343:
2035:
1837:
668:, Matilda acted as intercessor between King Henry and Archbishop Anselm. She wrote several letters during Anselm's absence, first asking him for advice and to return, but later increasingly to mediate. With the Queen's help, the issue was resolved through a compromise solution in 1105: the King gave up the right to pick and invest his own bishops, but the Church agreed that he could receive homage from the bishops for the temporal lands the Church held in his domains.
638:
605:
583:
forced her to wear a veil. Strong-willed, Edith was ready to fight for her status as a marriageable woman rather than staying in a monastery, despite the fact that her aunt insisted she "was a veiled nun, and that it would be an act of sacrilege to remove her from her convent." When
Archbishop Anselm
547:
said that Henry had "long adored" her character and capacity. Some sources add that she was "not bad looking" despite that she did not improve her appearance through face painting. It is possible that Edith spent time at
William Rufus's court, along with her brothers, and that the pair had met there,
538:
in August 1100, his brother Henry immediately seized the royal treasury and crown. He was manipulative and profoundly clever, known for his strict but proper government and utterly merciless nature in case of war or rebellion. His next task was to marry and his choice was Edith, whom he had known for
513:
that she had left". Edith did not return to Wilton, however, and is largely unaccounted for in chronicles until 1100. As her home in
Scotland was held by her uncle, it is possible, likely even, that Edith joined her brothers at the English court of William Rufus, who supported her brother Edgar in
616:
by
Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury. At the end of the ceremony, Edith was crowned and took the regnal name of "Matilda", a hallowed Norman name. The exact reason for the name change remains unclear, though historians suspect she did it in an attempt to please her Norman subjects and husband. By
591:
in order to determine the canonical legality of the proposed marriage and ordered two inquiries at Wilton to get first-hand information on the matter. Edith testified that she had never taken holy vows, insisting that her parents had sent her to
England for educational purposes and her aunt had
758:
sent envoys to Henry I proposing a marriage alliance between himself and the King's daughter
Matilda. He also wrote separately to Queen Matilda on the same matter. The match was attractive to the English king: by marrying his daughter to one of the most prestigious monarchs in Europe, it would
584:
of
Canterbury returned to England after a long exile, she sought him out to convince him that she had never been a nun. In fact, she had not only been forced to wear a veil, but her father had "ripped off the offensive headdress and tore it to shreds" at sight of her being veiled.
564:, in their heirs, the two factions would be united, further unifying the new regime. Another benefit was that England and Scotland became politically closer; three of her brothers became kings of Scotland in succession and were unusually friendly towards England:
596:," but she had pulled the veil off and stamped on it, which made her aunt beat and scold her. The council concluded that Edith was not a nun, she never had been, and her parents had not intended that she become one, giving their permission for the marriage.
523:
401:
Edith and her siblings were raised by a loving but strict mother who did not spare the rod when it came to raising her children in virtue, and instilled in her offspring the importance of piety. When about six years old, Edith and her younger sister
829:
The couple may have also had a stillborn child in July 1101. Some historians, such as
Chibnall, have claimed that there was no pregnancy before the one with Empress Matilda "as it allows no time for a normal second pregnancy". Through Matilda, the
42:
860:
near Edward the
Confessor. The inscription on her tomb reads: "Here lies the renowned queen Matilda the second, excelling both young and old of her day. She was for everyone the benchmark of morals and the ornament of life."
684:. Additionally, King Henry made numerous grants to the Queen, including substantial property in London, a political move made in order to win over the unruly Londoners who were vehement supporters of the Wessex Kings.
913:, meaning "Might-Battle"), and was referred to as such throughout her husband's reign. Historians generally refer to her as "Matilda of Scotland"; in popular usage, she is referred to equally as "Matilda" or "Maud".
555:
Henry had been born in
England, but a bride with ties to the ancient Wessex line would increase his popularity with the English and help to reconcile the Normans and Anglo-Saxons. Edith was a great-granddaughter of
579:
Because Edith had spent much of her life in a convent, there was some controversy over whether she was a nun and thus canonically ineligible for marriage. During her time at Romsey Abbey, her aunt
759:
reaffirm his own, slightly dubious, status as the youngest son of a new royal house, and it would gain him an ally in his conflicts with France. In return, Henry V would receive a dowry of 10,000
783:
Queen Matilda was described as "a woman of exceptional holiness, in piety her mother's rival, and in her own character exempt from all evil influence." She was remembered by her subjects as
856:
were so distraught by the Queen's death that they immediately became nuns. She would have liked to have been buried at Holy Trinity, Aldgate, but King Henry asked for her to be buried at
414:
was abbess. Their studies went beyond the standard feminine pursuits of the time, which was not surprising since their mother was a great lover of books. The princesses learned the
909:, meaning "Fortune-Battle") at birth, and was baptised under that name. She is known to have been crowned under a name favoured by the Normans, "Matilda" (from the Germanic
289:, which would help legitimize his rule. After proving she had not taken religious vows, Matilda and Henry were married. As Queen of England, Matilda embarked on several
2312:
470:. However, her parents betrothed Edith to the latter in 1093. Before the marriage could take place, both her father and older brother Edward were killed at the
680:
but it did incorporate lordship rights, which allowed her to administer her properties. Most of her dower estates were granted from lands previously held by
2179:
301:, took a role in government as mediator to the Church, and led a literary court. She acted as regent when her husband was away, with many surviving
870:(November 1120) and her widower's failure to produce a legitimate son from his second marriage led to the succession crisis and, as a consequence,
255:
2693:
2533:
580:
463:
411:
661:, Queen Matilda was the designated head of King Henry's court. She went on travels around England and probably visited Normandy in 1106–1107.
262:
and forced her to wear a veil. In 1093, Matilda was engaged to an English nobleman until her father and her brother Edward were killed in the
2868:
2843:
2778:
2768:
2878:
2848:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2508:
2345:
2300:
2012:
878:
insisted that Queen Matilda had in fact been a nun and that her daughter, Empress Matilda, was therefore not a legitimate successor to the
768:
342:
2838:
2788:
2563:
2493:
474:
in November 1093. Upon hearing of the death of both her husband and her son, Queen Margaret died on 16 November. Edith's paternal uncle
270:
seized the throne of Scotland, triggering a messy succession conflict. England opposed King Donald and supported first her half-brother
2023:
By Turgot, Bishop of St Andrews Ed. William Forbes-Leith, S.J. Third Edition. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1896 . Retrieved 14 March 2011.
2853:
2478:
2259:
398:
as her godmother. The infant Edith pulled at Matilda's headdress, which was seen as an omen that the child would one day be a queen.
2863:
2858:
2678:
2458:
2370:
2030:
1984:
1946:
1825:
1798:
1771:
1741:
1711:
1681:
478:
usurped the throne of Scotland, and her surviving brothers, Edgar, Alexander, and David, were sent to England to the court of King
403:
804:, written around 1106–1118. She also commissioned the monk Thurgot of Durham, to write a biography of her mother, Saint Margaret.
2763:
2713:
2708:
169:
2828:
2294:
2192:
621:
in derision of their more rustic style, especially when compared to William II's flamboyance. Despite this, Matilda's court at
798:, as well as washing the feet and kissing the hands of the sick. Queen Matilda was patroness of the monk Bendeit's version of
2833:
2196:
2188:
2017:
1898:
1659:
812:
While Henry had numerous illegitimate children by various mistresses, he and Matilda had two children who reached adulthood:
617:
courtiers, however, she and her husband were soon nicknamed 'Godric and Godiva', two typical English names from before the
2873:
2523:
2172:
2808:
2468:
2240:
2097:
700:
549:
313:; through her daughter, she is the ancestor of all subsequent English and British monarchs. Queen Matilda was buried in
2823:
2813:
2798:
2134:
164:
2235:
2230:
493:
Around this time, possibly due to the succession conflict in Scotland between her uncle Donald III, her half-brother
2688:
2558:
2453:
618:
2803:
2616:
2225:
2668:
2631:
2165:
2076:
1699:
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471:
263:
224:
52:
2323:
775:
in June 1109, and Matilda left England in February 1110 to travel to Germany in preparation for her marriage.
565:
498:
285:
as king of England in 1100 and quickly proposed marriage to Matilda due to her descent from the Anglo-Saxon
275:
243:
194:
2818:
2473:
1836:
743:
742:, founding at least two leper hospitals, including the institution that later became the parish church of
2753:
2683:
2621:
2448:
2431:
2318:
2127:
800:
696:
622:
540:
531:
479:
459:
2008:
455:
2026:
2758:
2698:
2553:
2355:
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1729:
502:
435:
2254:
482:
for safety. Shortly afterwards, the orphan princess was abandoned by her betrothed, who eloped with
2673:
2596:
2543:
2488:
2463:
2400:
2385:
2375:
2335:
2279:
2090:
1534:
889:, but she was remembered to a continuously lesser extent between the late 13th and 14th centuries.
886:
716:
665:
573:
569:
506:
395:
228:
92:
734:
Like her mother, Matilda was renowned for her devotion to the poor, building public lavatories at
587:
Professing himself unwilling to decide so weighty a matter on his own, Anselm called a council of
2654:
2498:
2365:
2350:
2340:
2329:
2289:
2250:
2112:
1952:
1941:. Toronto, Canada; Buffalo, New York; London, UK: University of Toronto Press. pp. 302–353.
1867:
1759:
816:
755:
367:
247:
232:
204:
136:
112:
104:
2245:
1649:
932:
Judith A. Green: The Government of England Under Henry I, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p 41
2157:
2518:
2503:
2395:
2380:
1990:
1980:
1960:
1942:
1918:
1894:
1875:
1859:
1821:
1804:
1794:
1777:
1767:
1747:
1737:
1717:
1707:
1687:
1677:
1669:
1655:
857:
853:
650:
613:
483:
314:
290:
156:
123:
1552:
2528:
2513:
2420:
2264:
2149:
2049:
1908:
1851:
875:
834:
720:
487:
415:
379:
184:
2611:
2568:
2360:
2274:
2269:
841:
831:
681:
557:
544:
419:
391:
375:
326:
306:
286:
1912:
2034:
1734:
Queens Consort: England's Medieval Queens from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Elizabeth of York
239:
of England on several occasions during Henry's absences: in 1104, 1107, 1108, and 1111.
2626:
2538:
2483:
2425:
2415:
1956:
852:
On 1 May 1118, Matilda died at Westminster Palace. Allegedly, three of her Anglo-Saxon
822:
387:
383:
310:
294:
885:
Queen Matilda's reputation considerably improved throughout the reign of her grandson
794:
and hospitals for leprosies. Malmesbury described her as attending church barefoot at
2747:
2718:
2548:
712:
427:
282:
1939:
England in Europe : English Royal Women and Literary Patronage, c. 1000–c. 1150
522:
2703:
2410:
2390:
760:
688:
451:
407:
1888:
1850:. Oxford, UK: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature: 64–66.
790:
Matilda was known for her generosity towards the church, founding and supporting
17:
2405:
1972:
871:
838:
772:
371:
363:
355:
88:
637:
1994:
1879:
866:
764:
735:
535:
526:
Cristina of Wessex, the aunt and abbess who forced Edith to wear a nun's veil.
509:, ordering that "the daughter of the late King of Scotland be returned to the
475:
467:
267:
67:
1964:
1922:
1863:
1808:
1781:
1751:
787:
and for a time sainthood was sought for her, though she was never canonized.
1721:
1691:
738:
and a bathhouse with piped-in water. She exhibited a particular interest in
708:
510:
494:
318:
317:
and was fondly remembered by her subjects. There was an attempt to have her
271:
41:
1674:
The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother, and Lady of the English
791:
724:
654:
439:
359:
1871:
695:
to instigate the construction of many Norman-style buildings, including
1842:
Ritchie, R. L. Græme (1950). "The Date of the "Voyage of St Brendan"".
739:
704:
593:
302:
251:
179:
1388:
1386:
2443:
1855:
692:
658:
646:
626:
588:
561:
454:, the still 13-year-old Edith was much sought-after as a bride, with
298:
259:
236:
108:
864:
The death of Matilda's son, William Adelin, in the disaster of the
905:
She is known to have been given the name "Edith" (the Old English
728:
677:
636:
603:
521:
431:
423:
341:
322:
1102:
1100:
795:
2161:
1917:. Translated by Forbes-Leith, William. Edinburgh: W. Paterson.
604:
1469:
1467:
1465:
370:. She was therefore a descendant of both the Scottish and the
1168:
1166:
1039:
1037:
576:
lived at Henry's court for some time before his accession.
548:
but Henry could have been introduced to her by his teacher
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
346:
Depiction of Matilda's parents from the Seton Armorial,
1937:
Tyler, Elizabeth Muir (2017). "Edith Becomes Matilda".
1890:
Lives of the Queens of England From the Norman Conquest
1580:
1578:
1373:
1371:
1267:
1265:
1117:
1115:
1024:
1022:
1651:
Queen Consorts of England: the Power Behind the Throne
649:
of England during her husband's frequent absences for
274:
as king of Scotland, and after his death, her brother
771:. The final details of the deal were hammered out at
490:. Alan Rufus died, however, before marrying Gunhild.
1521:
1392:
1326:
1244:
1196:
1157:
1013:
989:
965:
612:
Edith and Henry were married on 11 November 1100 at
462:
considered marrying her. She refused proposals from
1704:
Henry I : King of England and Duke of Normandy
543:stated that Henry had "long been attached" to her,
305:signed by her. Matilda and Henry had two children:
200:
190:
178:
155:
130:
118:
98:
80:
76:
66:
58:
51:
34:
1791:Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship
2595:Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the
1977:Queens of the Conquest: England's Medieval Queens
1887:Strickland, Agnes; Strickland, Elisabeth (1852).
410:, in southern England, where their maternal aunt
592:veiled her to protect her "from the lust of the
2733:Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in
572:, one of Henry I's illegitimate daughters, and
1559:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 16 April 2024.
1541:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 26 March 2024.
2173:
1818:Medieval Germany and Its Neighbours, 900–1250
8:
608:Depiction of Queen Matilda in a family tree
2645:
2587:
2210:
2205:
2180:
2166:
2158:
2040:
2033:
2020:The Life Of St Margaret, Queen Of Scotland
666:English investiture controversy of 1103–07
625:was filled with poets. She was known as a
40:
31:
1706:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1676:. Oxford, UK Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell.
1497:
1473:
1338:
1283:
1256:
1232:
1220:
1184:
1172:
1106:
1091:
1043:
977:
953:
514:assuming the throne of Scotland in 1097.
1569:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1404:
1979:. London, UK: Penguin Random House UK.
1509:
925:
898:
450:During her stay at Romsey and later at
374:royal families, great-granddaughter of
46:13th century depiction on a family tree
1914:Life of St. Margaret Queen of Scotland
1584:
1416:
1377:
1362:
1350:
1314:
1302:
1271:
1208:
1145:
1121:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1028:
1001:
464:William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey
2217:Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1485:
1133:
941:
819:(7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167)
501:, Edith left the monastery. In 1093,
7:
2214:Royal consorts in England until 1603
2013:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1766:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1456:
769:coronation as the Holy Roman emperor
254:in southern England, where her aunt
219:, 1080 – 1 May 1118), also known as
1762:(2001). Frost, Amanda Clark (ed.).
1736:. New York, NY: Pegasus Books LLC.
2684:Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
825:(5 August 1103 – 25 November 1120)
750:Marriage negotiations with Henry V
707:encountered problems crossing the
278:, who assumed the throne in 1097.
27:Queen of England from 1100 to 1118
25:
2679:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2653:British royal consorts after the
2031:National Portrait Gallery, London
754:In late 1108 or early 1109, King
426:languages, enabling them to read
2027:Portraits of Matilda of Scotland
1835:
1793:. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press.
1522:Strickland & Strickland 1852
1393:Strickland & Strickland 1852
1327:Strickland & Strickland 1852
1245:Strickland & Strickland 1852
1197:Strickland & Strickland 1852
1158:Strickland & Strickland 1852
1014:Strickland & Strickland 1852
990:Strickland & Strickland 1852
966:Strickland & Strickland 1852
687:Matilda had a great interest in
170:William Adelin, Duke of Normandy
2694:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
2674:Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
2139:28 September 1106 – 1 May 1118
1820:. London, UK: Hambledon Press.
629:of the arts, especially music.
503:Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury
434:. It is presumed Edith learned
394:standing as her godfather, and
145:
2102:11 November 1100 – 1 May 1118
362:, Matilda's parents were King
281:Henry I succeeded his brother
1:
2058:
1535:"Matilda daughter of Henry I"
347:
246:and the Anglo-Saxon princess
62:11 November 1100 – 1 May 1118
2869:Burials at Westminster Abbey
2844:Scottish patrons of the arts
2779:12th-century Scottish people
2769:11th-century Scottish people
2714:Philip of Greece and Denmark
2669:George of Denmark and Norway
2632:George of Denmark and Norway
2098:Queen consort of the English
715:, the Queen built the first
468:Alan Rufus, Lord of Richmond
406:were sent to be educated at
382:. The Scottish princess was
250:, Matilda was educated at a
2879:Mothers of English monarchs
2849:English patrons of the arts
2794:12th-century English people
2784:12th-century Scottish women
2774:11th-century Scottish women
2135:Duchess consort of Normandy
1789:Huneycutt, Lois L. (2003).
801:The Voyage of Saint Brendan
165:Matilda, Holy Roman Empress
2895:
2839:12th-century women regents
2789:12th-century English women
2689:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
691:and used her considerable
619:Norman conquest of England
2854:Scottish patrons of music
2731:
2664:
2648:
2644:
2617:Henrietta Maria of France
2607:
2590:
2586:
2208:
2204:
2141:
2132:
2119:
2104:
2095:
2082:
2075:
2043:
560:from the royal family of
329:, which was not pursued.
39:
2864:Burials at Reading Abbey
2859:English patrons of music
2459:Ethelreda of Northumbria
1500:, pp. 103, 105–106.
458:claiming that even King
396:Queen Matilda of England
53:Queen consort of England
2764:People from Dunfermline
1957:10.3138/j.ctt1whm96v.14
1648:Margot, Arnold (1993).
1553:"William the Aetheling"
244:Malcolm III of Scotland
215:(originally christened
195:Malcolm III of Scotland
102:1 May 1118 (aged 37–38)
2829:English royal consorts
2474:Ermengarde de Beaumont
2226:Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
744:St Giles-in-the-Fields
642:
609:
527:
518:Problematic engagement
386:Edith. Present at the
351:
2834:Duchesses of Normandy
2622:Catherine of Braganza
2449:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
2324:Isabella of Angoulême
2319:Berengaria of Navarre
2231:Æthelflæd of Damerham
2128:Sibylla of Conversano
1893:. Lea and Blanchard.
1816:Leyser, Karl (1982).
1259:, pp. 17–18, 28.
641:Seal of Queen Matilda
640:
633:Regency and diplomacy
607:
541:William of Malmesbury
525:
460:William II of England
345:
231:as the first wife of
2874:12th-century regents
2709:Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
2699:Alexandra of Denmark
2554:Francis II of France
2356:Philippa of Hainault
2307:Eleanor of Aquitaine
2301:Geoffrey Plantagenet
2045:Matilda of Scotland
1760:Hollister, C. Warren
1419:, pp. 195–197;
1109:, pp. 126, 128.
874:. During his reign,
837:were related to the
785:Mathilda bona regina
701:Holy Trinity Aldgate
676:Matilda had a small
436:financial management
2809:Scottish princesses
2597:Union of the Crowns
2544:Madeleine of Valois
2534:Margaret of Denmark
2489:Margaret of England
2469:Maud of Northumbria
2464:Sybilla of Normandy
2401:Catherine of Aragon
2386:Elizabeth Woodville
2376:Catherine of Valois
2336:Eleanor of Provence
2295:Matilda of Boulogne
2285:Matilda of Scotland
2280:Matilda of Flanders
2091:Matilda of Flanders
1599:, pp. 139–140.
1094:, pp. 102–104.
507:Bishop of Salisbury
378:and descended from
266:in 1093. Her uncle
229:Duchess of Normandy
213:Matilda of Scotland
35:Matilda of Scotland
2824:Anglo-Norman women
2814:Henry I of England
2799:Daughters of kings
2655:Acts of Union 1707
2499:Elizabeth de Burgh
2454:Margaret of Wessex
2366:Isabella of Valois
2351:Isabella of France
2346:Margaret of France
2341:Eleanor of Castile
2330:Blanche of Castile
2313:Margaret of France
2290:Adeliza of Louvain
2251:Sigrid the Haughty
2146:Title next held by
2124:Title last held by
2113:Adeliza of Louvain
2109:Title next held by
2087:Title last held by
1670:Chibnall, Marjorie
1476:, pp. 146–48.
1223:, pp. 21, 28.
765:expedition to Rome
756:Henry V of Germany
651:military campaigns
643:
610:
532:William II's death
528:
456:Hériman of Tournai
368:Margaret of Wessex
352:
248:Margaret of Wessex
205:Margaret of Wessex
137:Henry I of England
105:Westminster Palace
2741:
2740:
2727:
2726:
2640:
2639:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2519:Anabella Drummond
2509:Margaret Drummond
2504:Joan of the Tower
2396:Elizabeth of York
2381:Margaret of Anjou
2156:
2155:
1654:. Facts on File.
1488:, pp. 57–58.
1353:, pp. 46–47.
1305:, pp. 47–48.
1148:, pp. 44–45.
1070:, pp. 42–43.
858:Westminster Abbey
854:ladies-in-waiting
672:Building projects
614:Westminster Abbey
484:Gunhild of Wessex
472:Battle of Alnwick
446:Succession crisis
430:'s works and the
354:Born in 1080, in
315:Westminster Abbey
291:building projects
264:Battle of Alnwick
242:Daughter of King
210:
209:
124:Westminster Abbey
18:Edith of Scotland
16:(Redirected from
2886:
2804:House of Dunkeld
2646:
2588:
2529:Mary of Guelders
2514:Euphemia de Ross
2494:Yolande de Dreux
2432:Guildford Dudley
2421:Catherine Howard
2265:Emma of Normandy
2211:
2206:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2150:Matilda of Anjou
2071:
2064:
2063:
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2050:House of Dunkeld
2041:
2037:
2018:Medieval Women:
1998:
1968:
1933:
1931:
1929:
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1856:10.2307/43626381
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1460:
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1447:, pp. 16–17
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
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1125:
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1059:
1053:
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1041:
1032:
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1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
980:, pp. 9–10.
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
930:
914:
903:
876:Stephen of Blois
872:a long civil war
835:English monarchs
721:Stratford-le-Bow
600:Queen of England
497:and her brother
488:Harold Godwinson
486:, a daughter of
380:Alfred the Great
349:
225:Queen of England
149:
147:
72:11 November 1100
44:
32:
21:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2723:
2660:
2636:
2612:Anne of Denmark
2603:
2578:
2573:
2569:Anne of Denmark
2479:Joan of England
2437:
2371:Joan of Navarre
2361:Anne of Bohemia
2275:Edith of Mercia
2270:Edith of Wessex
2246:Ælfgifu of York
2200:
2195: and
2186:
2147:
2138:
2125:
2110:
2101:
2088:
2077:English royalty
2065:
2061:
2054:
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2046:
2005:
1987:
1971:
1949:
1936:
1927:
1925:
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1027:
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1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
956:, p. xxii.
952:
948:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
917:
904:
900:
895:
850:
842:House of Wessex
832:Norman conquest
810:
781:
752:
682:Edith of Wessex
674:
635:
602:
558:Edmund Ironside
545:Orderic Vitalis
520:
448:
392:Robert Curthose
376:Edmund Ironside
340:
335:
327:Catholic Church
307:Empress Matilda
287:House of Wessex
235:. She acted as
221:Good Queen Maud
174:
151:
148: 1100)
143:
139:
126:
103:
87:
85:
47:
28:
23:
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15:
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5:
2892:
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2627:Mary of Modena
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2591:
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2536:
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2484:Marie de Coucy
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2426:Catherine Parr
2423:
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2416:Anne of Cleves
2413:
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2238:
2233:
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2222:
2219:
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2215:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2199:royal consorts
2187:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2024:
2015:
2004:
2003:External links
2001:
2000:
1999:
1985:
1969:
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1635:, p. 303.
1625:
1623:, p. 140.
1613:
1611:, p. 302.
1601:
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1526:
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1498:Huneycutt 2003
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1461:
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1449:
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1177:
1175:, p. 126.
1173:Hollister 2001
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1107:Hollister 2001
1096:
1092:Hollister 2001
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1046:, p. 128.
1044:Hollister 2001
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994:
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978:Huneycutt 2003
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954:Hollister 2001
946:
944:, p. 308.
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880:English throne
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1988:
1986:9781910702079
1982:
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1948:9781442685956
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1610:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1587:, p. 15.
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:Chibnall 1991
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1524:, p. 95.
1523:
1518:
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1511:
1506:
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1494:
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1446:
1445:Chibnall 1991
1441:
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1433:Chibnall 1991
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:Chibnall 1991
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:Chibnall 1991
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1380:, p. 63.
1379:
1374:
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1368:
1365:, p. 53.
1364:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1341:, p. 76.
1340:
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1317:, p. 50.
1316:
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1304:
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1297:
1295:
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1289:
1286:, p. 73.
1285:
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1277:
1274:, p. 14.
1273:
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1258:
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1250:
1247:, p. 87.
1246:
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1238:
1235:, p. 28.
1234:
1229:
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1222:
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1214:
1211:, p. 13.
1210:
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1199:, p. 93.
1198:
1193:
1190:
1187:, p. 17.
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:, p. 80.
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
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1136:, p. 57.
1135:
1130:
1127:
1124:, p. 45.
1123:
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1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
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1085:
1082:, p. 43.
1081:
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1057:
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1038:
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1031:, p. 42.
1030:
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1023:
1019:
1016:, p. 85.
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
992:, p. 82.
991:
986:
983:
979:
974:
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968:, p. 81.
967:
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717:arched bridge
714:
713:Barking Abbey
710:
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43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2754:1080s births
2734:
2704:Mary of Teck
2652:
2594:
2559:Henry Stuart
2430:
2411:Jane Seymour
2391:Anne Neville
2328:
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2148:
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2048:
2019:
1976:
1973:Weir, Alison
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
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1790:
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1730:Hilton, Lisa
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1572:, p. 9.
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1529:
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1510:Ritchie 1950
1505:
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1435:, p. 16
1428:
1423:, p. 16
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789:
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763:to fund his
753:
733:
703:. After her
689:architecture
686:
675:
663:
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611:
586:
578:
554:
529:
492:
452:Wilton Abbey
449:
408:Romsey Abbey
400:
353:
280:
241:
233:King Henry I
220:
216:
212:
211:
29:
2759:1118 deaths
2406:Anne Boleyn
2255:Świętosława
2062: 1080
1844:Medium Ævum
1585:Margot 1993
1417:Leyser 1982
1378:Hilton 2010
1363:Hilton 2010
1351:Hilton 2010
1315:Hilton 2010
1303:Hilton 2010
1272:Margot 1993
1209:Margot 1993
1146:Hilton 2010
1122:Hilton 2010
1080:Hilton 2010
1068:Hilton 2010
1056:Margot 1993
1029:Hilton 2010
1002:Turgot 1884
839:Anglo-Saxon
773:Westminster
727:across the
664:During the
623:Westminster
566:Alexander I
539:some time.
372:Anglo-Saxon
364:Malcolm III
356:Dunfermline
89:Dunfermline
2748:Categories
2070:1 May 1118
1995:1003999244
1900:0342001302
1880:7787819373
1661:0816029008
1633:Tyler 2017
1621:Green 2006
1609:Tyler 2017
1597:Green 2006
1557:Britannica
1539:Britannica
1486:Green 2006
1134:Green 2006
942:Tyler 2017
921:References
867:White Ship
844:monarchs.
736:Queenhithe
711:to get to
645:Acting as
536:New Forest
480:William II
384:christened
333:Early life
268:Donald III
68:Coronation
2599:from 1603
2241:Ælfthryth
2009:Matilda 3
1965:984991708
1923:697981344
1864:0025-8385
1809:229990725
1782:907375996
1752:649718519
1457:Weir 2017
911:Mahthilda
792:cloisters
723:, with a
709:River Lea
581:Christina
511:monastery
495:Duncan II
442:as well.
412:Christina
338:Childhood
319:canonised
272:Duncan II
256:Christina
2260:Ealdgyth
2193:Scottish
1975:(2017).
1911:(1884).
1872:43626381
1732:(2010).
1722:61757059
1702:(2006).
1692:29924153
1672:(1991).
887:Henry II
767:for his
725:causeway
655:Normandy
568:married
440:geometry
360:Scotland
303:charters
93:Scotland
2735:italics
2236:Ælfgifu
2197:British
2191:,
2189:English
2029:at the
1764:Henry I
1642:Sources
907:Eadgyth
817:Matilda
740:leprosy
729:marshes
705:retinue
594:Normans
589:bishops
574:David I
570:Sybilla
534:in the
416:English
325:in the
252:convent
185:Dunkeld
150:
142:
113:England
2444:Gruoch
2143:Vacant
2121:Vacant
2106:Vacant
2084:Vacant
2066:
1993:
1983:
1963:
1955:
1945:
1928:25 May
1921:
1909:Turgot
1897:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1824:
1807:
1797:
1780:
1770:
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1740:
1720:
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1658:
693:income
659:France
647:regent
627:patron
562:Wessex
530:After
476:Donald
466:, and
422:, and
420:French
299:health
260:abbess
237:regent
223:, was
201:Mother
191:Father
131:Spouse
119:Burial
109:London
59:Tenure
2068:Died:
2056:Born:
1953:JSTOR
1868:JSTOR
893:Notes
848:Death
830:post-
808:Issue
779:Piety
761:marks
678:dower
499:Edgar
432:Bible
424:Latin
390:were
323:saint
321:as a
276:Edgar
217:Edith
180:House
157:Issue
144:(
140:
84:Edith
1991:OCLC
1981:ISBN
1961:OCLC
1943:ISBN
1930:2020
1919:OCLC
1895:ISBN
1876:OCLC
1860:ISSN
1822:ISBN
1805:OCLC
1795:ISBN
1778:OCLC
1768:ISBN
1748:OCLC
1738:ISBN
1718:OCLC
1708:ISBN
1688:OCLC
1678:ISBN
1656:ISBN
796:Lent
699:and
657:and
438:and
404:Mary
366:and
350:1591
309:and
297:and
293:for
258:was
227:and
99:Died
86:1080
81:Born
2011:at
1852:doi
653:in
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2059:c.
1989:.
1959:.
1951:.
1874:.
1866:.
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1848:19
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1686:.
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1555:.
1537:.
1464:^
1385:^
1370:^
1291:^
1264:^
1165:^
1114:^
1099:^
1036:^
1021:^
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2181:e
2174:t
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1997:.
1967:.
1932:.
1903:.
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1854::
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1754:.
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20:)
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