85:
was recognized as the world’s foremost authority on the laws of duplicate and rubber bridge. He became co-chairman of the ACBL Laws
Commission in 1978 and was co-chairman of the WBF Laws Commission at the time of his death. He was named ACBL Honorary Member in 1993. In 1995 he was inducted into the
54:
at the spring NABC, the events provide one marquee pairs championship at each of the three NABCs. Each is open to all players whose past performances qualify them, without regard to age, gender, nationality, or ACBL membership. In addition, the
133:
won four times with four partners over thirty years from 1964 to 1993; Cohen (twice), Rodwell (once) and
Woolsey (once) won additional titles with other partners. They and Meckstroth are the only players with three or more wins.
42:
The Blue Ribbon Pairs is a six session MP pairs event, two qualifying sessions, two semi-final sessions and two final sessions that takes place over three days, typically starting on the first
Tuesday of the NABC.
2666:
1606:
35:(NABC). The event is restricted to those that have won a blue ribbon qualification (usually by placing in the top two of an unrestricted regional event) and is generally considered, with the
145:
were runners-up in 1973 and 1977. A married couple last won the predecessor Fall
National Open Pairs in 1945, Jane and Lewis M. Jaeger (the first married couple who became Life Masters).
1599:
3717:
2792:
1516:
3191:
2787:
2687:
81:
The Blue Ribbon Pairs was renamed the Edgar Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs in 1999 to honor one of bridge's all-time great players, writers and administrators.
3227:
3091:
3086:
2827:
2802:
2797:
2757:
2742:
2707:
2697:
1592:
3446:
3222:
2832:
2732:
2712:
2692:
3436:
3006:
2817:
2812:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2737:
2717:
2702:
2853:
2807:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2722:
59:, contested in the spring, is for ACBL members who have qualified in one of its 25 Districts, some of which require qualification in local Units.
74:
Entry is restricted to winners and runners-up in regional championships—plus high finishers in North
American championships, members of current
3065:
2822:
2767:
2727:
3555:
3001:
3590:
3386:
32:
3597:
3426:
3301:
3628:
1933:
1729:
2858:
2209:
1495:
1474:
3461:
3181:
3176:
3151:
3146:
3021:
3016:
2951:
2487:
78:
district championship teams, members of current official teams representing ACBL and the top 100 lifetime masterpoint holders.
28:
3456:
3321:
3311:
3196:
3166:
3161:
2848:
2661:
2269:
1453:
68:
47:
3316:
3576:
3515:
3171:
2274:
1557:
3346:
3246:
3141:
3441:
3376:
3356:
3261:
3011:
2996:
2961:
2946:
2512:
2170:
1539:; select a "Fall" and/or "" NABC. Look for 'Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs' under the 'Event' column. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
3542:
3471:
3136:
2976:
2966:
2956:
1739:
1714:
1689:
3532:
3381:
2656:
1963:
1953:
1525:
1459:
51:
36:
90:
3562:
3266:
1744:
1447:
913:
887:
536:
502:
372:
197:
3476:
3256:
3296:
3156:
3026:
2981:
2915:
2044:
1704:
629:
469:
426:
349:
305:
114:
3604:
3336:
3121:
3096:
2991:
2925:
2527:
2472:
2013:
652:
396:
318:
251:
3416:
3411:
2971:
2522:
2229:
2104:
2079:
1250:
1045:
873:
744:
721:
639:
265:
122:
2910:
2408:
2109:
1314:
3611:
3406:
3391:
3361:
3291:
3286:
3116:
2986:
2920:
1948:
917:
891:
840:
748:
643:
583:
342:
126:
75:
56:
3672:
3371:
3366:
3186:
2671:
2517:
2492:
2457:
1913:
1784:
1156:
1022:
904:
616:
450:
94:
3583:
3520:
3466:
3421:
2900:
2884:
2874:
2154:
1973:
1918:
1838:
1789:
1774:
1684:
1664:
1334:
702:
569:
269:
255:
3641:
2084:
1214:
1210:
1194:
3688:
3451:
3351:
3331:
3232:
3101:
2502:
2388:
2309:
2289:
2149:
2074:
1978:
1903:
1858:
1734:
1114:
854:
516:
459:
275:
149:
3655:
3396:
3306:
2587:
2566:
2482:
2452:
2442:
2437:
2254:
2249:
2049:
1968:
1878:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1679:
1422:
1401:
1390:
1354:
1179:
1086:
954:
522:
436:
332:
142:
3648:
3276:
3271:
3131:
2612:
2582:
2378:
2368:
2304:
2259:
1908:
1898:
1868:
1769:
1759:
1699:
1694:
1615:
1324:
1290:
1274:
1200:
1170:
1095:
1009:
963:
877:
725:
606:
406:
353:
309:
106:
2393:
2144:
3569:
3217:
2905:
2552:
2537:
2507:
2497:
2462:
2398:
2383:
2299:
2224:
2214:
2129:
2059:
1998:
1853:
1848:
1669:
1644:
1373:
1294:
1254:
1128:
1063:
986:
936:
931:
831:
827:
648:
493:
291:
217:
212:
169:
3711:
3341:
3111:
3106:
2607:
2597:
2542:
2532:
2477:
2467:
2447:
2413:
2403:
2373:
2358:
2314:
2244:
2234:
1983:
1863:
1833:
1764:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1504:
1483:
1405:
1377:
1310:
1259:
1141:
1132:
1109:
1105:
1072:
1040:
996:
908:
564:
489:
392:
376:
314:
221:
208:
161:
157:
71:(Summer NABC) as the most prestigious—and toughest—pair events on the ACBL calendar.
1578:
3281:
3081:
2617:
2592:
2547:
2294:
2284:
2264:
2139:
2114:
2023:
2018:
2003:
1888:
1779:
1749:
1674:
1328:
1219:
1190:
1174:
1152:
1118:
1059:
1036:
1026:
1000:
982:
959:
940:
814:
796:
773:
734:
679:
610:
532:
498:
478:
446:
412:
363:
328:
153:
110:
82:
3537:
3212:
2879:
2423:
2344:
2124:
2089:
2069:
1993:
1958:
1883:
1843:
1368:
1233:
1223:
1091:
1082:
1049:
1005:
973:
950:
791:
787:
777:
768:
764:
753:
730:
711:
707:
688:
684:
663:
596:
592:
549:
473:
455:
430:
386:
338:
285:
165:
118:
156:
were runners-up in 2005—the last time there was one woman in the winning pair,
97:. Since 1963, the trophy has been awarded to winners of the Blue Ribbon Pairs.
3326:
3126:
2930:
2602:
2418:
2134:
2028:
2008:
1988:
1928:
1923:
1754:
1350:
1263:
1137:
1068:
977:
927:
850:
810:
698:
625:
620:
587:
573:
231:
130:
3401:
2363:
2219:
2064:
1240:
867:
836:
668:
512:
416:
367:
295:
235:
89:
The event is contested for the
Cavendish Trophy, which was donated by the
3431:
2099:
1938:
1893:
1364:
1344:
1304:
135:
2339:
2239:
2119:
1943:
1873:
1794:
800:
164:(who later married). Two women won the predecessor Open Pairs in 1948,
2279:
1536:
105:
No Blue Ribbon Pairs champion has successfully defended their title.
1584:
2094:
2054:
113:
have won three times as a pair; two other pairs have won twice:
3497:
3047:
2638:
2191:
1815:
1626:
1588:
1503:, vol. 81–8, November 28, 2008, p. 1, archived from
1482:, vol. 81–5, November 25, 2008, p. 8, archived from
39:, as one of the two hardest pairs event on the ACBL calendar.
2849:
List of bridge people with
Knowledge (XXG) (English) articles
138:
has also won 3 times, each time with a different partner.
1537:
go to the 'Tournaments' tab, then the 'NABC Winners' tab
1558:"Ribbon Eligibility - American Contract Bridge League"
27:) is a national bridge championship held at the fall
67:
The event was introduced in 1963 and ranks with the
3681:
3665:
3621:
3508:
3205:
3074:
3058:
2939:
2893:
2867:
2841:
2680:
2649:
2575:
2323:
2202:
2163:
2037:
1826:
1637:
86:ACBL Bridge Hall of Fame and the WBF Hall of Fame.
1162: Ernesto Muzzio, Alejandro Bianchedi
172:—also the last time any pair defended its title.
1581:. November 12, 2013. ACBL. Retrieved 2014-06-06.
1600:
8:
3192:World Transnational Open Teams Championship
194:
3505:
3494:
3228:European Universities Bridge Championships
3092:Bridge at the 2012 World Mind Sports Games
3087:Bridge at the 2008 World Mind Sports Games
3055:
3044:
2646:
2635:
2199:
2188:
1823:
1812:
1634:
1623:
1607:
1593:
1585:
174:
3447:United States Bridge Championships - Open
3223:Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships
3007:List of contract bridge governing bodies
1549:
3066:List of bridge competitions and awards
2667:List of nationality transfers in sport
3556:25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know
3437:Sternberg Women's Board-a-Match Teams
3002:International Mind Sports Association
7:
3240:North American bridge Championships:
3718:North American Bridge Championships
3591:The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge
3387:North American Bridge Championships
1435:Tom Townsend, Ben Hadley-Pritchard
176:Blue Ribbon Pairs, 1963 to present
3598:Planning the Play of a Bridge Hand
3302:Keohane North American Swiss Teams
33:North American Bridge Championship
14:
3629:List of contract bridge magazines
1934:Optimum contract and par contract
1730:Glossary of contract bridge terms
1579:"Blue Ribbon Pairs – A Look Back"
93:in 1928 and long awarded for the
3427:Smith Life Master Women's Pairs
3182:World Senior Teams Championship
3177:World Senior Pairs Championship
3152:World Junior Teams Championship
3147:World Junior Pairs Championship
3022:United States Bridge Federation
3017:South African Bridge Federation
2952:American Contract Bridge League
2488:Non-simultaneous double squeeze
1418:Jacek Kalita, Michal Klukowski
346:2/4: Tom Hodapp, Robert Morris
240:Gunther Polak, Robert G. Sharp
29:American Contract Bridge League
3457:Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs
3322:Manfield Non-Life Master Pairs
3312:Leventritt Silver Ribbon Pairs
3252:Edgar Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs
3197:World Women Pairs Championship
3167:World Mixed Teams Championship
3162:World Mixed Pairs Championship
2662:List of contract bridge people
2270:Principle of restricted choice
1454:Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs
69:von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs
48:Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs
21:Edgar Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs
1:
3577:Contract Bridge for Beginners
3516:List of contract bridge books
3172:World Open Pairs Championship
2854:List of bridge administrators
1456:, or simply Life Master Pairs
1019:Salvador Assael, Nafiz Zorlu
859:Martin De Bruin, Steve Price
819:Mark Tolliver, Marc Zwerling
3462:Wagar Women's Knockout Teams
3347:Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams
3247:ACBL King or Queen of Bridge
3142:World IMP Pairs Championship
1432:Aldo Gerli, Andrea Boldrini
16:National bridge championship
3442:Truscott Senior Swiss Teams
3377:Non-Life Master Swiss Teams
3357:Nail Life Master Open Pairs
3317:Machlin Women's Swiss Teams
3262:Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match
3012:Norwegian Bridge Federation
2997:Hungarian Bridge Federation
2962:Brazilian Bridge Federation
2947:American Bridge Association
2513:Simultaneous double squeeze
2171:List of bidding conventions
1535:The ACBL official website:
248:Chuck Henke, John H. Moran
50:at the summer NABC and the
3734:
3543:Terence Reese bibliography
3499:Publications and resources
3137:World Bridge Championships
2977:Canadian Bridge Federation
2967:Bridge Federation of India
2957:Austrian Bridge Federation
1740:History of contract bridge
1715:Duplicate bridge movements
1450:, predecessor 1928 to 1962
1279:Bar Tarnovski, Dror Padon
555:James Bennett, Chet Davis
91:Cavendish Club of New York
3533:Edwin Kantar bibliography
3504:
3493:
3382:Norman Kay Platinum Pairs
3054:
3043:
2657:ACBL Youngest Life Master
2645:
2634:
2198:
2187:
1964:Quantitative notrump bids
1954:Principle of fast arrival
1822:
1811:
1633:
1622:
1460:Norman Kay Platinum Pairs
1410:Ami Zamir, Oren Toledano
896:Paul Kiefer, Jerry Helms
661:
52:Norman Kay Platinum Pairs
37:Norman Kay Platinum Pairs
3563:Bridge Squeezes Complete
3538:Hugh Kelsey bibliography
3267:Fall National Open Pairs
2640:People and organizations
1745:Laws of Duplicate Bridge
1448:Fall National Open Pairs
541:Ted Horning, Peter Nagy
198:Fall National Open Pairs
3472:Whitehead Women's Pairs
3297:Jacoby Open Swiss Teams
3157:World Mind Sports Games
3027:World Bridge Federation
2982:Dutch Bridge Federation
2916:Galatasaray Bridge Team
2210:List of play techniques
2045:List of bidding systems
1705:Contract bridge diagram
1287:John Hurd, Justin Lall
3605:Right Through the Pack
3337:Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs
3122:Triple crown of bridge
3097:Cavendish Invitational
2992:European Bridge League
2926:Portland Club (London)
2859:List of bridge writers
2528:Stepping-stone squeeze
2473:Entry-shifting squeeze
2110:Kaplan–Sheinwold
2014:Useful space principle
3417:Senior Knockout Teams
3412:Roth Open Swiss Teams
2972:British Bridge League
2105:Highly unusual method
2080:Bridge World Standard
1514:Qualification rules:
288:, Baron Wolf Lebovic
3612:Tickets to the Devil
3407:Rockwell Mixed Pairs
3392:North American Pairs
3362:National 199er Pairs
3292:Hilliard Mixed Pairs
3287:Grand National Teams
3117:Senior Bowl (bridge)
2987:English Bridge Union
2921:Melville Bridge Club
1949:Prepared opening bid
1510:on December 16, 2014
1387:Roger Lee, Wei Wang
870:, Alexander Weiland
521:Kathie Cappelletti,
435:Kathie Cappelletti,
57:North American Pairs
3673:Grand Slam (BBC TV)
3477:Young LM–1500 Pairs
3372:National 99er Pairs
3367:National 49er Pairs
3257:Bruce LM–5000 Pairs
3187:World Team Olympiad
2672:Bridge Headquarters
2518:Single-suit squeeze
2493:Progressive squeeze
2458:Criss-cross squeeze
1914:Law of total tricks
1785:Traveling scoreslip
1489:on December 3, 2008
1462:, or Platinum Pairs
1157:Pratap Rajadhyaksha
1023:Pratap Rajadhyaksha
662:1/2: Jack Kennedy,
389:, John M. Grantham
177:
95:National Open Pairs
3584:Design for Bidding
3521:Master Point Press
3467:Wernher Open Pairs
3422:Silodor Open Pairs
3206:National and Zonal
2901:Bridge Base Online
2681:Players by country
2560:Suit combinations:
2409:Morton's fork coup
2155:Strong club system
1974:Sacrifice (bridge)
1919:Losing-Trick Count
1839:Balancing (bridge)
1775:Singaporean bridge
1685:Cheating in bridge
1665:Bridge Murder case
703:Ron Von der Porten
409:, Warren Kornfeld
270:Richard Zeckhauser
256:Ron Von der Porten
175:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3689:Bridge Base Basic
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3452:Vanderbilt Trophy
3352:Mott-Smith Trophy
3332:Master Individual
3233:Gold Cup (bridge)
3102:Computer Olympiad
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2503:Saturated squeeze
2389:Deschapelles coup
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2150:Standard American
2075:Bridge Base Basic
1979:Shooting (bridge)
1904:Honor point count
1859:Bridge convention
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1735:High card by suit
1472:Pre-2008 winners:
1439:
1438:
1182:, Frederic Wrang
1115:Daniela von Arnim
855:Michael Rosenberg
667:1/2: David Funk,
460:George Rosenkranz
276:Gratian Goldstein
205: 1963
200:
150:Daniela von Arnim
25:Blue Ribbon Pairs
3725:
3656:The Bridge World
3638:
3637:
3552:
3551:
3530:
3529:
3506:
3495:
3397:Red Ribbon Pairs
3307:Lebhar IMP Pairs
3242:
3241:
3056:
3045:
2940:Governing bodies
2647:
2636:
2588:Journalist leads
2567:Suit combination
2562:
2561:
2483:Knockout squeeze
2453:Compound squeeze
2443:Cannibal squeeze
2438:Backwash squeeze
2433:
2432:
2354:
2353:
2335:
2334:
2250:Grosvenor gambit
2200:
2189:
2050:2/1 game forcing
1969:Reverse (bridge)
1879:Five-card majors
1824:
1813:
1720:Five-suit bridge
1710:Duplicate bridge
1635:
1624:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1532:
1530:
1524:, archived from
1523:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1490:
1488:
1481:
1423:Richard Pavlicek
1402:Cedric Lorenzini
1391:Richard Pavlicek
1355:Matt Granovetter
1315:Frederic Volcker
1273:Agustin Madala,
1180:Martin de Knijff
1087:Waleed El Ahmady
955:Howard Weinstein
678:Walter Johnson,
523:Mike Cappelletti
437:Mike Cappelletti
333:Alex Tschekaloff
196:preceded by the
195:
178:
143:Mike Cappelletti
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3693:
3677:
3661:
3649:Bridge Magazine
3642:Bridge d'Italia
3635:
3634:
3617:
3549:
3548:
3528:Bibliographies:
3527:
3526:
3500:
3481:
3277:Fishbein Trophy
3272:Fast Open Pairs
3239:
3238:
3201:
3132:WBF Youth Award
3070:
3050:
3031:
2935:
2889:
2863:
2837:
2676:
2641:
2622:
2583:Forcing defense
2571:
2559:
2558:
2430:
2429:
2379:Coup en passant
2369:Belladonna coup
2351:
2350:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2305:Trump promotion
2260:Percentage play
2194:
2175:
2159:
2085:Canapé (bridge)
2033:
1909:Inverted minors
1899:Hand evaluation
1869:Convention card
1818:
1799:
1760:Neuberg formula
1700:Contract bridge
1695:Computer bridge
1629:
1618:
1616:Contract bridge
1613:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1444:
1325:Jeff Meckstroth
1291:Nikolay Demirev
1275:Steve Weinstein
1201:Joel Wooldridge
1195:Björn Fallenius
1171:Jeff Meckstroth
1096:Steve Weinstein
1010:Steve Weinstein
914:David Berkowitz
888:David Berkowitz
878:Steve Weinstein
841:Ravindra Murthy
726:Steve Weinstein
666:
623:
607:Jeff Meckstroth
563:Warren Rosner,
537:David Berkowitz
503:David Berkowitz
481:, Hugh MacLean
407:Richard Khautin
373:Richard Freeman
354:Richard H. Katz
347:
345:
310:Richard H. Katz
107:Jeff Meckstroth
103:
65:
46:Along with the
23:(or simply the
17:
12:
11:
5:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3682:External links
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3570:The Cardturner
3566:
3559:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3218:Camrose Trophy
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Cavendish Club
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2555:
2553:Winkle squeeze
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Triple squeeze
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Simple squeeze
2505:
2500:
2498:Pseudo-squeeze
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2463:Double squeeze
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Loser on loser
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Crocodile coup
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:Avoidance play
2212:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:Precision Club
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Bidding system
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Takeout double
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:Board (bridge)
1851:
1849:Bidding system
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:Bridge scoring
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1645:Auction bridge
1641:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:External links
1571:
1568:
1567:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1512:
1497:Daily Bulletin
1491:
1476:Daily Bulletin
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1374:Eldad Ginossar
1371:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1295:Eldad Ginossar
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1255:Brian Platnick
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1129:Fulvio Fantoni
1126:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1064:Michael Seamon
1057:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1003:
994:
990:
989:
987:John Sutherlin
980:
971:
967:
966:
964:Marty Seligman
957:
948:
944:
943:
937:Tony Forrester
934:
932:Adam Wildavsky
925:
921:
920:
918:Larry N. Cohen
911:
902:
898:
897:
894:
892:Larry N. Cohen
885:
881:
880:
871:
865:
861:
860:
857:
848:
844:
843:
834:
832:Adam Wildavsky
828:Haig Tchamitch
825:
821:
820:
817:
808:
804:
803:
794:
785:
781:
780:
771:
762:
758:
757:
751:
749:Larry N. Cohen
742:
738:
737:
728:
719:
715:
714:
705:
696:
692:
691:
682:
676:
672:
671:
660:
656:
655:
649:Peter Weichsel
646:
644:Larry N. Cohen
637:
633:
632:
630:Steve Robinson
613:
604:
600:
599:
590:
584:Larry N. Cohen
581:
577:
576:
567:
561:
557:
556:
553:
547:
543:
542:
539:
530:
526:
525:
519:
510:
506:
505:
496:
494:Bill Edelstein
487:
483:
482:
476:
470:Steve Robinson
467:
463:
462:
453:
444:
440:
439:
433:
427:Steve Robinson
424:
420:
419:
410:
404:
400:
399:
390:
384:
380:
379:
370:
361:
357:
356:
350:Larry T. Cohen
335:
326:
322:
321:
312:
306:Larry T. Cohen
303:
299:
298:
292:Phil Feldesman
289:
283:
279:
278:
274:Leland Ferer,
272:
263:
259:
258:
249:
246:
242:
241:
238:
229:
225:
224:
218:Harold Harkavy
215:
213:Dorothy Hayden
206:
202:
201:
193:
189:
188:
185:
182:
170:Margaret Wagar
127:Larry N. Cohen
115:Steve Robinson
102:
99:
76:Grand National
64:
61:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3730:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3492:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Mini-Spingold
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Rosenblum Cup
3110:
3108:
3107:McConnell Cup
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:Championships
3046:
3042:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2833:United States
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2633:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Rusinow leads
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Rule of 10-12
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:Defender play
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Trump squeeze
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Strip squeeze
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Guard squeeze
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Entry squeeze
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Clash squeeze
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Scissors coup
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Merrimac coup
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Alcatraz coup
2357:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:Declarer play
2322:
2316:
2315:Vacant Places
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Probabilities
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Single suiter
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Brown sticker
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:Balanced hand
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Rubber bridge
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Bridge maxims
1658:
1656:
1655:Bridge-O-Rama
1653:
1651:
1650:Bridge ethics
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1531:on 2015-04-07
1527:
1520:
1519:
1518:ACBL web site
1513:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1493:2008 winners
1492:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1406:Thomas Bessis
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:Chris Compton
1375:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:, Eric Greco
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:Billy Cohen,
1332:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:Thomas Bessis
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:Geoff Hampson
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:Billy Cohen,
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:Jim Krekorian
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Claudio Nunes
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Gavin Wolpert
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:Geoff Hampson
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Sidney Lazard
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
998:
997:Richard Coren
995:
992:
991:
988:
984:
981:
979:
975:
972:
969:
968:
965:
961:
958:
956:
952:
949:
946:
945:
942:
938:
935:
933:
929:
926:
923:
922:
919:
915:
912:
910:
909:Jim Krekorian
906:
905:Bob Blanchard
903:
900:
899:
895:
893:
889:
886:
883:
882:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
858:
856:
852:
849:
846:
845:
842:
838:
835:
833:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
812:
809:
806:
805:
802:
798:
795:
793:
789:
786:
783:
782:
779:
775:
772:
770:
766:
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
750:
746:
743:
740:
739:
736:
732:
729:
727:
723:
720:
717:
716:
713:
709:
706:
704:
700:
697:
694:
693:
690:
686:
683:
681:
677:
674:
673:
670:
665:
658:
657:
654:
653:Mike Lawrence
650:
647:
645:
641:
638:
635:
634:
631:
627:
622:
618:
617:Bob Blanchard
614:
612:
608:
605:
602:
601:
598:
594:
591:
589:
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:
571:
568:
566:
565:Allan Stauber
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
534:
531:
528:
527:
524:
520:
518:
517:Tommy Sanders
514:
511:
508:
507:
504:
500:
497:
495:
491:
490:Jay Apfelbaum
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
475:
471:
468:
465:
464:
461:
457:
454:
452:
448:
445:
442:
441:
438:
434:
432:
428:
425:
422:
421:
418:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:Mike Lawrence
394:
393:Hermine Baron
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:Cliff Russell
374:
371:
369:
365:
362:
359:
358:
355:
351:
344:
340:
336:
334:
330:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:Mike Lawrence
316:
315:Bobby Goldman
313:
311:
307:
304:
301:
300:
297:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
277:
273:
271:
267:
264:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:Mike Lawrence
250:
247:
244:
243:
239:
237:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:Cliff Russell
219:
216:
214:
210:
209:B. Jay Becker
207:
204:
203:
199:
191:
190:
186:
183:
180:
179:
173:
171:
167:
163:
162:Gavin Wolpert
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
139:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
100:
98:
96:
92:
87:
84:
79:
77:
72:
70:
62:
60:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3666:TV and Radio
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3525:
3282:Goren Trophy
3251:
3237:
3082:Bermuda Bowl
2618:Smith signal
2593:Opening lead
2557:
2548:Vice squeeze
2523:Squeeze play
2428:
2394:Devil's coup
2349:
2330:
2295:Smother play
2265:Pin (bridge)
2230:Card reading
2145:Säffle Spade
2140:Romex system
2115:Little Major
2024:Weak two bid
2019:Void (cards)
2004:Three suiter
1889:Forcing pass
1750:Masterpoints
1675:Bridge whist
1562:www.acbl.org
1561:
1552:
1526:the original
1517:
1505:the original
1496:
1484:the original
1475:
1421:Jim Munday,
1393:,Jim Munday
1369:Robert Levin
1329:Eric Rodwell
1307:, John Hurd
1251:John Diamond
1236:, Roger Lee
1220:Sjoert Brink
1191:Bart Bramley
1175:Eric Rodwell
1153:Steve Landen
1119:Sabine Auken
1060:Geir Helgemo
1046:Fred Stewart
1037:Bart Bramley
1027:Steve Landen
1001:Marc Jacobus
983:Russ Ekeblad
960:Eric Rodwell
941:Geir Helgemo
874:Fred Stewart
815:Nick Nickell
797:Brian Glubok
774:Gaylor Kasle
756:, Ron Smith
745:Marty Bergen
735:Kerri Shuman
722:Fred Stewart
680:Eric Rodwell
640:Marty Bergen
611:Eric Rodwell
552:, Ron Smith
533:Ron Andersen
479:Ron Andersen
447:Edgar Kaplan
413:Garey Hayden
364:Chuck Burger
329:Erik Paulsen
266:Charles Coon
154:Sabine Auken
147:
140:
123:Marty Bergen
111:Eric Rodwell
104:
88:
83:Edgar Kaplan
80:
73:
66:
45:
41:
24:
20:
18:
3213:Buffett Cup
2911:Crockford's
2880:Dallas Aces
2842:Other lists
2823:Switzerland
2793:New Zealand
2728:Netherlands
2424:Vienna coup
2345:Safety play
2164:Conventions
2125:Polish Club
2090:Carrot Club
2070:Boring Club
1994:Strong pass
1959:Psychic bid
1884:Forcing bid
1844:Bidding box
1234:Joshua Donn
1224:Bas Drijver
1199:John Hurd,
1106:Jenny Ryman
1092:Bobby Levin
1083:Tarek Sadek
1050:Kit Woolsey
1006:Bobby Levin
974:Jill Meyers
951:Zia Mahmood
792:Kit Woolsey
788:Ed Manfield
778:Roger Bates
769:Robert Lebi
765:Mark Molson
754:Bobby Levin
731:Bobby Levin
712:Kit Woolsey
708:Ed Manfield
689:Kit Woolsey
685:Ed Manfield
664:Bobby Wolff
597:Lew Stansby
593:Chip Martel
550:Bobby Levin
474:Kit Woolsey
456:Roger Bates
431:Kit Woolsey
387:Roger Bates
343:Eric Murray
339:Sami Kehela
286:Sami Kehela
187:Runners-up
166:Helen Sobel
158:Jenny Ryman
148:Two women,
141:Kathie and
119:Kit Woolsey
3636:Magazines:
3327:Marcus Cup
3127:Venice Cup
2931:Savoy Club
2603:Rule of 11
2419:Trump coup
2135:Roman Club
2029:Zar Points
2009:Two suiter
1989:Stolen bid
1929:Minor suit
1924:Major suit
1755:Minibridge
1544:References
1351:Sylvia Shi
1264:Eric Greco
1215:Jan Jansma
1211:Jay Borker
1138:Drew Casen
1069:Eric Greco
978:John Mohan
928:Allan Falk
851:Bob Hamman
811:Bob Hamman
699:Bob Hamman
626:Peter Boyd
621:Drew Casen
588:Ron Gerard
574:Bobby Nail
499:Jim Jacoby
451:Norman Kay
232:Bob Hamman
131:Bob Hamman
3622:Magazines
3402:Reisinger
2885:Four Aces
2875:Blue Team
2688:Australia
2431:Squeezes:
2364:Bath coup
2220:Beer card
2193:Card play
2065:Blue Club
1680:Bridgette
1335:Ron Smith
1241:Brad Moss
868:Mark Lair
837:Brad Moss
669:Mark Lair
570:Dan Morse
513:Lou Bluhm
417:Mark Lair
368:Ira Rubin
296:Lew Mathe
236:Lew Mathe
3712:Category
3432:Spingold
2803:Pakistan
2708:Bulgaria
2310:Uppercut
2290:Shooting
2100:Fantunes
1939:Overcall
1894:Game try
1628:Overview
1442:See also
1365:Joe Grue
1345:Joe Grue
1305:Joe Grue
136:Joe Grue
3059:General
2768:Ireland
2758:Hungary
2753:Germany
2743:Fiction
2738:England
2723:Denmark
2703:Britain
2693:Austria
2650:General
2340:Finesse
2255:Hold up
2240:Endplay
2203:General
2120:Moscito
2038:Systems
1944:Preempt
1874:Cue bid
1827:General
1817:Bidding
1795:Vugraph
1725:Goulash
1690:Chicago
1638:General
1467:Sources
1159:
1151:
801:Sam Lev
184:Winners
101:Winners
63:History
31:(ACBL)
3550:Books:
2828:Taiwan
2818:Sweden
2813:Russia
2808:Poland
2798:Norway
2788:Monaco
2783:Mexico
2773:Israel
2748:France
2713:Canada
2698:Brazil
2613:Signal
2352:Coups:
2333:Basic:
2280:Revoke
1770:Screen
192:-1962
3509:Books
3075:World
2894:Clubs
2868:Teams
2778:Italy
2763:India
2733:Egypt
2718:China
2300:Tempo
2245:Entry
2225:Caddy
1790:Trump
1529:(PDF)
1522:(PDF)
1508:(PDF)
1501:(PDF)
1487:(PDF)
1480:(PDF)
1429:2023
1415:2022
1398:2021
1384:2019
1361:2018
1341:2017
1321:2016
1301:2015
1284:2014
1270:2013
1247:2012
1230:2011
1207:2010
1187:2009
1167:2008
1148:2007
1125:2006
1102:2005
1079:2004
1056:2003
1033:2002
1016:2001
993:2000
970:1999
947:1998
924:1997
901:1996
884:1995
864:1994
847:1993
824:1992
807:1991
784:1990
761:1989
741:1988
718:1987
695:1986
675:1985
659:1984
636:1983
624:2/3:
615:2/3:
603:1982
580:1981
560:1980
546:1979
529:1978
509:1977
486:1976
466:1975
443:1974
423:1973
403:1972
383:1971
360:1970
348:2/4:
337:2/4:
325:1969
302:1968
282:1967
262:1966
245:1965
228:1964
2374:Coup
2285:Ruff
2235:Duck
2095:EHAA
2055:Acol
1780:Suit
181:Year
168:and
160:and
152:and
121:and
109:and
19:The
1293:,
3714::
1560:.
1404:,
1376:,
1367:,
1353:,
1327:,
1313:,
1262:,
1253:,
1222:,
1213:,
1193:,
1173:,
1155:,
1140:,
1131:,
1117:,
1108:,
1094:,
1085:,
1071:,
1062:,
1048:,
1039:,
1025:,
1008:,
999:,
985:,
976:,
962:,
953:,
939:,
930:,
916:,
907:,
890:,
876:,
853:,
839:,
830:,
813:,
799:,
790:,
776:,
767:,
747:,
733:,
724:,
710:,
701:,
687:,
651:,
642:,
628:,
619:,
609:,
595:,
586:,
572:,
535:,
515:,
501:,
492:,
472:,
458:,
449:,
429:,
415:,
395:,
375:,
366:,
352:,
341:,
331:,
317:,
308:,
294:,
268:,
254:,
234:,
220:,
211:,
129:.
1608:e
1601:t
1594:v
1564:.
125:–
117:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.