373:. Some other limitations of the explanation above are due to the idealised, quasi circular linear dynamical response to perturbations that neglects the vertical displacement that a particle can experience moving along a sloping neutral surface. Vertical motion in eddies is a fairly recent research topic that still presents limitations in the theory both due to complexity and lack of sufficient observations. Nonetheless, the one presented above is a simplification that helps explain partially the important role that eddies play in biological productivity, as well as their biogeochemical role in the carbon cycle.
556:
624:. Recent research has been investigating the role of eddy pumping and more in general, of vertical motion in mesoscale eddies in the carbon cycle. Evidence has shown that eddy pumping-induced upwelling and downwelling may play a significant role in shaping the way that carbon is stored in the ocean. Despite the fact that research in this field is only developing recently, first results show that eddies contribute less than 5% of the total annual export of phytoplankton to the ocean interior.
310:
105:
322:
70:
343:, their vorticity diminishes and leads to eddy destruction. Such process opposes to eddy formation and intensification, as the pycnocline will return to its original position prior to the eddy-induced deformation. This means that the pycnocline will uplift in anticyclones and compress in cyclones, leading to upwelling and downwelling, respectively.
637:
cyclonic and an anticyclonic mesoscale eddy has shown an increased accumulation in the latter. Accumulation of microplastics has environmental impacts through its interaction with the biota. Initially buoyant plastic particles (between 0.01 and 1 mm) are submerged below the climatological mixed layer depth mainly due to
305:
397:
Cyclonic eddy pumping drives new primary production by lifting nutrient-rich waters into the euphotic zone. Complete utilisation of the upwelled nutrients is guaranteed by two main factors. Firstly, biological uptake takes place in timescales that are much shorter than the average lifetime of eddies.
112:
Eddy pumping is a component of mesoscale eddy-induced vertical motion. Such vertical motion is caused by the deformation of the pycnocline. It can be conceptualised by assuming that ocean water has a density surface with mean depth averaged over time and space. This surface separates the upper ocean,
325:
Conceptual description of the effect on the pycnocline and the vertical transport, as an anticyclonic eddy intensifies and destructs. During the intensification, the pycnocline moves down, which generates downwelling. On the contrary, this process creates downwelling when the anticyclone decays and
178:
difference between the eddy core and the surrounding waters is the key element driving vertical motion. While propagating in horizontal direction, Cyclones and anticyclones “bend” the pycnocline upwards and downwards, respectively, induced by this temperature and salinity discrepancy. The extent of
581:
Springtime phytoplankton blooms have been thought to be initiated by seasonal light increase and near-surface stratification. Recent observations from the sub-polar North
Atlantic experiment and biophysical models suggest that the bloom may be instead resulting from an eddy-induced stratification,
313:
Conceptual description of the effect on the pycnocline and the vertical transport, as a cyclonic eddy intensifies and destructs. During the intensification, the pycnocline lifts, which generates upwelling. On the contrary, this process creates downwelling when the cyclone decays and the pycnocline
169:
is understood from the characteristics of the water contained in the core of the eddy. Cyclonic eddies rotate anticlockwise (clockwise) in the
Northern (Southern) hemisphere and have a cold core. Anticyclonic eddies rotate clockwise (anticlockwise) in the Northern (Southern) hemisphere and have a
121:. When an eddy transits through, such density surface is deformed. Dependent on the phases of the lifespan of an eddy this will create vertical perturbations in different direction. Eddy lifespans are divided in formation, evolution and destruction. Eddy-pumping perturbations are of three types:
636:
in the ocean. Due to their convergent nature, anticyclonic eddies trap and transport microplastics at the sea surface, along with nutrients, chlorophyll and zooplankton. In the North
Atlantic subtropical gyre, the first direct observation of sea surface concentrations of microplastics between a
351:
The direction of vertical motion in cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies is independent of the hemisphere. Observed vertical velocities of eddy pumping are in the order of one meter per day. However, there are regional differences. In regions where kinetic energy is higher, such as in the
582:
taking place 20 to 30 days earlier than it would occur by seasonal changes. These findings revolutionise the entire understanding of spring blooms. Moreover, eddy pumping and eddy-induced Ekman pumping have been shown to dominate late-bloom and post-bloom biological fields.
390:. Although the mechanisms through which eddies shape ecosystems are not yet fully understood, eddies transport nutrients through a combination of horizontal and vertical processes. Stirring and trapping relate to nutrient transport, whereas eddy pumping, eddy-induced
368:
When describing vertical motion in eddies it is important to note that eddy pumping is only one component of a complex mechanism. Another important factor to take into account, especially when considering ocean-wind interaction, is the role played by eddy-induced
385:
concentration, in the open ocean. Lack of knowledge on the impact of eddy activity is however still notable, as eddies’ contribution has been argued not to be sufficient to maintain the observed primary production through nitrogen supply in parts of the
339:. As eddies form and intensify, the mechanisms mentioned above will strengthen and, as an increase in relative vorticity generates perturbations of the isopycnal surfaces, the pycnocline deforms. On the other hand, when eddies have aged and carry low
186:, the density changes due to changes in vorticity can be directly related to vertical transport. This assumption is coherent with the idea of vertical motion occurring at the eddy centre, in correspondence to variations of a perfectly circular flow.
152:
An intuitive description of this mechanism is what is defined as eddy-centric-analysis based on sea-surface level. In the
Northern hemisphere, anticlockwise rotation in cyclonic eddies creates a divergence of horizontal surface currents due to the
191:
144:. Nonetheless, eddy pumping induced vertical motion in the euphotic zone of mode-water eddies is comparable to cyclones. For this reasons, only the cyclonic and anticyclonic mechanisms of eddy-pumping perturbations are explained.
406:
Evidence of the biological impacts of eddy pumping mechanism is present in various publications based on observations and modelling of multiple locations worldwide. Eddy-centric chlorophyll anomalies have been observed in the
157:, leading to a dampened water surface. To compensate the inhomogeneity of surface elevation, isopycnal surfaces are uplifted toward the euphotic zone and incorporation of deep ocean, nutrient-rich waters can occur.
140:
Mode-water eddies have a complex density structure. Due to their shape, they cannot be distinguished from regular anticyclones in an eddy-centric (focused on the core of the eddy) analysis based on
179:
the vertical perturbation of the density surface inside the eddy (compared to the mean ocean density surface) is determined by the changes in rotational strength (relative vorticity) of the eddy.
318:
Through such mechanism eddy pumping generates upwelling of cold, nutrient rich deep waters in cyclonic eddies and downwelling of warm, nutrient poor, surface water in anticyclonic eddies.
398:
Secondly, because the nutrient enhancement takes place in the eddy's interior, isolated from the surrounding waters, biomass can accumulate until upwelled nutrients are fully consumed.
520:, and other species. Distributions of adult fishes have also been associated with the presence of cyclonic eddies. Particularly, higher abundances of bluefin tuna and cetaceans in the
495:
165:
Conceptually, eddy pumping associates the vertical motion in the interior of eddies to temporal changes in eddy relative vorticity. The vertical motion created by the change in
89:
is strongest in regions with large horizontal density gradients, known also as “fronts”, where the geostrophic shear and potential energy provide an energy source from which
1418:
Fischer, Reint; Lobelle, Delphine; Kooi, Merel; Koelmans, Albert; Onink, Victor; Laufkötter, Charlotte; Amaral-Zettler, Linda; Yool, Andrew; van
Sebille, Erik (2021-09-27).
578:
due to the combination of abundant nutrients and intense Arctic winds that favour the mixing of waters. Blooms are important indicators of the health of a marine ecosystem.
1293:
D. J. McGillicuddy Jr (1995). "Coupled physical and biological modelling of the spring bloom in the North
Atlantic (II): three dimensional bloom and post-bloom processes".
300:{\displaystyle 0={\partial \rho \over \partial t}+\nabla \cdot (\rho {\textbf {u}})\longrightarrow {\partial \rho \over \partial t}=-{\partial \over \partial \!z}\rho w}
1353:
Brach, Laurent; Deixonne, Patrick; Bernard, Marie-France; Durand, Edmée; Desjean, Marie-Christine; Perez, Emile; van
Sebille, Erik; ter Halle, Alexandra (2018-01-01).
1038:
618:
862:"Enhancement of eddy-Ekman pumping inside anticyclonic eddies with wind-parallel extension: Satellite observations and numerical studies in the South China Sea"
620:
through photosynthesis. When such organisms die and sink to the seafloor, the carbon they absorbed gets stored in the deep ocean through what is known as the
1052:
McGillicuddy, D. J.; Robinson, A. R.; Siegel, D. A.; Jannasch, H. W.; Johnson, R.; Dickey, T. D.; McNeil, J.; Michaels, A. F.; Knap, A. H. (July 1998).
641:. In regions with very low productivity, particles remain within the upper part of the mixed layer and can only sink below it if a spring bloom occurs.
90:
381:
Recent findings suggest that mesoscale eddies are likely to play a key role in nutrient transport, such as the spatial distribution of
528:
are linked to cyclonic eddy activities. Such spatial patterns extend to seabirds spotted in the vicinities of eddies, including great
497:. These quantities have been deemed sufficient to sustain a rate of new primary production consistent with estimates for this region.
504:
larval survival and the abundance of predators. These concepts partially explain mesoscale variations in the distribution of larval
94:
81:
effect, which means they tend to organise the water in layers of different density. These layers are separated by surfaces called
912:"On the asymmetry of eddy-induced surface chlorophyll anomalies in the southeastern Pacific: The role of eddy-Ekman pumping"
1244:
665:- Ekman Pumping is the component of Ekman transport that results in areas of downwelling due to the convergence of water
37:. It is a physical mechanism through which vertical motion is created from variations in an eddy's rotational strength.
705:
1162:
Siegel, David A. (15 June 1999). "Mesoscale eddies, satellite altimetry, and new production in the
Sargasso Sea".
1013:
G., Gaube, Peter McGillicuddy, Dennis J. Chelton, Dudley B. Behrenfeld, Michael J. Strutton, Peter (2015-02-24).
555:
353:
671:- episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia
394:, and eddy impacts on mixed-layer depth variate nutrient. Here, the role played by eddy pumping is discussed.
450:
108:
Conceptualised downwelling in an intensifying anticyclonic eddy in the
Northern Hemisphere. (Inspired from )
1469:
674:
656:
1329:
141:
42:
309:
1354:
1198:
73:
Conceptualised upwelling in an intensifying cyclonic eddy in the
Northern Hemisphere. (Inspired from )
1302:
1210:
1171:
1120:
1065:
972:
923:
873:
808:
742:
183:
78:
500:
On a wider ecological scale, eddy-driven variations in productivity influence the trade-off between
104:
1355:"Anticyclonic eddies increase accumulation of microplastic in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre"
653:- a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater o marine water systems
419:), as well as eddy-induced enhanced biological production in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence in the
1445:
1400:
1269:
1144:
1089:
1032:
533:
1437:
1392:
1384:
1226:
1136:
1081:
1020:
988:
941:
889:
842:
834:
768:
321:
53:). It is a key mechanism driving biological and biogeochemical processes in the ocean such as
38:
27:
1427:
1374:
1366:
1310:
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1073:
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412:
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118:
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428:
370:
154:
820:
1306:
1214:
1175:
1124:
1069:
976:
927:
877:
812:
746:
1109:"Eddy-induced enhancement of primary production in a model of the North Atlantic Ocean"
797:"Mechanisms of Physical-Biological-Biogeochemical Interaction at the Oceanic Mesoscale"
521:
424:
420:
340:
23:
1222:
683:– Strong increase in phytoplankton abundance that typically occurs in the early spring
1463:
1449:
1314:
662:
633:
501:
432:
391:
1404:
1370:
1016:
Regional variations in the influence of mesoscale eddies on near-surface chlorophyll
1419:
1148:
1093:
861:
680:
668:
659:- fluid dynamical instability of fundamental importance in the atmosphere and ocean
575:
549:
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444:
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58:
885:
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911:
650:
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440:
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114:
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54:
50:
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357:
98:
69:
1441:
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1230:
1140:
1085:
992:
945:
893:
838:
772:
1420:"Modeling submerged biofouled microplastics and their vertical trajectories"
731:"Friction, Frontogenesis, and the Stratification of the Surface Mixed Layer"
537:
517:
166:
82:
46:
1396:
846:
730:
754:
1183:
509:
356:, eddies are found to generate stronger vertical currents than eddies in
175:
1432:
1108:
1053:
960:
1379:
984:
910:
He, Qingyou; Zhan, Haigang; Cai, Shuqun; Zha, Guozhen (February 2016).
1014:
97:
can grow. Below the mixed layer, a region of rapid density change (or
1199:"Eddy-induced nutrient supply and new production in the Sargasso Sea"
1054:"Influence of mesoscale eddies on new production in the Sargasso Sea"
829:
763:
525:
513:
101:) separates the upper and lower water, hindering vertical transport.
30:
1132:
1077:
554:
320:
308:
103:
68:
34:
632:
Eddies play an important role in the sea surface distribution of
559:
Phytoplankton Bloom in the North Atlantic due to eddy upwelling.
541:
961:"Vortex waves and vertical motion in a mesoscale cyclonic eddy"
860:
Li, Junmin; Qi, Yiquan; Jing, Zhiyou; Wang, Jia (April 2014).
443:, to name a few. Estimations of the eddy pumping in the
1295:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1203:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
677:- Swirling in the ocean created by its turbulent nature
596:
570:
The North Sea is an ideal basin for the formation of
453:
194:
1197:McGillicuddy, D. J.; Robinson, A. R. (1997-08-01).
1107:Oschlies, Andreas; Garçon, Véronique (July 1998).
612:
489:
299:
1330:"How important is carbon export by ocean eddies?"
706:"Projected changes to the tropical Pacific Ocean"
447:resulted in a flux between 0.24 and 0.5 nitrogen
284:
148:Conceptual explanation based on sea-surface level
729:Thomas, Leif; Ferrari, Raffaele (2008-11-01).
335:Eddies weaken over time due to kinetic energy
326:the pycnocline returns to its original state.
8:
1037:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1245:"Phytoplankton Bloom in the North Atlantic"
959:Nardelli, Bruno Buongiorno (October 2013).
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762:
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965:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
693:
1030:
795:McGillicuddy, Dennis J. (2016-01-03).
490:{\displaystyle {\frac {mol}{m^{2}yr}}}
182:Ignoring horizontal advection in the
7:
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1002:
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821:10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015606
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524:and blue marlin in the proximity of
331:Dependency on the phase of lifespan
238:
281:
277:
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212:
204:
14:
1270:"North Atlantic Bloom Experiment"
411:region and off the west coast of
735:Journal of Physical Oceanography
1371:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.077
1164:Journal of Geophysical Research
801:Annual Review of Marine Science
85:. The re-stratification of the
1328:Prend, Channing (2019-09-20).
314:returns to its original state.
246:
243:
230:
1:
1223:10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00024-1
886:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.02.002
184:density conservation equation
1315:10.1016/0967-0637(95)00035-5
937:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.012
347:Eddy pumping characteristics
45:) eddies lead primarily to
1486:
1424:Biogeosciences Discussions
566:North Atlantic Algal Bloom
1359:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1249:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
1019:. John Wiley & Sons.
866:Journal of Marine Systems
439:and in the north-western
916:Progress in Oceanography
354:Western boundary current
95:symmetric instabilities
675:Mesoscale ocean eddies
657:Baroclinic instability
614:
613:{\displaystyle CO_{2}}
590:Phytoplankton absorbs
562:
491:
327:
315:
301:
109:
74:
755:10.1175/2008jpo3797.1
615:
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324:
312:
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136:Eddy-centric approach
113:corresponding to the
107:
72:
1184:10.1029/1999JC900051
704:nibal (2014-10-09).
594:
451:
192:
161:Physical explanation
1433:10.5194/bg-2021-236
1307:1995DSRI...42.1359M
1215:1997DSRI...44.1427M
1176:1999JGR...10413359S
1170:(C6): 13359–13379.
1125:1998Natur.394..266O
1070:1998Natur.394..263M
977:2013JGRC..118.5609N
928:2016PrOce.141..202H
878:2014JMS...132..150L
813:2016ARMS....8..125M
747:2008JPO....38.2501T
985:10.1002/jgrc.20345
610:
563:
534:Mozambique Channel
487:
423:, in the northern
328:
316:
297:
117:, from the lower,
110:
75:
22:is a component of
1119:(6690): 266–269.
1064:(6690): 263–266.
971:(10): 5609–5624.
741:(11): 2501–2518.
628:Plastic pollution
485:
377:Biological impact
289:
267:
240:
219:
131:Mode-water eddies
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1415:
1409:
1408:
1382:
1350:
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1325:
1319:
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1301:(8): 1359–1398.
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1266:
1260:
1259:
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1256:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1209:(8): 1427–1450.
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413:British Columbia
388:subtropical gyre
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142:sea level height
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622:biological pump
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586:Biogeochemistry
568:
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429:South China Sea
404:
379:
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170:warm core. The
163:
155:Coriolis effect
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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1285:
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1236:
1189:
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807:(1): 125–159.
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522:Gulf of Mexico
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425:Gulf of Alaska
421:Southern Ocean
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341:kinetic energy
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79:re-stratifying
77:Eddies have a
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24:mesoscale eddy
16:Ocean dynamics
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634:microplastics
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576:spring blooms
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548:in the South
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669:Haida Eddies
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59:carbon cycle
55:algal blooms
43:Anticyclonic
20:Eddy pumping
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1380:1874/358491
1365:: 191–196.
922:: 202–211.
872:: 150–161.
651:Algal bloom
546:shearwaters
441:Alboran Sea
437:Arabian Sea
409:Gulf Stream
383:chlorophyll
364:Limitations
337:dissipation
172:temperature
87:mixed layer
51:downwelling
1339:2022-03-24
1334:oceanbites
1279:2022-03-24
1274:apl.uw.edu
1255:2022-03-24
1025:1130871102
715:2022-03-19
710:SlideServe
688:References
639:biofouling
358:open ocean
119:deep ocean
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83:isopycnals
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26:-induced
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1426:: 1–29.
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125:Cyclones
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