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the onset of Wilson's illness until he left office almost a year and a half later. From
October 1919 to the end of Wilson's term on March 4, 1921, Edith, acting in a role she later described as a "stewardship", decided who and which communications and matters of state were important enough to bring to the bedridden president. Edith Wilson later wrote: "I studied every paper sent from the different Secretaries or Senators and tried to digest and present in tabloid form the things that, despite my vigilance, had to go to the President. I, myself, never made a single decision regarding the disposition of public affairs. The only decision that was mine was what was important and what was not, and the very important decision of when to present matters to my husband." Edith became the sole communication link between the President and his Cabinet. She required they send her all pressing matters, memos, correspondence, questions, and requests.
628:(Wilson's chief of staff) wrote: "No public man ever had a more devoted helpmate, and no wife a husband more dependent upon her sympathetic understanding of his problems ... Mrs. Wilson's strong physical constitution, combined with strength of character and purpose, has sustained her under a strain which must have wrecked most women." In subsequent decades, however, scholars were far more critical in their assessment of Edith Wilson's tenure as First Lady. Phyllis Lee Levin concluded that the effectiveness of Woodrow Wilson's policies was unnecessarily hampered by his wife, "a woman of narrow views and formidable determination". Judith Weaver opined that Edith Wilson underestimated her own role in Wilson's presidency. While she may not have made critical decisions, she did influence both domestic and international policy given her role as presidential gatekeeper.
315:
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621:, published in 1939, Edith Wilson justified her self-proclaimed role of presidential "steward", arguing that her actions on behalf of Woodrow Wilson's presidency were sanctioned by Wilson's doctors; that they told her to do so for her husband's mental health. Edith Wilson maintained that she was simply a vessel of information for President Wilson; however, others in the White House did not trust her. Some believed that the marriage between Edith and Woodrow was hasty and controversial. Others did not approve of the marriage because they believed that Woodrow and Edith had begun communicating with each other while Woodrow was still married to Ellen Wilson.
528:. Wilson took an instant liking to Galt and proposed soon after meeting her. However, the couple were troubled by rumors that Wilson had cheated on his wife with Galt and even that Wilson and Galt had murdered the First Lady. Distressed at the effect such wild speculation could have on respect for the presidency and on his personal reputation, Wilson suggested that Edith Bolling Galt back out of their engagement. Instead, she insisted on postponing the wedding until the end of the official year of mourning for Ellen Axson Wilson.
257:
632:, a medical historian, has taken issue with Edith Wilson's claim of a benign "stewardship". Markel has opined that Edith Wilson "was, essentially, the nation's chief executive until her husband's second term concluded in March of 1921". While a widow of moderate education for her time, she nevertheless attempted to protect her husband and his legacy, if not the presidency, even if it meant exceeding her role as First Lady. This period of her life was dramatized in the 2021 historical fiction podcast
470:. William Holcombe Bolling chose it for its excellent music program. Edith proved to be an undisciplined, ill-prepared student. She was miserable there, complaining of the school's austerity: the food was poorly prepared, the rooms too cold, and the daily curriculum excessively rigorous, intimidating, and too strictly regimented. Edith left after only one semester. Two years later, Edith's father enrolled her in Powell's School for Girls in
561:
544:, Edith Bolling Wilson had relatively few opportunities to be a social hostess, especially after the United States' entry into the war in April 1917. In wartime, she observed gasless Sundays, meatless Mondays, and wheatless Wednesdays to set an example for the federal rationing effort. Similarly, she set sheep to graze on the White House lawn rather than use manpower to mow it, and had their wool auctioned off for the benefit of the
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474:. Years later, Edith noted that her time at Powell's was the happiest time of her life. Unfortunately for Edith, the school closed at the end of the year after the headmaster suffered an accident that cost him his leg. Concerned about the cost of Edith's education, William Bolling refused to pay for any additional schooling, choosing instead to focus on educating her three brothers.
552:. During this time, her presence amongst the female royalty of Europe helped to cement America's status as a world power and propelled the position of First Lady to an equivalent standing in international politics. Meanwhile, Woodrow Wilson's health was failing under the stress of the presidency, and she devoted much effort to trying to keep him fit.
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The couple married on April 30, 1896, and lived in the capital for the next 12 years. In 1903, she bore a son who lived only for a few days. The difficult birth left her unable to have more children. In
January 1908, Norman Galt died unexpectedly at the age of 43. Edith hired a manager to oversee his
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Edith Wilson and others in the
President's inner circle (including his physician and a few close friends) hid the true extent of the president's illness and disability from the American public. Edith also took over a number of routine duties and details of the executive branch of the government from
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Wilson married Galt on
December 18, 1915, at her home in Washington, D.C. There were 40 guests. The groom's pastor, Reverend Dr. James H. Taylor of Central Presbyterian Church, and the bride's, Reverend Dr. Herbert Scott Smith of St. Margaret's Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C., officiated jointly
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Upon leaving the White House in March 1921, Edith and
Woodrow Wilson moved into a home on S Street NW in Washington, D.C. There she cared for the former president until his death on February 3, 1924. In subsequent years, she headed the Woman's National Democratic Club's board of governors when the
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programs and exhibits aspire to build public awareness "honoring Mrs. Wilson's name, the contributions she made to this country, the institution of the presidency, and for the example she sets for women." The
Foundation shares First Lady Mrs. Wilson's journey "From Wytheville to The White House".
407:
The
Bolling household was a large one, and Edith grew up within the confines of a sprawling, extended family. In addition to eight surviving siblings, Edith's grandmothers, aunts and cousins also lived in the Bolling household. Many of the women in Edith's family lost husbands during the war. The
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to the president unless Grey dismissed an aide who was known to have made demeaning comments about her. She assisted
President Wilson in filling out paperwork, and would often add new notes or suggestions. She was made privy to classified information, and was entrusted with the responsibility of
305:
he suffered in
October 1919. For the remainder of her husband's presidency, she managed the office of the president, a role she later described as a "stewardship", and determined which communications and matters of state were important enough to bring to the attention of the bedridden president.
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The Edith
Bolling Wilson Birthplace Foundation & Museum in Wytheville, Virginia was established in 2008. The foundation has stabilized the first lady's birthplace and childhood home; it had been identified in May 2013 by Preservation Virginia as an Endangered Historic Site. The foundation's
428:
Edith had little formal education. While her sisters were enrolled in local schools, Edith was taught how to read and write at home. Her paternal grandmother, Anne Wiggington Bolling, played a large role in her education. Crippled by a
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In 2015, a former historic bank building in Wytheville, located on Main Street, was dedicated to the First Lady and bears her name. Adapted as the Bolling Wilson Hotel, it serves Wytheville residents and travelers alike.
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548:. Additionally, Edith Wilson became the first First Lady to travel to Europe during her term. She visited Europe with her husband on two separate occasions, in 1918 and 1919, to visit troops and to sign the
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444:, and making dresses. She also instilled in Edith a tendency to make quick judgments and hold strong opinions, personality traits Edith would exhibit her entire life. William Bolling read
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aloud to his family at night, hired a tutor to teach Edith, and sometimes took her on his travels. The Bolling family attended church regularly, and Edith became a lifelong, practicing
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As was often the case among the planter elite, the Bollings justified slave ownership, saying that the slaves that they owned had been content with their lives as
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injury, Grandmother Bolling was confined to bed. Edith had the responsibility to wash her clothing, turn her in bed at night, and look after her 26
762:(New York: Public Affairs, 2010), p. 119; Judith L. Weaver, "Edith Bolling, Wilson as First Lady: A Study in the Power of Personality, 1919–1920,"
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judge William Holcombe Bolling and his wife Sarah "Sallie" Spears (née White). Her birthplace, the Bolling Home, is now a museum located in
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in 1919, Woodrow Wilson returned to the United States to campaign against strong non-interventionist sentiment for the ratification of the
567:'s first posed photograph after his stroke. He was paralyzed on his left side, so Edith holds a document steady while he signs. June 1920.
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Pocahontas: Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April 1614, with John Rolph, Gentleman.
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524:(1874–1951). Bones was the president's first cousin and served as the official White House hostess after the death of Wilson's wife,
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Edith was the seventh of eleven children, two of whom died in infancy. The Bollings were some of the oldest members of Virginia's
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after he conducted a series of Cabinet meetings without the President (or Edith herself) present. She also refused to allow the
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1941:
Dear First Lady: Letters to the White House: From the Collections of the Library of Congress & National Archives.
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on December 28, 1961, at age 89. She was to have been the guest of honor that day at the dedication ceremony for the
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In turn, Grandmother Bolling oversaw Edith's education, teaching her reading, writing, basic math skills, speaking a
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Dear First Lady: Letters to the White House: From the Collections of the Library of Congress & National Archives
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668:. On April 14, 1945, she attended Roosevelt's funeral at the White House. She later attended the January 20, 1961,
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Weaver, Judith L. (1985). "Edith Bolling Wilson as First Lady: A Study in the Power of Personality, 1919–1920".
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731:, Mrs. Wilson donated first President Wilson's presidential papers in 1939, then his personal library in 1946.
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to support his family. Unable to pay taxes on his extensive properties, and forced to give up the family's
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Weaver, Judith L. "Edith Bolling, Wilson as First Lady: A Study in the Power of Personality, 1919–1920,"
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Wilson in December 1915, during his first term as president. Edith Wilson played an influential role in
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Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865 to 1913.
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Edith took her role very seriously, even successfully pushing for the removal of Secretary of State
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Covenant. However, in October he suffered a stroke that left him bedridden and partially paralyzed.
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1579:(April 15, 1945). "Nation Pays Final Tribute to Roosevelt As World Mourns; Hyde Park Rites Today".
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Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865 to 1913
728:
521:
4037:
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1438:, Vol. 38 Issue 4 (Nov 1971), p. 278; and Weaver, "Edith Bolling Wilson as First Lady," pp. 51–76.
699:, on what would have been her husband's 105th birthday. She was buried next to her husband at the
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business, paid off his debts, and with the income left to her by her late husband, toured Europe.
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planter and merchant. Additionally, she was related, either by blood or through marriage, to
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Settling with the Indians: the Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580–1640
944:
Settling with the Indians: the Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580–1640
883:"Who is Pocahontas? Seven things to know about the woman President Trump keeps referencing"
560:
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1920:
A President in Love : The Courtship Letters of Woodrow Wilson and Edith Bolling Galt.
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434:
836:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Wytheville Historic District"
17:
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When Edith was 15, her father enrolled her at Martha Washington College (a precursor of
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404:, William Holcombe Bolling moved to Wytheville, where most of his children were born.
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813:"Person Details for Edith Bolling, "Virginia Births and Christenings, 1853–1917" —"
445:
1906:
Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century.
812:
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Untold Power: The Fascinating Rise and Complex Legacy of First Lady Edith Wilson
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In March 1915, the widow Galt was introduced to recently widowed U.S. President
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1479:"Historical Fiction Podcast 'Edith!' Stars Rosamund Pike as Former First Lady"
350:
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1507:"Rosamund Pike Is First Lady Edith Wilson (and 3 More Podcasts Worth Trying)"
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15, No. 1 (Winter, 1985), pp. 51–76; and Dwight Young and Margaret Johnson,
617:
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345:. Through her father, she was also a descendant of Mataoka, better known as
723:, with a condition that it be made into a museum honoring her husband. The
1831:
The Smithsonian Book of the First Ladies: Their Lives, Times, and Issues.
696:
692:
1317:
1234:"The True History Behind Claire's Crazy Power Move on 'House of Cards'"
294:
1962:
1334:
Chicago Daily News Company. August 10, 1920 – via Google Books.
1146:. The White House Historical Association – via The White House.
302:
1953:
3446:
710:
559:
503:
313:
2383:
1797:
Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?: A Tour of Presidential Gravesites.
868:"Will Donald Trump be the first president who has been divorced?"
760:
Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?: A Tour of Presidential Gravesites
4713:
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3632:
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2017:
649:
club opened formally in 1924 and published her memoir in 1939.
1741:
Madam President : The Secret Presidency of Edith Wilson.
1727:
Presidential Sex: From the Founding Fathers to Bill Clinton.
486:, Edith met Norman Galt (1864–1908), a prominent jeweler of
1781:
Markel, Howard. "When a secret president ran the country,"
1750:
Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association, 2001.
841:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from
349:. Her father was descended from Pocahontas's granddaughter
758:(Washington, D.C.: Regency Publishing, 2016); Brian Lamb,
3331:
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
1619:"From Its Hapless Beginning, Span's Reputation Only Fell"
1847:
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1991.
1706:
First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama.
1553:
A Date Which Will Live: Pearl Harbor in American Memory
1183:
First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama.
1140:
Black, Allida Mae (2009). "Edith Bolling Galt Wilson".
1465:
Madam President: The Secret Presidency of Edith Wilson
1416:(New York, NY:, Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), 436.
1332:"The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year Book for ..."
756:
Madam President: The Secret Presidency of Edith Wilson
770:(Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2008), p. 91.
3431:
Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century
1838:
Edith Bolling Galt Wilson: The Unintended President.
1720:
American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy.
1207:. The National First Ladies' Library. Archived from
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Indians & English: Facing Off in Early America.
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Schneider and Schneider, p. 191; and Gould, p. 237.
289:from 1915 to 1921 and the second wife of President
251:
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186:
176:
166:
149:
125:
120:
104:
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41:
929:Indians & English: Facing Off in Early America
715:Edith Wilson with Eleanor Roosevelt in later life.
1598:. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
1540:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 124.
27:First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921
3317:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1778:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.
1596:"Inaugural Parade for President John F. Kennedy"
1143:The First Ladies of the United States of America
285:; October 15, 1872 – December 28, 1961) was the
1929:New York, NY:, Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921.
1873:Richmond, VA: J W Randolph & English, 1887.
1792:Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2010.
1790:Ellen and Edith: Woodrow Wilson's First Ladies.
3388:United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill
1823:New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008.
1746:Klapthor, Margaret Brown and Black, Allida M.
1403:Wilson, p. 289; and Klapthor and Black, p. 65.
915:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
3606:
3378:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
2399:
2029:
1764:. New York, NY: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980.
1253:"The First Lady Who (Really) Ran the Country"
810:(New York: Facts On File, 2010), p. 191; and
8:
1943:Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2008.
1908:Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
1821:Woodrow Wilson: Princeton to the Presidency.
1771:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.
1347:Edwardian Requiem: A Life of Sir Edward Grey
408:Bollings had been staunch supporters of the
322:Edith Bolling was born October 15, 1872, in
3066:U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education
2931:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
1757:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.
1743:Washington, D.C.: Regency Publishing, 2016.
652:On December 8, 1941, the day after Japan's
396:, Edith's father turned to the practice of
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2036:
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2014:
1973:
1936:New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1939.
1876:Schneider, Dorothy and Schneider, Carl J.
1840:New York: Nova History Publications, 2003.
1715:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1988.
1708:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010.
1674:Edith Bolling Wilson Foundation and Museum
1449:"When a secret president ran the country,"
607:encoding and decoding encrypted messages.
78:December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921
49:
38:
3040:United States Grain Standards Act of 1916
1805:Edith and Woodrow: The Wilson White House
1291:"Edith Wilson | American first lady"
806:Dorothy Schneider and Carl J. Schneider,
782:"When a secret president ran the country"
30:For other people named Edith Wilson, see
4867:Burials at Washington National Cathedral
3347:Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial
1901:15, No. 1 (Winter, 1985), pp. 51–76
1878:First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary.
1722:Florence, Ky.: Taylor and Francis, 2001.
1372:
1370:
1271:"Bedroom Politics - The Washington Post"
1228:
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1195:
1193:
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1185:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
1135:
1133:
1131:
1046:
1044:
721:National Trust for Historic Preservation
3541:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
2506:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
1845:Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace.
1833:New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1994.
1251:Reports, West Wing (February 4, 2016).
1034:
1032:
808:First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary
747:
235: 1915; died 1924)
210: 1896; died 1908)
3260:1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election
2670:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
508:Wilson's official White House portrait
3073:United States Railroad Administration
1939:Young, Dwight and Johnson, Margaret.
931:. New York: Cornell University Press.
556:Increased role after husband's stroke
482:While visiting her married sister in
442:hybrid language of French and English
273:
7:
3844:Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins
2891:Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
2605:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
1885:Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma.
1201:"First Lady Biography: Edith Wilson"
958:"First Lady Biography: Edith Wilson"
4857:American people of Powhatan descent
4038:Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell
3997:Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan
3275:1916 Democratic National Convention
3265:1912 Democratic National Convention
3169:Birthplace and Presidential Library
2964:Federal Employees' Compensation Act
2811:Board of Mediation and Conciliation
1968:First Ladies: Influence & Image
1922:Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1981.
946:. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
727:opened as a museum in 1964. To the
420:and had little desire for freedom.
4852:American people of English descent
2994:Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916
2885:Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act
1887:New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 2004.
1617:Ginsberg, Steven (July 15, 2006).
1125:Hagood, p. 84; Wertheimer, p. 105.
1116:Maynard, p. 309; Nordhult, p. 195.
986:Mayo, p. 170; and McCallops, p. 1.
780:Markel, Howard (October 2, 2015).
25:
4872:First ladies of the United States
4362:Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington
3050:Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916
3005:National Park Service Organic Act
2903:Glacier National Park Act of 1914
2702:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
2450:President of Princeton University
2045:First ladies of the United States
1894:Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2006.
1892:Wives of the American Presidents.
1729:Secaucus, N.J.: Carol Pub., 1998.
1538:: A Suffragist's Life in Politics
902:"Pocahontas: Her Life and Legend"
299:President Wilson's administration
4877:People from Wytheville, Virginia
4742:Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis
4484:Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith
4285:Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell
3575:
3574:
3096:Acadia National Park Act of 1919
1646:. Washington National Cathedral.
1505:Quah, Nicholas (July 28, 2021).
1038:Schneider and Schneider, p. 191.
1026:(Oxford University Press, 1988).
942:Ordhal Kupperman, Karen (1980).
927:Ordhal Kupperman, Karen (2000).
887:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
834:Pezzoni, J. Daniel (July 1994).
602:, an opportunity to present his
571:Following his attendance at the
337:Bolling was a descendant of the
255:
3280:1916 U.S. presidential election
3270:1912 U.S. presidential election
3196:Summer White House (Harlakenden
2650:Committee on Public Information
2611:Army Appropriations Act of 1916
2540:State of the Union Address 1913
2341:First Lady of the United States
1996:First Lady of the United States
1954:Edith Bolling Wilson Birthplace
1799:New York: Public Affairs, 2010.
1477:Marks, Andrea (June 10, 2021).
1086:Gould, p. 237; McCallops, p. 3.
995:Schneider and Schneider, p. 191
917:, Volume 7, 1899, pages 352–53.
666:Roosevelt's address to Congress
495:First Lady of the United States
287:first lady of the United States
232:
207:
66:First Lady of the United States
4084:Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez
3191:Princeton University president
3186:Boyhood home in South Carolina
2430:President of the United States
1899:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1880:New York: Facts On File, 2010.
1306:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1205:National First Ladies' Library
962:National First Ladies' Library
764:Presidential Studies Quarterly
332:Wytheville's Historic District
1:
4642:Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley
4510:Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day
4403:Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford
3479:(daughter, acting first lady)
3423:Backstairs at the White House
3341:Woodrow Wilson Junior College
3101:Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919
2908:Legislative Reference Service
2869:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
2692:Selective Service Act of 1917
2675:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1927:Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him.
1854:, Vol. 38 Issue 4 (Nov 1971).
1769:The Atlantic in World History
1739:Hazelgrove, William Elliott.
701:Washington National Cathedral
410:Confederate States of America
171:Washington National Cathedral
32:Edith Wilson (disambiguation)
4637:Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall
3982:John-Geline MacDonald Bowman
3023:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916
2959:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
1932:Wilson, Edith Bolling Galt.
1863:(2023), scholarly biography
1551:Rosenberg, Emily S. (2003).
1414:Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him
1345:Waterhouse, Michael (2013).
754:William Elliott Hazelgrove,
719:Wilson left her home to the
4887:Washington, D.C., Democrats
4847:20th-century American women
4842:19th-century American women
4772:Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker
4520:Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac
4469:Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid
4311:Christiana Burdett Campbell
4033:Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver
3233:When a Man Comes to Himself
3149:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
3144:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
3034:Stock-Raising Homestead Act
2718:Wartime Measure Act of 1918
2616:Council of National Defense
1736:New York: Dodd, Mead, 1961.
1379:"Edith Bolling Galt Wilson"
4918:
4862:Bolling family of Virginia
2954:Cotton Futures Act of 1916
2949:Brush Disposal Act of 1916
2874:Cotton Futures Act of 1914
2787:Federal racial segregation
1904:Wertheimer, Molly Meijer.
1890:Waldrup, Carole Chandler.
1809:New York: Scribner, 2001.
1658:The Woodrow Wilson Library
1161:. Arno Press. p. 84.
500:Marriage to Woodrow Wilson
392:. After the war ended and
318:Edith Bolling in her youth
29:
4798:Lillie Louise Boone Lucas
4720:
4709:
4187:
4176:
4074:Frances Culpeper Berkeley
3849:Frances Benjamin Johnston
3803:Mary-Cooke Branch Munford
3639:
3628:
3622:Virginia Women in History
3554:
3312:Woodrow Wilson Foundation
3112:Wheat Price Guarantee Act
3055:Flood Control Act of 1917
2925:Locomotive Inspection Act
2533:Woman Suffrage Procession
2421:
2336:
2066:Martha Jefferson Randolph
2051:
2002:
1993:
1981:
1976:
1925:Tumulty, Joseph Patrick.
1774:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl.
1767:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl.
1760:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl.
1753:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl.
1555:. Duke University Press.
1533:McArthur, Judith (2005).
263:
116:
71:
60:
48:
18:Edith Boiling Galt Wilson
4902:Rolfe family of Virginia
4882:Family of Woodrow Wilson
4474:Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin
4423:Christine Herter Kendall
4275:Bessie Niemeyer Marshall
3900:Sarah Garland Boyd Jones
3467:(wife, 1885–1914, death)
3227:Congressional Government
3137:Federal Power Commission
2896:Federal Trade Commission
2729:Racial Equality Proposal
2707:National War Labor Board
1859:Roberts, Rebecca Boggs.
1843:Nordhult, J.W. Schulte.
1670:"The Foundation History"
1536:Minnie Fisher Cunningham
1412:Joseph Patrick Tumulty,
900:Stebbins, Sarah (2010).
681:congestive heart failure
536:Early role as First Lady
310:Early life and education
4752:Josephine Mathes Norcom
4678:Georgeanna Seegar Jones
4321:Elizabeth Peet McIntosh
3987:Benita Fitzgerald-Brown
3926:Clara Leach Adams-Ender
3859:Annie Bannister Spencer
3546:Woodrow Wilson and race
3367:Woodrow Wilson Monument
3181:Boyhood home in Georgia
3086:War Revenue Act of 1917
2981:Federal Farm Loan Board
2914:Smith–Lever Act of 1914
2836:Rivers and Harbors Acts
2697:Immigration Act of 1918
2687:Immigration Act of 1917
2623:Philippine Autonomy Act
1819:Maynard, W. Barksdale.
1644:"Presidential Funerals"
460:Emory and Henry College
4757:Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon
4622:Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa
4581:Louise Harrison McCraw
4561:Corazon Sandoval Foley
4530:Ana Ines Barragan King
4454:Nancy Melvina Caldwell
4413:Elizabeth Ashburn Duke
3834:Anna Whitehead Bodeker
3174:papers and manuscripts
2919:War Risk Insurance Act
2723:Paris Peace Conference
2518:1919 Nobel Peace Prize
2501:Supreme Court nominees
2441:Governor of New Jersey
2368:National Historic Site
1157:Wilson, Edith (1939).
788:. NewsHour Productions
716:
654:attack on Pearl Harbor
573:Paris Peace Conference
568:
555:
509:
319:
4897:Writers from Virginia
4387:Eva Mae Fleming Scott
4326:Orelena Hawks Puckett
4280:Felicia Warburg Rogan
4234:Marian Van Landingham
4007:Mary Virginia Terhune
3936:Bessie Blount Griffin
3798:Lillian Ward McDaniel
3747:Sally Louisa Tompkins
3560:← William Howard Taft
3501:Joseph Ruggles Wilson
3489:Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
3373:Woodrow Wilson Bridge
3307:Woodrow Wilson Awards
3045:Warehouse Act of 1916
3011:National Park Service
2970:Federal Farm Loan Act
2937:Occupancy Permits Act
2682:Espionage Act of 1917
2593:Bryan–Chamorro Treaty
2496:Judicial appointments
1776:The Jamestown Project
1734:Edith Bolling Wilson.
1656:Library of Congress,
1385:. Virginia Humanities
1383:Encyclopedia Virginia
714:
685:Woodrow Wilson Bridge
679:Edith Wilson died of
658:Franklin D. Roosevelt
563:
540:As First Lady during
507:
317:
301:following the severe
4767:Lila Meade Valentine
4693:Kate Peters Sturgill
4607:Gaye Todd Adegbalola
4571:Cynthia Eppes Hudson
4408:Naomi Silverman Cohn
4336:Alice Jackson Stuart
4316:Betty Sams Christian
4224:Jean Miller Skipwith
4130:Caroline Bradby Cook
4048:Sheila Crump Johnson
3946:Barbara Johns Powell
3778:Janie Porter Barrett
3701:Lila Meade Valentine
3471:Edith Bolling Wilson
3323:The Wilson Quarterly
3206:Woodrow Wilson House
3124:Railroad Labor Board
2742:Treaty of Versailles
2713:Sedition Act of 1918
1918:Tribble, Edwin. ed.
1883:Townshend, Camilla.
1869:Robertson, Wyndham.
1836:McCallops, James S.
1802:Levin, Phyllis Lee.
1353:. pp. 384–386.
848:on February 15, 2017
725:Woodrow Wilson House
550:Treaty of Versailles
324:Wytheville, Virginia
143:Wytheville, Virginia
4688:Lucy Randolph Mason
4668:Claudia Lane Dodson
4576:Mary Virginia Jones
4505:Flora D. Crittenden
4260:Emily White Fleming
4199:Mollie Holmes Adams
3972:Kate Waller Barrett
3890:Anne Makemie Holden
3567:Warren G. Harding →
3515:(cousin, secretary)
3513:Helen Woodrow Bones
3483:Jessie Wilson Sayre
3415:Profiles in Courage
3383:U.S. Postage stamps
3091:Revenue Act of 1918
3018:Revenue Act of 1916
2824:Revenue Act of 1913
2792:Federal Reserve Act
2599:Occupation of Haiti
1351:Biteback Publishing
1349:. London, England:
1276:The Washington Post
1181:Betty Boyd Caroli,
729:Library of Congress
522:Helen Woodrow Bones
4892:Virginia Democrats
4803:Evelyn Reid Syphax
4747:Sophie G. Meredith
4632:Barbara Kingsolver
4586:Undine Smith Moore
4219:Kate Mason Rowland
4209:Edythe C. Harrison
4145:Joann Hess Grayson
4104:Isabel Wood Rogers
4002:G. Anne Richardson
3977:Marie Majella Berg
3895:Mary Draper Ingles
3854:Anne Dobie Peebles
3727:Elizabeth Campbell
3656:Mary Julia Baldwin
3465:Ellen Axson Wilson
3434:(2002 documentary)
2976:Farm Credit System
2879:Cutter Service Act
2829:Federal income tax
2805:Newlands Labor Act
2266:Jacqueline Kennedy
2096:Angelica Van Buren
1725:Hagood, Wesley O.
1702:Caroli, Betty Boyd
1680:on August 19, 2015
1581:The New York Times
1454:(October 2, 2015).
815:. Familysearch.org
717:
660:asked Congress to
596:British ambassador
569:
546:American Red Cross
510:
472:Richmond, Virginia
468:Abingdon, Virginia
449:English literature
390:American Civil War
320:
293:. She married the
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4737:Fannie Bayly King
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4658:Sharifa Alkhateeb
4556:Doris Crouse-Mays
4525:Katherine Johnson
4464:Ruth Coles Harris
4352:Mary C. Alexander
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4155:Virginia Randolph
4140:Drew Gilpin Faust
4089:Elizabeth B. Lacy
4079:Lucy Goode Brooks
4043:Mary Jeffery Galt
4023:Mary Willing Byrd
3910:Martha Washington
3808:Jessie M. Rattley
3788:Hannah Lee Corbin
3752:Elizabeth Van Lew
3737:Elizabeth Keckley
3722:Rosa Dixon Bowser
3651:Ella Graham Agnew
3588:
3587:
3495:Francis Sayre Jr.
3473:(wife, 1915–1924)
3426:(1979 miniseries)
3157:
3156:
3131:Federal Power Act
2768:Wilsonian Armenia
2755:League of Nations
2486:1917 inauguration
2481:1913 inauguration
2381:
2380:
2271:Lady Bird Johnson
2251:Eleanor Roosevelt
2201:Frances Cleveland
2191:Caroline Harrison
2186:Frances Cleveland
2171:Lucretia Garfield
2151:Mary Todd Lincoln
2056:Martha Washington
2012:
2011:
2003:Succeeded by
1852:Speech Monographs
1788:Miller, Kristie.
1785:(October 2, 2015)
1748:The First Ladies.
1436:Speech Monographs
1293:. March 15, 2024.
581:League of Nations
532:at the ceremony.
394:slavery abolished
367:Martha Washington
341:to arrive at the
267:
266:
153:December 28, 1961
16:(Redirected from
4909:
4762:Ora Brown Stokes
4722:
4711:
4617:Isabella Gibbons
4540:Meyera Oberndorf
4255:Eleanor Bontecou
4189:
4178:
4058:Camilla Williams
4053:Opossunoquonuske
3956:Mary Belvin Wade
3839:Mary Ann Elliott
3793:Christine Darden
3732:Thomasina Jordan
3706:Maggie L. Walker
3641:
3630:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3592:
3578:
3577:
3118:Esch–Cummins Act
3060:Smith–Hughes Act
2999:Keating–Owen Act
2576:
2528:Silent Sentinels
2453:
2444:
2433:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2261:Mamie Eisenhower
2236:Florence Harding
2136:Abigail Fillmore
2076:Elizabeth Monroe
2038:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2006:Florence Harding
1990:
1982:Preceded by
1977:Honorary titles
1974:
1718:Gould, Lewis L.
1711:Foster, Gaines.
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1676:. Archived from
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1577:Kluckhohn, Frank
1573:
1567:
1566:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1377:Holley, Shiloh.
1374:
1365:
1364:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1197:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:, Biography.com.
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1059:McCallops, p. 2.
1057:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:McCallops, p. 1.
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
964:. Archived from
960:. Canton, Ohio:
954:
948:
947:
939:
933:
932:
924:
918:
912:
906:
905:
897:
891:
890:
878:
872:
871:
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
847:
840:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
777:
771:
752:
484:Washington, D.C.
464:finishing school
363:Thomas Jefferson
277:
259:
236:
234:
211:
209:
160:Washington, D.C.
156:
140:October 15, 1872
139:
137:
121:Personal details
111:Florence Harding
107:
95:
76:
53:
39:
21:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4807:
4793:Lerla G. Joseph
4788:Krista N. Jones
4776:
4716:
4697:
4683:Ona Maria Judge
4646:
4627:Kay Coles James
4595:
4544:
4493:
4442:
4438:Stoner Winslett
4391:
4340:
4289:
4270:Lillian Lincoln
4238:
4183:
4164:
4135:Claudia Emerson
4113:
4099:P. Buckley Moss
4062:
4028:Maybelle Carter
4011:
3960:
3914:
3863:
3812:
3773:Rebecca Adamson
3761:
3710:
3696:Clementina Rind
3635:
3624:
3619:
3589:
3584:
3550:
3536:Progressive Era
3524:
3477:Margaret Wilson
3453:
3398:
3392:
3357:(Austin statue)
3290:
3284:
3246:
3240:The New Freedom
3215:
3153:
2798:Federal Reserve
2773:
2660:Fourteen Points
2655:Four Minute Men
2574:
2464:
2456:
2447:
2436:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2382:
2377:
2332:
2301:Hillary Clinton
2286:Rosalynn Carter
2226:Margaret Wilson
2211:Edith Roosevelt
2131:Margaret Taylor
2116:Priscilla Tyler
2047:
2042:
2008:
1999:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:Margaret Wilson
1950:
1915:
1913:Primary sources
1850:Phifer, Gregg.
1698:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1623:Washington Post
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1447:Howard Markel,
1446:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1022:Gaines Foster,
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
971:
969:
956:
955:
951:
941:
940:
936:
926:
925:
921:
913:
909:
899:
898:
894:
880:
879:
875:
866:
865:
861:
851:
849:
845:
838:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
811:
805:
801:
791:
789:
779:
778:
774:
753:
749:
745:
709:
674:John F. Kennedy
646:
613:
558:
538:
502:
497:
488:Galt & Bro.
480:
426:
402:plantation seat
375:Harrison family
343:Virginia Colony
312:
239:
238:
230:
226:
223:
213:
205:
201:
198:
177:Political party
158:
154:
141:
135:
133:
132:
131:
105:
99:Margaret Wilson
93:
77:
72:
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4915:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4824:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:India Hamilton
4670:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4591:Martha Rollins
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:Nikki Giovanni
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:Mildred Loving
4425:
4420:
4418:Rachel Findlay
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4372:JoAnn Falletta
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4306:Monica Beltran
4303:
4301:Susie May Ames
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4229:Queena Stovall
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4160:Mary Sue Terry
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Sharyn McCrumb
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Theresa Pollak
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:Dolley Madison
3683:
3678:
3676:Sarah Lee Fain
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Margaret Brent
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3519:William McAdoo
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:(2022 musical)
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3354:Woodrow Wilson
3350:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2967:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2580:Foreign policy
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2523:19th Amendment
2520:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2491:Roosevelt desk
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2434:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:Woodrow Wilson
2413:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2346:bibliographies
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Michelle Obama
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Grace Coolidge
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Rose Cleveland
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Emily Donelson
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Dolley Madison
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1949:
1948:External links
1946:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1824:
1817:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1732:Hatch, Alden.
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1661:
1649:
1635:
1609:
1586:
1568:
1561:
1543:
1525:
1497:
1469:
1456:
1440:
1434:Gregg Phifer,
1427:
1425:Levin, p. 518.
1418:
1405:
1396:
1366:
1359:
1337:
1323:
1296:
1282:
1262:
1243:
1222:
1211:on May 9, 2012
1187:
1174:
1167:
1149:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1105:"Edith Wilson"
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1050:Gould, p. 237.
1040:
1028:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
968:on May 9, 2012
949:
934:
919:
907:
892:
881:Lord, Debbie.
873:
859:
826:
799:
772:
746:
744:
741:
708:
705:
645:
642:
612:
609:
592:Robert Lansing
565:Woodrow Wilson
557:
554:
537:
534:
514:Woodrow Wilson
501:
498:
496:
493:
479:
478:First marriage
476:
425:
422:
355:Robert Bolling
353:, who married
339:first settlers
311:
308:
291:Woodrow Wilson
265:
264:
261:
260:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
228:
224:
221:Woodrow Wilson
219:
218:
217:
216:
203:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:
190:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
157:(aged 89)
151:
147:
146:
129:
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
87:Woodrow Wilson
84:
80:
79:
69:
68:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4914:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Pauline Adams
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4708:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:Betty Masters
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:Sarah A. Gray
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:Louise Archer
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Judith Shatin
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:Mary Randolph
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:Pauline Adams
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Mary Johnston
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Ellen Glasgow
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3509:(grandfather)
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:(1965 series)
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3361:Wilson Square
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:USRA standard
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
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2112:
2111:Letitia Tyler
2109:
2107:
2106:Jane Harrison
2104:
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2101:Anna Harrison
2099:
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2091:Sarah Jackson
2089:
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2061:Abigail Adams
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1815:0-7432-1158-8
1812:
1808:
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1798:
1795:Lamb, Brian.
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:PBS News Hour
1780:
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1594:Rowe, Abbie.
1590:
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1564:
1562:0-8223-3206-X
1558:
1554:
1547:
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1529:
1526:
1518:September 11,
1514:
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1498:
1490:September 11,
1486:
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1484:Rolling Stone
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1013:Mayo, p. 169.
1010:
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689:Potomac River
686:
682:
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675:
672:of President
671:
667:
663:
659:
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650:
643:
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639:
638:Rosamund Pike
635:
631:
630:Howard Markel
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466:for girls in
465:
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405:
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388:prior to the
387:
386:planter elite
383:
378:
376:
372:
371:Letitia Tyler
368:
364:
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348:
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167:Resting place
165:
161:
152:
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130:Edith Bolling
128:
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109:
103:
100:
97:
91:
88:
85:
81:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:1915 portrait
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4566:Nora Houston
4489:Karenne Wood
4250:Lucy Addison
4214:Janis Martin
4204:Ethel Furman
4109:Edith Turner
3992:Grace Hopper
3905:Annie Snyder
3885:Katie Couric
3875:Grace Arents
3829:Pearl Bailey
3757:Edith Wilson
3756:
3666:Willa Cather
3565:
3558:
3521:(son-in-law)
3507:James Wilson
3470:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3352:
3345:
3336:High schools
3321:
3302:Bibliography
3239:
3232:
3226:
3201:Shadow Lawn)
2588:Wilsonianism
2296:Barbara Bush
2291:Nancy Reagan
2231:Edith Wilson
2230:
2221:Ellen Wilson
2206:Ida McKinley
2176:Mary McElroy
2146:Harriet Lane
2081:Louisa Adams
1994:
1966:
1959:Edith Wilson
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1820:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1696:Bibliography
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1673:
1664:
1652:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1602:December 14,
1600:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1571:
1552:
1546:
1534:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1510:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1482:
1472:
1464:
1463:Hazelgrove,
1459:
1452:PBS NewsHour
1451:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1382:
1346:
1340:
1326:
1312:(1): 51–76.
1309:
1305:
1299:
1285:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1246:
1237:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1204:
1182:
1177:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1121:
1112:
1100:
1095:Mayo, p.170.
1091:
1082:
1077:Mayo, p. 170
1073:
1064:
1055:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
970:. Retrieved
966:the original
952:
943:
937:
928:
922:
914:
910:
895:
886:
876:
862:
850:. Retrieved
843:the original
829:
819:September 7,
817:. Retrieved
807:
802:
792:December 27,
790:. Retrieved
786:PBS NewsHour
785:
775:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
737:
733:
718:
678:
670:inauguration
656:, President
651:
647:
633:
623:
616:
614:
589:
585:
577:peace treaty
570:
539:
530:
526:Ellen Wilson
511:
481:
457:
453:Episcopalian
439:
427:
406:
382:slave-owning
379:
359:slave-owning
357:, a wealthy
336:
321:
282:
278:
270:Edith Wilson
269:
268:
155:(1961-12-28)
106:Succeeded by
73:
43:Edith Wilson
36:
4837:1961 deaths
4832:1872 births
4479:Vivian Pinn
4433:Debbie Ryan
4382:Inez Pruitt
4377:Cleo Powell
4367:Ann Compton
3931:Caitlyn Day
3880:Cockacoeske
3824:Nancy Astor
3783:Patsy Cline
3671:Jennie Dean
3442:(2013 book)
3410:(1944 film)
2943:Adamson Act
2779:New Freedom
2727:1919–1920;
2665:The Inquiry
2633:1917–1918;
2629:World War I
2607:(1916–1924)
2601:(1915–1934)
2452:(1902–1910)
2443:(1911–1913)
2432:(1913–1921)
2256:Bess Truman
2161:Julia Grant
2141:Jane Pierce
2121:Julia Tyler
1827:Mayo, Edith
1512:Vulture.com
870:. CBS News.
852:October 14,
687:across the
662:declare war
644:Later years
626:Joe Tumulty
611:Controversy
604:credentials
600:Edward Grey
579:and of the
542:World War I
518:White House
431:spinal cord
414:Lost Cause.
281:, formerly
197:Norman Galt
94:Preceded by
4826:Categories
3691:Pocahontas
3497:(grandson)
3491:(daughter)
3485:(daughter)
3106:Red Summer
2863:Sabath Act
2645:home front
2476:Transition
2462:Presidency
2328:Jill Biden
2313:Laura Bush
2281:Betty Ford
2246:Lou Hoover
2216:Helen Taft
2166:Lucy Hayes
2126:Sarah Polk
2000:1915–1921
1934:My Memoir.
1684:October 5,
1168:0405128681
743:References
373:, and the
351:Jane Rolfe
347:Pocahontas
181:Democratic
136:1872-10-15
4715:2020–2029
4663:Queen Ann
4612:Rita Dove
4182:2010–2019
3951:Lee Smith
3634:2000–2009
3293:memorials
3252:Elections
3211:Gravesite
3028:Smith Act
2818:Raker Act
2640:campaigns
2276:Pat Nixon
1389:March 22,
1215:March 20,
1159:My Memoir
636:starring
624:In 1921,
618:My Memoir
424:Education
252:Signature
83:President
4265:Pearl Fu
3580:Category
3503:(father)
3369:(Prague)
3363:(Warsaw)
2988:Flag Day
2748:Big Four
2467:timeline
2373:Category
2351:families
1318:27550164
972:June 29,
697:Virginia
693:Maryland
691:between
435:canaries
244:Children
3529:Related
3399:culture
3397:Popular
2761:charter
2513:Cabinet
2361:memoirs
1865:excerpt
1628:May 11,
1467:, 2016.
516:at the
446:classic
295:widower
279:Bolling
237:
229:
225:
212:
204:
200:
187:Spouses
74:In role
3458:Family
3439:Wilson
3407:Wilson
3289:Legacy
3242:(1913)
3235:(1901)
3229:(1900)
3135:1920;
3122:1920;
3114:(1919)
3108:(1919)
3077:1917;
3064:1917;
3036:(1916)
3030:(1916)
3009:1916;
3001:(1916)
2990:(1916)
2974:1916;
2966:(1916)
2945:(1916)
2939:(1915)
2933:(1915)
2927:(1915)
2921:(1914)
2910:(1914)
2887:(1914)
2881:(1914)
2865:(1913)
2820:(1913)
2809:1913;
2796:1913;
2770:(1920)
2759:1920;
2746:1919;
2738:(1919)
2709:(1918)
2625:(1916)
2595:(1914)
2356:firsts
2306:tenure
1989:Acting
1963:C-SPAN
1813:
1559:
1357:
1316:
1257:Medium
1165:
707:Legacy
634:Edith!
418:slaves
303:stroke
162:, U.S.
145:, U.S.
3447:Suffs
3220:Books
2635:entry
2448:13th
1314:JSTOR
846:(PDF)
839:(PDF)
462:), a
326:, to
231:(
227:
206:(
202:
4781:2021
4725:2020
4651:2019
4600:2018
4549:2017
4498:2016
4447:2015
4396:2014
4345:2013
4294:2012
4243:2011
4192:2010
4118:2009
4067:2008
4016:2007
3965:2006
3919:2005
3868:2004
3817:2003
3766:2002
3715:2001
3644:2000
3162:Life
2856:1916
2851:1915
2846:1914
2841:1913
2570:1920
2565:1918
2560:1917
2555:1916
2550:1915
2545:1914
2438:34th
2427:28th
1811:ISBN
1686:2015
1630:2012
1604:2013
1557:ISBN
1520:2021
1492:2021
1391:2019
1355:ISBN
1238:Time
1217:2019
1163:ISBN
974:2021
854:2013
821:2016
794:2019
695:and
283:Galt
150:Died
126:Born
1965:'s
1961:at
615:In
520:by
398:law
275:née
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1381:.
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