1262:" brought charges of domestic terrorism to eleven people associated with the ELF and ALF. "The indictment includes charges related to arson, conspiracy, use of destructive devices, and destruction of an energy facility." Operation Backfire was a result of the 1998 burning of a ski resort in Vail, Colorado by the group, "The Family." The incident resulted in $ 26 million in damages. The FBI joined together with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to convict the individuals and any future eco-terrorist groups.
826:(FBI) defines eco-terrorism as "...the use or threatened use of violence of a criminal nature against innocent victims or their property by an environmentally oriented, subnational group for environmental-political reasons, or aimed at an audience beyond the target, often of a symbolic nature." The FBI attributed eco-terrorists to US $ 200 million in property damage between 2003 and 2008. A majority of states in the US have introduced laws aimed at penalizing eco-terrorism.
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1255:(ALEC), proposed the "Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act" which defined an "animal rights or ecological terrorist organization" as "two or more persons organized for the purpose of supporting any politically motivated activity intended to obstruct or deter any person from participating in an activity involving animals or an activity involving natural resources." The legislation was not enacted.
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Land was something that was meant to be profited and capitalized off of. Oftentimes natives would engage in warfare to protect their land. This is similar to the way that modern day environmentalists fight to protect land from major corporations aiming to deforest land to build factories. An example of
Europeans infringing on the rights of natives can be found in the colonial administration of
866:, or War of the Maidens. The War of the Demoiselles was a series of peasant revolts in response to the new forest codes implemented by the French government in 1827. In May 1829 groups of peasant men dressed in women's clothes terrorized forest guards and charcoal-makers who they felt had wrongfully taken the land to exploit it. The revolts persisted for four years until May 1832.
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reasons and 'without adequate basis' and improperly kept information about activist groups in its files. Among the groups monitored were the Thomas Merton Center, a
Pittsburgh peace group; People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals; and Greenpeace USA. Activists affiliated with Greenpeace were improperly put on a terrorist watch list, the report said.
942:, justifies destructive or violent direct action as necessary evils in response to the lack of action regarding environmentalist efforts. Rosebraugh cites a "choice-of-evils defense" and asks whether it is a "greater evil to destroy this property of this corporation or to choose to allow these corporations to continue to destroy the environment"
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rights of the forest; however, this is considered a pre-history rather than an actual act of eco-terrorism due to the fact that the peasants weren't environmentalist. The peasants committed their acts to protect the environment because they felt they had a claim to it due to it being their main source of income and way of life for generations.
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of victims (from international corporations to lumber companies to animal testing facilities to genetic research firms); and their increasingly violent rhetoric and tactics (one recent communiqué sent to a
California product testing company said: "You might be able to protect your buildings, but can you protect the homes of every employee?").
878:. When the French colonized Algeria they took the land from natives because they believed they were not using it properly, claiming that their nomadic lifestyle was damaging to the environment in order to justify their usurping of the land; however, the natives of Algeria engaged in battles in order to try and keep their land and lifestyle.
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centralized authority or chain-of-command." Essentially this consists of independent cells which operate autonomously, sharing goals, but having no central leaders or formal organizational structure. Those who wish to join are typically encouraged to start their own cell, rather than seek out other members and jeopardize their secrecy.
1143:, seal hunting, and fishing operations with direct action tactics. In 1986, the group caused nearly US$ 1.8 million in damage to equipment used by Icelandic whalers. In 1992, they sabotaged two Japanese ships that were drift-net fishing for squid by cutting their nets and throwing stink bombs on board the boats.
949:. Deep ecologists believe that human self-realization must come from identification with the greater environment. Deep ecology calls for complete solidarity with the environment and therefore categorizes many conservation groups as "shallow", encouraging more drastic approaches to environmental activism.
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of 1992 it became a federal crime to "cause more than $ 10,000 in damage while engaged in "physical disruption to the functioning of an animal enterprise by intentionally stealing, damaging, or causing the loss of any property used by the animal enterprise." In 2006, this was updated and renamed the
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In 2008 the
Federal Bureau of Investigation said eco-terrorists represented "one of the most serious domestic terrorism threats in the U.S. today" citing the sheer volume of their crimes (over 2,000 since 1979); the huge economic impact (losses of more than US$ 110 million since 1979); the wide range
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were injured when a motion-detecting pipe bomb detonated beneath Bari's driver seat. Authorities alleged that the bomb was being transported and accidentally detonated. The pair sued investigators, alleging false arrest, illegal search, slanderous statements and conspiracy. In 2002, a jury found that
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Eco-terrorism is often defined as the use of violence to further environmental policy change. Eco-terrorists are willing to inflict emotional and physical distress on their victims if they believe it will further their environmental goals. This more radical version of environmental action is illegal,
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is a central tenet of deep ecology which is described as "a belief that human beings are just an ordinary member of the biological community" and that all living things should have rights and deserve protection under the law. Other eco-terrorists are motivated by different aspects of deep ecology,
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Instances of pre-ecoterrorism can also be found in the age of colonialism and imperialism. Native and indigenous people didn't have the same view on land as property that
Europeans did. When the Europeans colonized other foreign lands they believed that the natives were not using the land properly.
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This particular instance is considered an act of eco-terrorism due to the fact that the peasants used tactics similar to modern day eco-terrorist groups. The peasants of Ariege masked their identities and committed acts of terror. They specifically targeted government officials who infringed on the
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movement, which gained currency during the 1960s. Ideas that arose from radical environmentalism are "based on the belief that capitalism, patriarchal society, and the industrial revolution and its subsequent innovations were responsible for the despoliation of nature". Radical environmentalism is
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The Earth
Liberation Front, founded in 1992, joined with the Animal Liberation Front, which had its beginnings in England in 1979. They have been connected primarily with arson but claim that they work to harm neither human nor animal. A recent example of ELF arson was the March 2008 "torching of
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characterizes these groups, namely ELF, with having "leaderless resistance" which he describes as "a technique by which terrorist groups can carry out violent acts while reducing the risk of infiltration by law enforcement elements. The basic principle of leaderless resistance is that there is no
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Many radical environmentalists contest the FBI's definition of eco-terrorism for being inaccurate to other definitions of terrorism such as that of the
International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism which states that acts of terrorism are only those purposely directed at civilians. Radical
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But the report cited what it called other "troubling" FBI practices in its monitoring of domestic groups in the years between the
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and 2006. In some cases, Fine said, agents began investigations of people affiliated with activist groups for 'factually weak'
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reported that the "FBI improperly opened and extended investigations of some U.S. activist groups and put members of an environmental advocacy organization on a terrorist watch list, even though they were planning nonviolent civil disobedience, the
Justice Department said Monday."
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luxury homes in the swank
Seattle suburb of Woodinville". A banner left at the scene claimed the housing development was not green as advertised, and was signed ELF. In September 2009 ELF claimed responsibility for the destruction of two radio towers in Seattle. The
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was not coined until the 1960s; however, the history of ecoterrorism precedes that time. Although not referred to as ecoterrorism at the time, there have been incidents in history of people using terror to protect or defend the environment. It can be seen in the
898:, which is illegal as this includes crimes against property which could lead to harm to humans. In the United States, the FBI's definition of terrorism includes acts of violence against property, which makes most acts of sabotage fall in the realm of
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in 1984. Tree spiking involves hammering small spikes into the trunk of a tree that may be logged with the intention of damaging the chainsaw or mill blades. This may also seriously injure the logger. Only one case of serious injury has been widely
1527:"Peter Sahlins. <italic>Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth-Century France</italic>. (Harvard Historical Studies, number 115.) Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1994. Pp. xiv, 188. Cloth $ 29.95, paper $ 14.95".
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was freed from a 2007 conviction after it was disclosed the FBI operated a program to lure unsuspecting activists via "blatant entrapment." The 2007 conviction had been cited by the FBI in its 2008 claim eco-terrorism was a significant threat.
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environmentalists also criticize conflation of eco-terrorism with ecotage by governments and media as rhetorical tools to take advantage of preconceived notions about terrorism and apply them to acts which do not fit what terrorism really is.
1279:— that "agents targeted domestic groups based on their exercise of First Amendment rights." The investigation was conducted in response to allegations that the FBI had targeted groups on such grounds during the Bush Administration. The
1186:, also known as the Unabomber, to environmental activists, and say that the 23 injuries and three deaths through letter-bombs were the acts of an independent eco-terrorist. Among those making such accusations were ABC,
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also characterized by the belief that human society is responsible for the depletion of the environment and, if current society is left unchecked, will lead to the ultimate complete degradation of the environment.
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Unclear, however, is the extent informants and controversial FBI entrapment operations play in creating eco-terrorist groups and furthering criminal acts. In 2015, so-called "green anarchist"
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was mentioned in FBI testimony as a group that was responsible for a series of arsons in Arizona. Using similar tactics to the ELF, they have caused more than US$ 5 million in damages.
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However, the Bush Justice Department, including the FBI, was criticized in 2010 for improper investigations and prosecutions of left-leaning US protest groups such as Greenpeace.
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by the 109th congress. The updated act included causing personal harm and the losses incurred on "secondary targets" as well as adding to the penalties for these crimes.
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in their animal rights extremism archives compiled a comprehensive list of major animal rights extremist and eco-criminal acts of terrorism since 1983.
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1949:
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FBI agents and Oakland police officers violated constitutional rights to free speech and protection from unlawful searches of Earth First! organizers.
2535:"Agroterrorism and Ecoterrorism: A Survey of Indo- American Approaches Under Law and Policy to Prevent and Defend Against the Potential Threats Ahead"
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A number of "local" organizations have also been indicted under US Federal laws related to eco-terrorism. These include, among others, the group
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The FBI has stated that "since 2005…investigations have resulted in indictments against 30 individuals." In 2006, an FBI case labeled "
1517:
Long, Douglas. Ecoterrorism (Library in a Book). New York: Facts on File, 2004. Print. Page 19-22, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 154, 154, 48, 49-55.
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reports for unjustified surveillance (and placement on the Terrorism Watchlist) of about 2000 members of animal-rights groups such as
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1979:
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Stacey Renee Davis (2002). "Turning French Convicts into Colonists: The Second Empire's Political Prisoners in Algeria, 1852-1858".
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A report, filed by Inspector General Glenn A. Fine, found the FBI to be not guilty of the most serious charge — according to the
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in 2001 named the ELF as "one of the most active extremist elements in the United States", and a "terrorist threat." The
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2003:
984:(ELF). The ELF has been attributed with arsons of sites such as housing developments, SUV dealerships, and chain stores.
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Sabotage involves destroying, or threatening to destroy, property, and in this case is also known as monkeywrenching or
334:
2138:"After 11 years, jury vindicates Earth First pair FBI, Oakland officers must pay $ 4.4 million for civil rights abuses"
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There are a wide variety of tactics used by eco-terrorists and groups associated with eco-terrorism. Examples include:
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as compared to its more moderate forerunner of eco-activism which is not illegal and would be classified as a form of
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343:
132:
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1750:
Dunlap, Riley E. (1992). "Deep Ecology and Radical Environmentalism". In Dunlap, Riley E.; Mertig, Angela G. (eds.).
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69:
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and uses protests, sit ins and other civil actions to effect environmental change. Eco-terrorism can also include
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Eagan, S.P. 1996. 'From spikes to bombs: The rise of eco-terrorism'. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 19: 1-18
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during campaigns has been associated with the origins of eco-terrorism. In 1990, Earth First! organizers
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Spiking trees became a federal offense in the United States when it was added to the Drug Act in 1988.
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1674:
1375:"ecoterrorism - definition of ecoterrorism by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"
1116:, The Coalition to Save the Preserves, and the Hardesty Avengers. In 2010, the FBI was criticized in
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Leader, Stefan H.; Peter Probst (2003). "The Earth Liberation Front and Environmental Terrorism".
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Many of the groups accused of eco-terrorism spawn from the radical environmentalist philosophy of
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began in 1980. Although the group has been credited with becoming more mainstream, its use of
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1036:– arrested by the FBI for conspiracy to sabotage a powerline that fed a water pumping station
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2037:"Daniel McGowan Becomes the First New Yorker Convicted of Ecoterrorism - New York Magazine"
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in the context of eco-terrorism. The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society intervenes against
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Crime in the Name of Animal Rights: List of animal rights and eco-criminal acts since 1983
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1357:– FBI operation against the "Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Conspiracy" (EMETIC)
1205:. Another example is the Hardesty Avengers who spiked trees in the Hardesty Mountains in
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2310:"Role of FBI informant in eco-terrorism case probed after documents hint at entrapment"
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Organizations that have been accused of eco-terrorism in the United States include the
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like the goal to return the environment to its "natural", i.e., pre-industrial, state.
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913:. Many acts of sabotage involve the damage of equipment and unmanned facilities using
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1950:"Reassessing the Bunbury Bombing: Juxtaposition of Political and Media Narratives"
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1047:– accused several times for sabotaging oil and gas wells in Alberta, Canada
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1624:"Perspectives on Ecoterrorism: Catalysts, Conflations, and Casualties"
2932:
2004:"Background Report: Discovery Communications Building Hostage-Taking"
1754:
American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990
522:
1018:
that involves sabotaging equipment that is environmentally damaging.
1663:"Reframing Ecotage as Ecoterrorism: News and the Discourse of Fear"
998:). While carried out by environmental activists, the status of the
2527:
Problemi e prospettive dell'ecologia radicale e dell'ecoterrorismo
995:
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914:
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990:, while rare, has been used by eco-terrorists. For example, the
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that arose out of the same school of thought that brought about
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36:
52:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1068:– convicted of participation in an arson at a lumber company
27:
Act of violence committed in support of environmental causes
2225:"Activists topple towers, claim dangers of AM radio waves"
1081:, do not have a hierarchal structure, and typically favor
2195:"Ecoterrorism Suspected in House Fires in Seattle Suburb"
2168:"FBI: Eco-Terrorism Remains No. 1 Domestic Terror Threat"
1251:
In 2003, a conservative legislative lobbying group, the
980:
is a tactic most associated with recent activity in the
994:
construction site was attacked with anti-tank rockets (
61:
2432:"Eco-Terror Indictments: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11"
2279:"Putting Intel to Work Against ELF and ALF Terrorists"
1919:"Antitank Rockets Are Fired at French Nuclear Reactor"
2483:
2481:
1077:
Organizations accused of eco-terrorism are generally
1023:
Notable individuals convicted of eco-terrorist crimes
1002:
in Australia as an act of terrorism has been debated.
969:
is a common tactic that was first used by members of
34:, terrorist attacks directed against the environment.
2855:
2804:
2678:
2647:
2606:
2079:"FBI Spied on PETA, Greenpeace, anti-war activists"
2377:"S. 3880 (109th): Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act"
2077:Cloherty, Jack; Ryan, Jason (September 20, 2010).
1863:
1861:
1859:
1751:
2063:Wyant, Dan. "Spike Hunt is Battling a Deadline."
925:The thought behind eco-terrorism rises from the
2827:Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas
2273:
2271:
1285:
882:Eco-terrorism, civil disobedience, and sabotage
2107:"Justice Dept. accuses 11 of US eco-terrorism"
1877:
1875:
1873:
1758:. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis. p.
2582:
2336:, National Animal Interest Alliance, May 2014
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
786:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2407:"ALEC - Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act"
2059:
2057:
1818:"Deep ecology and radical environmentalism"
1135:, an FBI official mentioned the actions of
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2575:
2567:
1959:. Vol. 5, no. 1. pp. 27–47.
1325:Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network
793:
779:
611:
150:
99:
2170:. Fox News. 31 March 2008. Archived from
1599:
1597:
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
2490:"FBI probes were improper, Justice says"
248:Special-interest / Single-issue
1948:O'Donnell, Kate; Ewart, Jacqui (2017).
1710:"Covert Repertoires: Ecotage in the UK"
1513:
1511:
1366:
660:
625:
281:
246:
191:
111:
2521:The History and Impact of Earth First!
1708:Plows, A; Wall, D; Doherty, B (2004).
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
596:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
2822:Federation of Green Parties of Africa
2500:from the original on 11 November 2012
2387:from the original on 21 February 2013
2148:from the original on February 9, 2010
2117:from the original on October 10, 2008
2016:from the original on 27 December 2011
1253:American Legislative Exchange Council
7:
2442:from the original on 2 December 2012
2308:Plinkington, Ed (January 13, 2015).
2205:from the original on 18 October 2015
2136:Zamora, Jim Hermon (June 12, 2002).
2105:Savage, Charlie (January 21, 2006).
816:causes, against people or property.
2832:Federation of Young European Greens
2488:Markon, Jerry (21 September 2010).
2436:The Federal Bureau of Investigation
2035:Grigoriadis, Vanessa (2007-06-18).
1398:. Merriam-webster.com. 2010-08-13.
2347:"18 USC Chapter 91 - Public Lands"
2231:from the original on 29 March 2012
1622:Amster, Randall (September 2006).
1096:Organizations in the United States
25:
2251:"Exploding ABC's Uni bomber Hoax"
2193:Yardley, William (4 March 2008).
1929:from the original on 29 July 2017
1472:. Virginian-Pilot. Archived from
1226:National Animal Interest Alliance
1137:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
1110:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
812:which is committed in support of
3140:List of environmental incidents
2289:from the original on 5 July 2017
1884:Terrorism and Political Violence
1299:
1241:Animal Enterprise Protection Act
41:
2283:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2257:from the original on 2012-03-30
2043:from the original on 2010-12-12
1822:Society & Natural Resources
1783:Sullivan, Robert (1998-12-20).
1439:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1433:Jarboe, James F. (2002-02-12).
1402:from the original on 2010-04-11
1246:Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act
1177:Coalition to Save the Preserves
824:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2812:Asia Pacific Greens Federation
1917:Prial, Frank J. (1982-01-20).
1529:The American Historical Review
1203:Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty
896:in the name of the environment
1:
2691:Bright green environmentalism
2462:"Update - Operation Backfire"
1661:Wagner, Travis (March 2008).
1605:"The Threat of Eco-Terrorism"
1464:Baldwin, Brent (2008-03-24).
1435:"The Threat of Eco-Terrorism"
2903:Corporate political activism
2409:. 2005-12-25. Archived from
1970:Edward, Abbey (2014-09-16).
2696:Criticisms of globalization
1785:"The Face of Eco-Terrorism"
1729:10.1080/1474283042000266128
1667:Environmental Communication
1628:Contemporary Justice Review
1131:In a 2002 testimony to the
1085:approaches to their goals.
1008:is a tactic popularized by
829:Eco-terrorism is a form of
591:Designated terrorist groups
64:, discuss the issue on the
3285:
2639:Politics of climate change
1816:Devall, Bill (July 1991).
1207:Willamette National Forest
760:Anti-terrorism legislation
29:
2878:Climate change mitigation
2614:Climate change litigation
2548:: 223–261. Archived from
2227:. CNN. 4 September 2009.
1896:10.1080/09546550390449872
1842:10.1080/08941929109380758
1687:10.1080/17524030801945617
1640:10.1080/10282580600827991
755:International conventions
662:State-sponsored terrorism
3264:Radical environmentalism
3015:Environmental skepticism
2918:Ecological modernization
2847:World Ecological Parties
1232:US governmental response
1182:Media reports have tied
1079:grassroots organizations
927:radical environmentalism
831:radical environmentalism
618:Violent non-state actors
30:Not to be confused with
2863:Carbon fee and dividend
2142:San Francisco Chronicle
1717:Social Movement Studies
1560:French Colonial History
1537:10.1086/ahr/101.1.192-a
1377:. Thefreedictionary.org
1345:Environmental terrorism
1335:Ecoterrorism in fiction
1118:U.S. Justice Department
1102:Animal Liberation Front
936:Animal Liberation Front
360:Clandestine cell system
32:environmental terrorism
2953:effects of agriculture
2533:Govern, Kevin (2009).
1972:The monkey wrench gang
1290:
1106:Earth Liberation Front
1015:The Monkey Wrench Gang
982:Earth Liberation Front
940:Earth Liberation Front
934:, spokesperson of the
528:Propaganda of the deed
3249:Political pejoratives
3034:Fossil fuel phase-out
2898:Conservation movement
1572:10.1353/fch.2011.0013
744:Response to terrorism
365:Leaderless resistance
3254:Political neologisms
2913:Ecological economics
2817:European Green Party
2781:Green libertarianism
2665:Grassroots democracy
2529:(Aracne Press, 2012)
2009:. Start. p. 1.
1000:1976 Bunbury bombing
183:Right-wing/Far-right
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
3114:transport hierarchy
2958:effects of aviation
2842:Global Young Greens
2721:Ecoauthoritarianism
2686:Alter-globalization
2525:Gagliano Giuseppe,
2494:The Washington Post
2438:. 20 January 2006.
2413:on October 24, 2007
2357:on 15 December 2012
2253:. FAIR. June 1996.
1834:1991SNatR...4..247D
1679:2008Ecomm...2...25W
1320:Anarcho-primitivism
1268:The Washington Post
958:Examples of tactics
864:War of Desmoiselles
765:Terrorism insurance
566:Rockets and mortars
306:Resistance movement
3136:Low-carbon economy
2766:Green conservatism
2619:Fossil fuels lobby
2542:Fl. Coastal L. Rev
2332:2014-05-23 at the
2199:The New York Times
2065:The Register-Guard
1923:The New York Times
1789:The New York Times
1307:Environment portal
1260:Operation Backfire
1188:The New York Times
900:domestic terrorism
889:civil disobedience
411:Aircraft hijacking
168:Left-wing/Far-left
3269:Political ecology
3244:Far-left politics
3221:
3220:
3156:Political ecology
3074:industrial policy
2655:Ecological wisdom
1974:. HarperCollins.
1531:. February 1996.
803:
802:
750:Counter-terrorism
735:
734:
493:Individual terror
314:
313:
291:Violent extremism
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3276:
3259:Environmentalism
3166:Renewable energy
3005:Environmentalism
2873:Circular economy
2776:Green liberalism
2756:Environmentalism
2600:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2539:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2353:. Archived from
2343:
2337:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2111:The Boston Globe
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1879:
1868:
1865:
1854:
1853:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1757:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1476:on 24 March 2008
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1445:on 11 March 2008
1441:. Archived from
1430:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1309:
1304:
1303:
932:Craig Rosebraugh
795:
788:
781:
612:
585:Terrorist groups
567:
301:Militia movement
268:Green/Ecological
173:Narcotics-driven
151:
100:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3239:Green anarchism
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
2888:Climate justice
2883:Climate finance
2851:
2800:
2761:Green anarchism
2746:Eco-nationalism
2674:
2643:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2537:
2532:
2517:
2515:Further reading
2512:
2503:
2501:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2334:Wayback Machine
2325:
2321:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1866:
1857:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1432:
1431:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1234:
1098:
1075:
1025:
1006:Monkeywrenching
960:
923:
884:
855:
799:
770:
769:
745:
737:
736:
731:
656:
627:State terrorism
609:
601:
600:
586:
578:
577:
576:
572:Vehicle-ramming
565:
400:
398:
381:
380:
379:
324:
316:
315:
310:
296:Ethnic violence
277:
242:
187:
148:
137:
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3213:Water conflict
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:infrastructure
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:pricing reform
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:Climate target
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2856:Related topics
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2791:Social ecology
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:Eco-capitalism
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Social justice
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:List of topics
2631:
2626:
2624:Green politics
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2599:Green politics
2596:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2477:
2453:
2423:
2398:
2368:
2338:
2319:
2300:
2285:. 2008-06-30.
2267:
2242:
2216:
2185:
2159:
2128:
2097:
2069:
2053:
2027:
1995:
1980:
1962:
1940:
1909:
1869:
1855:
1828:(3): 247–258.
1808:
1775:
1768:
1742:
1723:(2): 199–219.
1700:
1653:
1634:(3): 287–301.
1614:
1593:
1550:
1519:
1487:
1456:
1412:
1396:"Ecoterrorism"
1387:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Agro-terrorism
1311:
1310:
1294:
1291:
1233:
1230:
1194:magazine, and
1164:Darryl Cherney
1097:
1094:
1074:
1073:Groups accused
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:Daniel McGowan
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1003:
985:
975:
959:
956:
922:
919:
883:
880:
854:
851:
847:bioregionalism
843:social ecology
801:
800:
798:
797:
790:
783:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
733:
732:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
668:
665:
664:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
633:
630:
629:
623:
622:
621:
620:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
593:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
569:
562:
555:Suicide attack
552:
547:
546:
545:
540:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
488:Hostage-taking
485:
480:
475:
473:Cyberterrorism
470:
465:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
433:
423:
418:
408:
406:Agro-terrorism
402:
401:
397:
396:
393:
389:
387:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
340:Radicalization
337:
332:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
311:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
284:
283:
282:Related topics
279:
278:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
251:
250:
244:
243:
241:
240:
235:
230:
227:Salafi-Wahhabi
220:
215:
205:
199:
196:
195:
189:
188:
186:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
154:
149:
143:
142:
139:
138:
136:
135:
130:
125:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Eco-terrorism
3232:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:refurbishment
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Progressivism
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:Environmental
2941:
2939:
2938:Eco-terrorism
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Eco-investing
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:Global Greens
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:Organizations
2803:
2797:
2796:Queer ecology
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Green Zionism
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Eco-socialism
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Disinvestment
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2555:on 2015-06-10
2551:
2547:
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2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
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2518:
2514:
2499:
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2484:
2482:
2478:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2174:on 2012-10-24
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2042:
2039:. Nymag.com.
2038:
2031:
2028:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1981:9780062357267
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
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1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
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1809:
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1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1769:9780844817309
1765:
1761:
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1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
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1633:
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1625:
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1615:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:(1): 93–113.
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1512:
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1500:
1498:
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2648:Four pillars
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1146:Inspired by
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1114:Earth First!
1108:(ELF), the
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1045:Wiebo Ludwig
1034:Dave Foreman
1013:
1012:in his book
1010:Edward Abbey
971:Earth First!
967:Tree spiking
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468:Bioterrorism
431:Animal-borne
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3208:War on coal
3191:engineering
3181:development
3171:Sustainable
3069:imperialism
3044:development
3022:Stewardship
2741:Ecofeminism
2731:Ecocentrism
2711:Dirty hands
2670:Nonviolence
2629:Green party
2607:Core topics
2446:14 December
2391:14 December
2381:Govtrack.us
2361:14 December
2209:14 December
2178:14 December
2152:January 27,
2121:January 27,
2020:4 September
1350:Green Scare
1340:Eco-warrior
1283:continued:
1133:US Congress
1104:(ALF), the
992:Superphénix
951:Biocentrism
839:ecofeminism
355:Death squad
258:Suffragette
178:Nationalist
123:Definitions
78:August 2019
3228:Categories
3010:opposition
2998:technology
2928:Eco-tariff
2868:Carbon tax
2771:Green left
2736:Ecofascism
2559:2012-05-06
2504:2012-03-21
2471:2018-10-17
2417:2012-12-10
2261:2012-03-21
2090:11 October
2067:1984-10-28
2047:2010-10-02
1802:2023-11-01
1406:2010-10-02
1381:2010-10-02
1362:References
1330:Ecofascism
1239:Under the
1122:Greenpeace
1056:Jeff Luers
921:Philosophy
652:Uzbekistan
637:Kazakhstan
503:Kidnapping
498:Insurgency
446:Improvised
273:Misogynist
3201:transport
3144:conflicts
1990:905960246
1904:143655407
1850:0894-1920
1797:0362-4331
1737:145206105
1695:1752-4032
1648:1028-2580
1588:144372045
1580:1543-7787
1545:1937-5239
1209:in 1984.
1196:USA Today
1160:Judi Bari
1040:James Lee
1029:Tre Arrow
974:reported.
857:The term
727:Venezuela
608:Adherents
508:Lone wolf
421:Beheading
370:Lone wolf
330:Financing
323:Structure
208:Christian
193:Religious
163:Communist
158:Anarchist
133:Incidents
113:Terrorism
66:talk page
3149:killings
3131:Localism
3099:retrofit
3094:recovery
3089:New Deal
3064:greening
3059:grabbing
3027:in music
2983:planning
2978:movement
2948:conflict
2706:Degrowth
2498:Archived
2440:Archived
2385:Archived
2330:Archived
2287:Archived
2255:Archived
2235:1 August
2229:Archived
2203:Archived
2146:Archived
2115:Archived
2084:ABC News
2041:Archived
2011:Archived
1927:Archived
1400:Archived
1355:THERMCON
1293:See also
893:sabotage
810:violence
692:Pakistan
550:Stabbing
533:Shooting
375:Domestic
335:Fronting
203:Buddhist
146:ideology
105:a series
103:Part of
60:You may
3124:washing
3119:vehicle
3049:economy
2973:justice
2963:finance
2351:US Code
2293:25 June
1830:Bibcode
1675:Bibcode
1480:25 June
1449:25 June
1141:whaling
988:Bombing
911:ecotage
876:Algeria
853:History
557: (
513:Nuclear
478:Dry run
438: (
426:Bombing
413: (
395:Tactics
392:Methods
223:Islamic
128:History
3186:energy
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3109:theory
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451:Letter
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3104:state
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1953:(PDF)
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