Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute

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of the United States. The meetings commenced on September 30, 1935, and lasted two years. From the start the President of the United States was asked not to interfere with the direct negotiations by the Peruvian delegation, since his duty would be to arbitrate a final solution based on these direct negotiations if said negotiations failed. During that time period neither party seemed to agree on defining the boundaries of the disputed area to be arbitrated by the President of the United States. In essence, Ecuador considered all of Tumbez, Jaén, and Maynas to be Ecuadorian because of its numerous de jure colonial titles, but was willing to divide them up through a compromise negotiation method for the sake of peace. In contrast, Peru considered Tumbez, Jaén, and Maynas to be all Peruvian because of their de facto occupation and the real cedula of 1802 title, and showed up in Washington to only negotiate what the borders of these provinces were in relation to Ecuador. Because of the failure to agree on what lands were disputed, the conference in Washington was doomed to failure. Finally, on February 6, 1937 Ecuador proposed a transactional line similar to the Herrera-Garcia Treaty for arbitration and asked for complete arbitration by the President of the United States if this is rejected. Peru promptly rejected this the next day and later the Peruvian Delegation passed a note to the Ecuadorian Delegation, which informed them that they had just received instructions from their government in Peru to abandon the negotiations. Because of this the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was not able to put a final solution to the border dispute through a peaceful arbitration.

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extendiéndose aquella Comandancia General no sólo por el río Marañón abajo, hasta las fronteras de las colonias portugueses, sino también por todos los demás ríos que entran al Marañón por sus margines septentrional y meridional como son Morona, Huallaga, Paztaza, Ucayali, Napo, Yavari, Putumayo, Yapurá y otros menos considerables, hasta el paraje en que éstos mismos por sus altos y raudales dejan de ser navegables: debiendo quedar también a la misma Comandancia General los pueblos de Lamas y Moyobamba... A cuyo fin os mando que quedando como quedan agregados los gobiernos de Mainas y Quijos a es Virreynato auxiliés con cuantas providencias juzguéis necesarias y os pidiere el Comandante General y que sirvan en ellos no sólo para el adelantamiento y conservación de los pueblos, custodia de los misioneros sino también para la seguridad de mis dominios impidiendo se adelanten por ellos los vasallos de Corona de Portugal nombrando los cabos subalternos o Teniente de Gobernador que os pareciere necesarios, para la defensa de esas fronteras y administración de justicia...Así mismo he resuelto poner todos esos pueblos y misiones reunidos a cargo del Colegio Apostolico de Santa Rosa de Ocopa de ese Arzobispado...Igualmente he resuelto erigir un Obispado en dichas misiones...YO EL REY

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diſtrito la Provincia de el Quito, y por la Coſta azia la parte de la Ciudad de los Reyes, haſta el Puerto de Payta, excluſive: y por la tierra adentro, haſta Piura, Caxamarca, Chachapoyas, Moyabamba y Motilones, excluſive, incluyendo azia la parte ſuſodicha los Pueblos de Iaen, Valladolid, Loja, Zamora, Cuenca, la Zarca y Guayaquil, con todos los demas Pueblos, que eſtuvieren en ſus comarcas, y ſe poblaren: y azia la parte de los Pueblos de la Canela y Quixos, tenga los dichos Pueblos, con los demas que ſe deſcubrieren: y por la Coſta, azia Panama, haſta el Puerto de la Buenaventura, incluſive: y la tierra adentro a Paſto, Popayán, Cali, Buga, Chapanchica y Guarchicona; porque los demas lugares de la governacion de Popayán, ſon de la Audiencia del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, con la qual, y con la Tierrafirme parte terminos por el Septentrion: y con la de los Reyes por el Mediodia, teniendo al Poniente la Mar del Sur, y al Levante Provincias aun no pacificas, ni deſcubiertas.

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exploring, taking over, and settling these vacant areas with Peruvian citizens before Ecuador and Colombia, thus having a good de facto position if the dispute goes to arbitration. Before 1890, the fluvial armada concentrated in taking over the small river ports along the Marañón river like Nauta, Omaguas, Iquitos, Regis, Parinari, Antonio, Santander, Barrabca, Borja, Mazan, and Destacamento. Most of the exploration of the tributary rivers north of the Marañón river was conducted by a Peruvian military commander named Coronel Pedro Portillo in the early 20th century. The Peruvian fluvial armada at that time consisted of lightly armed rafts and boats with its main base in Iquitos, the capital of Loreto. In this way most of the northern tributary rivers which drained into the Marañón – Amazon river and its adjacent disputed territories were occupied by Peruvians.

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Javari, Putumayo, Japurá, and other less significant, until the place in which these cease to be navigable streams: the villages of Lamas and Moyobamba must also become part of the aforementioned General Command... To which end I order that you aid, added as is the administration of Maynas and Quijos to this Viceroyalty, with whatever steps you deem necessary, and I request of you, the Commander General, that you serve them not only for the advancement and conservation of the peoples in the custody of the missionaries, but also for the security of my dominions, by preventing them from being brought forward by the vassals of the Portuguese Crown, by naming the junior sergeants or Lieutenant Governor that you see fit, for the defense of these frontiers and the administration of justice... I have also resolved to erect a

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Criminal: un Alguazil mayor, y vn Teniente de Gran Chanicller: y los demas Ministros y Oficiales necessarios: y tenga por distrito la Costa, que hay desde la dicha Ciudad, hasta el Reyno Chile esclusive, y hasta el Puerto de Payta inclusive: y por la tierra adentro a San Miguel de Piura, Caxamarca, Chachapoyas, Moyobamba, y los Motilones, inclusive, y hasta el Collao, exclusive, por los terminos, que se senalan a la Real Audiencia de la Plata, y la Ciudad del Cuzco con los suyos, inclusive, partiendo terminos por el Septentrion con la Real Audiencia de Quito: por el Mediodia con la de la Plata: por el Poniente con la Mar del Sur: y por el Levane con Provincias no descubiertas, segun les estan senalados, y con la declaracion, que se contiene en la ley 14 de este titulo.

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region the boundary followed the present borders between Ecuador and Colombia. Then starting around 75°W Longitude the border followed a somewhat straight line midway between the Putumayo and Napo rivers until it reaches the Ampiyacu River, which was picked as a natural border in the jungle region between Ecuador and Colombia. The border then followed the Ambiyacu River and ended when it reached 72°W Longitude on the Amazon River. With this treaty Ecuador gave up a portion of its ancient colonial claims to a territory that reached north to the Caqueta River and east to the Brazilian border.

1669:. This treaty was quickly ratified by Ecuador's congress. Since the Peruvian Congress thought the treaty unfavourable, they ratified it in October 1891, provided they were allowed to introduce modifications, which reduced Ecuadorian sovereignty over the Marañón – Amazon rivers. Ecuador's congress subsequently disapproved the Herrera-García treaty due to the modifications introduced by Peru. Ecuador also requested meetings to further discuss its validity thesis on the Guayaquil (Gual-Larrea) Treaty of 1829. 391: 1974: 47: 812:. The eastern limit was ill-defined at the time, due to a lack of geographical knowledge and the low importance given to unpopulated, hard-to-reach territories. As the Jesuit Missionaries from Quito and other missionaries entered the Amazon Basin, the Amazon region with its tributaries were more clearly defined and by 1740, the Real Cedula of 1740 precisely defined the borders between the Viceroyalties of New Granada and Peru. 933: 2541: 104: 2555: 114: 1174:

gave Peru the right to claim Guayaquil and the coast of Ecuador. Colombia claimed that both Cedulas do not change political borders because the Cedula of 1802 refers only to Ecclesiastical borders and the 1803 cedula deals with mercantile and military jurisdictions. Gran Colombia based its borders on the unmodified Cédula of 1740 to define its borders with Peru.

2512:), as a result of the Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute "a number of emerging views about international affairs, U.S. foreign policy, and modern inter-American affairs were either shattered or seriously challenged". Some of the global and regional political implications of the dispute which have been noted are the following: 2295:) on 26 October 1998. The peace agreement was followed by the formal demarcation of the border on 13 May 1999 and the end of the multi-national MOMEP (Military Observer Mission for Ecuador and Peru) troop deployment on 17 June 1999 which effectively put an end to one of the oldest territorial disputes in the 2516:

It was a blow to the idea that democracies do not go to war with one another. An armed conflict between these two nations has existed well before then, nevertheless, on and off with major confrontations occurring in 1941, 1981 and 1995. Ecuador and Peru have both been full-fledged democracies for the

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Today, the entire Ecuadorian–Peruvian border is clearly delimited and demarcated, and the maps of both countries agree on the location of the common frontier. Bilateral work is being done by both countries Foreign Affairs officers to consolidate the economic and social integration. We can see part of

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This dispute is unique and significant in the study of causes and resolution of international conflict. Ecuador and Peru are populated by people who share a language, a culture, a religious preference, have basically the same social and ethnic diversity, and comparable economic difficulties. They are

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principle as the basis for the territorial demarcation of the new nation-states that were to be born out of the ancient colonial jurisdictions. In essence, the principle stated that the borders of the new countries should correspond to the Spanish administrative borders, as they were in 1809. By this

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Desde que salieron los jesuitas de estas tierras no ha habido quien se contraiga a su fomento espiritual ni temporal; todos se han buscado a sí mismos. De esta proposición que es absoluta y de una eterna verdad se ha seguido naturalmente lo que estamos viendo y tocando con dolor, que ya no ha quedado

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With respect to this Real Cédula of 1802, it is worth noting that there are three specimens available, all of them Peruvian in origin, and not one of them agrees with any of the others, they are: the one produced by Dr. Galindo; the one contained in the volume published in Brazil; and the one in the

2492:, has said peace is essential to South America's economic recovery. He added: "You clearly cannot have long-term growth and prosperity involving foreign investment without stability". While there are still political instability issues in the region, resolution of the territorial conflict is helpful. 2188:

Maps published in Ecuador since the 1960s up to the end of the 20th century officially had to exclude the unmarked 78 kilometers of border, that is, the Rio Protocol line was drawn as unresolved, and to include what Ecuador considered as its own by right, according to the Pedemonte-Mosquera protocol

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border line based on the effective possession of territory that each country had in the Amazon region at the time. This border was very similar to that established by the Rio de Janeiro Protocol 5 years later. To Ecuador, the status quo line simply demonstrated how much territory Peru had taken from

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Peru fixes its eastern border with Brazil; however, Ecuador and Colombia protested that the border fixed with Brazil north of the Amazon called the Apoparis-Tabatinga line is within disputed Amazon Territories. The disputed territories (triangular in shape) at that time was disputed between Ecuador,

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An alternative view is that Ecuador and Venezuela separated from the Gran Colombia Federation (from Colombia in actuality) and inherited any treaties that Gran Colombia had signed with Peru as they applied to their corresponding territories. There are indications that Colombia itself maintained this

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Deciding to free Peru (what is now Peru and Bolivia) from what he considered to be an authoritarian project, De la Mar promoted an anti-Bolivarian campaign which gained popular support and led to insurrections, both in Peru and in Bolivia (Upper Peru), where the Colombian Army was expelled. Finally,

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He resuelto que tenga por segregado del Virreynato de Santa Fe y de la provincia de Quito y agregado a ese Virreynato el Gobierno y Comandancia General de Mainas con los pueblos del Gobierno de Quijos, excepto el de Papallacta por estar todos ellos a las orillas del río Napo o en sus inmediaciones,

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The solution that the commission reached was that an area of one square kilometer in the place of the fiercest struggle, Tiwinza, on the Peruvian side of the border, would be granted to Ecuador as a non-sovereign private property. The site could be used by Ecuador for commemorative and non-military

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This is a protocol signed between Ecuador and Peru, wherein both parties agreed to send their representatives to Washington so that they could try to resolve their border disputes in an amicable manner through a direct negotiation compromise method followed by a partial arbitration by the President

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This treaty put an end to a long-lasting border dispute, that arose after Ecuador's separation from the Gran Colombia on May 13, 1830. Under the terms of the treaty, the new boundary was a somewhat straight imaginary line that started in the Pacific Ocean and ended in the Amazon River. In the Andes

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in order to end the dispute. (Mapasingue is a location near Guayaquil where Peruvian troops had been stationed.) Ecuador voided the concession of territories claimed by Peru to the British, and Peru withdrew its forces. However, the territorial situation remained unclear and was left to be resolved

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In Peru, the dissolution of Gran Colombia is seen as a country ceasing to exist, giving way to the formation of new nation states that had nothing to do with the original federation. The significant implication of this view is that the treaties Peru had signed with Gran Colombia were voided, as the

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May 1, 1814: the census carried out by Sanchez Rangel reads: in 58 towns of the 90 that make up said diocese there are no more than eight assistant priests, three of which are located at the extremes of the Bishopric: three in small rivers, one in the dilated course of the great rivers Guallaga and

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En La Ciudad de San Franciſco del Quito, en el Peru, reſida otra nueſtra Audiencia y Chancilleria Real, con vn Preſidente: quatro Oidores, que tambien ſean Alcaldes de el Crimen: vn Fiſcal: vn Alguazil mayor: vn Teniente de Gran Chanciller: y los demas Miniſtros y Oficiales neceſarios: y tenga por

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As support for its arguments, Ecuador has repeatedly cited the obvious difference in military might between the two countries, and the lack of preparedness of its forces. It has been speculated that Peru prepared to carry out an all-out invasion and could have been simply waiting for the slightest

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The Gran Colombia federation dissolved in 1830 because of political struggles between regions which strengthened after Bolívar's resignation. Ecuador was born as a country on May 13, 1830, and began its separate existence with the adoption of a Constitution on September 23, 1830. According to this

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1810: all administrative and economic affairs of the province were turned over to the Viceroyalty of Peru, a state of affairs that would endure until 1819. Jaén de Bracamoros had no such cedula transferring it to Peru and would rightly belong to Ecuador. However, Jaén decided to join Peru after it

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would become the Republic of Colombia (Greater Colombia, which included modern Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama). Border disputes arose when Peru began basing its borders on the Cedula Real of 1802 which gave them rights to claim territory in the Amazon region and the Cédula of 1803 which

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Respecto de esta Real Cédula de 1802 conviene observar que hemos tenido a la vista tres ejemplares impresos, todas de fuente peruana y ninguno de ellos concuerda con los otros, a saber: el que reproduce el doctor Galindo, el que se contiene en el volumen publicado en Brasil y el presentado en el

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EN la Ciudad de los Reyes Lima, Cabeca de las Provincias del Peru, resida otra nuestra Audiencia y Chancilleria Real, con un Virrey, Governador y Capitan General, y Lugar-Teniente nuestro, que sea Presidente: ocho Oidores: quatro Alcaldes del Crimen, y dos Fiscales: uno de lo Civil, y otro de lo

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To justify its claims to the disputed amazonian territory Peru decides to create a separate amazonian political military government naming it the Government of Loreto, after Peru successfully takes over a small amazonian port called Nauta. The policy of the Loreto Government is to concentrate on

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in 1995. Tensions subsided but persisted over the next three years. On October 26, 1998, Ecuador and Peru signed a comprehensive peace accord that established a framework for ending a border dispute. Formal demarcation of border regions started on May 13, 1999. The agreement was ratified without

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Many examples of bias are cited, which can typically be characterized as removal of critical information about the other side's position. Emotional and nationalistic coloring of the material also appears to be routine. Although expected under the circumstances, this has likely fed the cycle of

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Thus, when Peru reopened the advance on July 29, which began with simultaneous bombings on the Ecuadorian towns of Machala, Puerto Bolívar, Pasaje, Santa Rosa, and Arenillas, plus a mission to the city of Guayaquil to drop leaflets, the Peruvian forces easily occupied the deserted towns of the

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This attempt was largely successful in allowing a relatively easy takeover of El Oro towns, devoid by then of any Ecuadorian military presence after the short-lived ceasefire of July 26, brokered by the mediator countries (USA, Brazil and Argentina). After the ceasefire, most of the Ecuadorian

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or its immediacies, extending the aforementioned General Command not only downstream of the Marañón River, to the borders of the Portuguese colonies, but also down all the other rivers entering the Marañón by its northern and southern margins as do the Morona, Huallaga, Paztaza, Ucayali, Napo,

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In the Espinoza-Bonifaz convention Ecuador and Peru submitted their dispute to arbitration by the King of Spain. Ecuador announced its withdrawal from the process months before a decision was issued, which was expected to be in 1910. Ecuador alleged that the King was not impartial because the

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These civil divisions were not uniform, with numerous exceptions being made based on the specific circumstances. The Viceroys were presidents of the audiences at the capitals of their Viceroyalties, with other audiences being presided over by captain-generals, or by persons known as gowned

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Ecuador argued its thesis extensively for 30 years, but did not find support in the international community. Peru's position, on the other hand, was that a dispute did not exist at all after 1941, a position which lasted until 1995, when it was recognized as a problematic diplomatic issue.

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1818: The President of Quito names Don Juan Navas Governor of Quijos. On June 19, the Council of the Indies tells the story of the creation of the Bishopric and the General Command of Maynas, the lack of compliance with the Decree of 1802, and the impossibility of compliance with the

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of 1995 allowed an honorable resolution of the conflict without a clear winner. To many Ecuadorians this was viewed as restoring the honor of the country, which was at least as important as their claims to the disputed territory. Unfortunately, not everyone is completely satisfied.

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province. A new ceasefire having been decreed to enter in effect on July 31 at 18:00 forced the Peruvian command to step up its efforts to occupy Machala and Puerto Bolívar, which they did with troops disembarked directly on Puerto Bolívar from the sea in the afternoon of July 31. (

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Ecuador has also cited Peru's history of conflict with its other neighbors as evidence of its belligerence. It has been pointed out, however, that these circumstances did not preclude Ecuador from attempting to lay claim to territories it still considered its own. Also, during the

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Civil-military relations in both countries have been impacted and need to be re-examined. If in fact the conflict was allowed to escalate after accidental encounters between patrols, it has been suggested that the civilian authority should perhaps assume more solid leadership and

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On October 26, 1998, these two nations signed a comprehensive peace accord establishing the framework for ending a border dispute. Formal demarcation of border regions started on May 13, 1999. The agreement was ratified without opposition by both nations' congress. U.S. President

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was described in Law V, Title XV of Book II: "In the City of Kings Lima, the capital of the provinces of Peru, shall reside another Royal Audience and Chancellery of ours, with a viceroy, governor and captain general, and a lieutenant, who will be president; eight judges of

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The guarantors assisted the parties in ministerial level discussions aimed at identifying the significant claims and disagreements of each side. Both countries agreed to a guarantor-sponsored technical commission composed of boundary experts in order to resolve the matter.

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the new boundary. However, it left the status of a small area in the Andes Mountains named Jaén de Bracamoros in dispute. It was decided by Pedemonte and Mosquera that on a later date, either the Chinchipe River or the Huancabamba River would be chosen as the new boundary.

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Bowman, p.759: "A royal cedula, dated 1802, complicated matters ... was considerable uncertainty as to the validity of the cedula as well as its meaning..." (This paper was published in 1942, and establishes uncertainty of the Cedula's authenticity at least up until that

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Ambassador Luigi Einaudi, the US guarantor representative, is credited with coming up with the idea of a private property concession in Tiwintza, working almost full-time on the problem, and coming up with ways to express issues in a manner not offensive to either party.

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I have resolved that the administration and General Command of Maynas with the towns of the administration of Quijos be separated from the province of Quito and added to the Viceroyalty of Santa Fe, except for Papallacta, for reason that they are all on the shores of the

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rivers; Peru agreed to withdraw Peruvian military forces from Ecuadorian territory. An area of 200,000 km (77,000 sq mi) of hitherto disputed territory in the Maynas region of the Amazonian basin was awarded to Peru, which had been established to be the

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The commission recognized Ecuador's position on one small already demarcated section of the border, and Peru's position on the larger issue of the single watershed between the Zamora and Santiago rivers. The latter was a blow to Ecuador's historic position, and left

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In 1904 Ecuador decides to sign a treaty of friendship, alliance, and free navigation with Brazil. With this treaty Ecuador relinquishes its ancient Spanish colonial rights to present-day Brazilian territory that exactly covers an area between the Caqueta and Amazon

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Ecuador's position was that arbitration did not arrive at a satisfactory conclusion because even Peru's representative had expressed that the King did not have the capacity to consolidate peace, as both countries were parting from absolutely opposing principles.

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offered their services in aiding in the mediation of the dispute. Their efforts failed to prevent the outbreak of hostilities on July 23, 1941, but the diplomatic intervention led to a definitive cease-fire being put into place on July 31. Despite this, limited

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which controlled parts of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Because of De La Mars ambition of restoring the glory of the Inca Empire by annexing Ecuador and Bolivia to Peru, relations between Bolívar and De la Mar quickly boiled over and the two soon became rivals.

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It was a blow to the idea that Latin America is a model for peaceful international relations. It is a reminder that there are other territorial disputes and conflicting claims among other Latin American countries which could potentially threaten peace in the

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officially undisclosed decision was not favorable. Additionally, there were popular protests in Ecuador against Peru. The King subsequently abstained from issuing a decision. Arbitration documents confirmed Peru's right to Maynas and other lands in dispute.

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attack aircraft from Belarus to counter the abysmal state the airforce was in at the beginning of the conflict, with 80% of the fleet grounded due to lack of spare parts), but the presence of the MOMEP contingent was instrumental in defusing the situation.

820:, "Definitive Decree of Re-erection of the Viceroyalty of New Granada") reinstated the viceroyalty with its 1717 territories, including the Royal Audience of Quito. The border between Quito and the Viceroyalty of Peru was defined in 1740 by another Cédula: 1459:

Peru recognizes Ecuador as a new republic and signs a treaty of friendship, alliance and commerce. Article XIV mentions that until a convention, respecting the limits of the 2 states, shall have been concluded, the present limits shall be recognized and

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of 1941, Ecuador did not agree with the Rio de Janeiro Protocol. Later in 1998 the Guarantors of the Rio Protocol ruled that the border of the undelimited zone was indeed the line of the Cordillera del Cóndor, as Peru had been claiming since the 1940s.

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machine-guns. There was also a "Córdova" battalion, made up of around 100 troops, and a so-called "Mariscal Sucre" artillery battery, with 71 troops and no artillery pieces. In fact, the only artillery in the whole province of El Oro consisted of six

1484:. After violent discussions, Ecuador gives an ultimatum to the effect that if there's no answer from Peru by a certain date, Ecuador would be forced to occupy territories considered Ecuadorian according to article 5 of the Larrea-Gual treaty of 1829. 1064:

February 22, 1815: The Council of the Indies receives a letter from Sanchez Rangel dated January 28, 1814. Bishop Rangel proves that the Decree of 1802 has not been met by the government, the priests at the edges of the Bishopric, nor the "P.P. de

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This cedula greatly modified the original demarcation, but served only to fix the starting point of the line on the pacific coast at the river Tumbes. This document was the first mention of the Tumbes as the boundary between the two viceroyalties.

1218:, who had been a member of Bolívar's troops during the wars of independence and born in Cuenca, Ecuador, had his own political ambition. De La Mar wanted to establish himself as the formal ruler of Peru, which in precolonial times was called the 815:

Having temporarily suppressed the Viceroyalty of New Granada, on November 5, 1723, Philip V emitted another Cédula, which returned control of the Royal Audience of Quito to the Viceroyalty of Peru. The Cédula of August 20, 1739 (also called the

1901:, with artillery and air support. (Beginning in the second third of the 20th century, Peru allegedly had one of the strongest military forces in South America, even as recently as 2005 it ranked second after Brazil and stronger than Argentina 674:; two crown attorneys , one for civil, and the other for criminal cases; a bailiff ; a lieutenant of the Grand Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have for district the coast from that city down to the 1287:

principle was ratified, allowing for small concessions with the end of coming up with a more natural and precise border so as to avoid further conflict. The parties agreed to form a binational commission to establish a permanent border.

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declared the Rio Protocol null and void. (Peruvian analysts have speculated that this was a politically motivated move by Velasco Ibarra, who was considered a populist, but evidence to support this assertion is totally circumstantial).

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At a critical moment during late July and early August 1998 it appeared that Peruvian forces were preparing a preemptive assault on Ecuadorian forces (this is partially believed due to the Peruvian Air Force buying 19 Soviet-built

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guns deployed on Puerto Bolívar, which was the only port of entry for supplies, reinforcements, and weapons to arrive to the province, by sea, from the port-city of Guayaquil. The Ecuadorian Army of 1941 had not a single warplane.

1023:("File on the erection of the Diocese of Maynas and the Decrees that were issued in 1805 regarding the borders"). With no response forthcoming, a Decree of the Courts rendered the Decree of 1802 null and void on November 13, 1812. 461:

presidents. Power was devolved to the captain-general of an audience by the Viceroy, and the audience's territory was administered by the audience's president and the political, military, and religious officials underneath him.

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In 1941, the two countries went to war. As with all other such incidents, there are conflicting accounts to this day as to which side fired the first shot. Peru's version of events (notably well documented in Peruvian sources

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possessor of the land since the end of the 19th century. The "status quo" line defined in the 1936 Lima Accord was used as the basis for the definitive border line; the previous border recognized current possessions, but not

2041:. The observers from the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile co-signed the document, becoming "Guarantors of the Protocol". The Rio Protocol was subsequently ratified by each country's congress on February 26, 1942. 1372:

Ecuador has used this protocol as primary legal support of its core claims throughout the history of the conflict. Peru has disputed the credibility and the existence of the Piedemonte-Mosquera protocol on several points:

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Ecuador's version of events is that Peru's invasion was an unprovoked act of aggression carried out with the explicit purpose of forcing Ecuador to sign an unfavorable treaty that would impose the status quo border line.

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The Republic of Nueva Granada (Colombia) recognizes separation of the Departments of Quito, Guayaquil, and Azuay from the Gran Colombia union to form the New nation of Ecuador which declared its separation on May 12,

2362:, a strong supporter of an agreement on the border issue, was removed by congress due to alleged mental incapacity. (President Bucaram, who is known for his unusual antics, had visited Peru and was seen on TV eating 2499:

There was also a broad agreement of integration between both countries. It included a binational fund for peace and development, national plans for productive, social and environmental development, and so on.

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According to Pedro Moncayo y Esparza, a 19th-century Ecuadorian writer, the Viceroy of Santa Fe and the President of Quito objected to the execution of the Real Cédula of 1802, as it had all the makings of an

554:; a crown attorney ; a bailiff ; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have for district the Province of Quito, and along the coast towards the 2373:

These delays nevertheless gave the guarantors more time to come up with a solution to the dispute. Eventually they concluded that a resolution would not be possible without granting something to each party.

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on August 11, 1830, by Peru and Gran Colombia as a result of the Battle of Portete de Tarqui. The protocol settled the eastern section of the disputed border from the Andes Mountains to Brazil by making the

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Trade between both countries has benefited considerably. Before signing the peace treaty, annual trade between Peru and Ecuador was about 100 million dollars. But as early as 1998, it had increased 5-fold.

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Even though it seems unlikely that Ecuador would have concocted a historical treaty of this nature, the fact that the existence of the original document cannot be demonstrated conclusively is significant.

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This convention was signed the day after the Battle of Tarqui was won by Gran Colombia, ending Peru's attempt to forcefully annex the Department of Guayaquil and the Department of Azuay from Gran Colombia.

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Spain used to precisely define its colonial territories in the Americas. After independence, all of Spain's colonial territories signed and agreed to proclaim their limits in the basis of the principle of

2018:, which created a demilitarized zone inside the provinces of El Oro and Loja, pending the signing of a definitive peace treaty. Diplomatic efforts continued, with the mediating countries being joined by 1074:

He manifesto a V.E. en informes anteriores, que las Missiones del Marañón se hallan en un sensible atraso, faltándoles el número completamente Ministros evangélicos...Incluye a Maynas en los dominios de

2402: 2111:

halting demarcation in 1949. About 78 kilometers of border were left unmarked. In 1953 Ecuador withdrew from the Demarcation Commissions, claiming the Protocol "impossible to implement" in that area.

254:, which regarded the Spanish borders of 1810 as the borders of the new republics. However, conflicting claims and disagreements between the newly formed countries eventually escalated to the point of 2386:

events. Everyone born in Tiwinza will be considered Peruvian. Although none of the countries was completely satisfied with the solution, both accepted it, which was a significant diplomatic success.

1804:

In front of these forces, the Ecuadorian Border Security command had under its orders two Army battalions, the "Montecristi" and the "Cayambe", each one consisting of around 250 troops, armed with

2074:, was submitted to arbitration by Captain Braz Dias de Aguiar. Both countries initially accepted the arbiter's award, issued July 1945, and demarcation began in the area according to that ruling. 2143:

International law does not accept the conquest of territory by force or violence. Even considering de facto possession (1936 status quo border line) Peru took about 14,000 km of territory.

1559:

by President Castilla. (Ecuador at the time was undergoing a civil struggle.) On February 25, 1860, Peruvian minister Manuel Morales and his Ecuadorian counterpart, Nicolás Estrada, signed the

3482: 1049:

Marañón, and none in the Napo, Putumayo, Ucayale and Pastaza. This mean that 60 villages were without a parish and almost all the missions were abandoned. Sanchez Rangel had written in 1813: "

441:, into archbishoprics, religious provinces, suffragan bishopries, parishes and curateships. The archbishoprics and religious provinces corresponded with the audiences, the bishoprics with the 146: 1797:, on January 11, 1941, consisting of two light divisions with three battalions each, plus four other independent battalions and three artillery batteries (one with six 105 mm guns) ( 1761:

Ecuador in the preceding century. Ecuador never considered this agreement a final treaty of borders, and continued its aspirations which were based on Gual-Larrea and Pedemonte-Mosquera.

1643:

Because of the many disagreements during the arbitration by the King of Spain, Ecuador and Peru decided to enter direct negotiations. This was in part accepted by Peru due to the recent

2170:

Even though the protocol was signed while Peruvian troops were still occupying El Oro for tactical reasons, the Ecuadorian congress ratified it long after Peruvian troops had left

1364:

the new border between the two republics. The protocol settled the western section of the border from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean by making the Macará river and the

3487: 2062:. Relative to the 1936 line, Ecuador ceded 18,552 km of previously possessed territory to Peru, while Peru ceded 5,072 km of previously possessed territory to Ecuador. 1214:, a republic that would unite most of the former Spanish colonies of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama) under his rule. Peruvian President 1193:

without first having the people of that city express their will voluntarily. The treaty was signed, nonetheless, but precise territorial demarcation was left for a later treaty.

725: 999:

in nature, or territorial as well, formed the basis for an imprecise territorial situation between Ecuador and Peru when the two nations obtained their independence from Spain.

3455: 1032:

entregar al Ordinario las nuevas Reducciones y Doctrinas que tuviesen mas de 10 años de antiguedad, proveyéndose en eclesiásticos seculares, conforme a las Leyes del Patronato.

714:, on the south with the Audiencia of La Plata, on the west with the Southern sea, and on the east with the provinces yet undiscovered, accordingly as they may be established." 1008:

1803: A similar event occurred in 1803, when it was decided that the military affairs of the Province of Guayaquil (whose capital was the strategically situated port city of

2488:

One of the concerns both countries have had is the impact of the dispute on foreign investment. Thomas McLarty, US envoy at the resolution talks and former aid to President

1319:

The term Gran Colombia is used today to refer to the federation that was formed between the Republics of Ecuador, Colombia (with Panama) and Venezuela before 1830. However,

2328:. The mission, unique in its scope, was fully funded by Peru and Ecuador. MOMEP was largely successful despite several tragic accidents due to land mines left in the area. 517:

issued by the Spanish Crown were compiled several times throughout the centuries-long history of Spanish presence in the region. These compilations were referred to as the

2070:

Six times during the demarcation technical problems were found and referred to the Guarantors, with Brazil acting as lead. One of them, which involved the then contested

1283:

Ecuador considers this a transitional treaty that resulted from the Battle of Tarqui and later developed into the disputed Pedemonte-Mosquera Protocol the next year. The

1246:) by Sucre on February 27, 1829. A coup supported by General Gamarra in the Peruvian Army against President De la Mar paved the way for a peace treaty. Subsequently, the 1185:

Mosquera's mission to Lima had two objectives: (1) To come up with a treaty of alliance between Gran Colombia and Peru against Spain, and (2) To have Peru recognize that

2976: 1238:

Furious upon hearing the news, Simón Bolívar resolved to declare war against Peru. Sucre was appointed Commander of the Colombian Army. In 1829, De la Mar and General

3312: 1647:, which resulted in its defeat and loss of territory to Chile. The treaty signed by Pablo Herrera and Arturo García gave dominion and access to the Amazon river, the 2463:

Citizens of Ecuador and Peru feel both their countries have lost territory over time. The issue is one of overlapping maximalist territorial claims and aspirations.

1495:

by the Cedula (Royal Decree) of 1802. Ecuador's claim to Tumbes and Jaén is from the Cedula of 1563 and Cedula of 1740 unmodified in the eastern regions of Ecuador.

1859:

A communiqué by Ecuador's Foreign Ministry indicated that Peruvian forces had been seen advancing north towards the border; all of the Peruvian troops stationed in

968:

thereby casting suspicion on the authenticity of one or more of the copies of the document, complicating the already difficult matter of interpreting its meaning.

2107:

The difficulty was that there is not one watershed between the Zamora and the Santiago, but two, as interpreted by Ecuador. This resulted in Ecuadorian president

1946:

Even then, hostilities didn't cease, as Peruvian forces began operations against the Ecuadorian posts on the Amazonian jungle, most of which were easily overrun.

1539:

This was an expensive war fought over disputed territory bordering the Amazon. On September 21, 1857, Ecuador decided to adjudicate to Britain territories in the

3460: 2509: 139: 1405: 1534: 989: 984:, nor had it been located in the Archive of the Indies in Spain. However, during the Peruvian congressional committee hearings regarding the dismissal of the 175: 464:

Between 1542 and 1717, the Viceroyalty controlled most of the territory of South America (save for a few non-Spanish colonies and the Commandancy General of

2272:

of 1941, but Ecuador later disagreed with the treaty as it applied to the Cenepa and Paquisha areas, and in 1996 Ecuador declared the treaty null and void.

2466:

High Peruvian military spending is seen by Ecuador as evidence of belligerence and expansionism. Peru also considers Ecuador belligerent and expansionist.

1386:

Even if the protocol took place, Ecuador had separated from the Gran Colombia Federation a month before the signing of the protocol – August 11, 1830.

3101: 2578: 1227:

he decided to confront Bolívar more directly by launching an attack. On June 3, 1828, de la Mar invaded the southern region of Gran Colombia; he occupied

4102: 3199: 3065: 2350:

Before a critical meeting planned in Brazil for early 1997, both countries entered a period of unforeseen political events. In Peru, there was a hostage

3323: 2568: 1057:

September 27, 1814: Sanchez Rangle requests that the Bishopric of Maynas be suppressed, its erection null and void due to a lack of compliance with the

1915:, for fear of his political opponents (Arroyo would later resign on May 31, 1944, after much unrest in the country). Peru carried out the first use of 2242:

area and Cenepa Valley, starting an escalating spiral of tension and provocation that finally resulted in another military confrontation in 1995, the

1990:

In May 1941, as tensions at the Ecuadorian–Peruvian border mounted and war was imminent, the governments of the United States of America, Brazil, and

2641:

Defined as "the civil, as distinguished from the military, branch of the colonial governmental entities lesser in extent than the audiencias." (1910)

2573: 1543:

region as payment for international debt it had incurred during the war of independence. Peru immediately protested the Ecuadorian action citing the

992:, it was stated that the Real Cédula of 1802 and the documents proving its execution were found in the archives of the ancient government of Maynas. 4158: 3568: 1878:

According to the Ministry, the actions of the Ecuadorian army were limited to repelling the invasion which was occurring across much of the border.

132: 909:

pass from the Viceroyalty of Santa Fe (New Granada) to the Viceroyalty of Peru. In response, on July 15, 1802, the Spanish crown under the rule of

3794: 3150: 1407:

The document explains how the borders between Colombia and its neighbors have been established; as to its border with Peru, it indicates they are

2102:

From the Quebrada de San Francisco, the watershed between the Zamora and Santiago Rivers, to the confluence of the Santiago River with the Yaupi;

1511:

Colombia and Peru and covered everything east of the Andes mountains and everything in between the Caquetá-Japurá river and Marañón-Amazon river.

1250:

between Peru and Gran Colombia recognizes the borders as the "same ones of the corresponding Viceroyalties before independence." On July 10, the

482: 3716: 2324:

The MOMEP contingent was made up of observers, logistics, and aviation support from the United States, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile as part of

2097:. This finding conflicted with article VIII, point B-1 of the Rio Protocol, which laid out delineation of the border for that area as follows: 1704: 1670: 1630: 1485: 956: 4153: 4163: 3401: 2860: 2355: 367: 3125: 3034: 2814: 2268:, fought over control of a disputed area on the border between the two countries. The two nations had signed a border treaty following the 2176:

On the issue of conquest of territory by force, Peru has pointed out that the disputed territories (Tumbes, Jaén and Maynas) were not under

1417: 4076: 3502: 4173: 1893:

The much larger and better equipped Peruvian force of 13,000 men quickly overwhelmed the 1,800 Ecuadorian troops guarding the province of

2140:

It was signed while Ecuadorian towns were under occupation; invasion and occupation of nation states are prohibited by international law.

2935: 38: 3168: 3951: 3931: 3777: 2126:, the American community did not approve of Ecuador's diplomatic move, with the United States sending a letter of protest to Ecuador. 1555:. Despite Peruvian complaints, Ecuador proceeded in its negotiations with the British. This led to an 1859 occupation and blockade of 603: 587: 469: 2528:

The principle that territorial treaties in Latin America are not the result of force or violence needs to be re-examined as a result.

2411:

said: "This signing marks the end of the last and longest running source of armed international conflict in the Western hemisphere".

417:(royal audiences), a type of superior judicial tribunal that combined executive and judicial authority, and can be considered "major 336:. In the following decades, Spain consolidated its power over the entire Andean region, repressing successive indigenous rebellions. 3827: 2480:

this done by the Peruvian government with their Consulate in Machala, El Oro, where Minister Efrain Saavedra is the Consul General.

2440:

Notably, in Ecuador the dispute is a central issue in the study of Ecuador's borders. (Traditionally there has been a course named "

1401:. The copy in question was obtained from someone's personal collection. However, it was not certified by Peru and remains disputed. 4168: 3353:

Security cooperation in the western hemisphere: Lessons from the 1995 Ecuador-Peru conflict (North-South Center conference reports)

2291:, paved the way for the opening of diplomatic negotiations that ultimately led to the signing of a definitive peace agreement (the 1821:

mountain guns, sold to Ecuador as leftovers from the Great War, and almost without shells. These guns were never put into action. (

1427: 1487:

Peru considered it absurd to return provinces that were de facto, and that it also considered de jure, Peruvian. Peru considered

506: 1931:

troops, by now exhausted and without ammunition, left the field of battle and made their way out of El Oro, towards the city of

1695:. Less numerous but better equipped Peruvian forces were able to cause the retreat of Ecuadorian troops to locations around the 4148: 3921: 2351: 1404:

The Piedemonte-Mosquera protocol is mentioned in a Colombian document titled Legislative Act No. 3 published October 31, 1910.

407: 185: 84:

Arbitration by the 4 Guarantor Nations—Brazil, United States, Argentina, and Chile. The border was arbitrated according to the

2987: 2830: 2115: 3916: 3747: 3530: 754: 1957:, plus pressure from the United States and Latin America to stop the hostilities as a sign of hemispheric unity against the 1844:

unit of the Ecuadorian army invaded Peruvian territory, an action which originated a combat that extended across the entire

513:

The district of an audience was established in the royal decree by which it was created; the laws laid out in the myriad of

273:

on January 29, 1942. However, this treaty was also questioned, and the two countries went to war on two more occasions: the

2014:

On October 2, with military observers from the three mediating countries serving as witnesses, Ecuador and Peru signed the

1572: 4019: 3926: 2981: 2149:

It was a blow to the economic development of a South American country, which is contrary to existing pacts of cooperation.

1782:) is that Ecuador had been making incursions into its territory since 1937 and occupied several border locations by 1940. 793: 343: 2044:

By the terms of the Protocol, Ecuador agreed to withdraw its long-standing claim for rights to direct land access to the

4143: 3946: 3936: 3911: 3789: 2977:"Conflict name: Ecuador - Peru, In depth, Background to the 1995 fighting and Ecuador and Peru engage in armed conflict" 2447:

In Peru, the educational system does not give as much importance to the dispute with Ecuador, and is part of the course

2269: 2231: 1771: 266: 3941: 3472: 1818: 1339:(which subsequently changed its name to Republic of Colombia), the Republic of Venezuela and the Republic of Ecuador. 1259: 654:, it shall share a border on the north; and with the one of Los Reyes in the south; having for its western border the 2583: 1205: 476: 925:

from the Audience of Quito, and added them to the Viceroyalty of Peru. The text of the decree, as reproduced in the

4060: 3610: 2389:

The resolution also called for the creation of two national parks contiguous to one another (also referred to as a

2160:

The core argument on implementability is a demarcation issue, not a justification to invalidate the entire protocol

2007:, as well as in the Amazonian lands. Ecuador accused Peru of continuing its advances into the highland province of 1902: 995:

The lack of clarity within the document as to whether the transfer of administrative power was purely military and

757:. The territories of the Viceroyalty comprised the territories of, respectively, the modern Republics of Colombia, 738: 675: 180: 4002: 3394: 2292: 1105: 1021:

Expediente sobre la erección del Obispado de Maynas y las Cédulas que se expedieron en 1805 acerca de los limites

906: 500: 212: 85: 2321:

in order to verify ceasefire agreements, as well as observe and report infractions through diplomatic channels.

1927:), one of them having been rescued by Ecuadorian fishermen when he landed on the waters of the Jambelí channel. 1608:. Shortly afterwards a dockyard and a navy factory arrive from England and are installed, thus establishing the 3696: 3111: 2667:, a correctional magistrate, who, in colonial times, exercised administrative functions over a district. (1910) 750: 711: 351: 333: 2239: 2094: 1908: 1129: 1037:

September 26, 1813: the Bishop of Maynas, Friar Hipólito Sánchez Rangel, notifies the Overseas Minister that "

742: 73: 2173:

Several Peruvian governments restricted the navigation clause in response to Ecuador's position on the treaty

1043:

y dice es fuerza, pues, si se tratan de hacer justicia que se me ponga en otro Obispado que sea menos penoso.

313:

reach from early small settlements in the Caribbean to various continental territories, eventually including

2421: 2085:

region (losing 2 aircraft and 14 men in accidents.) to help in the demarcation efforts. They found that the

2078: 1336: 1095:. On August 23, the Viceroy acknowledges the Royal Order of 1816, returning the province of Maynas to Quito. 737:

issued the Real Cédula of May 27, 1717. The order split off the northwestern corner of Peru and created the

488: 363: 270: 195: 190: 1496: 844:, at 6 degrees, 30 minutes South Latitude, and on the interior, leaving to Peru the jurisdiction of Piura, 4036: 3731: 3492: 3319: 3308: 2803:

Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. Titulo Quince. De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias

2146:

There was lack of compliance by Peru in denying Ecuador free navigation in Amazonian rivers as stipulated.

1786: 1667: 1498:

Territorial negotiations failed in 1842 as the Ecuadorian envoy insisted on the return of Jaén and Maynas.

1289: 1242:

occupied Cuenca, but were defeated in what is known as the Battle of Portete de Tarqui (also known as the

1194: 1158:

Even before the battles for the freedom of the South American colonies were over, Bolívar established the

746: 647: 623: 525:(Compilation of the Laws of the Kingdoms of the Indies), set a template by which the laws were organized. 494: 403: 402:

Because the territory of the Viceroyalty of Peru was so large, and far away from centers of government in

170: 2714:, made available in electronic form by the Congress of the Republic of Peru, reads in its original text: 2695:, made available in electronic form by the Congress of the Republic of Peru, reads in its original text: 2420:

also both democracies (for the most part in modern times) which puts in doubt the common contention that

733:

The two original Spanish viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru had existed intact up until 1717, when King

610:, with the rest of the towns, which are in their districts or will be founded ; and towards the towns of 546:, in Peru, shall reside another Royal Audience and Chancellery of ours, with a president; four judges of 3839: 3806: 3757: 3674: 3520: 2628: 2275:

The indecisive outcome of the Cenepa War—both sides claimed victory—along with the mediation efforts of

2030: 1660: 1488: 1481: 1327:, which is clear, for example, by looking at original documentation of the many treaties signed between 1040: 922: 797: 639: 1091:

July 22, 1818: The President of Quito asks the Viceroy of Peru for the revocation and annulment of the

17: 2230:

over the control of three watchposts. While Peru felt that the matter had already been decided in the

2222:

The Paquisha War was a brief military clash that took place between January and February 1981 between

1155:. It was Simón Bolívar's dream to unite all of South America, a project which he would never achieve. 4178: 4106: 3890: 3701: 3525: 3467: 3439: 3387: 1251: 1160: 985: 302: 250: 2260:

The Cenepa War was a brief (January 26 – February 28, 1995) and localized military conflict between

780:

The Royal Audience of Quito had been established by a royal decree in 1563, its territory including

390: 4055: 3906: 3878: 3871: 3784: 3684: 3679: 3346:"War of the Map: The territorial dispute between Peru and Ecuador has its roots in the Inca Empire" 2593: 2034: 1492: 1296: 1133: 1117: 910: 359: 291: 228: 2864: 2190: 2045: 1357: 1109: 1052:

cosa alguna de lo que aquellos padres establecieron y solo hay lo que produce la madre naturaleza.

841: 618:, it should include said towns and the rest that shall be discovered; and along the coast towards 4086: 4081: 3767: 3658: 3638: 3600: 3424: 3279: 3129: 3041: 2811: 2710: 2691: 2588: 2296: 2200:

Such controversial maps of Ecuador, known in Ecuador as "Tufiño's map", were referred in Peru as

1920: 1887: 1700: 1644: 1415: 1125: 964:

Peruvian brief presented before the Government of Spain in the matter of the limits with Ecuador.

873: 869: 518: 340: 2451:. In contrast, the only topic related to the territorial dispute that is normally taught is the 1239: 691: 282:

opposition by the congresses of both nations, finally bringing a definitive end to the dispute.

2436:

found teaching curriculum relating to the dispute to be extremely one-sided in both countries:

2317:

was signed on February 17, 1995. One of the declaration's clauses included the creation of the

695: 3974: 3883: 3691: 3590: 3558: 3551: 3193: 3059: 2936:"Territorial Disputes and Their Resolution: Peaceworks: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace" 2604: 2598: 2359: 1973: 1397:

Ecuador has managed to produce a copy made in 1870 that the Colombian embassy in Lima sent to

1258:

to Gran Colombia, and on September 22, the war between Peru and Gran Colombia formally ended.

1215: 734: 571: 329: 46: 2939: 2654:, who, as mayor, governed a town of lesser importance than the capital of a province." (1910) 1999:

continued to occur through the months of August and September in the Ecuadorian provinces of

1780: 1414:

There are conflicting versions of what exactly took place. For an Ecuadorian view point, see

706:, exclusive, along the boundaries outlining the Royal Audiencia of La Plata, and the city of 3861: 3563: 3497: 3271: 3175: 3106: 3097: 2367: 1626: 1243: 885: 781: 635: 627: 371: 310: 4110: 4014: 3992: 3969: 3844: 3822: 3801: 3772: 3762: 3752: 3434: 3429: 2818: 2379: 2000: 1950: 1932: 1894: 1656: 1421: 1380:

Piedemonte and Mosquera were believed to be at different locations on the day in question.

1304: 1232: 918: 599: 595: 394:

Territorial divisions of the Viceroyalty of Peru as described by the laws compiled in the

314: 124: 2743:

alegato de Perú ante el gobierno de España en 1889 en la cuestión de límites con Ecuador.

2238:

In the aftermath of the incident, both sides increased their military presence along the

1409:

those adopted by Mosquera-Piedemonte, in development of the treaty of September 22, 1829.

366:

Peru's first viceroy, but the viceroyalty was not organized until the arrival of Viceroy

996: 4050: 3866: 3834: 3605: 3595: 3575: 3546: 2546: 2026: 2008: 1962: 1829: 1652: 1477: 1300: 1084:; on September 22, the President of Quito receives the files related to the revocation. 1069: 914: 579: 438: 413: 325: 255: 244: 932: 4137: 4031: 3711: 3648: 3643: 3622: 3259: 2288: 2004: 1813: 1805: 1696: 1311:. These provinces later divided into the many provinces that exist today in Ecuador. 1228: 1211: 861: 655: 615: 591: 583: 2807:

Digest of the Laws of India. Title Quince. Of Hearings and Real chancillerias Indies

63:

24 June 1821 – October 26, 1998 (177 years, 4 months and 2 days)

3997: 3653: 3339:

Security Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere: Resolving the Ecuador-Peru Conflict

2834: 2489: 2408: 2217: 2194: 2090: 2049: 1985: 1898: 1860: 1473: 1365: 1361: 1335:

country in question no longer existed, and was replaced with three new states, the

889: 881: 865: 825: 671: 651: 551: 306: 274: 200: 2180:

Ecuadorian administration, and that the province of El Oro was not annexed to Peru

1879: 1440:

February 10, 1832: The Separation of Ecuador from Gran Colombia legally recognized

642:, Chapanchinca and Guarchicona; because the rest of the places of the Government ( 3292: 3249: 3238: 3218: 3079: 3008: 1351:

Ecuador and Colombia maintain that the Pedemonte-Mosquera Protocol was signed in

3849: 3726: 3721: 3706: 3615: 3585: 3410: 2560: 2517:

most part in modern times, although of course not perfect or politically stable.

2469:

At the end of the 20th century things appear to have improved considerably. The

2310:

A cease fire was brokered by the four guarantor countries, and subsequently the

2059: 2025:

On January 29, 1942, on the final day of the third Pan-American Summit, held in

1958: 1551:

region would belong to Peru, based on the territorial concession of 1802 to the

1219: 877: 667: 547: 375: 347: 321: 3220:

A study of the question of boundaries between the republics of Peru and Ecuador

2961:

La Invasión Peruana y el Protocolo de Rio. Antecedentes y Explicación Histórica

710:, with its boundaries, inclusive, sharing the boundaries on the north with the 4122: 4118: 4114: 4041: 4007: 3477: 2536: 2471: 2366:

and wearing alpaca hoods—a traditional indigenous outfit—along with President

2255: 2243: 2108: 1916: 1841: 1757: 1684: 1648: 973: 943: 785: 631: 278: 205: 103: 1425: 4024: 3580: 3345: 2312: 2276: 1991: 1954: 1872: 1864: 1845: 1809: 1556: 1255: 1190: 1186: 1148: 1121: 1009: 853: 849: 845: 766: 699: 687: 611: 607: 575: 567: 3324:

Notes on the territorial question between Peru and Ecuador: Invincible Jaén

2358:. Ecuador was going through a period of political instability as President 1398: 1890:, the Ecuadorian military occupied a portion of the disputed territories. 1377:

The original document has not been produced either by Colombia or Ecuador.

1169:

would become the Republic of Peru (modern Peru), and the territory of the

113: 2054: 2037:, signed a "Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries", known as the 1996: 1778: 1189:

was to be part of Gran Colombia. Monteagudo initially refused to give up

1140: 1113: 801: 532:, the limits of the audiences of Lima and Quito were defined as follows: 418: 240: 3283: 3248:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colombia (1901). Antonio José Uribe (ed.).

1897:. The Peruvian army had at its disposal a battalion of armor made up of 1112:

as president. On August 7 of that year, the independence of what is now

1080:

1816: The King of Spain issues a Royal Order revoking and annulling the

2363: 2261: 2223: 1144: 948: 857: 758: 729:

The Viceroyalty of New Granada as laid out in the Royal Decree of 1717.

465: 243:. The dispute had its origins on each country's interpretation of what 232: 107: 1711:

May 6, 1904: Tobar – Rio Branco Treaty between Brazil and Ecuador

1030:

was issued to replace the 1802 decree, in its first article ordering "

3854: 3275: 2680:, who was similar to the alcaldia mayor, but of lesser extent. (1910) 2333: 2280: 2089:

was much longer than previously thought and that it runs between the

1600:

of 500 and 300 tons, and then two smaller steamboats of 50 tons, the

1577: 1152: 1019:

September 28, 1812: the Council of Regency requested from Madrid the

774: 762: 703: 619: 362:(a.k.a. the Viceroyalty of New Castile). In 1542, King Charles named 355: 3313:

Apuntes sobre la cuestión internacional entre Perú y Ecuador: Maynas

3151:"Plan Binacional de Desarrollo de la Región Fronteriza Perú-Ecuador" 1923:, dropping three paratroopers over the port-city of Puerto Bolívar ( 1323:

is an anachronistic term, as the country was simply referred to as

3155:

Plan Binacional de Desarrollo de la Región Fronteriza Perú-Ecuador

2337: 2284: 2019: 1972: 1912: 1868: 1828:

As for anti-aircraft defenses, the Ecuadorians had only a pair of

1571: 1389:

The copy produced by Colombia is not sufficient evidence for Peru.

1308: 931: 837: 833: 805: 724: 707: 683: 679: 563: 559: 543: 389: 379: 658:

and eastern the provinces still not yet pacified nor discovered."

521:; the 1680 compilation, organized under Charles II, known as the 2963:. Quito, Banco Central del Ecuador, 1982 (1st Ed. 1945). P. 462. 2265: 2227: 2123: 2065: 1683:

In both 1903 and 1904 there were military confrontations in the

1352: 1136:

on May 24, 1822, and freed the territory that was then Ecuador.

1016:

took part in northern Peru's revolutionary wars of independence.

809: 789: 770: 555: 236: 117: 3383: 3230:

Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru, 1530–1780

3217:

Santamaría de Paredes, Vicente; Weston Van Dyke, Harry (1910).

1724:

July 15, 1916: Muñoz-Suarez Treaty between Colombia and Ecuador

1466:

1841–1842 Period: León-Valdivieso and Daste-Charún negotiations

828:

on the Pacific Coast, the line follows by the ridges and other

818:

Cédula de Reerección Definitiva del Virreinato de Nueva Granada

582:, exclusive, including towards the aforesaid part the towns of 472:). The territory was divided among (noting dates of creation): 128: 3379: 1592:

Steamships of the Peruvian Navy arrived at Iquitos, first the

1517:

March 10, 1853: Creation of the Peruvian Government of Loreto

1383:

The protocol was never ratified by either country's congress.

542:

was described in Law X, Title XV of Book II: "In the City of

297:

Spanish conquest and establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru

741:. New Granada shared its capital with the Royal Audience of 410:, Peru (as well as New Spain) was divided into a number of 324:

in 1528, and on November 16, 1532, taking advantage of the

2163:

Peru disputes the notion that the protocol was imposed by

2081:

performed several aerial reconnaissance missions over the

2066:

Ecuador's objections to the Protocol and thesis of Nullity

927:

Annals of the diplomatic and consular missions of Colombia

2626:

in 1916, ending their dispute, while Peru and Colombia's

2831:"Historia del Ecuador - Ministerio de Turismo - Ecuador" 2455:, and its importance in the settlement of this dispute. 1472:

In 1841 Ecuador demands return of the jurisdictions of

905:

Don Francisco de Requena requested that control of the

884:

and from thence down to the most westerly mouth of the

749:, as well as the audiences of Tierra Firme (now called 3355:. North-South Center at the University of Miami, 1997. 3341:. University of Miami Iberian Studies Institute, 1999. 1871:

and other nearby sites were in turn advancing towards

378:, the last Inca emperor, was captured and executed in 3254:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional. 3240:

La integridad territorial de la República del Ecuador

1128:. One of Bolívar's generals, Venezuelan-born General 2708:

This extract of Law V of Title XV of Book II of the

2689:

This extract of Law X of Title XV of Book II of the

2432:

A 2000 study carried out as part of the educational

988:, signed between Ecuador and Peru at the end of the 4069: 3985: 3962: 3899: 3815: 3740: 3667: 3631: 3539: 3513: 3448: 3417: 2984:

Conflict Encyclopedia, General Conflict Information

1691:and the second one occurred at a location known as 1655:rivers, and control over parts of the provinces of 1586:

1864: Peruvian Navy establishes presence in Iquitos

1235:, and intended to annex those territories to Peru. 773:, the Brazilian northwest, and the western part of 88:. Both countries had to revise their national maps. 3262:(July 1942). "The Ecuador-Peru Boundary Dispute". 1840:It is claimed that on Saturday, July 5, 1941, the 1785:Given these circumstances, the President of Peru, 1072:reports regarding the Missions of Maynas, saying " 2711:Recopilación de las Leyes de los Reynos de Indias 2692:Recopilación de las Leyes de los Reynos de Indias 2157:Ecuador cannot unilaterally invalidate a protocol 2153:Peru's counter-arguments included the following: 1210:Bolívar had aspirations to maintain the unity of 523:Recopilación de las Leyes de los Reynos de Indias 51:Map of the disputed territories from 1916 onwards 3297:(in Spanish). Guayaquil: Imprenta de "El Tiempo" 2197:) river as the border between Peru and Ecuador. 1580:showing the territories claimed by Peru in 1937. 976:document: it was not registered in the official 374:, the last refuge of the Inca; soon afterwards, 339:To govern the new territories of Spain, in 1542 2907:The latter of these is available at Wikisource. 2510:US Department of National Security and Strategy 2133:varied, but they were generally the following: 1961:(in World War II), Peru and Ecuador signed the 961: 939: 822: 535: 386:Territorial division of the Viceroyalty of Peru 31: 2319:Military Observer Mission Ecuador-Peru (MOMEP) 1737:June 21, 1924: Ponce-Castro Oyangurin Protocol 1568:Boundary negotiations and treaties (1860–1941) 3395: 2971: 2969: 2029:, the foreign ministers of Ecuador and Peru, 1434:Treaties with Brazil and Colombia (1832–1856) 980:, and its contents could not be found in the 745:, and additionally had jurisdiction over the 682:inclusive, and, for inland, to San Miguel de 140: 8: 3270:(4). Council on Foreign Relations: 757–761. 3251:Anales diplomáticos y consulares de Colombia 3102:"PERÚ-ECUADOR: AVANCE EN COMERCIO BILATERAL" 2306:Arbitration and final resolution (1995–1998) 2114:On September 29, 1960, Ecuadorian president 919:Government and Commandancy General of Maynas 907:Government and Commandancy General of Maynas 864:, at 6 degrees of South Latitude, up to the 449:, and the parishes and curateships with the 320:The Spaniards arrived at the borders of the 3332:Zarumilla-Marañón: The Ecuador-Peru Dispute 2784: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2422:democracies never go to war with each other 2129:The arguments for what is called Ecuador's 1618:August 1, 1887: Espinoza-Bonifaz Convention 265:had come to an end in the aftermath of the 3402: 3388: 3380: 3376:. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002. 3374:Ecuador vs. Peru: Peacemaking amid Rivalry 2885: 2883: 2881: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2812:Spanish-language facsimile of the original 1265:February 28, 1829: La Mar-Sucre Convention 1068:February 7, 1815: The President of Quito, 892:, where the boundaries with Brazil begin." 147: 133: 125: 28: 3326:", Lima:Imprenta de Torres Aguirre, 1943. 3316:. Lima: Imprenta de Torres Aguirre, 1941. 2796: 2794: 1039:solo assisten los Religiosos de Quito en 832:of the Andes through the jurisdiction of 501:Royal Audience of La Plata de los Charcas 370:in 1572. Toledo promptly declared war on 176:First Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1857-1860) 1179:July 6, 1822: Monteagudo-Mosquera Treaty 646:) of Popayán are of the Audience of the 540:Royal Audience of San Francisco of Quito 495:Royal Audience of the City of Kings Lima 489:Royal Audience of San Francisco of Quito 3294:Conflicto internacional: Ecuador y Perú 2766: 2663:Defined as "the district governed by a 2615: 957:Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia 955:In a footnote, Dr. Antonio José Uribe, 225:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute 171:Gran Colombian-Peruvian War (1828–1829) 158:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute 18:Ecuadorian-Peruvian territorial dispute 3198:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3191: 3064:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3057: 2579:Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute 1277:September 22, 1829: Larrea-Gual Treaty 663:Royal Audience and Chancellery of Lima 346:(King Charles I of Spain) created two 3337:Marcella, Grabriel. Downes, Richard. 3334:. New York: Bookman Associates, 1964. 3126:"Seminario Desarme - Eduardo Cabezas" 3080:"Peru and Ecuador sign border treaty" 3009:"Peru and Ecuador sign border treaty" 2569:Bolivian–Peruvian territorial dispute 1687:basin. The first one is known as the 876:; and on the waters of the latter to 769:, as well as the northern regions of 191:Second Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1941) 7: 2650:Defined as "the jurisdiction of the 2574:Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute 1504:October 23, 1851: Peru-Brazil Treaty 1139:Gran Colombia comprised what is now 483:Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá 206:Third Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1995) 1793:, a military unit in charge of the 1535:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860) 1529:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860) 1424:. For Peruvian points of view, see 239:, which, until 1928, also included 39:South American territorial disputes 3348:, Mercator's World Magazine, 2000. 2356:Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement 1637:May 2, 1890: Herrera-García Treaty 650:, with which, and with the one of 470:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 25: 3372:Herz, Monica and Nogueira, João. 2137:It was imposed by military force. 1750:July 6, 1936: Ulloa-Viteri Accord 1453:July 12, 1832: Pando-Noboa Treaty 1299:was composed of the provinces of 1124:was won on June 24, 1821, in the 678:exclusive, and up to the port of 528:Under Title XV of Book II of the 437:. The territory was also divided 2676:Defined as "jurisdiction of the 2622:Ecuador and Colombia signed the 2553: 2539: 1911:, kept Ecuador's best forces in 1165:principle, the territory of the 562:, exclusive; and inland towards 468:, which was a dependency of the 421:". The audiences controlled the 112: 102: 45: 4159:Territorial disputes of Ecuador 3237:Vacas Galindo, Enrique (1905). 2508:According to Gabriel Marcella ( 2428:Education and public perception 1848:front, up to a region known as 1789:, ordered the formation of the 1347:The Pedemonte-Mosquera Protocol 804:, and extended as far south as 2352:crisis in its Japanese embassy 1766:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1941) 951:in said missions... I THE KING 917:of 1802. The decree split the 755:Captaincy General of Venezuela 477:Royal Audience of Tierra Firme 301:Beginning with the arrival of 1: 3668:Eastern and Southeastern Asia 3243:(in Spanish). Tip. Salesiana. 2982:Uppsala Conflict Data Program 2925:Paredes & Van Dyke, p.259 1812:light machine-guns, plus two 1756:This agreement established a 1315:Confusion about Gran Colombia 1254:recognised the annexation of 550:, who will also be judges of 4164:Territorial disputes of Peru 2354:involving guerrillas of the 2189:(1830) line, which puts the 1795:Northern Operational Theater 1576:Map of a Peruvian school in 3367:La Agresión Peruana de 1941 2624:Muñoz Vernaza-Suárez Treaty 2122:With the sole exception of 1200:Gran Colombia–Peru conflict 872:at its confluence with the 856:; and by the cordillera of 702:, inclusive, and as far as 626:, inclusive; and inland to 317:and most of South America. 4195: 3741:Central and Eastern Europe 2253: 2215: 1983: 1907:The Ecuadorian president, 1769: 1645:Peru-Chile (1879–1883) war 1532: 1203: 1171:Viceroyalty of New Granada 1108:was founded in 1819, with 959:from 1901 to 1902, wrote, 739:Viceroyalty of New Granada 676:Captaincy General of Chile 309:expanded the range of the 289: 4103:Border changes since 1914 4095: 3228:Means, Philip A. (1932). 2293:Brasilia Presidential Act 2202:"mapa recortado del Peru" 2116:José María Velasco Ibarra 2077:During 1943 and 1946 the 1610:Factoria Naval de Iquitos 1106:Republic of Gran Colombia 1012:) would be run from Lima. 213:Brasilia Presidential Act 166: 96: 86:Brasilia Presidential Act 55: 44: 36: 4154:Ecuadorian–Peruvian wars 3778:unification with Moldova 3461:Turks and Caicos Islands 3358:Delgado, Luis Humberto. 2632:became effective in 1928 1810:Czech 7,92 mm ZB-26 1026:September 13, 1813: the 712:Royal Audiencia of Quito 352:Viceroyalty of New Spain 334:Spanish conquest of Peru 269:with the signing of the 201:Paquisha incident (1981) 32:Peruvian–Ecuadorian Wars 3828:unification with Kosovo 3291:Coral, Luciano (1894). 2382:in Peruvian territory. 2270:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 2232:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 2079:United States Air Force 2039:Rio de Janeiro Protocol 1969:Rio de Janeiro Protocol 1808:rifles and a couple of 1772:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 1547:principle by which the 1337:Republic of New Granada 721:Creation of New Granada 507:Royal Audience of Chile 271:Rio de Janeiro Protocol 267:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 196:Border incident of 1978 186:Torres Causana incident 4174:Ecuador–Peru relations 4149:Wars involving Ecuador 4037:Greater Germanic Reich 3835:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3223:. Press of B.S. Adams. 2861:"2 Sinopsis histórica" 2817:June 29, 2014, at the 2584:Ecuador–Peru relations 2504:Political implications 2460:conflict in the past. 2336:fighter planes and 18 1981: 1787:Manuel Prado Ugarteche 1581: 1331:and Peru before 1830. 1206:Gran Colombia–Peru War 1120:. The independence of 982:Recopilacion de Indias 966: 953: 937: 894: 747:New Kingdom of Granada 730: 717: 648:New Kingdom of Granada 544:San Francisco of Quito 399: 258:on several occasions. 4025:Annexation of Austria 3362:. Tomo I. Lima, 1971. 3232:. New York: Scribner. 2776:Paredes-Van Dyke p.8. 2629:Salomon-Lozano Treaty 2395:Cordillera del Condor 2326:Operation Safe Border 2240:Cordillera del Cóndor 2083:Cordillera del Cóndor 2072:Cordillera del Cóndor 1984:Further information: 1976: 1909:Carlos Arroyo del Río 1575: 1231:and tried to capture 1130:Antonio José de Sucre 935: 923:Governorate of Quijos 860:, crossing the river 800:in what is currently 728: 393: 305:in 1492, the Spanish 3685:annexation of Taiwan 3360:Las Guerras del Perú 3330:Zook, David H., Jr. 3098:Fujimori F., Alberto 2959:Julio Tobar Donoso, 1949:With Peru occupying 1561:Treaty of Mapasingue 1545:uti possidetis juris 1161:uti possidetis juris 1100:Wars of Independence 986:Treaty of Mapasingue 661:The district of the 624:Port of Buenaventura 538:The district of the 455:alcaldias ordinarias 435:alcaldias ordinarias 303:Christopher Columbus 251:uti possidetis juris 4169:Ecuador–Peru border 4144:Wars involving Peru 3086:. October 27, 1998. 2594:Territorial dispute 2212:Paquisha War (1981) 2206:cut-off map of Peru 2035:Alfredo Solf y Muro 1977:Map of the dispute 1806:7.92 mm Mauser 1677:1903–1904 incidents 1553:Viceroyalty of Peru 1493:Viceroyalty of Peru 1297:Republic of Ecuador 1167:Viceroyalty of Peru 1134:Battle of Pichincha 1093:Real Cédula de 1802 1082:Real Cédula de 1802 1059:Real Cédula de 1802 1028:Real Cédula de 1813 936:Ecuador-Perú border 911:Charles IV of Spain 901:Real Cédula of 1802 556:Ciudad de los Reyes 368:Francisco de Toledo 360:Viceroyalty of Peru 328:, the tiny army of 292:Viceroyalty of Peru 229:territorial dispute 74:Ecuador–Peru border 3569:Western Azerbaijan 3503:Dominican Republic 3320:Eguiguren, Luis A. 3309:Eguiguren, Luis A. 3015:. October 27, 1998 2589:Dispute resolution 2449:"Peruvian History" 2442:History of Borders 2297:Western Hemisphere 2031:Julio Tobar Donoso 1982: 1921:Western Hemisphere 1888:War of the Pacific 1819:Italian 65 mm 1582: 1420:2008-06-07 at the 1295:constitution, the 1126:Battle of Carabobo 938: 824:Starting from the 753:), Quito, and the 743:Santa Fé de Bogotá 731: 519:Laws of the Indies 400: 341:Holy Roman Emperor 181:Angoteros incident 4131: 4130: 4098:Related concepts: 3365:Rodríguez, Luis. 2678:Alcalde ordinario 2605:Richelieu Levoyer 2599:Paquisha Incident 2315:Peace Declaration 2250:Cenepa War (1995) 2131:thesis of nullity 1919:in combat in the 1564:at a later time. 1430: 1248:Convenio de Girón 735:Philip V of Spain 670:; four judges of 509:(1563–1573; 1606) 447:alcaldias mayores 427:alcaldias mayores 364:Blasco Núñez Vela 330:Francisco Pizarro 277:in 1981, and the 220: 219: 123: 122: 92: 91: 16:(Redirected from 4186: 4082:Papua New Guinea 3404: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3344:Lyman, Eric J., 3305: 3303: 3302: 3287: 3276:10.2307/20029191 3255: 3244: 3233: 3224: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3174:. Archived from 3173: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3128:. Archived from 3122: 3116: 3115: 3110:. Archived from 3107:Alberto Fujimori 3094: 3088: 3087: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3046: 3040:. Archived from 3039: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2986:. Archived from 2973: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2938:. Archived from 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2863:. Archived from 2857: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2842: 2833:. Archived from 2827: 2821: 2810: 2798: 2789: 2786: 2777: 2774: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2706: 2700: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2620: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2368:Alberto Fujimori 1980: 1830:20 mm Breda 1689:Angostero Combat 1413: 1244:Battle of Tarqui 1118:Battle of Boyacá 990:war of 1857–1860 439:ecclesiastically 161: 159: 149: 142: 135: 126: 116: 106: 57: 56: 49: 29: 21: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4091: 4065: 3981: 3963:Northern Europe 3958: 3932:Italian Grisons 3895: 3862:North Macedonia 3816:Southern Europe 3811: 3736: 3663: 3627: 3535: 3509: 3444: 3413: 3408: 3351:Peirce, Holly. 3300: 3298: 3290: 3264:Foreign Affairs 3258: 3247: 3236: 3227: 3216: 3213: 3211:Further reading 3208: 3207: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3169:"Archived copy" 3167: 3166: 3162: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3035:"Archived copy" 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2991: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2819:Wayback Machine 2800: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2739: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2707: 2703: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2506: 2486: 2484:Economic impact 2430: 2417: 2391:binational park 2308: 2302: 2258: 2252: 2220: 2214: 2068: 1988: 1978: 1971: 1899:Czech LTP tanks 1835:Rodríguez, 1943 1823:Rodríguez, 1943 1774: 1768: 1570: 1537: 1531: 1491:annexed to the 1436: 1422:Wayback Machine 1349: 1317: 1252:Piura Armistice 1240:Agustín Gamarra 1208: 1202: 1116:was won in the 1102: 1005: 997:ecclesiasticcal 929:(1901), reads: 903: 808:in what is now 723: 718: 558:to the Port of 388: 354:(in modern-day 315:Central America 311:Spanish Crown's 299: 294: 288: 256:armed conflicts 221: 216: 210: 162: 157: 155: 153: 76: 64: 50: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4192: 4190: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3986:Western Europe 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3753:Czechoslovakia 3750: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3370: 3369:. Quito, 1943. 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3317: 3306: 3288: 3260:Isaiah, Bowman 3256: 3245: 3234: 3225: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3160: 3142: 3117: 3114:on 2004-11-23. 3100:(2003-11-09). 3089: 3071: 3026: 3000: 2965: 2952: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2877: 2847: 2822: 2809:]. Madrid. 2801:Spain (1680). 2790: 2778: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2746: 2733: 2720: 2701: 2682: 2669: 2656: 2643: 2634: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2550: 2547:Ecuador portal 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2505: 2502: 2485: 2482: 2457: 2456: 2445: 2429: 2426: 2416: 2413: 2360:Abdalá Bucaram 2307: 2304: 2254:Main article: 2251: 2248: 2216:Main article: 2213: 2210: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2167:military force 2161: 2158: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2105: 2104: 2067: 2064: 2027:Rio de Janeiro 1970: 1967: 1963:Rio de Janeiro 1791:North Grouping 1770:Main article: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1693:Torres Causana 1680: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1589: 1588: 1569: 1566: 1533:Main article: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1469: 1468: 1462: 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4116: 4112: 4111:Reunification 4108: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4032:Pan-Germanism 4030: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 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3222: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3195: 3181:on 2006-02-19 3177: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3132:on 2005-04-27 3131: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3047:on 2005-09-01 3043: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2990:on 2013-09-27 2989: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2942:on 2005-11-22 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2867:on 2005-11-21 2866: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2837:on 2005-10-24 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2740:Uribe p.651: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2727:Uribe p.649: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652:Alcalde mayor 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2551: 2548: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289:United States 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2016:Talara Accord 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953:and menacing 1952: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1883: 1882:provocation. 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1867:and those in 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1850:Quebrada Seca 1847: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1814:Vickers-Maxim 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1765: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:Marañón River 1354: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321:Gran Colombia 1314: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212:Gran Colombia 1207: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:Simón Bolívar 1107: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1000: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 969: 965: 960: 958: 952: 950: 945: 934: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 900: 898: 893: 891: 887: 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Retrieved 3293: 3267: 3263: 3250: 3239: 3229: 3219: 3183:. Retrieved 3176:the original 3163: 3154: 3145: 3134:. Retrieved 3130:the original 3120: 3112:the original 3105: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3049:. Retrieved 3042:the original 3029: 3017:. Retrieved 3012: 3003: 2992:. Retrieved 2988:the original 2980: 2960: 2955: 2944:. Retrieved 2940:the original 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2889:Ponce, p. 13 2869:. Retrieved 2865:the original 2839:. Retrieved 2835:the original 2825: 2806: 2802: 2749: 2741: 2736: 2728: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2685: 2677: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2651: 2646: 2637: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2490:Bill Clinton 2487: 2478: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2453:Rio Protocol 2452: 2448: 2441: 2433: 2431: 2418: 2409:Bill Clinton 2405: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2349: 2345: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2301: 2274: 2259: 2237: 2221: 2218:Paquisha War 2205: 2201: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2165:premeditated 2164: 2152: 2130: 2128: 2121: 2113: 2106: 2101: 2087:Cenepa river 2086: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2043: 2038: 2024: 2015: 2013: 1989: 1986:Rio Protocol 1979:(in Spanish) 1948: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1906: 1892: 1884: 1877: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1775: 1749: 1736: 1723: 1710: 1692: 1688: 1676: 1664: 1636: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1516: 1503: 1465: 1452: 1439: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1396: 1392: 1371: 1366:Tumbes river 1362:Amazon River 1350: 1341: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1293: 1284: 1276: 1264: 1247: 1237: 1225: 1209: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1138: 1103: 1092: 1081: 1073: 1058: 1050: 1038: 1031: 1027: 1020: 994: 981: 977: 970: 967: 962: 954: 940: 926: 904: 895: 866:Javary River 829: 823: 817: 814: 794:Buenaventura 779: 732: 662: 643: 622:, until the 539: 530:Recopilación 529: 527: 522: 514: 512: 463: 459: 454: 450: 446: 442: 434: 430: 426: 422: 411: 401: 396:Recopilación 395: 338: 319: 300: 275:Paquisha War 262: 261:The dispute 260: 249: 245:Real Cedulas 224: 222: 211: 156: 97:Belligerents 37:Part of the 26: 4179:Irredentism 4119:Revisionism 4061:Switzerland 4056:Netherlands 3717:Philippines 3616:Pan-Turkism 3411:Irredentism 2916:Luciano p.7 2898:Luciano p.6 2788:p.56 (1910) 2561:Peru portal 2434:ASA Program 2060:sovereignty 1959:Axis powers 1220:Inca Empire 915:Real Cédula 913:issued the 870:Jauri River 830:cordilleras 668:civil cases 652:Tierrafirme 644:Gobernación 572:Chachapoyas 548:civil cases 376:Tupac Amaru 322:Inca Empire 286:Spanish era 4138:Categories 4123:Rump state 4115:Revanchism 4042:Lebensraum 3891:Yugoslavia 3659:Tamil Nadu 3639:Bangladesh 3564:Azerbaijan 3425:Mauritania 3301:2010-02-24 3185:2005-11-04 3136:2005-11-03 3051:2005-10-28 2994:2013-07-15 2946:2005-10-28 2871:2005-10-25 2841:2005-10-25 2761:References 2665:Corregidor 2472:Cenepa War 2256:Cenepa War 2244:Cenepa War 2109:Galo Plaza 1997:skirmishes 1965:Protocol. 1917:paratroops 1842:Huaquillas 1758:status quo 1685:Napo River 1663:, and the 1460:respected. 1343:position. 974:apocryphal 944:Napo River 692:Cachapoyas 588:Valladolid 414:audiencias 372:Vilcabamba 358:) and the 332:began the 279:Cenepa War 4077:Australia 3692:Indonesia 3581:Kurdistan 3521:Argentina 3488:Greenland 2611:Footnotes 2415:Aftermath 2393:) in the 2313:Itamaraty 2277:Argentina 1992:Argentina 1955:Guayaquil 1873:Zarumilla 1865:Zarumilla 1863:had left 1846:Zarumilla 1701:Archidona 1557:Guayaquil 1256:Guayaquil 1191:Guayaquil 1187:Guayaquil 1149:Venezuela 1122:Venezuela 1010:Guayaquil 1003:1803–1818 978:cedulario 854:Motilones 850:Moyobamba 846:Cajamarca 767:Venezuela 700:Motilones 696:Moyabamba 688:Cajamarca 656:South Sea 612:La Canela 608:Guayaquil 580:Motilones 576:Moyobamba 568:Cajamarca 419:provinces 344:Charles V 4008:Wallonia 3922:Dalmatia 3840:Bulgaria 3802:Slovenia 3722:Thailand 3712:Mongolia 3707:Malaysia 3675:Cambodia 3531:Colombia 3284:20029191 3194:cite web 3084:BBC News 3060:cite web 3013:BBC News 2815:Archived 2603:General 2533:See also 2525:control. 2397:region. 2380:Tiwintza 2287:and the 2095:Santiago 2093:and the 2055:de facto 1703:rivers. 1653:Putumayo 1606:Putumayo 1604:and the 1418:Archived 1329:Colombia 1325:Colombia 1141:Colombia 1132:won the 1114:Colombia 921:and the 882:Amazonas 878:Solimões 802:Colombia 698:and the 604:La Zarza 398:of 1680. 241:Colombia 231:between 69:Location 4070:Oceania 4051:Ireland 4020:Austria 4015:Germany 3998:Celtics 3993:Belgium 3975:Karelia 3970:Finland 3917:Corsica 3884:Galicia 3845:Croatia 3823:Albania 3807:Ukraine 3795:Ukraine 3773:Romania 3763:Moldova 3758:Hungary 3748:Belarus 3732:Vietnam 3559:Assyria 3552:Artsakh 3547:Armenia 3435:Somalia 3430:Morocco 2521:region. 2364:ceviche 2262:Ecuador 2224:Ecuador 2191:Marañón 2178:de jure 2046:Marañón 1941:Delgado 1925:Delgado 1799:Delgado 1718:rivers. 1665:Canelos 1598:Pastaza 1549:Canelos 1541:Canelos 1145:Ecuador 1088:former. 1065:Ocopa". 949:diocese 886:Caquetá 880:or the 862:Ucayali 858:Jeveros 842:Marañón 840:to the 786:Popayán 759:Ecuador 632:Popayán 466:Caracas 263:de jure 233:Ecuador 108:Ecuador 4003:France 3952:Ticino 3927:Istria 3872:Kosovo 3867:Serbia 3855:Enosis 3850:Greece 3790:Crimea 3785:Russia 3768:Poland 3611:Cyprus 3606:Turkey 3596:Israel 3576:Cyprus 3493:Mexico 3483:Canada 3468:Mexico 3456:Canada 3418:Africa 3282: 3019:May 4, 2754:date.) 2334:MiG-29 2281:Brazil 2195:Amazon 2091:Zamora 2050:Amazon 2001:El Oro 1951:El Oro 1933:Cuenca 1895:El Oro 1861:Tumbes 1661:Maynas 1657:Tumbes 1594:Morona 1578:Callao 1489:Maynas 1482:Maynas 1474:Tumbes 1399:Bogotá 1305:Guayas 1233:Guayas 1153:Panama 1041:Maynas 890:Yapurá 836:, and 826:Tumbes 775:Guyana 765:, and 763:Panama 751:Panama 704:Collao 620:Panama 616:Quijos 600:Cuenca 596:Zamora 503:(1559) 497:(1543) 491:(1563) 485:(1548) 479:(1564) 433:, and 356:Mexico 350:, the 227:was a 81:Result 4087:Samoa 3947:Savoy 3937:Malta 3912:Corfu 3907:Italy 3900:Italy 3879:Spain 3727:Timor 3702:Korea 3697:Japan 3680:China 3649:Nepal 3644:India 3623:Yemen 3601:Syria 3526:Chile 3280:JSTOR 3179:(PDF) 3172:(PDF) 3045:(PDF) 3038:(PDF) 2805:[ 2338:Su-25 2285:Chile 2020:Chile 2009:Azuay 1913:Quito 1869:Piura 1447:1830. 1309:Quito 1301:Azuay 1075:Quito 874:Carpi 838:Piura 834:Paita 806:Piura 782:Pasto 708:Cuzco 684:Piura 680:Paita 628:Pasto 564:Piura 560:Paita 412:real 380:Cuzco 3942:Nice 3591:Iraq 3586:Iran 3498:Cuba 3200:link 3066:link 3021:2010 2266:Peru 2264:and 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Knowledge (XXG)

Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute

Index