777:, and made arrangements for a definitive peace treaty. Carrión Pinzano's suggestion was not agreed upon until November 19, when dealings began between the governments of Quito, Guayas-Azuay and Loja, who agreed to delegate to Franco the task of negotiating with Peru, except on the matter of territorial sovereignty. According to the agreement signed between the governments, "the government of Guayaquil and Cuenca may not pledge to annex, cede or assign to any government any part of the Ecuadorian territory under any pretext or name." Franco, however, had been negotiation exactly such matters with Castilla; a preliminary convention regarding the territorial situation was signed between Franco and Castilla on December 4, for the purpose of releasing Guayaquil from occupation and re-establishing peace.
228:
211:
1996:
867:
179:
199:
854:
166:
618:
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made and the evidence brought before them by both parties, the boundaries of the two republics. In the meanwhile those republics accept, as such boundaries, those which are governed by the uti possidetis recognized in article 5th of the treaty of
September 22, 1829, between Colombia and Peru, and which were possessed by the Viceroyalties of Peru and Santa Fe conformably to the Royal Decree of July 15, 1802.
238:
221:
57:
898:
473:
in a letter to
Antonio Mata, the Ecuadorian Minister of Foreign Relations. Cavero had been appointed only three months before; he had arrived in Quito tasked among other things with seeking to resolve the territorial dispute. Now, he called for the treaty to be declared void: the territories in Canelos being sold off belonged to Peru, based on the boundary laid out by the
944:, on the grounds that Ecuador did not possess a centralized government when it entered into the treaty, and that General Franco was merely the head of a party or faction, as well as the fact that the new Ecuadorian government had disapproved the treaty. The Congress determined that the two countries should return to the status of
931:
At the time, a domestic upheaval against
Castilla's government was brewing in Peru. Castilla promised Franco that he would back him as head of the "general government" of Ecuador, and supplied his forces with boots, uniforms, and 3,000 rifles. Castilla sailed for Peru on February 10, arriving in Lima
772:
In Loja, Manuel Carrión
Pinzano proposed that the four governments vying for control of Ecuador select a representative to negotiate a settlement with Castilla. On November 13, Cuenca was forced to recognize Guillermo Franco's government in Guayaquil; Franco thus became Supreme Chief of Guayaquil and
529:
of Quito notified Cavero that relations between Peru and
Ecuador were again severed; he was then expelled from the country. While the Peruvian view is that Cavero was justified in any means necessary to achieve the repatriation of the territories, his tactics have been called tactless and belligerent
395:
The dispute is sometimes referred to as the
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1859, due to the temporary occupation of Ecuadorian territory by Castilla's forces upon arriving in Guayaquil. No fighting took place between the troops of the two countries within the duration of the dispute after the occupation,
1440:
Art. 6th. The
Governments of Ecuador and Peru agree to adjust the boundaries of their respective territories, and to appoint, within a period of two years, to be reckoned from the exchange of ratifications of the present treaty, a mixed commission which shall fix, in accordance with the observations
645:. Meanwhile, Rafael Carvajal, a member of the defeated Provisional Government, invaded Ecuador from the border to the north; within the month, Carvajal had reestablished the Provisional Government in Quito. Finally, on September 17, Guillermo Franco declared himself Supreme Chief of Guayas; however,
1444:
Art. 7th. Notwithstanding the stipulations in the two' preceding articles, Ecuador reserves the right to substantiate, within the peremptory term of two years.her rights over the territories of Quijos and
Canelos, at the end of which term, if Ecuador shall have failed to produce evidence sufficient
589:
General Urvina promptly set out for Quito to subdue García Moreno and his movement. The
Provisional Government was no match for Urvina, and fell in June. García Moreno fled to Peru, where he requested the support of President Castilla; the Peruvian leader supplied him with weapons and ammunition to
472:
in Peru was a major point of contention between the two countries; up to that point, relations between the neighbors had alternated between friendly and nonexistent. On
November 11, 1857, Peruvian Resident Minister to Ecuador Juan Celestino Cavero protested the signing of the Icaza–Pritchett treaty
417:
had incurred a number of debts to private European creditors. Its three daughter states: Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, split the debts amongst themselves. In 1837, Ecuador assumed responsibility for 21.5 percent of the debt. In the 1850s, a committee of holders of Latin American bonds organized
362:
in order to settle a debt with British creditors. When diplomatic relations between the two countries broke down, prior to the fragmentation of the Ecuadorian government into several competing factions, the Peruvian government ordered a blockade of Ecuador's ports in order to force the cancellation
499:
void. According to one source, Mata argued that the Real Cédula of 1802 did not constitute a real Spanish law, because it was never authorized by the Viceroy of Santa Fe, meaning that ownership of territories according to Spanish law remained as it was prior to 1802. Peru continued to stand by its
680:
With the domestic situation at its most tumultuous, and the Peruvian blockade of the rest of the Ecuadorian coast nearing the end of its first year in place, Castilla sought to take advantage of the circumstances to impose a favorable border settlement. On September 20, Castilla wrote to Quito to
524:
A "paper war" of diplomatic correspondence between the two countries went on between April and August 1858. On July 29, Mata requested that Cavero be expelled based on the behavior exhibited in the execution of his functions as minister. On July 30, Cavero wrote to the Chancery of Lima, detailing
383:
with General Franco in January 1860. The signing of the treaty indicated Ecuadorian compliance with all of Peru's demands, and temporarily marked the end of the territorial dispute between the two countries. However, in September 1860, the forces of the provisional government, commanded by García
918:
where the Peruvian troops were quartered. The treaty had as its object the resolution of the pending territorial debate. In its first article, it affirmed that relations would be re-established between the two countries. The matter of the borders was established in articles 5, 6 and 7, where the
1436:
Art. 5th. The Government of Ecuador, mindful of the value of the documents submitted by the Peruvian negotiator, among which the Royal Decree of July 15, 1802, figures as the one of most importance in support of the right of Peru to the territories of Quijos and Canelos, declares null and of no
1178:
According to Wiesse (p.217), Castilla attributed inordinate importance to the Ecuadorian transgressions, hoping to distract the country from his fight against the liberal conspirators who sought to depose him; he had betrayed them by changing his allegiance to the moderates after reaching
923:, and allowed Ecuador two years to substantiate its ownership of Quijos and Canelos, after which time Peru's rights over the territories would become absolute if no evidence was presented. This constituted acknowledgement of the Real Cédula of 1802, which Ecuador had previously rejected.
760:
Castilla reverted to negotiations solely with Franco's regime in Guayaquil; after several meetings, an initial deal was struck on November 8, 1859. Castilla ordered his troops, 5,000 strong, to disembark on Ecuadorian territory; the Peruvians set up camp at the
932:
bearing the Treaty of Mapasingue as a victory prize. His efforts to take Ecuador's territory for Peru would prove fruitless; in September 1860, Guillermo Franco's government fell to the Provisional Government of Quito's forces, led by García Moreno and General
517:
1056:
of Britain, suggesting that the British government was somehow involved; according to Elías Murguía & Nieto Vélez (p. 492), the British Crown had no part in the territorial dealings; the committee was a private corporation, not public
494:
Mata replied to Cavero on November 30, arguing that Ecuador had full rights to the territories, reaffirming Ecuador's view that the Real Cédula of 1802 did not transfer territorial rights to the Viceroyalty of Peru, rendering the claim of
940:, paving the way for the reunification of the country under the Provisional Government. The Treaty of Mapasingue was nullified by the Ecuadorian Congress in 1861, and later by the Peruvian Congress in 1863 during the government of
608:
hierarchy, after Urvina and Robles. García Moreno proposed that they disavow Robles' government and declare free elections. Franco agreed to help García Moreno, though he himself also aspired to the presidency of the republic.
600:—to his countrymen, instructing them to accept Peru as their ally against Robles, despite the territorial dispute and blockading actions. Shortly afterwards, García Moreno traveled to Guayaquil, where he met with
418:
itself and sent several representatives to Ecuador to arrange settlement of the debt. On September 21, 1857, George S. Pritchett, representing the Ecuadorian Land Company, Ltd. signed a treaty with Ecuadorian
468:(royal decrees issued by the Spanish Crown). These haphazard territorial definitions led to a number of border disputes among new South American nations. The ownership of the northern half of what is now the
913:
On January 7, 1860, the Peruvian army made preparations to return home; eighteen days later, on January 25, Castilla and Franco signed the Treaty of 1860, better known as the Treaty of Mapasingue, after the
625:
On August 31, 1859, Castilla betrayed his commitment to García Moreno, and came to an agreement with Franco that resulted in the end of the blockade against the port of Guayaquil. Several weeks later, the
740:. Castilla simultaneously sent word to García Moreno that he wished to meet with him as well. García Moreno set out for Guayaquil days later; on October 14, he arrived in Paita aboard the Peruvian ship
1437:
effect the adjudication of any part of those lands to the British creditors, and that those creditors shall be indemnified with other territories, exclusively and indisputably the property of Ecuador.
1445:
to overcome and nullify the evidence submitted by the Plenipotentiary of Peru, Ecuador's rights shall be deemed to have lapsed and the rights of Peru over those territories shall become absolute."
780:
García Moreno soon became aware of the treasonous pact agreed upon by Franco and Castilla. In an unsuccessful attempt to seek a powerful ally, García Moreno sent a series of secret letters to the
714:
You sir, are nothing but a village diplomat, who does not understand the duties of a president, obligated by the demands of the position he occupies to give audience to all those who request it.
474:
48:
792:
of the European country. Fortunately for his cause, the agreement between Franco and Castilla had the effect of uniting the disparate governments of Ecuador against their new common enemy;
267:
392:, ending the civil war in Ecuador. The new government disavowed the Treaty of Mapasingue, followed shortly afterwards by its Peruvian counterpart; this re-opened the territorial dispute.
582:(Robles' vice president) formed the Provisional Government of Quito. On May 6, Carrión separated himself from the triumvirate, and formed a short-lived government in the city of
744:. When García Moreno became aware that an agent of Franco's was also traveling aboard the ship, he became furious, and broke off the possibility of discussions with Castilla.
685:, in Peru, Castilla proposed to the Ecuadorians that they form a sole government with which they could negotiate an agreement to end the blockade and the territorial dispute.
1388:
Campos, p.81. In Volume V, Campos notes that "in effect the Generals Castilla and Franco celebrated an interview about the international matter, aboard the Peruvian steamer
462:. Because of the poor geographical knowledge of the area at the time, colonial-era administrations were separated by borders defined with little accuracy via a multitude of
450:
for a period of 15 years. This was not the first time that the Ecuadorian government had attempted to settle debts by transferring title over part of its territory.
1607:
1396:
of Mapasingue, Tornero, and Buijo, in the immediacies of Guayaquil. The occupation was explained as a guarantee that Ecuador would fulfill its promises to Peru."
260:
1865:
951:
277:
363:
of the sale, and the official acknowledgement of Peruvian ownership of the disputed territories. By late 1859, control of Ecuador was consolidated between
681:
declare his support for the Provisional Government; ten days later, he sailed from Callao, leading an invasion force. While stopped over in the port of
665:
military and civil chief of the province; the following day, Carrión Pinzano called a new assembly that established a Federal Government presiding over
564:, and charged General José María Urbina with defending it. In the wake of this unpopular move, a series of opposition movements, championed by regional
1811:
253:
1308:
1278:
491:
adopted by Peru in 1810, as well as the general acts of jurisdiction and possession that Peru had long carried out in the disputed territories.
2232:
2487:
2200:
1958:
1720:
1678:
1657:
1632:
601:
410:
2130:
1578:
1643:
753:
556:
By 1859, known in Ecuadorian history books as the "Terrible Year", the country was poised on the brink of a leadership crisis. President
396:
although a detachment of Peruvian forces pledged by Castilla in the Treaty of Mapasingue was involved in the later Battle of Guayaquil.
1931:
1926:
1914:
1897:
1887:
1870:
548:, arrived in Ecuadorian waters; the blockade began in earnest on November 4, and was presided over by Rear Admiral Ignacio Mariátegui.
525:
what he considered multiple transgressions carried out by the Ecuadorian government and press against Peru's honor. That same day, the
2382:
2056:
1936:
1824:
2492:
1973:
1768:
128:
1702:
963:
641:, where he handed over leadership of the government to Jerónimo Carrión. He and Urvina would leave the country for good within a
458:
Among the lands transferred by the Icaza–Pritchett treaty were several territories whose ownership was disputed with neighboring
1559:
2477:
1189:
637:
When he received word of Franco's allegiance with Castilla, Robles disavowed their treaty, and moved the capital, this time to
306:
1749:
982:
537:
to command an army against Ecuador if necessary to secure the national territory against its sale to the British creditors. A
2031:
1859:
1850:
2326:
2321:
2212:
2140:
1946:
1907:
989:
is signed, declaring the allocation of Peruvian lands null and forcing the suspension of the Ecuadorian - English business
2482:
2185:
2107:
2097:
2071:
2051:
1804:
1704:
Gabriel Garcia Moreno and Conservative State Formation in the Andes (LLILAS new interpretations of Latin America series)
1392:, and as a result, on November 8, 1859, the Peruvian army made up of 5,000 men disembarked and took up positions in the
734:
Castilla and his forces arrived in Guayaquil on October 4; the next day, he met with Franco aboard the Peruvian steamer
571:
1919:
1537:
123:
31:
2246:
2195:
2122:
2117:
1754:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2341:
2046:
2041:
1892:
1875:
301:
901:
2147:
2066:
2021:
674:
590:
subvert the Robles regime. Believing that he had the support of the Peruvians, in July García Moreno addressed a
446:
566,900. Ecuadorian sovereignty over the lands would be preserved, but all activities carried out there would be
333:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2016:
1983:
364:
232:
627:
575:
372:
1668:
2288:
2263:
2222:
2178:
2112:
1995:
1963:
1845:
1797:
1053:
781:
662:
478:
316:
311:
2036:
1760:
941:
291:
146:
579:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2356:
1840:
1592:
Elías Murguía, Julio J.; Nieto Vélez S. J., Armando (1981). "Conflicto Peruano-Ecuatoriano 1858-1859".
1316:
1286:
630:, the result of the secret agreement between Peru and Cauca to take control of Ecuador, was signed in
2273:
2227:
2135:
2102:
2061:
2004:
1367:
According to Avilés Pino, the declaration of Supreme Chiefhood came on the 17th, rather than the 19th
986:
526:
117:
2336:
2283:
2190:
2085:
1978:
937:
933:
482:
423:
419:
389:
385:
17:
1519:
1151:
Holguín Arias, p.51; "Due to the bad behavior of Cavero against the government he was expelled..."
2375:
2351:
2311:
2298:
2217:
2173:
2161:
2026:
1832:
1601:
596:
530:
by later scholars, and were contrary to his instructions from Lima and detrimental to his goals.
2306:
2278:
2207:
1902:
1716:
1674:
1653:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1565:
534:
376:
203:
1160:
St John, p.59: "...eventually, he was withdrawn at the request of the Ecuadorian government."
999:
2391:
2346:
2331:
2258:
1708:
884:
617:
557:
237:
220:
215:
56:
2316:
1355:
796:, the traitor Franco, who had betrayed them by dealing with the Peruvians on their terms.
769:, near Guayaquil. Castilla did this to guarantee that Ecuador would fulfill its promises.
670:
583:
431:
245:
97:
1190:"La Marina de Guerra en la República Siglo XIX: El Conflicto con el Ecuador (1857-1860)"
541:
of Ecuador's ports was ordered. On November 1, 1858, the first Peruvian ship, the naval
2396:
1941:
1776:
736:
487:
464:
443:
439:
422:
Don Francisco de Paula Icaza, that gave the creditors rights to several territories in
379:
sailed to Guayaquil with several thousand soldiers in October 1859, and negotiated the
788:, Emile Trinité, on December 7, 15 and 21; in them, he proposed that Ecuador become a
2411:
1855:
1652:: Proyecto de Rescate Editorial de la Biblioteca Municipal de Santiago de Guayaquil.
666:
658:
654:
505:
469:
414:
1193:
1951:
1783:
1769:
Interview with Peruvian President Fernando Belaunder Terry, Falso Paquisha Incident
813:
789:
427:
355:
321:
66:
1548:
1354:
According to Avilés Pino, Franco declared himself Supreme Chief of Guayaquil and
677:. On September 26, Cuenca affirmed its allegiance to the Provisional Government.
533:
In a law enacted on October 26, 1858, the Peruvian Congress authorized President
2268:
946:
560:, faced with the threat of the Peruvian blockade, moved the national capital to
1550:
A study of the question of boundaries between the republics of Peru and Ecuador
1542:(in Spanish) (4th ed.). Libreria Francesa Científica Galland. p. 306.
1244:
752:
1968:
950:
of 1858. The long dispute thus produced no favorable result for Peru, and the
905:
838:
766:
631:
447:
326:
773:
Cuenca. The next day, Franco and Castilla met again aboard the Peruvian ship
1735:
1649:
642:
591:
566:
561:
368:
1707:. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1358. University of Texas Press.
516:
1761:
Territorial Disputes and Their Resolution - The Case of Ecuador and Peru.
646:
638:
604:, General Commander of the District of Guayas and third in the Urvinista
538:
1777:
Detailed information about the military actions in the Paquisha Incident
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
621:
Dr. Gabriel García Moreno, leader of the Provisional Government of Quito
1820:
872:
657:
sided with the Provisional Government. On September 18, an assembly in
542:
435:
351:
227:
210:
184:
101:
919:
Icaza-Pritchett treaty was declared null, accepted Peru's position of
785:
650:
62:
695:
You have broken your promises, and I declare our alliance finished.
1789:
1712:
1693:
751:
682:
616:
515:
1584:
1569:
859:
508:
and Great Britain, which distanced themselves from the dispute.
459:
359:
198:
171:
1793:
1673:(Illustrated ed.). Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 124.
1547:
Santamaría de Paredes, Vicente; Weston Van Dyke, Harry (1910).
756:
General Guillermo Franco, Supreme Chief of Guayaquil and Cuenca
249:
1623:. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.
1524:(in Spanish). Ecuador: Tipografía "El Vigilante". p. 168
1755:
Analysis and text of the Icaza-Pritchett treaty (in Spanish)
504:
of 1810, and brought its case before the governments of the
350:
took place between 1857 and 1860. The conflict began when
586:; he was deposed the next day by forces loyal to Robles.
477:(a decree ordering the transfer of territories from the
1521:
Manual de Efemérides: Lecciones de historia del Ecuador
1192:(in Spanish). Marina de Guerra del Peru. Archived from
594:—published in a July edition of the Peruvian newspaper
520:
Marshall Ramón Castilla y Marquezado, President of Peru
442:: a total of 2,610,200 quarter sections, at a value of
61:
The Peruvian fleet that blockaded Guayaquil, docked in
27:
Conflict between Ecuador and Peru between 1857 and 1860
952:
ongoing territorial dispute between the two countries
2297:
2245:
2160:
2084:
2003:
1831:
890:
880:
845:
834:
819:
809:
613:
August–September 1859: Ecuadorian situation worsens
1730:Avilés Pino, Efrén; Hoyos Galarza, Melvin (2009).
1616:
371:, and a provisional government in Quito headed by
1645:Historia Documentada de las Provincias del Guayas
1358:on the 6th day of September, rather than the 17th
704:—Gabriel García Moreno, writing to Ramón Castilla
693:
438:; as well as 410,200 quarter sections near the
380:
76:), commanded by Rear Admiral Ignacio Mariátegui
41:
1464:
1462:
1375:
1373:
1106:
1104:
1805:
1596:(in Spanish). Vol. 6 (4 ed.). Lima.
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1052:In some sources, Pritchett is referred to as
261:
8:
1784:The 1995 Peruvian-Ecuadorian border conflict
1667:Herz, Monica; Pontes Nogueira, João (2002).
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1067:
1065:
1063:
804:
723:—Ramón Castilla responding to García Moreno
552:Early 1859: Leadership struggles in Ecuador
2251:
2166:
2090:
2009:
1812:
1798:
1790:
1670:Ecuador vs. Peru: peacemaking amid rivalry
1606:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1138:
1136:
1134:
1000:"Guerra peruano - ecuatoriana 1858 - 1860"
803:
268:
254:
246:
38:
1245:"Los Gobiernos de la Crisis de 1859-1860"
297:First Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1857-1860)
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1866:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
1169:Elías Murguía & Nieto Vélez, p. 500
1128:Elías Murguía & Nieto Vélez, p. 496
1110:Elías Murguía & Nieto Vélez, p. 493
1089:Elías Murguía & Nieto Vélez, p. 489
975:
292:Gran Colombian-Peruvian War (1828–1829)
279:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
49:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
1599:
1564:(9 ed.). Editorial Universo S.A.
1027:Elías Murguía & Nieto Vélez, p.492
983:Cuando los peruanos ocuparon Guayaquil
1750:Ecuadorian Land Company, Ltd. listing
312:Second Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1941)
7:
426:; several more on the shores of the
388:defeated Franco's government at the
327:Third Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1995)
1979:2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis
1881:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)
18:Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1857-1860)
454:Peruvian protest against land deal
25:
2201:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
1764:United States Institute of Peace.
1580:Historia de la República del Perú
1518:Gallegos Naranjo, Manuel (1900).
1267:Avilés Pino; Hoyos Galarza, p. 60
1994:
1572:. Call number F3431 .P7313 1979.
964:List of wars between democracies
896:
865:
852:
485:). He also noted the posture of
236:
226:
219:
209:
197:
177:
164:
55:
1701:V. N. Henderson, Peter (2008).
574:triumvirate, integrated by Dr.
1615:St John, Ronald Bruce (1992).
1587:: Editorial Universitaria S.A.
1002:(in Spanish). 9 September 2016
411:war of independence from Spain
32:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1941)
1:
1947:Supreme Council of Government
1738:: Municipalidad de Guayaquil.
1692:(in Spanish) (1st ed.).
1688:Holguín Arias, Rubén (2003).
1642:Campos, José Antonio (1999).
1504:Paredes & Van Dyke, p.259
1495:Paredes & Van Dyke, p.258
348:First Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
42:First Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
1558:Pons Muzzo, Gustavo (1978).
1539:Resumen de historia del Perú
2233:Water supply and sanitation
1648:(in Spanish). Vol. V.
570:, were formed. On May 1, a
30:For the 1941 conflict, see
2509:
1893:Liberal Revolution of 1895
1619:The foreign policy of Peru
1594:Historia marítima del Perú
800:1860: Treaty of Mapasingue
29:
2369:
2254:
2169:
2093:
2012:
1992:
1432:Paredes; Van Dyke, p.257:
1309:"FRANCO, Gral. Guillermo"
895:
823:25 January 1860
578:, Pacífico Chiriboga and
405:Ecuadorian debt situation
334:Brasilia Presidential Act
287:
190:
157:
80:
54:
46:
2488:Ecuadorian–Peruvian wars
1984:2024 Ecuadorian conflict
1696:: Ediciones Holguín S.A.
1577:Basandre, Jorge (1970).
1456:Paredes; Van Dyke, p.258
1405:Paredes; Van Dyke, p.265
1313:Enciclopedia del Ecuador
1283:Enciclopedia del Ecuador
1243:Simón Espinosa Cordero.
1071:Paredes; Van Dyke, p.255
902:es:Tratado de Mapasingue
628:Mosquera-Zelaya Protocol
602:General Guillermo Franco
365:General Guillermo Franco
322:Paquisha incident (1981)
1964:War on drugs in Ecuador
1920:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
1846:Real Audiencia of Quito
1536:Wiesse, Carlos (1908).
1486:Basadre, Vol. IV p. 992
1279:"GUAYAQUIL, Batalla de"
479:Real Audiencia de Quito
317:Border incident of 1978
307:Torres Causana incident
2478:Wars involving Ecuador
1937:Military Junta of 1963
1553:. Press of B.S. Adams.
757:
748:November–December 1859
731:
663:Manuel Carrión Pinzano
622:
521:
497:uti possidetis de jure
191:Commanders and leaders
147:Status quo ante bellum
1841:Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1732:Historia de Guayaquil
954:remained unresolved.
755:
620:
576:Gabriel García Moreno
519:
512:1858: Peru retaliates
375:. Peruvian President
373:Gabriel García Moreno
1119:Herz; Nogueira, p.26
987:Treaty of Mapasingue
805:Treaty of Mapasingue
413:, the government of
381:Treaty of Mapasingue
118:Treaty of Mapasingue
2493:Ecuador–Peru border
2483:Wars involving Peru
1908:1922 general strike
1851:War of Independence
1690:Estudios Sociales 6
1307:Efren Aviles Pino.
1277:Efrén Avilés Pino.
1098:Holguín Arias, p.50
942:Miguel de San Román
938:Battle of Guayaquil
806:
483:Viceroyalty of Peru
475:Real Cédula of 1802
420:Minister of Finance
390:Battle of Guayaquil
384:Moreno and General
2322:Indigenous peoples
2213:Telecommunications
2123:National Congress
758:
623:
522:
354:attempted to sell
302:Angoteros incident
65:. Pictured is the
2433:Conflicts in 1860
2428:Conflicts in 1859
2423:Conflicts in 1858
2418:Conflicts in 1857
2405:
2404:
2365:
2364:
2241:
2240:
2186:Coffee production
2156:
2155:
2131:Political parties
2118:National Assembly
2108:Foreign relations
2080:
2079:
1903:Concha Revolution
1722:978-0-292-71903-3
1680:978-1-58826-075-8
1659:978-9978-41-142-1
1634:978-1-55587-304-2
1561:Historia del Perú
1054:chargé d'affaires
911:
910:
782:chargé d'affaires
724:
705:
434:in the canton of
367:, in the city of
341:
340:
244:
243:
153:
152:
113:Peruvian victory
16:(Redirected from
2500:
2385:
2378:
2252:
2196:Economic history
2167:
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2091:
2010:
1998:
1974:2000 coup d'état
1876:March Revolution
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1468:Henderson, p. 54
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1414:Henderson, p. 47
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1379:Henderson, p. 45
1377:
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1346:
1343:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1315:. Archived from
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1285:. Archived from
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722:
703:
580:Jerónimo Carrión
558:Francisco Robles
432:quarter sections
386:Juan José Flores
358:land claimed by
282:
280:
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256:
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233:Guillermo Franco
231:
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216:Francisco Robles
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81:
59:
39:
21:
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2453:1860 in Ecuador
2448:1859 in Ecuador
2443:1858 in Ecuador
2438:1857 in Ecuador
2408:
2407:
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2342:Public holidays
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1744:Further reading
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1477:Basadre, p. 990
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1142:Naranjo, p. 145
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98:Guayas Province
60:
35:
28:
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15:
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2148:Vice President
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2057:National parks
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2013:
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1991:
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1734:(in Spanish).
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1713:10.1007/b62130
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1345:Naranjo, p.146
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921:uti possidetis
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535:Ramón Castilla
513:
510:
502:uti possidetis
488:uti possidetis
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430:; one million
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377:Ramón Castilla
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2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
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1985:
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1980:
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1886:
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1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:reunification
1857:
1856:Gran Colombia
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
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1465:
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1443:
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1435:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:Wiesse, p.296
1420:
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1399:
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1391:
1385:
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1370:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1319:on 2011-07-10
1318:
1314:
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1303:
1300:
1289:on 2011-07-10
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1196:on 2009-09-17
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1080:St John, p.58
1077:
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1066:
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1046:
1043:St John, p.59
1040:
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506:United States
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470:Loreto Region
467:
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429:
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415:Gran Colombia
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64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2473:1860 in Peru
2468:1859 in Peru
2463:1858 in Peru
2458:1857 in Peru
2289:Social class
2264:Demographics
2223:Trade unions
2179:Central Bank
2098:Constitution
1959:1990–present
1952:Paquisha War
1880:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1731:
1703:
1689:
1669:
1644:
1618:
1593:
1579:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1520:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1452:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1363:
1350:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1312:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:the original
1282:
1272:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1184:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1124:
1115:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1048:
1004:. Retrieved
994:
978:
945:
930:
920:
915:
912:
814:Peace treaty
793:
790:protectorate
779:
774:
771:
762:
759:
741:
735:
733:
712:
694:
689:October 1859
679:
636:
624:
605:
595:
588:
572:conservative
565:
555:
546:BAP Amazonas
545:
532:
523:
501:
500:position of
496:
493:
486:
465:Real Cédulas
463:
457:
428:Zamora river
408:
394:
356:Amazon basin
347:
345:
332:
296:
158:Belligerents
145:
112:
73:
68:
47:Part of the
2037:Environment
2032:Earthquakes
1006:24 December
947:casus belli
846:Signatories
597:El Comercio
440:Cañar river
409:During its
140:Territorial
127: [
122:End of the
2412:Categories
2357:Television
2327:Newspapers
1969:Cenepa War
1528:2010-02-27
1512:References
1323:2010-02-28
1293:2010-03-01
1254:2010-03-02
1200:2010-02-24
906:Wikisource
839:Mapasingue
827:1860-01-25
794:El Traidor
767:Mapasingue
448:tax-exempt
424:Esmeraldas
133:in Ecuador
2274:Education
2228:Transport
2136:President
2103:Elections
2072:Volcanoes
2062:Provinces
2052:Mountains
2005:Geography
1932:1960–1990
1927:1944–1960
1915:1925–1944
1898:1895–1925
1888:1860–1895
1871:1830–1860
1736:Guayaquil
1650:Guayaquil
1602:cite book
1394:haciendas
1249:Edufuturo
936:, at the
927:Aftermath
891:Full text
881:Languages
841:, Ecuador
643:fortnight
592:manifesto
567:caudillos
562:Guayaquil
369:Guayaquil
124:civil war
88:1857–1860
2392:Category
2284:Religion
2191:Currency
2125:(former)
2113:Military
2086:Politics
1825:articles
1570:82163429
958:See also
916:hacienda
835:Location
775:Amazonas
763:hacienda
647:Babahoyo
639:Riobamba
606:caudillo
539:blockade
527:Chancery
93:Location
69:Apurímac
2376:Outline
2352:Smoking
2312:Cuisine
2299:Culture
2247:Society
2218:Tourism
2174:Banking
2162:Economy
2047:Mammals
2042:Islands
2027:Climate
1833:History
1821:Ecuador
1772:Caretas
1179:office.
1057:entity.
885:Spanish
873:Ecuador
825: (
742:Sachaca
632:Popayán
543:frigate
481:to the
436:Canelos
352:Ecuador
185:Ecuador
142:changes
102:Ecuador
72:(later
2397:Portal
2307:Cinema
2279:Health
2269:People
2208:Mining
2067:Rivers
2022:Cities
1823:
1719:
1677:
1656:
1631:
1568:
1390:Tumbes
1356:Cuenca
870:
857:
820:Signed
786:France
737:Tumbes
675:Zamora
671:El Oro
661:named
651:Vinces
584:Cuenca
400:Events
235:
218:
182:
169:
109:Result
74:Callao
63:Callao
2383:Index
2347:Sport
2332:Music
2259:Crime
2017:Birds
1694:Quito
970:Notes
683:Paita
655:Daule
131:]
2317:Flag
2141:List
1717:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1608:link
1585:Lima
1566:LCCN
1008:2020
985:The
860:Peru
810:Type
673:and
667:Loja
659:Loja
653:and
460:Peru
360:Peru
346:The
172:Peru
85:Date
67:BAP
1709:doi
1625:269
904:at
784:of
765:of
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1715:.
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1600:{{
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1032:^
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444:£
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