Locust - Knowledge (XXG)

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During outbreaks and the early stages of upsurges, only part of the locust population becomes gregarious, with scattered bands of hoppers spread out over a large area. As time goes by, the insects become more cohesive and the bands become concentrated in a smaller area. In the desert locust plague in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia that lasted from 1966 to 1969, the number of locusts increased from two to 30 billion over two generations, but the area covered decreased from over 100,000 square kilometres (39,000 sq mi) to 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi).

435: 1522: 1260: 584: 40: 490:, after unusually heavy rain set up favourable ecological conditions for swarming. The first outbreaks occurred in Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Sudan in 2003. The rain allowed swarms to develop and move north to Morocco and Algeria, threatening croplands. Swarms crossed Africa, appearing in Egypt, Jordan and Israel, the first time in those countries for 50 years. The cost of handling the infestation was put at US$ 122 million, and the damage to crops at up to $ 2.5 billion. 855: 254: 774:'s Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Western Region, and executed by locust control agencies belonging to each country concerned. The FAO monitors the situation in the Caucasus and Central Asia, where over 25 million hectares of cultivated land are under threat. In February 2020, in an effort to end massive locust outbreaks, India decided to use drones and special equipment to monitor locusts and spray insecticides. 216: 399:

at the front of the swarm settle to feed, others fly past overhead and settle in their turn, the whole swarm acting like a rolling unit with an ever-changing leading edge. The locusts spend much time on the ground feeding and resting, moving on when the vegetation is exhausted. They may then fly a considerable distance before settling in a location where transitory rainfall has caused a green flush of new growth.

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grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such. 15 For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left: and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt.

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contacts per minute over a four-hour period. A large swarm can consist of billions of locusts spread out over an area of thousands of square kilometres, with a population of up to 80 million per square kilometre (200 million per square mile). When desert locusts meet, their nervous systems release serotonin, which causes them to become mutually attracted, a prerequisite for swarming.

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Historically, people could do little to protect their crops from locusts, although eating the insects may have been some compensation. By the early 20th century, efforts were made to disrupt the development of the insects by cultivating the soil where eggs were laid, collecting hoppers with catching

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Early intervention to prevent large locust swarms is more successful than later action once swarms have built up. The means to control locust populations is now available, but organisational, financial, and political problems may be difficult to overcome. Monitoring is the key to early detection and

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The mutual attraction between individual insects continues into adulthood, and they continue to act as a cohesive group. Individuals that get detached from a swarm fly back into the mass. Others that get left behind after feeding take off to rejoin the swarm when it passes overhead. When individuals

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also consume locusts, and expressed discontent over governmental plans to use pesticides against them. ʻAbd al-Salâm Shabînî described a locust recipe from Morocco. 19th century European travellers observed Arabs in Arabia, Egypt, and Morocco selling, cooking, and eating locusts. They reported that

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sprayed in breeding areas pierce the locust exoskeleton on germination and invade the body cavity, causing death. The fungus is passed from insect to insect and persists in the area, making repeated treatments unnecessary. This approach to locust control was used in Tanzania in 2009 to treat around

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Swarming behaviour is a response to overcrowding. Increased tactile stimulation of the hind legs causes an increase in levels of serotonin. This causes the locust to change colour, eat much more, and breed much more easily. The transformation of the locust to the swarming form is induced by several

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And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the Lord brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts. 14 And the locust went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very

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in 203 BC. He mentioned human epidemics following locust plagues which he associated with the stench from the putrifying corpses; the linking of human disease outbreaks to locust plagues was widespread. A pestilence in the northwestern provinces of China in 311 AD that killed 98% of the population

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who were in poverty and suffered from famine ate locusts after removing the guts and head, while locusts were swallowed whole by Bedouins. Syrians, Copts, Greeks, Armenians, and other Christians and Arabs themselves reported that in Arabia locusts were eaten frequently and one Arab described to a

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The formation of initial bands of gregarious hoppers is called an "outbreak"; when these join into larger groups, the event is known as an "upsurge". Continuing agglomerations of upsurges on a regional level originating from a number of entirely separate breeding locations are known as "plagues".

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from tractor-based sprayers. This is effective but slow and labour-intensive; a preferable method is spraying concentrated insecticide from aircraft over the insects or vegetation. The use of ultralow-volume spraying of contact pesticides from aircraft in overlapping swathes is effective against

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Study of literature shows how pervasive plagues of locusts were over the course of history. The insects arrived unexpectedly, often after a change of wind direction or weather, and the consequences were devastating. The Ancient Egyptians carved locusts on tombs in the period 2470 to 2220 BC. A

100:. No taxonomic distinction is made between locust and grasshopper species; the basis for the definition is whether a species forms swarms under intermittently suitable conditions; this has evolved independently in multiple lineages, comprising at least 18 genera in 5 different subfamilies. 1101:

of orthopterans is 1.7 kg/kg, while for beef it is typically about 10 kg/kg. The protein content in fresh weight is between 13 and 28 g / 100 g for adult locust, 14–18 g / 100 g for larvae, as compared to 19–26 g / 100 g for beef. The calculated

889: 566:, between the emergent Arabian Peninsula and central Iran, which were still separated by large areas of deep ocean at this time. This suggests that trans-oceanic locust migrations have been occurring for at least 30 million years, likely facilitated by the spread of 372:. They soon form bands of many thousands of individuals. These groups behave like cohesive units and move across the landscape, mostly downhill, but making their way around barriers and merging with other bands. The attraction between the insects involves visual and 679:

During the last two millennia, desert locust plagues have appeared sporadically in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. Other species of locusts caused havoc in North and South America, Asia, and Australasia; in China, 173 outbreaks over 1924 years. The

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The locust is large and easy to breed and rear, and is used as an experimental model in research studies. It has been used in evolutionary biology research and to test the generalizability of conclusions reached about test organisms such as the

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eating the majority of the crops and vegetation of the surrounding countryside. One local barber, Ahmad al-Budayri, recalled the locusts "came like a black cloud. They covered everything: the trees and the crops. May God Almighty save us!"

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distinction is made between locust and grasshopper species; the basis for the definition is whether a species forms swarms under intermittently suitable conditions. In English, the term "locust" is used for grasshopper species that change

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eradication. Ideally, a sufficient proportion of nomadic bands can be killed with insecticide before their swarming phase. This may be possible in richer countries like Morocco and Saudi Arabia, but neighbouring poorer countries such as

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methods are proving effective. Swarming behaviour decreased in the 20th century, but despite modern surveillance and control methods, swarms can still form; when suitable weather conditions occur and vigilance lapses, plagues can occur.

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Andersson, Olga; Hansen, Steen Honoré; Hellman, Karin; Olsen, Line Rørbæk; Andersson, Gunnar; Badolo, Lassina; Svenstrup, Niels; Nielsen, Peter Aadal (2013). "The Grasshopper: A Novel Model for Assessing Vertebrate Brain Uptake".

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is low, with 1.69 for locust protein compared to 2.5 for standard casein. A serving of 100 g of desert locust provides 11.5 g of fat, 53.5% of which is unsaturated, and 286 mg of cholesterol. Among the fatty acids,

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Several organisations around the world monitor the threat from locusts. They provide forecasts detailing regions likely to suffer from locust plagues in the near future. In Australia, this service is provided by the

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in Egypt and Palestine locusts were consumed, and that in Palestine, around the River Jordan, in Egypt, in Arabia, and in Morocco that Arabs ate locusts, while Syrian peasants did not eat locusts.

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Antsey, Michael; Rogers, Stephen; Swidbert, R.O.; Burrows, Malcolm; Simpson, S.J. (30 January 2009). "Serotonin mediates behavioral gregarization underlying swarm formation in desert locusts".

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mentions locusts taking to the wing to escape fire. Plagues of locusts are mentioned in the Quran. In the ninth century BC, the Chinese authorities appointed anti-locust officers. In the

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nymphs become darker with strongly contrasting yellow and black markings, they grow larger, and have a longer nymphal period; the adults are larger with different body proportions, less

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which lasted from 1915 to 1918 during which around 200,000 people died. Plagues became less common in the 20th century, but they continue to occur when the conditions are met.

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Guo, Xiaojiao; Yu, Qiaoqiao; Chen, Dafeng; Wei, Jianing; Yang, Pengcheng; Yu, Jia; Wang, Xianhui; Kang, Le (2020). "4-Vinylanisole is an aggregation pheromone in locusts".

2577: 711:) and to weigh 27.5 million tons. The last specimen was seen alive in Canada in 1902. Recent research suggests the breeding grounds of this insect in the valleys of the 3023: 2949:

Bateman, R. P.; Carey, M.; Moore, D.; Prior, C. (1993). "The enhanced infectivity of Metarhizium flavoviride in oil formulations to desert locusts at low humidities".

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Normally, these grasshoppers are innocuous, their numbers are low, and they do not pose a major economic threat to agriculture. However, under suitable conditions of

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Rogers, S. M.; Matheson, T.; Despland, E.; Dodgson, T.; Burrows, M.; Simpson, S. J. (2003). "Mechanosensory-induced behavioral gregarization in the desert locust

542:) reached plague proportions in the American Midwest. Today, the High Plains locust is a rare species, leaving North America with no regularly swarming locusts. 3994: 2893: 3139: 3411: 376:

cues. The bands seem to navigate using the sun. They pause to feed at intervals before continuing on, and may cover tens of kilometres over a few weeks.

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prohibits the use of most insects as food, but it permits consuming certain types of locust; specifically, those that are red, yellow, or spotted grey.

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and behaviourally on crowding, forming swarms that develop from bands of immature stages called hoppers. The change is described as density-dependent

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Collavo, A.; Glew, R. H.; Huang, Y.S.; Chuang, L.T.; Bosse, R.; Paoletti, M.G. (2005). "House cricket small-scale farming". In Paoletti, M.G. (ed.).

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phase. These insects are usually solitary, but under certain circumstances they become more abundant and change their behaviour and habits, becoming

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machines, killing them with flamethrowers, trapping them in ditches, and crushing them with rollers and other mechanical methods. By the 1950s, the

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Oriental Literature, Applied to the Illustration of the Sacred Scriptures – especially with reference to antiquties, traditions, and manners (etc.)

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practices and better surveillance of locust breeding grounds have allowed control measures at an early stage. Traditional locust control uses

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acids were found to be the most abundant. Varying amounts of potassium, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc were present.

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of 1875 was estimated to contain 12.5 trillion insects covering an area of 198,000 square miles (510,000 km) (larger than the state of

3917:): Proximate composition, physiochemcial characteristics of lipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol contents and nutritional value of protein" 1623: 246:. These insects are usually solitary, but under certain circumstances become more abundant and change their behaviour and habits, becoming 3965: 1931: 1861: 1128: 767: 688:) was a major pest in India and southeastern Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries, but has seldom swarmed since the last plague in 1908. 3951: 2528: 3912: 502: 379:

Locusts in the gregarious phase differ in morphology and development. In the desert locust and the migratory locust, for example, the

123:. The adults are powerful fliers; they can travel great distances, consuming most of the green vegetation wherever the swarm settles. 2295: 501:), sometimes classified into up to 10 subspecies, swarms in Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, but has become rare in Europe. 3654: 3593: 3355:

There is no reason, however, to question the plausibility of Mark 1:6c, that John regularly ate these foods while in the wilderness.

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10,000 hectares in the Iku-Katavi National Park infested with adult locusts. The outbreak was contained without harm to the local

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nomadic bands and can be used to treat large areas of land swiftly. Other modern technologies for planning locust control include

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has been a source of puzzlement. It had swarmed throughout the west of the United States and parts of Canada in the 19th century.

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in their brains triggers dramatic changes: they start to breed abundantly, becoming gregarious and nomadic (loosely described as

4015: 2585: 738: 3874: 1485: 1053:, since many Saudis believe they are healthy to eat, but the Saudi Ministry of Health warned that pesticides made them unsafe. 219: 3746: 487: 3825:

Smil, V. (2002). "Worldwide transformation of diets, burdens of meat production and opportunities for novel food proteins".

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of over a billion insects, reaching "plague" status and covering about half the country by March 2013. Species such as the

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403: Narrated Ibn Abi Aufa: We participated with the Prophet in six or seven Ghazawat, and we used to eat locusts with him.

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The High Plains locust still exists, but it's uncommon, just another innocent-looking grasshopper munching away on plants.

1697: 815: 727: 1887: 4055: 791: 2268: 2046:"Do outbreaks affect genetic population structure? A worldwide survey in a pest plagued by microsatellite null alleles" 1333:. Advances in Insect Physiology. Vol. 36 (1st ed.). Academic Press (published 23 September 2009). p. 9. 4050: 4035: 1202: 434: 286: 532:

was formerly one of the most significant insect pests there, but it became extinct in 1902. In the 1930s, during the

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that later become swarms of winged adults. Both the bands and the swarms move around, rapidly strip fields, and

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was found to be an extremely effective insecticide, but it was later banned in most countries because of its

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Chapuis, M-P.; Lecoq, M.; Michalakis, Y.; Loiseau, A.; Sword, G. A.; Piry, S.; Estoup, A. (1 August 2008).

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The relative size and robustness of the locust make it simple to handle and ideal for such investigations.

2834: 1169: 928:). It is a suitable school laboratory animal because of its robustness and ease of breeding and handling. 506: 408: 314: 39: 3735:"Persians v. Arabs: Same old sneers. Nationalist feeling on both sides of the Gulf is as prickly as ever" 2499:

Locust: the Devastating Rise and Mysterious Disappearance of the Insect that Shaped the American Frontier

2213:"A locust witness of a trans-oceanic Oligocene migration between Arabia and Iran (Orthoptera: Acrididae)" 1997: 1975: 3911:

Abul-Tarboush, Hamza M.; Al-Kahtani, Hassan A.; Aldryhim, Yousif N.; Asif, Mohammed (16 December 2010).

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swarm as locusts in different parts of the world, on all continents except Antarctica: For example, the

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European traveler the different types of locusts which were favored as food by Arabs. Persians use the

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In years when locust control is needed, the hoppers are targeted early by applying water-based contact

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to control locusts was tested across Africa by a multinational team in 1997. Dried fungal spores of a

562:, which were deposited in a deep marine environment. The locust was likely migrating across the early 555: 3327:"Did John the Baptist eat like a former Essene? Locust-eating in the ancient Near East and at Qumran" 2997: 2212: 1770: 1654: 1230: 1138: 1098: 1067: 826: 681: 267: 3303: 3231: 2984:

Thomas M.B., Gbongboui C., Lomer C.J. (1996). "Between-season survival of the grasshopper pathogen

2469: 2135: 1932:"FAO issues Desert Locust alert: Mauritania, Niger, Sudan and other neighbouring countries at risk" 1823: 932: 831: 479: 3974: 3346: 3170: 3076: 2924: 2770: 2073: 1921:. Entomology Circular No. 342. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. May 1991. 1892: 1794: 1678: 1604: 1510: 1149: 625: 262: 201: 169: 2092: 1957: 528:

North America is the only sub-continent besides Antarctica without a native locust species. The

253: 3693:... Description of Arabia made from Personal Observations and Information Collected on the Spot 364:

One of the greatest differences between the solitary and gregarious phases is behavioural. The

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Locusts are large insects and convenient for research and classroom study of zoology. They are

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Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (1993). "Model Organisms in Evolutionary Studies".

2966: 2916: 2673: 2507: 2330: 2274: 2232: 2065: 1935: 1786: 1741: 1735: 1670: 1596: 1579: 1557: 1541: 1502: 1390: 1384: 1356: 1334: 1248: 1042: 973:, and locusts are considered a delicacy in many African, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries. 819: 704: 384: 224: 3691: 4030: 3834: 3338: 3154: 3104: 3068: 3005: 2958: 2908: 2497: 2224: 2057: 1778: 1662: 1588: 1494: 1238: 1108: 1075: 1050: 981: 664: 494: 483: 322: 112: 44: 3924: 3812:

Ecological implications of mini-livestock: Potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails

293:, whose solitary and gregarious phases had previously been thought to be separate species ( 4000:

USAID Supplemental Environmental Assessment: Pakistan Locust Control Programs, August 1993

3969: 2641: 1422: 966: 795: 712: 235: 197: 127: 120: 116: 93: 2861:"Locust Habitat Monitoring And Risk Assessment Using Remote Sensing And GIS Technologies" 3957: 3001: 1774: 1658: 1449: 1234: 2962: 1116: 1094: 985: 936: 784: 746: 668: 605: 330: 3838: 2474: 1004:) while living in the wilderness. Attempts have been made to explain the text to mean 4024: 3739: 3670: 2700: 2061: 1798: 1361: 1008: 948: 643:

locally was blamed on locusts, and may have been caused by an increase in numbers of

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throughout history. They are considered meat. Several cultures throughout the world

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USAID Supplemental Environmental Assessment of the Eritrean Locust Control Program

3795: 2928: 2077: 1682: 841: 471: 391:; they mature more rapidly and start reproducing earlier, but have lower levels of 282: 3754: 3469: 2912: 2578:"A plague of locusts has descended on East Africa. Climate change may be to blame" 2228: 1273: 3300:"St. John the Baptist's diet – according to some early Eastern Christian sources" 2667: 3444: 2503: 2183: 2150: 970: 897: 716: 610: 475: 448: 278: 239: 193: 177: 165: 161: 145: 85: 3393: 2211:

Mirzaie Ataabadi, Majid; Bahrami, Ali; Yazdi, Mehdi; Nel, André (28 May 2019).

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was reported to have eaten locusts during a military raid with his companions.

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lack the resources and may breed locust swarms that threaten the whole region.

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This article is about the insects in the family Acrididae. For other uses, see

4004: 3989: 3037: 1847:"Grasshoppered: America's response to the 1874 Rocky Mountain locust invasion" 1782: 1243: 1218: 1112: 1005: 913: 880: 799: 755: 708: 563: 525:, often display locust-like behaviour and change morphologically on crowding. 425: 388: 131: 17: 3999: 3342: 3158: 3116: 2970: 2892:

Lomer, C.J.; Bateman, R.P.; Johnson, D.L.; Langewald, J.; Thomas, M. (2001).

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They can be cooked in many ways, but are often fried, smoked, or dried. The

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nymphs are attracted to each other, this being seen as early as the second

349: 1934:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 20 October 2003. Archived from 1197: 115:) when their populations become dense enough. They form bands of wingless 3734: 1143: 1035: 921: 837: 787: 715:

came under sustained agricultural development during the large influx of

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A Dictionary of the Holy Bible, for the Use of Schools and Young Persons

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An account of Timbuctoo and Housa: Territories in the interior of Africa

1045:, including Saudi Arabia. In 2014, consumption of locusts spiked around 3350: 3203: 3080: 2407:

Twilight of the Saints:Everyday Religion in Ottoman Syria and Palestine

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In 2013, the Madagascan form of the migratory locust formed many swarms

418: 310: 104: 81: 3525: 3368:"Are locusts really Kosher?! « Ask The Rabbi « Ohr Somayach" 1498: 1410:

Wikisource:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Riley, Charles Valentine

1090: 1062: 876: 536:, a second species of North American locust, the High Plains locust ( 470:) is probably the best known species owing to its wide distribution ( 369: 333:

were involved in achieving the understanding and control of locusts.

157: 3560: 3503: 3072: 3038:"CSIRO ScienceImage 1367 Locusts attacked by the fungus Metarhizium" 2771:"India buys drones, specialist equipment to avert new locust attack" 3553:"اليمن تكافح الجراد بـ400 مليون واليمنيون مستاءون من (قطع الأرزاق)" 2045: 3394:"Eating locusts: The crunchy, kosher snack taking Israel by swarm" 2723:"Countries take responsibility for regional desert locust control" 1819:"When Grasshoppers Go Biblical: Serotonin Causes Locusts to Swarm" 1031: 1023: 1012: 977: 952: 759: 737: 658: 639: 616: 582: 522: 488:

major infestation covered much of western Africa from 2003 to 2005

348: 318: 252: 153: 149: 140: 74: 60: 54: 38: 2699:. Food and Agriculture Organization. 24 June 2009. Archived from 935:, scientists have been using the antennae's acute sensitivity of 550:

The fossilized wing of an indeterminate locust has been found in

3199:"Israeli scientists develop sniffing robot with locust antennae" 1027: 648: 635: 559: 138:

carved them on their tombs and the insects are mentioned in the

3496:"سوق الجراد في بريدة يشهد تداولات كبيرة والزراعة تحذرمن التسمم" 726:

across Palestine and Syria was one of the main contributors to

180:. They have been eaten throughout history and are considered a 2096: 879:

of the International Red Locust Control Organization spraying

644: 3855:(Version 2, BioFoodComp2 ed.). FAO. 10 January 2013 2609:"Locust crisis poses a danger to millions, forecasters warn" 2529:"Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18" 2351:"Bible Gateway passage: Revelation 9:7 - King James Version" 1740:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 453–454. 3985:

Desert Locust Meteorological Monitoring at Sahel Resources

1624:"Blocking 'happiness' chemical may prevent locust plagues" 4016:

When The Skies Turned To Black, The Locust Plague of 1875

3140:"The locust jump: an integrated laboratory investigation" 2640:. Commonwealth of Australia. 14 June 2011. Archived from 1329:

Pener, Meir Paul; Simpson, Stephen J. (14 October 2009).

901:, an environmentally friendly means of biological control 3771:

The Ayatollah Begs to Differ: The paradox of modern Iran

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Latchininsky, Alexandre V.; Sivanpillai, Ramesh (2010).

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Locust detail from a hunt mural in the grave-chamber of

51:), are grasshoppers in a migratory phase of their life. 2672:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–6. 663:

Locusts which swarmed over England in 1748: Drawing by

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in the Bible. Locust plague is mentioned in the Indian

3814:. New Hampshire: Science Publishers. pp. 519–544. 2329:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 146. 1423:"Norman Criddle: Pioneer Entomologist of the Prairies" 3097:

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

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Stevenson, P. A. (2009). "The key to Pandora's box".

3875:"Nutritional value of insects for human consumption" 3774:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 165ff. 2093:"Plague of locusts infests impoverished Madagascar" 999: 939:to detect different odors in various technologies. 208: 822:with rapid computer data management and analysis. 745:on expedition monitoring locusts in the desert of 2697:"Red Locust disaster in Eastern Africa prevented" 2638:Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2634:"Role of the Australian Plague Locust Commission" 1812: 1810: 1808: 1274:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts" 895:Locusts killed by the naturally occurring fungus 719:, destroying the underground eggs of the locust. 3526:"People told not to eat pesticide-laced locusts" 3387: 3385: 2894:"Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers" 1082:, literally "locust eater Arab") against Arabs. 604:devastating plague in Egypt is mentioned in the 160:and human migrations. More recently, changes in 1217:Simpson, Stephen J.; Sword, Gregory A. (2008). 156:. Swarms have devastated crops and have caused 3629:Dictionary of the Holy Bible by Charles Taylor 3288:Gospel of Mark Mark 1:6; Gospel of Matthew 3:4 2691: 2689: 2666:Krall, S.; Peveling, R.; Diallo, B.D. (1997). 2320: 2318: 2316: 1734:Krall, S.; Peveling, R.; Diallo, B.D. (1997). 691:In the spring of 1747 locusts arrived outside 634:studied locusts and their breeding habits and 1389:. Oxford University Press. pp. 273–274. 317:, though strictly speaking, their swarms are 8: 3710:Iranian Culture: Representation and identity 3022:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2449:Encarta Reference Library Premium 2005 DVD. 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 281:; they were first analysed and described by 3798:– Demain nos enfants mangeront des criquets 3302:. St John's College, Oxford. Archived from 2120:Uvarov, B.P. (1966). "Phase polymorphism". 2023:"The Desert Locust Outbreak in West Africa" 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1085:Locusts yield about five times more edible 883:in Iku Katavi National Park, Tanzania, 2009 440:Clusters of desert locust eggs laid in sand 220:"Locusts and Grasshoppers - Things to Know" 2431:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 1535: 1533: 1531: 1386:Migration: The Biology of Life on the Move 3921:College of Foods and Agricultural Science 3470:"من المدخرات الغذائية في الماضي "الجراد"" 3392:Hebblethwaite, Cordelia (21 March 2013). 2273:. Penguin Books India. 2010. p. 93. 2170:), which swept through the early 1930s... 2115: 2113: 1704:. University of Minnesota. Archived from 1242: 1093:than cattle, and produce lower levels of 285:, who was instrumental in setting up the 238:phase of certain species of short-horned 3649:. Crocker and Brewster. pp. 635ff. 3632:. Holdsworth and Ball. pp. 604–605. 2661: 2659: 1888:"Looking Back at the Days of the Locust" 1546:Forskål (Orthoptera: Acrididae) plagues" 3853:"Composition database for Biodiversity" 3615:. Crocker and Brewster. pp. 192ff. 3476:. Al-Jazirah Newspaper. 2 December 2001 2866:. University of Wyoming. Archived from 1188: 1161: 850: 3923:. King Saud University. Archived from 3015: 2745:"Locusts in Caucasus and Central Asia" 651:) that devoured the locust carcasses. 360:(swarming) phases of the desert locust 205: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3412:"The Fiqh of Halal and Haram Animals" 2576:Stone, Madeleine (14 February 2020). 2463:Ryckman, Lisa Levitt (22 June 1999). 2409:. Oxford University Press. p. 1. 1817:Harmon, Katherine (30 January 2009). 1015:, but the plain meaning of the Greek 301:L.). He designated the two phases as 107:followed by rapid vegetation growth, 27:Grasshopper that has a swarming phase 7: 2801:Locusts in Caucasus and Central Asia 2139:, October–November 2015, pages 43-44 1886:Yoon, Carol Kaesuk (23 April 2002). 1845:Wagner, Alexandra M. (Winter 2008). 1460:from the original on 10 October 2013 277:These changes are examples of phase 3582:El Hage Abd Salam Shabeeny (1820). 3443:. Volume 7, Book 67. Archived from 3414:. Shariahprogram.ca. Archived from 2803:. Food and Agriculture Organization 2751:. Food and Agriculture Organization 1978:. Food and Agriculture Organization 1958:"Desert Locusts Plague West Africa" 1450:"Locust swarms 'high' on serotonin" 1421:Holliday, N. J. (1 February 2006). 1331:Locust Phase Polyphenism: An Update 1129:Australian Plague Locust Commission 1079: 768:Australian Plague Locust Commission 574:Interaction with humans and animals 3768:Majd, Hooman (23 September 2008). 3502:. 11 December 2012. Archived from 3268:"The Nutritional Value of Locusts" 2963:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1993.tb04022.x 2551:"Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds" 1696:Showler, Allan T. (4 March 2013). 1622:Callaway, Ewen (29 January 2009). 168:from the ground or air, but newer 25: 3266:Dubois, Sirah (24 October 2011). 2990:Biocontrol Science and Technology 2831:Food and Agriculture Organization 2122:Grasshoppers and Locusts (Vol. 1) 2002:Food and Agriculture Organization 1448:Morgan, James (29 January 2009). 772:Food and Agriculture Organization 638:recorded a devastating plague in 80:, locust or lobster) are various 3954:, Ri Channel video, October 2011 3147:Advances in Physiology Education 2669:New Strategies in Locust Control 2062:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03869.x 1917:Schistocerca americana americana 1737:New Strategies in Locust Control 1520: 1258: 888: 869: 853: 433: 417: 214: 3827:Enzyme and Microbial Technology 3551:أحلام الهمداني (5 March 2007). 2607:Ahmed, Kaamil (20 March 2020). 2182:Wills, Matthew (14 June 2018). 2149:Wills, Matthew (14 June 2018). 2091:Botelho, Greg (28 March 2013). 1919:(Drury) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) 1486:Journal of Experimental Biology 3679:. Longman, Hurst. p. 213. 2386:. Humanity Development Library 1702:Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook 792:persistence in the environment 345:Solitary and gregarious phases 1: 3839:10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00504-x 3713:. Routledge. pp. 133ff. 2913:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.667 2527:Ghazal, Rym (14 April 2015). 2496:Lockwood, Jeffrey A. (2005). 2425:, Rocky Mountain grasshopper" 2229:10.1080/08912963.2017.1378651 2124:. Cambridge University Press. 1998:"Desert Locust Archives 2004" 1976:"Desert Locust Archives 2003" 1548:. In John L. Capinera (ed.). 1429:. Manitoba Historical Society 3646:Dictionary of the Holy Bible 3325:Kelhoffer, James A. (2004). 2325:McNeill, William H. (2012). 1860:(4): 154–167. Archived from 984:ate locusts and wild honey ( 257:Desert locusts in copulation 3952:Visual neuron of the locust 2901:Annual Review of Entomology 2166:...the High Plains locust ( 1203:Online Etymology Dictionary 1146:– Locust research programme 1030:deems eating locusts to be 1000: 667:; engraved by R. White, in 459:) swarms across Australia. 287:Anti-Locust Research Centre 4072: 3800:(2010 French documentary). 3559:. نبأ نيوز. Archived from 2465:"The great locust mystery" 1915:The American grasshopper, 1550:Encyclopedia of Entomology 1540:Showler, Allan T. (2008). 946: 406: 403:Distribution and diversity 191: 29: 3707:Rahimieh, Nasrin (2015). 3690:Niebuhr, Carsten (1889). 3643:Calmet, Augustin (1832). 3609:Robinson, Edward (1835). 3437:"Hunting, Slaughtering". 3138:Scott, Jon (March 2005). 2951:Annals of Applied Biology 2025:. OECD. 23 September 2004 1783:10.1038/s41586-020-2610-4 1244:10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.029 1041:Locusts are eaten in the 989: 213: 64:Australian plague locusts 3626:Augustin Calmet (1832). 3343:10.1163/1568517042643756 3159:10.1152/advan.00037.2004 1964:. NPR. 15 November 2004. 1104:protein efficiency ratio 515:African rice grasshopper 457:Chortoicetes terminifera 453:Australian plague locust 428:during a locust outbreak 3241:Smithsonian Institution 3225:Fromme, Alison (2005). 3109:10.1124/jpet.113.205476 2986:Metarhizium flavoviride 2168:Dissosteira longipennis 1667:10.1126/science.1165939 1593:10.1126/science.1169280 1355:Baron, Stanley (1972). 1061:In the Haouran region, 1001:akrídes kaì méli ágrion 990:ἀκρίδες καὶ μέλι ἄγριον 965:Locusts have been used 743:Eugenio Morales Agacino 554:-aged sediments of the 539:Dissosteira longipennis 519:Hieroglyphus daganensis 486:over long distances. A 327:Charles Valentine Riley 32:Locust (disambiguation) 3915:Schistocercsa gregaria 3500:صحيفة عاجل الإلكترونية 3010:10.1080/09583159631208 2405:Grehan, James (2014). 2184:"The Long-Lost Locust" 2151:"The Long-Lost Locust" 1556:. pp. 1181–1186. 1174:Schistocerca americana 962: 907:As experimental models 750: 699:The extinction of the 676: 600: 507:Senegalese grasshopper 409:List of locust species 361: 258: 67: 52: 43:Locusts, such as this 3980:eLocust3M android app 3968:20 March 2010 at the 3880:. FAO. Archived from 3184:on 26 February 2019. 2451:Rocky Mountain Locust 1544:Schistocerca gregaria 1481:Schistocerca gregaria 1383:Dingle, Hugh (1996). 1134:List of locust swarms 1028:Islamic jurisprudence 956: 741: 701:Rocky Mountain locust 662: 586: 530:Rocky Mountain locust 511:Oedaleus senegalensis 482:) and its ability to 468:Schistocerca gregaria 352: 272:phenotypic plasticity 256: 188:Swarming grasshoppers 58: 42: 3757:on 27 November 2018. 3418:on 24 September 2015 3331:Dead Sea Discoveries 3306:on 24 September 2015 2429:Animal Diversity Web 2378:Nomadacris succincta 1139:Locust (ethnic slur) 1099:feed conversion rate 1097:in the process. The 957:Skewered locusts in 862:locusts in Palestine 827:biological pesticide 686:Nomadacris succincta 126:Locusts have formed 4056:Insect common names 3975:FAO eLocust3e suite 3247:on 11 November 2005 3232:Smithsonian Zoogoer 3002:1996BioST...6..569T 2938:on 8 November 2020. 2873:on 30 December 2015 2588:on 16 February 2020 2582:National Geographic 2477:on 28 February 2007 2470:Rocky Mountain News 2327:Plagues and Peoples 1824:Scientific American 1775:2020Natur.584..584G 1659:2009Sci...323..627A 1357:"The Desert Locust" 1235:2008CBio...18.R364S 933:Tel Aviv University 860:Preparing to flame 832:Metarhizium acridum 480:Indian subcontinent 447:Several species of 309:. These are called 184:in many countries. 4051:Insects in culture 4036:Biological hazards 3930:on 22 January 2015 3887:on 4 February 2019 3474:www.al-jazirah.com 3398:BBC News: Magazine 3298:Brock, Sebastian. 3061:Systematic Biology 2777:. 19 February 2020 2557:. 26 November 2014 2423:Melanoplus spretus 2217:Historical Biology 1893:The New York Times 1150:Periodical cicadas 1049:especially in the 963: 751: 677: 626:Book of Revelation 601: 499:Locusta migratoria 362: 356:(grasshopper) and 295:Locusta migratoria 259: 202:Predator satiation 170:biological control 73:(derived from the 68: 53: 49:Locusta migratoria 3781:978-0-385-52842-9 3720:978-1-317-42935-7 3588:. pp. 222–. 2822:Ceccato, Pietro. 2679:978-3-7643-5442-8 2513:978-0-465-04167-1 2376:"Bombay locust – 2336:978-0-385-12122-4 2280:978-0-14-310016-4 2056:(16): 3640–3653. 2050:Molecular Ecology 1769:(7822): 584–588. 1747:978-3-7643-5442-8 1653:(5914): 627–630. 1587:(5914): 594–595. 1563:978-1-4020-6242-1 1499:10.1242/jeb.00648 1493:(22): 3991–4002. 1396:978-0-19-535827-8 1196:Harper, Douglas. 1176:) does not swarm. 1072:Arabe malakh-khor 1043:Arabian Peninsula 998: 820:satellite imagery 728:famine in Lebanon 521:), both from the 385:sexual dimorphism 232: 231: 225:Knowable Magazine 136:ancient Egyptians 16:(Redirected from 4063: 4007: 3958:FAO Locust Watch 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3913:"Desert locust ( 3908: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3807: 3801: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3753:. Archived from 3744: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3696:. pp. 57ff. 3687: 3681: 3680: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3557:www.nabanews.net 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3270:. Livestrong.com 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3243:. Archived from 3227:"Edible Insects" 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3177:. Archived from 3144: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3013: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2931:. Archived from 2898: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2839: 2833:. Archived from 2828: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2703:on 22 March 2022 2693: 2684: 2683: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2584:. Archived from 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2473:. Archived from 2460: 2454: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2322: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2136:Canada's History 2132: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1938:on 31 March 2017 1928: 1922: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1867:on 15 April 2021 1866: 1854:Nebraska History 1851: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1814: 1803: 1802: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1731: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1542:"Desert locust, 1537: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1427:Manitoba History 1418: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1380: 1367: 1366: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1306:. Archived from 1296: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1256: 1246: 1229:(9): R364–R366. 1214: 1208: 1207: 1193: 1177: 1166: 1095:greenhouse gases 1081: 1051:Al-Qassim Region 1003: 993: 991: 982:John the Baptist 892: 873: 857: 724:1915 infestation 556:Pabdeh Formation 495:migratory locust 437: 421: 234:Locusts are the 218: 217: 206: 178:edible by humans 84:of short-horned 45:migratory locust 21: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4021: 4020: 4005: 3970:Wayback Machine 3948: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3910: 3909: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3745: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3506:on 11 June 2016 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3450: 3448: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3391: 3390: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3181: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3073:10.2307/2992481 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3014: 2988:in the Sahel". 2983: 2982: 2978: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2644:on 15 July 2014 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2384:Locust Handbook 2374: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2324: 2323: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2270:The Mahabharata 2267: 2266: 2262: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1962:Morning Edition 1956: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1816: 1815: 1806: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1733: 1732: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1708:on 8 April 2015 1695: 1694: 1690: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1626:. New Scientist 1621: 1620: 1616: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1539: 1538: 1529: 1519: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1382: 1381: 1370: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1310:on 8 April 2015 1298: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1223:Current Biology 1216: 1215: 1211: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1170:American locust 1167: 1163: 1158: 1125: 971:consume insects 951: 945: 909: 902: 893: 884: 874: 865: 858: 780: 736: 713:Rocky Mountains 673:A Tour in Wales 657: 581: 576: 552:Early Oligocene 548: 445: 444: 443: 442: 441: 438: 430: 429: 422: 411: 405: 389:metabolic rates 347: 268:morphologically 215: 209:External videos 204: 198:Swarm behaviour 192:Main articles: 190: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4046:Insect rearing 4043: 4041:Edible insects 4038: 4033: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3960: 3955: 3947: 3946:External links 3944: 3942: 3941: 3898: 3866: 3844: 3833:(3): 305–311. 3817: 3802: 3787: 3780: 3760: 3726: 3719: 3699: 3682: 3671:Burder, Samuel 3662: 3655: 3635: 3618: 3601: 3594: 3574: 3563:on 1 June 2016 3543: 3532:. 4 April 2013 3517: 3487: 3461: 3447:on 3 June 2016 3429: 3403: 3381: 3359: 3337:(3): 293–314. 3317: 3290: 3281: 3258: 3217: 3190: 3130: 3103:(2): 211–218. 3086: 3067:(4): 409–414. 3051: 3029: 2996:(4): 569–573. 2976: 2957:(1): 145–152. 2941: 2884: 2851: 2840:on 10 May 2014 2814: 2788: 2762: 2736: 2714: 2685: 2678: 2655: 2625: 2599: 2568: 2542: 2531:. The National 2519: 2512: 2488: 2455: 2442: 2412: 2397: 2367: 2342: 2335: 2312: 2286: 2279: 2260: 2251:Book of Exodus 2242: 2223:(5): 574–580. 2203: 2174: 2141: 2127: 2109: 2083: 2036: 2014: 1989: 1967: 1949: 1923: 1913:Thomas, M. C. 1906: 1878: 1837: 1804: 1753: 1746: 1719: 1688: 1637: 1614: 1569: 1562: 1527: 1471: 1440: 1413: 1402: 1395: 1368: 1347: 1339: 1321: 1300:"Grasshoppers" 1291: 1265: 1209: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1121: 1034:. 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