280:; the party was joined by the local Lon Galbreath. The recovery of the fossil was the most elaborate the family had ever undertaken. Charles Hazelius was determined to secure every fragment of the skin impressions, which is why the blocks packed for transport were particularly large: the block containing the mummy's trunk weighed over 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg), while the entire fossil weighed about 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg). Since the Sternbergs had no pulley, the block was lifted step by step, by elevating it using levers of poplar wood and subsequently shovelling sand underneath. When the block was lifted to a height of 1.2 meters, it could be loaded onto a wagon for transportation to the railway station 75 miles (121 km) away in
676:
cavity. The
Sternbergs noted that the preservation of the Senckenberg mummy differed: the skin did not adhere closely to the bone, but rather traced the original body contour. This indicates that the carcass did not dry out before burial. In addition, the Senckenberg mummy was not preserved in a supine position like the Trachodon mummy, but in an upright position, with the tip of the muzzle pointing upwards and the legs pressed against the body. The Sternbergs suggested that the animal sank into soft sediment, possibly
680:, and subsequently suffocated; the peculiar position of the specimen would have been the animal's death pose as it struggled to escape. Phil Manning stated in 2008 that the quicksand hypothesis cannot be confirmed by sediment samples of the site of discovery. The animal probably got buried very rapidly, however, resulting in its high degree of preservation. Uhl argued that the mummy probably was not transported over a long distance before burial, given the well-preserved skin impressions.
483:(still in their original anatomical position) and mostly preserved three-dimensionally, not flattened as with many other fossils. Skin impressions are preserved from the right side of the trunk and the neck as well as from both forearms. Especially well preserved impressions were found on the hands; these impressions show scales of 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in) in diameter. Most of the skin impressions had been separated from the skeleton during preparation.
40:
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513:, who interpreted the great depth and flat sides of a hadrosaurid tail as evidence for its use in swimming. It was, however, only after the discovery of the two mummies that this idea became the universally accepted doctrine. In his 1911 account on the discovery of the SMF R 4036 mummy, Charles Hazelius Sternberg speculated that
607:
a diet consisting of terrestrial plants, questioning the aquatic lifestyle hypothesis which was universally accepted at the time. Later, different authors noted that since the mass was removed from the mummy and macerated, it would be no longer available for research, and that Kräusel's hypothesis can no longer be validated.
599:. Drevermann, defending Kräusel's hypothesis, argued that the remains had been found on the pubis bone of the mummy, where they could have fallen when the carcass was lying on its right side. Kräusel's presentation was, together with the subsequent discussions, published as short notes in the society's journal in 1922.
171:" has been used. Notably, the horny beak is preserved with this specimen. Plant remains found within the thorax cavity had been interpreted as stomach contents, although later research questioned this identification. The mummy's hands are wrapped in skin impression, which was interpreted as evidence for
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of the hip and therefore in the upper region of the body cavity, which is an unlikely location for stomach or gut contents as the animal was found laying on its underside. Uhl hypothesized that the mass of plant remains could have formed after most of the body cavity had already been filled with sand
606:
and hadrosaurids in general, although the credibility of this evidence was repeatedly questioned. Although
Sternberg had reported stomach contents from the AMNH mummy, these have never been studied. Ostrom, in his 1964 paper, cited the stomach contents of the Senckenberg mummy as further evidence for
474:
beak. According to
Charles Hazelius, the trunk and skull together measured 12.2 feet (3.7 m) and the tail 5.6 feet (1.7 m) when found. The rib cage is 5 feet (1.5 m) wide. The forelimbs are oriented backwards and upwards, and the skull elevated relative to the trunk. The preserved hind
331:
The mummy had been prepared at the
Senckenberg museum between 1912 and 1920; it was among the first fossils prepared using compressed air tools, a technique invented at the Senckenberg museum in the 1910s. In 1963/1964, the mummy was relocated into a newly built cellar, the "Trachodon cellar", which
633:
of plant remains prepared by Kräusel, and additional plant remains found within the sandstone that surrounded the mummy, concluding that the presumed stomach or gut contents are probably external in origin. According to Uhl, the plant fragments described by Kräusel are much smaller than other known
663:
structures that might hint at the mode of preservation are not visible in surviving rock samples, and have not been recorded by the
Sternbergs. According to Uhl, however, it is likely that the sandstone surrounding the mummy was fluvial (laid down by rivers). This sandstone contains fine layers of
576:
534:
In his 1911 account on the discovery of the mummy, Charles
Hazelius Sternberg noted that the sprawling posture of the preserved hind limb is comparable to that of the AMNH mummy, and suggested that this could have reflected the original posture of the living animal — in contradiction with skeletal
275:
The SMF R 4036 mummy comes from the southern
Schneider Creek area. Charles Mortram, who had so far been unsuccessful in finding specimens that season, discovered the parts of the tail weathering out of the sandstone as he roamed the area in search for fossils with his brother Levi. The party moved
326:
I shall never forget the effort I made to induce him to give up the specimen, or take another in its stead. But it crossed the
Atlantic. The last message I had of it, before this awful war cut off all communications, was that the head had been prepared and it was the best of which there was any
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The AMNH 5060 mummy, which was discovered in the same area, is commonly interpreted as the fossil of a natural mummy that formed by dehydration of the carcass. This is indicated by the close adherence of the skin impressions to the bones, and the fact that they are partially drawn into the body
530:
in 1986, who argued that the skin between the fingers was actually the remnant of a fleshy pad enveloping the hand that had dried out and flattened during mummification. Very similar skin structures derived from foot pads can be found on modern-day mummified camel carcasses. Furthermore, Bakker
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in
Frankfurt, the German paleontological society, where they were questioned immediately, probably due to the prevalent belief that hadrosaurids fed on aquatic instead of terrestrial plants, given their assumed aquatic lifestyle. In the discussions following the talk, Austrian paleontologist
580:
469:
The mummy shows a similar degree of preservation to that of the AMNH 5060 mummy of the
American Museum. Its skeleton is almost completely preserved lacking only one hind limb and the end of the tail; it is more complete than the AMNH mummy. The skull is completely preserved, including the
352:
mummy of the American Museum. This term was later used to refer to a handful of similar hadrosaurid ("duck-billed dinosaurs") specimens with extensive skin impressions, all of which have been discovered in North America. A third mummy specimen was discovered by Barnum Brown 1912 in
175:
and an aquatic lifestyle in hadrosaurids; this hypothesis, although universally accepted once, is now widely refused. SMF R 4036 is one of the four best preserved hadrosaurid mummies, and was the second to be discovered. The find was made by fossil hunter
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argued that the fingers were short and could hardly have been spread apart, which distinguishes them fundamentally from the long, spread toes of today's paddling animals such as ducks. Today, the hypothesis of an aquatic lifestyle is widely refuted.
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argued that these remains could have simply been washed into the cadaver, a possibility that was considered unlikely by Kräusel, since pollen, fungi, or eggs of water insects, which he would have expected in a washed-in mass, are lacking. Swedish
509:, indicating an aquatic lifestyle for hadrosaurids; this hypothesis was further strengthened by the discovery of similar skin envelopes in the Senckenberg mummy. The idea of an aquatic lifestyle had already been proposed in 1906 by
1311:
Currie, Philip J.; Koppelhus, Eva B.; Muhammad, A. Fazal (1995). ""Stomach" contents of a hadrosaur from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada". In Sun, Ailing; Wang, Yuanqing (eds.).
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studied an earthy mass of plant remains found within the thoracic cavity of the mummy, which he considered probable stomach contents based on their composition and location. This mass mostly comprised conifer needles
449:, skin impressions are 31 times more abundant in association with hadrosaurid specimens than with any other group. The reasons for this distribution is unclear. Of all known hadrosaurid skin impressions, 25% belong
367:, was sunk by a German raider ship, resulting in the loss of the mummy as well as many other fossils discovered by Sternberg. After these initial finds, no more mummy specimens were discovered until 2000, when a
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noted that hadrosaurids must have fed on resistant terrestrial plants rather than on soft aquatic ones, and that the skeleton was adapted for a bipedal locomotion on land. The hypothesis was finally refuted by
565:
according to Kräusel), parts of tree branches, as well as seeds or fruits – these remains suggest a diet consisting of terrestrial plants. Kräusel presented his findings in 1921 at the annual meeting of the
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The fingers of both the Senckenberg and the AMNH mummy are partially connected to each other by an envelope of skin impressions. Based on the AMNH mummy, Osborn, in 1912, interpreted these impressions as
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argued that stomach contents do not necessarily reflect the diet, since food items could have been swallowed accidentally, as indicated by plant remains found in specimens of the modern
638:, and instead, compare well with the plant remains extracted from the surrounding rock that were transported by water. Furthermore, the mass described by Kräusel was found atop of the
322:. The museum offered twice the amount of money for the fossil, including assembly, than Sternberg was to receive from the Senckenberg Museum without assembly. Sternberg wrote in 1917:
167:("duckbilled dinosaur"). The fossil comprises a nearly complete skeleton that was found wrapped in impressions of its skin, a rare case of exceptional preservation for which the term "
363:. Yet another mummy was discovered by Charles Hazelius Sternberg and acquired by the British Museum. When transported to London during World War I. in 1916, the carrying ship, the
672:. The body cavity of the mummy contained fossils such as plant remains, leaf impressions, and a fish, which may have been washed inside the carcass after the death of the animal.
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allows viewing the fossil not only from the sides but also from the room above. Dubbed "duckbill" by the museum, it is one of the Senckenberg's museums most valuable fossils.
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mounts of the time, which often showed more erect limbs. Sternberg noted: "He walked liked a lizard, with body close to the ground and tail dragging out behind."
1399:
1072:
Chapman, Ralph E.; Brett-Surman, Michael K. (1990). "Morphometric observations on hadrosaurid ornithopods". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Currie, Philip J. (eds.).
1097:
Horner, John R.; Weishampel, David B.; Forster, Catherine A. (2004). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, David B.; Osmólska, Halszka; Dodson, Peter (eds.).
517:" lived in the water, and only came on the land at the peril of their lives, as they had no means of defense against the king of carnivorous reptiles,
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and his sons, who sold their numerous finds to various museums in North America and Europe. Only two years earlier the Sternbergs had discovered the
475:
limb had its fibula and tibia (shin) folded against the femur (upper thigh), while the foot is pointing downwards. The bones of the mummy are fully
264:, while the other was likewise acquired by the American Museum. In 1910, preceding the discovery of the mummy, the party had excavated an
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by most researchers. The majority of dinosaur skin impressions are referable to the Hadrosauridae. In North American specimens from the
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During the following century, the supposed stomach contents were often regarded as one of the best available evidence for the diet of
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1124:"Census of dinosaur skin reveals lithology may not be the most important factor in increased preservation of hadrosaurid skin"
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The mummy was discovered in the summer of 1910 by the Sternberg family, a family of commercial fossil hunters consisting of
421:, which encompassed nearly all known hadrosaurid specimens at that time. Since 1942, the mummy was referred to the species
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Hunting dinosaurs in the bad lands of the Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada: a sequel to The life of a fossil hunter
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Creisler, Benjamin S. (2007). "Deciphering duckbills: a history in nomenclature". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
310:, for sale. Drevermann was able to pay the required sum of money thanks to a donation from the industrialist
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its camp to the site on 4 September. The equipment consisted of four horses, a heavy lumber wagon, and a
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Herkner, Bernd (2010). "Frankfurt's Dinosaur Mummy". In Wieczorek, Alfried; Rosendahl, Wilfried (eds.).
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by the action of a river, leaving a chamber that acted as a sediment trap where the fine plant
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Forster, Catherine A. (1997). "Hadrosauridae". In Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (eds.).
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1400:"Das Geheimnis der Senckenberg-Mumie: Wie ein Dino die Forschung an der Nase herumführte"
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235:). The family had worked in this area since 1908, when they discovered the similar
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Murphy, Nate L.; Trexler, David; Thompson, Mark (2006). "'Leonardo', a mummified
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1358:"Comments on Dinosaurian Preservation in the Cretaceous of Alberta and Wyoming"
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314:. Shortly after Drevermann's commitment, Sternberg received an offer from the
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Uhl, Dieter (14 April 2020). "A reappraisal of the "stomach" contents of the
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1101:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 460.
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Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Short Papers
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Manning, Phillip Lars (2008). "Chapter five: Manchester in the badlands".
250:. In 1908 and 1909, they also had found two skulls of the horned dinosaur
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The mummy was surrounded by brownish, fine to medium sandstone, although
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977:(3 ed.). Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main. pp. 71–72.
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Natural History Museum Senckenberg Guide. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe Nr. 2
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738:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 128.
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378:
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284:. The excavation and transport took two months and a half to complete.
145:
96:
1045:; Wright, Nelda E. (1942). "Hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America".
871:; Wright, Nelda E. (1942). "Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America".
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mummy at the Senckenberg Naturmuseum in Frankfurt/Main (Germany)".
829:(1911). "Still in the Laramie Country, Converse County, Wyoming".
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198:
1210:"A reconsideration of the paleoecology of hadrosaurian dinosaurs"
306:, palaeontologist and head of the paleontology department of the
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Manning, Phillip Lars (2008). "Chapter four: Dinosaur Mummies".
1076:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
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from the Judith River Formation". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
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skulls, two of which were acquired by the Senckenberg Museum.
1021:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 196, 198.
937:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften
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Following the preparation of the mummy in Frankfurt, German
414:("bird-hipped") dinosaurs. It was initially referred to the
1260:. New York, NY: William Morrow and Company, Inc. pp.
774:. Lawrence, Kansas: The world company press. pp. 4–8.
992:
Grave Secrets of Dinosaurs: Soft Tissues and Hard Science
717:
Grave secrets of dinosaurs: soft tissues and hard science
794:. Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 118–121.
344:", a term originally coined by American paleontologist
357:, Canada, and subsequently described as the new genus
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Horns and Beaks. Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs
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Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs
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1184:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 294, 297.
187:in the same region, which is now on display at the
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1336:Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History
1074:Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches
427:, which in 1990 was placed within its own genus,
373:mummy nicknamed "Leonardo" was discovered in the
792:The Sternberg Fossil Hunters: A Dinosaur Dynasty
1330:(1912). "Integument of the iguanodont dinosaur
1316:. Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp. 111–114.
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873:Geological Society of America Special Papers
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521:". Doubts were not raised before 1964, when
132:is an exceptionally well-preserved dinosaur
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465:Detail of the hand showing skin impressions
996:. Washington, D. C.: National Geographic.
668:, the latter indicating the occurrence of
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29:Dinosaur fossil in Naturmuseum Senckenberg
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340:The Senckenberg specimen was the second "
719:. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic.
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148:, United States, it is ascribed to the
492:Supposed aquatic lifestyle and posture
31:
895:. Munich: Prestel. pp. 279–280.
547:Skull in front view, showing the beak
7:
651:suspended in the water accumulated.
295:Charles Hazelius offered the fossil
244:American Museum of Natural History
189:American Museum of Natural History
25:
400:The mummy belongs to the species
258:British Museum of Natural History
1402:(in German). National Geographic
336:Significance and classification
256:, one of which was sold to the
1379:"George Sternberg Photo Album"
770:Sternberg, Charles H. (1917).
664:plant material with pieces of
63:
18:Edmontosaurus mummy S.M. R4036
1:
1362:Publications in Palaeontology
1128:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
634:hadrosaurid gut contents and
568:Paläontologische Gesellschaft
1398:Voss, Jens (18 March 2020).
1291:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1158:(1911). "A Dinosaur Mummy".
973:Ziegler, Willi, ed. (1988).
500:Detail of tail and hind foot
406:within the Hadrosauridae, a
242:, which was acquired by the
144:, Germany. Found in 1910 in
1214:American Journal of Science
1160:The American Museum Journal
1461:
1383:Forsyth Digital Collection
790:Rogers, Katherine (1999).
389:", was excavated from the
209:Charles Hazelius Sternberg
178:Charles Hazelius Sternberg
1182:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
539:Possible stomach contents
316:Canadian Museum of Nature
191:(AMNH) in New York City.
136:in the collection of the
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1435:Cretaceous fossil record
1208:Ostrom, John H. (1964).
48:mummy SMF R 4036 in the
1440:Paleontology in Wyoming
1328:Osborn, Henry Fairfield
1220:(8): 975–977, 995–996.
1156:Osborn, Henry Fairfield
933:Edmontosaurus annectens
442:Edmontosaurus annectens
403:Edmontosaurus annectens
308:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
203:The mummy in front view
154:Edmontosaurus annectens
138:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
50:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
949:10.1127/zdgg/2020/0224
618:German paleontologist
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562:Cunninghamites elegans
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346:Henry Fairfield Osborn
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291:Detail of the forelimb
282:Edgemont, South Dakota
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56:, Germany, in top view
1354:Sternberg, Charles M.
1256:The Dinosaur Heresies
1235:10.2475/ajs.262.8.975
1166:. New York, NY: 7–11.
1141:10.4202/app.2012.0077
827:Sternberg, Charles H.
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1445:1910 in paleontology
1122:Davis, Matt (2012).
893:Mummies of the world
591:paleontologist
507:interdigital webbing
391:Hell Creek Formation
195:History of discovery
173:interdigital webbing
1226:1964AmJS..262..975O
1043:Lull, Richard Swann
869:Lull, Richard Swann
312:Arthur von Weinberg
211:and his three sons
163:), a member of the
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614:Skull in side view
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385:mummy, nicknamed "
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268:skeleton and four
223:, in rocks of the
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88:69.5 million years
1385:. Forsyth Library
1364:(4). Ottawa: 1–9.
1285:"Die Nahrung von
1250:Bakker, Robert T.
732:Brachylophosaurus
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424:Anatosaurus copei
370:Brachylophosaurus
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115:Discovered by
113:
109:
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101:United States
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95:
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78:Edmontosaurus
75:
71:
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60:
55:
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47:
46:Edmontosaurus
41:
36:
27:
19:
1404:. Retrieved
1387:. Retrieved
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182:
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157:(originally
152:
129:
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123:
76:
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623: [
571: [
479:articulated
457:Description
300: [
270:Triceratops
253:Triceratops
1419:Categories
684:References
670:wild fires
636:coprolites
620:Dieter Uhl
593:Carl Wiman
515:trachodons
429:Anatotitan
381:. Another
130:SMF R 4036
68:SMF R 4036
33:SMF R 4036
1332:Trachodon
1287:Trachodon
957:216385262
847:0022-8443
678:quicksand
655:Taphonomy
419:Trachodon
397:in 2006.
160:Trachodon
1356:(1970).
1342:: 33–54.
1252:(1986).
666:charcoal
649:detritus
642:prepubis
597:platypus
140:(SM) in
62:Catalog
1406:13 July
1389:17 July
1297:. 1922.
1262:146–159
1222:Bibcode
1053:: 113.
855:3624588
437:synonym
379:Montana
355:Alberta
327:record.
231:(today
150:species
146:Wyoming
97:Wyoming
73:Species
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408:family
387:Dakota
320:Ottawa
262:London
217:George
134:fossil
128:mummy
953:S2CID
851:JSTOR
627:]
583:]
472:horny
416:genus
304:]
278:buggy
1408:2020
1391:2020
1295:4:80
1266:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1023:ISBN
998:ISBN
897:ISBN
843:ISSN
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221:Levi
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559:(
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