruses
3340:archaea
3316:animals
3268: (
3266:Biology
3243:Origin
3196:Ecology
3171:tornado
3131:Climate
3125:(Earth)
3110:Weather
3080:Geology
3067: (
3065:History
2650:1313164
2550:Bibcode
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1649:AP News
1617:Bibcode
1583:6997386
1560:Bibcode
1300:Bibcode
1049:1692713
809:MELiSSA
791:Siberia
776:Arizona
731:equator
576:biomass
564:equator
482:fossils
414:Martian
373:biomass
353:geology
325:ecology
303:on the
223:evolved
152:sphaîra
110:sphaîra
55:SeaWiFS
32:spheres
5832:global
5796:policy
5741:Supply
5704:Floods
5671:Sewage
5644:Marine
5636:huerta
5470:Plants
5460:Meadow
5320:health
5298:rights
5286:copper
5264:mining
5162:arable
5062:Energy
5002:Indoor
4901:Tissue
4763:(2015)
4740:(2000)
4734:(1997)
4718:(1992)
4706:(1987)
4638:Forest
4540:Market
4535:Living
4152:Energy
4008:Market
3304:plants
3136:Clouds
3100:Future
3090:Oceans
3042:Change
3025:Matter
3020:Energy
2994:nature
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5613:bergs
5576:Fresh
5544:Water
5257:metal
5181:Field
5132:shade
5122:Solar
5112:Hydro
4997:Index
4897:Organ
4873:Biome
4793:Lists
4673:Waste
4585:Space
4493:Green
4227:Water
3986:Brand
3850:Index
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3507:green
3323:fungi
3311:fauna
3299:flora
3206:Field
3161:Tides
3052:Earth
3010:Space
2939:, an
2646:JSTOR
2512:43253
1895:(PDF)
1884:S2CID
1846:(PDF)
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707:fauna
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560:polar
488:from
377:biota
319:(see
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128:οἶκος
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5859:land
5837:land
5649:Rain
5505:wood
5480:food
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5354:Life
5305:Soil
5281:peak
5274:sand
5149:Land
5139:Wind
5014:(US)
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4180:Food
3231:Life
3166:Wind
3151:Snow
3146:Rain
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2889:ISBN
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2816:2017
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2605:2014
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2257:2014
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2177:PMID
2117:2017
2084:link
2070:2017
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2005:2017
1972:2017
1939:2017
1903:2019
1876:PMID
1823:PMID
1768:2018
1720:PMID
1662:2013
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1521:2023
1488:2023
1431:2023
1418:CNET
1398:2023
1365:2020
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