383:
second, third, and fourth fingers were about the same diameter as the tympana. Small protrusions known as tubercles were present on the underside of the hands. On the first finger, the tubercles on the tipmost joints were elliptical in shape. On the second and third fingers, the tubercles below the finger joints (subarticular tubercles) were smaller than that on the fourth fingers. There were no tubercles on the palms of the hands though elongated flat tubercles were present behind the bases of the inner fingers (the "thumbs"). Numerous small and round tubercles were also present in between the joints of the fingers. The fingers were more or less fully webbed.
748:
568:
eggs. The eggs would hatch into large tadpoles with dorsoventrally flattened bodies and short, blunt snouts. The eyes were situated on top and directed towards the sides. They were not visible when the tadpole was viewed from below. The nostrils were situated about two thirds of the way between the eyes and snout. The mouth was small and located at the bottom of the tip of the snout. Small papillae were present along the sides of the upper lip and along the entire margin of the lower lip. The beaks were robust and with small serrations. The
387:
fringe of scalloped skin also extended from the heel to the base of the foot on each leg, continuing as a low ridge to the base of the disc of the fifth toe. The toes, like the fingers, possessed flattened discs at the tips, though they were slightly smaller in diameter. The tubercles on the tipmost joints of the fifth toes were larger than all of the other subarticular tubercles on the toes. Interspersed between them were numerous small and conical tubercles. The toes were also fully webbed.
597:
76:
762:
215:
50:
31:
776:
198:
715:
This is the second time in my career that I have literally seen one of the very last of its kind die and an entire species disappear forever with it. It is a disturbing experience, and we are all poorer for it. The ongoing amphibian extinction crisis has taken a rich diversity of animals from us, and
361:
was a relatively large frog. The snout-vent length (SVL) of males averaged between 62 and 97 mm (2.4 and 3.8 in), while in females it was between 61 and 100 mm (2.4 and 3.9 in). The head was wider than the body and flattened at the top. The snout was moderately long with nostrils
579:
was remarkable in that the males appeared to provide nutrition to the tadpoles directly. During the day, the males backed into the tadpole-filled water of the tree holes and remained in that half-submerged state until night. During this time, the tadpoles swam around them, rasping small pieces of
572:
opened on the middle of the left side of the body. The tail was slender with fins that did not extend to the body. The tadpoles were predominantly pale brown in color. At the time when the legs first appeared, they had a snout to vent length of roughly 25 to 27 mm (0.98 to 1.06 in). The
567:
Females laid their eggs inside the water-filled tree holes, attached to the wood or bark just above the waterline. After laying their eggs, the females left while the males remained to guard them. Males may have mated more than once, and a single tree hole could contain an egg clutch of 60 to 200
394:
was granular in texture and predominantly a mottled brown. The upper surfaces of the limbs was also mottled brown while the rear surfaces of the thighs were a pale yellow. The chin and upper chest was distinctively brown, though the rest of the underside of the body was mostly white speckled with
386:
The hind limbs were slender and of moderate length. Like the hands, the feet were very large. When resting, the heels of the legs barely overlapped each other. If stretched forward up the length of the body, the tibiotarsal articulation (the "ankle") would reach beyond the eyes. Like the arms, a
382:
The arms were short and stout with very large hands. There were no skin folds on the wrists, though a scalloped fringe of skin was present from the elbows to just below the discs on the fourth fingers. The fingers were all relatively short with large flattened discs on the tips. The discs on the
563:
males consisted of "warm up" owl-like calls of three to five notes immediately followed by a single "grrrrrck", which some called a barking sound. The calling bouts happened only at night and lasted for about one to two minutes, with the intervals longer at the beginning and gradually becoming
710:
to prevent suffering after a decline in health and to preserve valuable genetic material. Though the frog could have been allowed to die naturally, amphibians decompose rapidly. If it had died during the night when no personnel were present, it could have proven impossible to extract genetic
555:
and fed on insects. When threatened, they were capable of gliding through the air by leaping from their perch and fully stretching their massive webbed hands and feet. They could also steer the direction of their descent. In observations, they were known to glide for a distance of 9 m
564:
shorter. Aside from attracting females, the calls may also have served to warn off competing males. Mating occurred throughout the year, though the calls seem to have intensified two to three days before or after a full moon and during the peak mating season from mid-March to May.
374:
was smaller in diameter than the eyes and slightly inclined. Smooth glandular structures (known as the supratympanic fold) extended over the tympana from the eyes to the edges of the lower jaw. The tongue was round, and the species possessed narrowly spaced ovoid groups of
325:
in its native range. Despite the efforts of several conservation teams, captive breeding programs all failed. The last known female of the species died in 2009. She was survived by two other individuals, both males. On
February 17, 2012, one of the two was
653:
of amphibian species in certain parts of the world; including the
Americas, Australia, and New Zealand. Infected amphibians can display a wide variety of symptoms, usually including lethargic and abnormal behavior, convulsions, peeling skin, ulcers, and
701:
It appears that nature has run its course before three teams of dedicated people were able to determine the needs of these frogs in order for them to reproduce. To have been a part of one of those teams has been a frustrating and sad
679:(EVACC), Zoo Atlanta, and the Atlanta Botanical Garden. However, these efforts ultimately proved to be futile. The frogs thrived in these facilities but never mated. The last female died in 2009 in the Atlanta Botanical Garden.
312:
1499:
682:
In an essay regarding the rapid extinctions of amphibians happening around the world, Joseph R. Mendelson III, the
Curator of Herpetology in Zoo Atlanta and one of the scientists who first described
453:
consisting of Joseph R. Mendelson III, Jay M. Savage, Edgardo
Griffith, Heidi Ross, Brian Kubicki, and Ronald Gagliardo. During its discovery in 2005, it was initially misidentified by the team as
536:. Its range had an area of less than 100 km (39 sq mi) at altitudes of 900 to 1,150 m (2,950 to 3,770 ft). However, it has not been observed in the area since 2007.
395:
irregular brown spots. The eyelids and upper surfaces of the limbs and back were studded with green flecks, the appearance and positions of which could be changed by the animal voluntarily (
869:
1561:
1813:
720:
The last known observation of the frog in the wild was that of a single male heard calling (but not seen) in 2007. At the time of its last survey in 2009, the IUCN classified
276:
used for breeding. They were also the ones responsible for guarding and caring for the young, including providing food. They were the only known species of frog where the
895:
1503:
1262:
1001:
1096:
1772:
1419:
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from their fathers' backs and eating them. This was the first observed instance of any frog species doing this, though it was similar to the way some female
1571:
1356:
1235:
1071:"Shifted baselines, forensic taxonomy, and Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog: the changing role of biologists in an era of amphibian declines and extinctions"
1472:
733:
223:
1833:
1720:
1032:
1746:
950:
Joseph R. Mendelson III; Jay M. Savage; Edgardo
Griffith; Heidi Ross; Brian Kubicki; Ronald Gagliardo (2008). "Spectacular new gliding species of
1838:
873:
1843:
1686:
1548:"Rabbs' Fringe-limbed Treefrog Declared Extinct." Rabbs' Fringe-limbed Treefrog Declared Extinct. RiVista, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. <
1392:
1526:
1287:
903:
1828:
789:
646:
559:
The males of the species were highly territorial, defending water-filled tree holes used for breeding. The advertising calls of
1322:
1097:"Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision"
414:
spines. Spines were also present on the upper surface of the area just before the thumbs. These spines were likely used during
1681:
630:
605:
321:
1751:
1009:
676:
1823:
1549:
532:-facing slopes of the mountains above the town of El Valle de Antón in central Panama, between the provinces of Coclé and
1364:
1095:
Julián
Faivovich; Célio F.B. Haddad; Paulo C.A. Garcia; Darrel R. Frost; Jonathan A. Campbell; Ward C. Wheeler (2005).
658:; eventually resulting in death. The origin of the disease is unknown, but there is speculation that it may have been
75:
1777:
573:
tadpoles were so large and numerous that at times, there appeared to be more tadpoles than water in the tree holes.
1446:
706:
Two males in Zoo
Atlanta and Atlanta Botanical Garden survived until February 17, 2012, when one of them had to be
1239:
693:". Species are now being described just before or even after they have already gone extinct. On the situation of
362:
protruding from the sides near the tip. Viewed from the top, the snout was more or less elliptical in shape. The
268:
by spreading their enormous and fully webbed hands and feet during descent. The males of the species were highly
1122:
1673:
1633:
455:
347:
219:
1476:
498:
197:
1595:
1577:
1108:
569:
483:
406:
During the breeding season, adult males of the species were characterized by greatly enlarged upper arms (
1475:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. November 3, 2009. Archived from
725:
502:
308:
296:
170:
54:
847:
1818:
1707:
1642:
468:
335:
205:
1113:
799:
729:
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39:
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1126:
1070:
971:
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371:
269:
70:
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1221:. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
1647:
1790:
1764:
1161:
1118:
963:
842:
794:
761:
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at the
Atlanta Botanical Garden was the last known survivor of the species until his death.
687:
642:
581:
548:
252:
1217:
1396:
1144:
Charles W. Myers; Richard B. Stothers (2006). "The myth of Hylas revisited: the frog name
1530:
1299:
824:
1550:
http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Rabbs-Fringe-limbed-Treefrog-Declared-Extinct-trending/
781:
675:
that teams of herpetologists collected were sent to captive breeding facilities in the
664:
626:
506:
376:
367:
343:
300:
214:
1807:
1759:
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60:
1331:
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975:
30:
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804:
753:
655:
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525:
1298:. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from
634:(colloquially referred to by biologists as "Bd") in Panama. The fungus causes an
1733:
1655:
1627:
434:
396:
331:
265:
260:
147:
775:
671:
In 2006, in the hopes of saving the species, the then undescribed specimens of
1583:
1165:
743:
707:
650:
400:
327:
316:
273:
1618:
1500:"Flying frog and mountain mouse among new species in danger of going extinct"
638:
610:
585:
552:
439:
281:
117:
87:
1612:
1330:. California Center for Amphibian Disease Control (CCADC). Archived from
494:
472:
415:
107:
1725:
1660:
967:
464:
446:
442:
411:
407:
339:
277:
248:
227:
137:
621:
At the time of its collection, the herpetologists who later described
1738:
1668:
97:
1589:
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more effort and resources are desperately needed to halt the losses.
313:
International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1363:. Science is the Belief in the Ignorance of Experts. Archived from
711:
material. The Deputy
Director of the Zoo, Dwight Lawson commented:
1420:"Extinction Looms for Rare Frog Species, Now Down to 1 Individual"
614:
595:
490:
430:
366:
was concave (curves outward) and had thick and rounded edges. The
256:
213:
662:
throughout the world via importation of the African clawed frog (
1712:
1527:"Last stand in captivity or cultivation: successes and failures"
1041:
Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
1037:
Mendelson, Savage, Griffith, Ross, Kubicki, and Gagliardo, 2008"
686:, stated that herpetologists in the last 20 years are becoming "
244:
127:
1593:
1292:
Mendelson, Savage, Griffith, Ross, Kubicki, and Gagliardo 2008"
295:
led by Joseph R. Mendelson III. It was named in honor of the
251:. They were relatively large frogs that inhabited the forest
1123:
10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2
896:"Rare frog goes extinct, despite Atlanta's rescue efforts"
1152:(1768) of J. N. Laurenti, the "father of herpetology"".
547:, like other members of the genus, lived in the forest
315:(IUCN) by 2009. It is believed that the species became
1263:"A Frog Dies in Atlanta, and a World Vanishes With It"
1584:
Video of the last known Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog
1324:
Amphibian Chytridiomycosis: An Informational Brochure
1215:
Joseph R. Mendelson III & Ariadne Angulo (2009).
728:. More recent estimates deem the species effectively
230:
of its species until his death on September 26, 2016.
625:
were already aware of the encroaching threat of the
1602:
870:"Rare frog dies, one of only two left in the world"
1101:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
463:were raised in captivity. They were obtained from
459:, but Kubicki recognized it as a new species. The
848:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T85341796A54357363.en
609:(visible as small globular bodies attached to an
467:collected by Griffith and Ross from an area near
1190:Robert W. Hansen, ed. (2011). "About our cover:
287:The species was discovered in 2005 and formally
1393:"It's Leap Year. Remember the Rabbs' tree frog"
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
713:
699:
1578:Video of Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog exhibit
1529:. The Sixth Extinction Website. Archived from
449:. It was first described in 2008 by a team of
410:) with a bony ridge covered by skin and black
208:in Panama, the native location of the species
190:, Griffith, Ross, Kubicki, and Gagliardo, 2008
1261:Mendelson III, Joseph R. (October 10, 2016).
319:in the wild mainly because of an epidemic of
255:of central Panama. Like other members of the
8:
945:
943:
941:
823:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019).
1814:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
1395:. Atlanta Fulton County Zoo. Archived from
1238:. Atlanta Fulton County Zoo. Archived from
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
1590:
196:
48:
29:
20:
1112:
846:
403:of the eyes was uniformly reddish brown.
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
1211:
1209:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
954:(Anura: Hylidae) from Central Panama".
872:. WKYT News. 2012-02-17. Archived from
815:
1386:
1384:
1382:
677:El Valle Amphibian Conservation Centre
1229:
1227:
16:Species of frog in the family Hylidae
7:
1447:"The Many Forces Driving Extinction"
1043:. American Museum of Natural History
350:until his death September 26, 2016.
342:of the species, an adult male named
280:derived nutrition by feeding on the
1473:"Extinction Crisis Continues Apace"
1418:John R. Platt (February 21, 2012).
1355:M.E.T. Scioli (February 21, 2012).
1321:Amphibian Diseases Research Group.
834:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
243:, is a possibly extinct species of
14:
1445:Andrew C. Revkin (May 19, 2011).
1391:Zoo Atlanta (February 17, 2012).
1834:Amphibian extinctions since 1500
1562:Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog (
1498:Louise Gray (November 3, 2009).
1069:Joseph R. Mendelson III (2011).
1002:"Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog (
900:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
894:Bo Emerson (28 September 2016).
790:Decline in amphibian populations
774:
760:
746:
74:
1586:by the Atlanta Botanical Garden
1502:. The Telegraph. Archived from
1236:"Rabbs' Fringe-Limbed Treefrog"
645:, which has been linked to the
489:("marvelous" or "unusual") and
631:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
606:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
322:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
307:. It was officially listed as
24:Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog
1:
1572:Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog
241:Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog
1839:Amphibians described in 2008
1008:. Wildscreen. Archived from
732:. A single adult male named
370:were similarly concave. The
1844:Taxa named by Jay M. Savage
1154:Archives of Natural History
475:, Panama on July 15, 2005.
340:last known surviving member
338:due to failing health. The
228:last known surviving member
1860:
1166:10.3366/anh.2006.33.2.241
1031:Frost, Darrel R. (2014).
226:by his handlers) was the
204:
195:
176:
169:
71:Scientific classification
69:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1525:Peter H.J. Maas (2012).
1148:and other commentary on
841:: e.T85341796A54357363.
524:was known only from the
456:Ecnomiohyla fimbrimembra
429:is classified under the
348:Atlanta Botanical Garden
220:Atlanta Botanical Garden
1829:Endemic fauna of Panama
274:water-filled tree holes
264:, they were capable of
218:This adult male in the
956:Journal of Herpetology
718:
704:
618:
231:
1426:. Scientific American
1196:Herpetological Review
1078:Herpetological Review
726:Critically Endangered
599:
309:Critically Endangered
291:in 2008 by a team of
217:
55:Critically endangered
1824:Amphibians of Panama
1687:Ecnomiohyla-rabborum
1674:ecnomiohyla-rabborum
1648:Ecnomiohyla_rabborum
1634:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
1604:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
1564:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
1533:on February 15, 2012
1453:. The New York Times
1424:Extinction Countdown
1361:, we hardly knew ye"
1359:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
1296:Amphibians of Panama
1290:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
1242:on December 22, 2011
1218:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
1192:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
1035:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
1004:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
827:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
623:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
545:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
522:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
427:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
359:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
239:, commonly known as
236:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
180:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
1506:on November 6, 2009
800:Holocene extinction
730:extinct in the wild
540:Ecology and biology
505:and herpetologists
501:is in honor of the
493:, the companion of
299:and herpetologists
57:, possibly extinct
40:Conservation status
968:10.1670/08-025R1.1
906:on 11 October 2016
768:Environment portal
619:
613:at the top and on
588:feed their young.
284:of their fathers.
232:
1801:
1800:
1786:Open Tree of Life
1596:Taxon identifiers
478:The generic name
469:El Valle de Antón
346:, resided at the
212:
211:
206:El Valle de Antón
64:
1851:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1768:
1767:
1755:
1754:
1742:
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1538:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1479:on March 5, 2012
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1442:
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1435:
1433:
1431:
1415:
1409:
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1307:
1302:on March 3, 2016
1284:
1278:
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1251:
1249:
1247:
1231:
1222:
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1150:Specimen medicum
1141:
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1116:
1092:
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1075:
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1053:
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1050:
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1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
997:
980:
979:
947:
916:
915:
913:
911:
902:. Archived from
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
850:
820:
795:Chytridiomycosis
784:
779:
778:
770:
765:
764:
756:
751:
750:
749:
643:chytridiomycosis
503:conservationists
438:of the treefrog
297:conservationists
272:and would guard
200:
182:
162:E. rabborum
79:
78:
58:
52:
51:
33:
21:
1859:
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1598:
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1444:
1443:
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1429:
1427:
1417:
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1412:
1402:
1400:
1399:on May 24, 2012
1390:
1389:
1380:
1370:
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1354:
1353:
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1327:
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1138:
1114:10.1.1.470.2967
1094:
1093:
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822:
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817:
813:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
747:
745:
742:
697:, he comments:
647:massive decline
641:disease called
594:
542:
519:
424:
356:
191:
184:
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165:
73:
65:
53:
49:
42:
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1580:by Zoo Atlanta
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1574:at Zoo Atlanta
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1556:External links
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782:Biology portal
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665:Xenopus laevis
627:chytrid fungus
617:at the bottom)
593:
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556:(30 ft).
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507:George B. Rabb
461:type specimens
451:herpetologists
423:
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377:vomerine teeth
368:loreal regions
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301:George B. Rabb
293:herpetologists
247:in the family
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874:the original
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805:Anthropocene
754:Frogs portal
721:
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656:hemorrhaging
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601:Zoosporangia
592:Conservation
576:
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551:. They were
544:
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517:Distribution
511:Mary S. Rabb
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390:The skin of
389:
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18:
1819:Ecnomiohyla
1734:iNaturalist
1656:AmphibiaWeb
1628:Wikispecies
1084:(1): 21–25.
952:Ecnomiohyla
854:18 November
722:E. rabborum
702:experience.
695:E. rabborum
691:taxonomists
684:E. rabborum
673:E. rabborum
577:E. rabborum
561:E. rabborum
482:comes from
480:Ecnomiohyla
435:Ecnomiohyla
412:keratinized
397:metachrosis
392:E. rabborum
354:Description
332:Zoo Atlanta
270:territorial
261:Ecnomiohyla
186:Mendelson,
149:Ecnomiohyla
1808:Categories
1357:"Goodbye,
1341:2012-03-12
1272:11 October
1047:26 January
880:2012-02-17
811:References
708:euthanized
660:introduced
651:extinction
636:infectious
586:caecilians
328:euthanized
282:skin cells
1568:at ARKive
1537:March 12,
1510:March 12,
1483:March 12,
1457:March 12,
1430:March 12,
1403:March 12,
1371:March 12,
1306:March 12,
1109:CiteSeerX
639:amphibian
611:arthropod
553:nocturnal
445:, family
440:subfamily
289:described
156:Species:
94:Kingdom:
88:Eukaryota
1613:Wikidata
1246:March 9,
1131:83925199
1016:March 9,
1000:ARKive.
976:20233879
740:See also
688:forensic
570:spiracle
495:Hercules
487:ecnomios
465:tadpoles
422:Taxonomy
416:amplexus
278:tadpoles
253:canopies
134:Family:
118:Amphibia
108:Chordata
104:Phylum:
98:Animalia
84:Domain:
61:IUCN 3.1
1778:1265538
1726:2428650
1713:3120521
1619:Q139998
1202:(1): 3.
734:Toughie
530:Pacific
528:of the
447:Hylidae
443:Hylinae
408:humerus
399:). The
372:tympana
344:Toughie
336:Georgia
317:extinct
311:by the
266:gliding
249:Hylidae
224:Toughie
222:(named
144:Genus:
138:Hylidae
124:Order:
114:Class:
59: (
1791:127770
1765:158613
1752:774365
1669:ARKive
1552:>.
1129:
1111:
974:
549:canopy
534:Panamá
497:. The
401:irises
188:Savage
1739:65435
1700:38NHD
1335:(PDF)
1328:(PDF)
1127:S2CID
1074:(PDF)
972:S2CID
615:algae
491:Hylas
484:Greek
473:Coclé
431:genus
257:genus
128:Anura
1773:NCBI
1760:IUCN
1747:ITIS
1721:GBIF
1661:7233
1539:2012
1512:2012
1485:2012
1459:2012
1432:2012
1405:2012
1373:2012
1308:2012
1274:2016
1248:2012
1146:Hyla
1049:2015
1018:2012
912:2016
856:2021
839:2019
649:and
582:skin
509:and
375:pre-
303:and
245:frog
1708:EoL
1695:CoL
1682:ASW
1643:ADW
1194:".
1162:doi
1119:doi
1105:294
964:doi
843:doi
724:as
668:).
603:of
334:in
330:at
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