Edmund Andros - Knowledge (XXG)

1329:. During this period of captivity, he is said to have attempted an escape dressed in women's clothing. The story, although it circulated widely, was disputed by the Anglican minister Robert Ratcliff, who claimed that story and others had "not the least foundation of Truth" and that they were "falsehoods, and lies" propagated to "render the Governour odious to his people." He escaped Castle Island on 2 August after his servant plied the sentries with alcohol. He managed to flee to Rhode Island but was quickly recaptured and thereafter kept in virtual solitary confinement. He and others were held for ten months before being sent to England for trial. The Massachusetts agents in London refused to sign the charges made against him, so the court summarily dismissed them and freed him. When Andros was questioned about the various accusations that had been leveled against him, he pointed out that all of his actions had been taken to bring colonial laws into conformance with English law, or they were specifically taken in pursuit of his commission and instructions. 875:) in February and March 1677, all of the major parties met; still, no final agreements were reached, and Andros ordered the Susquehannocks remaining with the Lenape to disperse to other parts of New York in April. Maryland sent Henry Coursey to New York to engage Andros and eventually the Iroquois in peace talks, while at the same time, they sent surveyors to lay out plots on land also claimed by New York on Delaware Bay. Coursey was instructed to offer Andros what was, in essence, a £100 bribe that an Indian peace might be reached in exchange for that land. Andros refused the bribe, and Coursey ended up being compelled to negotiate further through Andros and the Mohawk in Albany. The peace agreed upon in negotiations that followed in Albany in the summer of 1677 is considered one of the foundations of the set of alliances and treaties called the 5972: 529: 3981: 986:. He arrived in Boston on 20 December 1686, and immediately assumed power. His commission called for governance by himself, with a council. The initial composition of the council included representatives from each of the colonies the dominion absorbed. Still, because of the inconvenience of travel and the fact that travel costs were not reimbursed, the council's quorums were dominated by representatives from Massachusetts and Plymouth. The Lords of Trade had insisted that he govern without an assembly, something he expressed concern over while his commission was being drafted. In a brief work, 738: 4716: 1466:, recalled that Andros had visited his court in the Netherlands and expressed approval of Andros' service. In search of employment, Andros offered his services as a spy, offering the idea of going to Paris, ostensibly to meet with the exiled James, but to actually attempt to acquire French military plans. This plan was rejected. He married his second wife, Elizabeth Crisp Clapham, in England in July 1691. She was the widow of Christopher Clapham, who was connected by that marriage to his first wife's family. 864:

of strengthening the Maryland claim to the area. Andros responded by urging the Susquehannocks to retreat into New York, where they would be beyond Maryland's reach, and delivering a strongly worded threat to Maryland, that it would either have to acknowledge his sovereignty over the Susquehannocks, or they would have to take them back peaceably. He also offered his services as a mediator, pointing out that the absence of the Susquehannocks now left Maryland settlements open to direct attack by the Iroquois.

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of taxation was created that would apply to the entire dominion. Developed by a committee of landowners, the first proposal derived its revenues from import duties, principally alcohol. After much debate, a different proposal was abruptly proposed and adopted, reviving previous Massachusetts tax laws. These laws had been unpopular with farmers who felt the taxes on livestock were too high. To bring in immediate revenue, Andros also received approval to increase the import duties on alcohol.

934:. Possibly based on orders given to him during his visit to England, Andros began to assert New York authority over East Jersey after George Carteret's death in 1680. Despite a friendly personal relationship between Andros and Governor Carteret, the governance issue eventually prompted Andros to have Carteret arrested. In a dispute centering on the collection of customs duties in ports on the Jersey side of the Hudson, Andros, in 1680, sent a company of soldiers to Philip Carteret's home in 36: 463: 1597:...in part because he was neither ruthless enough to cow his provincial subjects into submission nor ingratiating enough to win himself a broad base of local support. In part because he came to New England at a critical moment without prior experience in the peculiar religious and political development of that area. And in part, finally, because he was continually caught in a cross fire between imperious assumptions of the Crown and unfamiliar imperatives of colonial life. 5442: 372: 1243: 1535:, a prominent Anglican minister. Blair was working to establish a new college for educating Anglican ministers, and he believed Andros did not support the idea. However, Blair and Nicholson worked closely together on this idea, with Nicholson often coming from Maryland for meetings on the subject. The two men were united in their dislike of Andros, and their activities helped to cause Andros' resignation. The 1099:

veiled land grab. The Puritans of Plymouth and Massachusetts, some of whom had extensive landholdings, were among the latter. Since all of the existing land titles in Massachusetts had been granted under the now-vacated colonial charter, Andros essentially declared them void. He required landowners to recertify their ownership, paying fees to the dominion and becoming subject to the charging of a quit-rent.

6276: 6263: 4185: 3691: 1366: 1128: 957:. Andros insisted they had no right to settle there without the duke's permission. Still, he agreed to allow their settlement after they agreed to receive commissions falling under the authority of the New York gubernatorial administration. This situation was permanently resolved in 1680 when York renounced in favor of Penn his remaining claims to West Jersey. 896: 1481:. This was destined to make Andros' tenure more complicated because his relationship with Nicholson had deteriorated for other reasons. The exact reasons for this hostility are unclear: one contemporary wrote that Nicholson "especially Sir Edmund Andros, against whom he has a particular pique on account of some earlier dealings". 1528:

Indian incursions into Virginia. In 1696 Andros was ordered by the king to send troops to New York, for which the burgesses reluctantly appropriated £1,000. Andros' management of colonial defense and Indian relations was successful: Virginia, unlike New York and New England, was not attacked during the war.

1290:. A well-organized "mob" descended on the city, arresting dominion officials and Anglicans. Andros had his quarters in Fort Mary, a garrison house on the city's south side, where many officials took refuge. The old Massachusetts colonial leadership, restored due to the rebellion and headed by ex-governor 923:. Berkeley had not transferred his proprietary rights to this group, and the exact nature of the rights James had given both Berkeley and Carteret was disputed, in part, because James believed that the second patent granted to him in 1674 overrode the earlier grants he had made to Berkeley and Carteret. 941:

A jury acquitted Carteret on all charges in a trial over which Andros presided. Carteret returned to New Jersey, but injuries he sustained in the arrest affected his health, and he died in 1682. In the aftermath of the incident, the Duke of York surrendered his claims to East Jersey to the Carterets.

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settlers. He also extended an offer given by the Mohawk for the Susquehannocks to settle among them. These offers were well received, but Maryland authorities could not convince their Indian allies to accept Andros' offered peace terms, organizing them to march toward the Delaware to fulfill the goal

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When Andros took over the administration of New York in August 1688, he met with the Iroquois at Albany to renew the covenant. In this meeting, he annoyed the Iroquois by referring to them as "children" (implying subservience to the English) rather than "brethren" (implying equality). He returned to

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since these were where that protest had begun. He, therefore, introduced a law that limited meetings to a single annual meeting solely for electing officials and explicitly banned meetings at other times for any reason. This loss of local power was widely hated. Many protests were made that the town

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Many Massachusetts communities stiffly resisted the first attempts to enforce the revenue laws. Several towns refused to choose commissioners to assess the town population and estates, and officials from a number of them were consequently arrested and brought to Boston. Some were fined and released,

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His council engaged in a lengthy process to harmonize dominion and English laws. This work consumed so much time that Andros, in March 1687, issued a proclamation stating that pre-existing laws would remain in effect until they were revised. Since Massachusetts had no pre-existing tax laws, a scheme

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which added to his family's already substantial landholdings in Guernsey that included the fief of Anneville (from 1659) and several other fiefs. He was then appointed as the Bailiff of Guernsey, succeeding his father. This appointment was for life and came with the authority to appoint a lieutenant

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in Hartford. Although he was disliked in the colonies, he was recognized in England as an effective administrator by implementing the policies that he had been ordered to carry out and advancing the crown's agenda. The biographer Mary Lou Lustig notes that he was "an accomplished statesman, a brave

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was intercepted by militia, and Andros was forced back into Fort Mary. Negotiations ensued, and Andros agreed to leave the fort to meet with the rebel council. Promised safe conduct, he was marched under guard to the townhouse where the council had assembled. He was told that "they must & would

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In October 1687, Andros finally decided to travel to Connecticut to see the matter personally. Accompanied by an honor guard, he arrived in Hartford on 31 October and met with the colonial leadership that evening. According to legend, the charter was laid out on the table for all to see during this

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The other provinces did not resist the imposition of the new law, even though, at least in Rhode Island, the rates were higher than they had been under the previous colonial administration. Plymouth's relatively poor landowners were hard hit because of the high rates on livestock, and funds derived

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into the conflict to attack Albany. An offer by Andros to send New York troops into Massachusetts to attack Philip was rebuffed based on the idea that it was a covert ploy to assert authority over the Connecticut River again. Instead, Mohawks from the Albany area did battle with Philip, driving him

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was generally cordial, but he encountered some resistance, especially to measures related to the war and colonial defenses. He hired armed vessels to patrol the colony's waters and contributed financially to New York's colonial defenses, which formed a bulwark against the possibility of French and

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During the summer of 1688, Andros traveled first to New York and then to the Jerseys to establish his commission. Dominion governance of the Jerseys was complicated because the proprietors, whose charters had been revoked, had retained their property and petitioned Andros for what were traditional

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The political opponents of Andros in the colony brought several charges against him to the Duke of York. Among them were accusations of favoritism toward Dutch business owners and engaging in business for private gain rather than that of the duke. Statements were also made to the duke that claimed

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country to establish relations. He was well received and agreed to continue the Dutch practice of supplying firearms to the Iroquois. This action successfully blunted French diplomatic successes with the Iroquois. It also led to charges in New England that Andros provided arms to Indians allied to

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and then to Boston, angering other natives, who seized English hostages to ensure the safe return of the captives. Andros castigated the Mainers for their unwarranted acts and ordered the Indians released and returned to Maine. A brief skirmish during exchanging captives resulted in the deaths of

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During Andros's presence in New York, the situation in Maine deteriorated again, with groups of colonists raiding Indian villages and taking prisoners. These actions were taken per a directive issued by dominion councillors remaining in Boston, who ordered frontier militia commanders to take into

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to surrender the colonial charter not long after he arrived in Boston. Unlike Rhode Island, whose officials readily acceded to the dominion, Connecticut officials formally acknowledged Andros' authority but did little to assist him. They continued to run their government according to the charter,

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How Andros approached the issue was necessarily divisive since it threatened any landowner whose title was dubious. Some landowners went through the confirmation process, but many refused since they did not want to face the possibility of losing their land, and they viewed the process as a thinly

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broke out in Virginia, resulting in an attack on the Susquehannock fort on the Potomac. The surviving Susquehannocks sneaked out of the fort one night, some making their way east toward Delaware Bay. In June 1676, Andros offered, in exchange for their moving into his jurisdiction, to protect them

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at the mouth of the river on 8 July, he found the fort there occupied by Connecticut militia, who were flying the English flag. Andros came ashore, had a brief conversation with the fort commander, read his commission, and returned to New York City. This was the full extent of Andros' attempt to

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Whatever the truth of the account, Connecticut records show that its government formally surrendered its seals and ceased operation that day. Andros then traveled throughout the colony, making judicial and other appointments, before returning to Boston. On 29 December 1687, the dominion council

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to raise colonial revenues. Titles previously issued in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine under the colonial administration often suffered from defects of the form (for example, lacking an imprint of the colonial seal), and most of them did not include a quit-rent payment. Land grants in

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Gorton, Smith and Dexter were presidents of Providence and Warwick only, since Coddington had received a commission to remove Newport and Portsmouth from their jurisdiction, valid from 1651 to 1654; before and after these dates the President presided over all four towns of the colony. Dudley

1348:. Andros was eventually allowed to depart for England; by that point, the Dominion of New England had effectively ceased to exist, with the colonies in the dominion having reverted to their previous forms of governance. Massachusetts and its surrounding territories were reorganized into the 1255:

custody any Abenaki suspected of participating in the raids. This directive sparked a problem in Maine, when twenty Abenaki, including women and children, were taken into custody by colonial militia. The local authorities faced the dilemma of housing the captives, shipping them first to

450:, establishing a long-lived peace involving the colonies and other tribes that interacted with that confederacy. His actions and governance generally followed his instructions upon appointment to office, and he received approbation from the monarchs and governments that appointed him. 1477:. Although Francis Nicholson, formerly dominion lieutenant governor, was then serving as lieutenant governor of Virginia and sought the superior position, William awarded the governorship to Andros, and awarded Nicholson yet another lieutenant governorship, this time that of 882:

Although Andros could not prevent Baltimore from granting some land on the Delaware, he successfully blunted the Maryland leader's attempt to control an even greater portion of land. The duke eventually deeded those lands to William Penn, and they became part of the state of

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Andros was recalled to England from Virginia in 1698 and resumed the title of Bailiff of Guernsey. Although he no longer resided entirely on Guernsey, he was appointed lieutenant governor of the island and served in this position for four years. Andros died in 1714.

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and reduced to a boundary line 20 miles (32 km) east of the Hudson in 1664. York's territorial claim did not acknowledge these, and Andros announced to Connecticut authorities his intentions to reclaim that territory (which included Connecticut's capital,

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Andros was considered a more effective governor in New York and Virginia. However, he became the enemy of prominent figures in both colonies, many of whom worked to remove him from office. Despite these enmities, he managed to negotiate several treaties of the

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Blair's complaints, many of them vague and inaccurate, went to London, where proceedings into Andros' conduct began at the Board of Trade and the Church of England ecclesiastical courts in 1697. Andros had lost most of his support on the Board of Trade when a

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was founded in 1693. Despite Blair's claims that Andros was unsupportive, Andros donated the cost of the bricks to construct the college's chapel from his own funds and convinced the House of Burgesses to approve funding of £100 per year for the college.

662:, but with the intervening Dutch retaking of the territory, Charles issued a new patent to James. Andros arrived in New York harbor in late October and negotiated the handover of the Dutch territories with local representatives and Dutch Governor 1082:, which guaranteed taxation by representatives of the people. It was noted that those who made these complaints had, during the colonial charter, excluded large numbers of voters through the requirement of church membership and then taxed them. 733:

in December 1675, and specifically outlawed the sale of munitions to tribes known to be allied to Philip. The charges poisoned the atmosphere between Andros and Massachusetts leaders, even though Andros' conduct met with approval in London.

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During his time in New York, he was thought to have demonstrated good administrative abilities. Still, his manner was considered imperious by his opponents among the colonists, and he made numerous enemies during his tenure as governor.

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Andros remains a notorious figure in New England, especially in Connecticut, which officially excludes him from its list of colonial governors, but his portrait hangs in the Hall of Governors in the State Museum across from the

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faction came to power, and his advocates were unable to sway the board in favor of him. Anglican bishops staunchly supported Blair and Nicholson. In March 1698, Andros, complaining of fatigue and illness, asked to be recalled.

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harbored grievances against New England settlers and began an offensive in early 1688. Andros made an expedition into Maine early in the year, raiding several Indian settlements. He also raided the trading outpost and home of

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that his revenues were lower than they should have been; this, in addition to the other complaints, led the duke to order Andros back to England to explain the situation. Andros left the province in January 1681, charging

1508:, because of which merchant ships were required to travel in convoys. Virginia received no military escorts for several years, so their products did not reach Europe. Andros encouraged the introduction of new crops like 490:, there is no firm evidence to support this. It is possible that he fled Guernsey with his mother in 1645. In 1656, he was apprenticed to his uncle, Sir Robert Stone, captain of a cavalry company. Andros then served in 1557:

Andros' recall was announced in London in May 1698; Nicholson replaced him. He returned to England and resumed his post as bailiff of Guernsey. He divided his time between Guernsey and London, where he had a house in

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four English hostages and sparked discontent in Maine. Faced with this discord, Andros returned to Maine with a significant force and began constructing additional fortifications to protect the settlers, including

691:) in early 1675. Connecticut leaders pointed out the later revisions to Connecticut's boundaries, but Andros pressed his claim, arguing that York's grant had superseded those revisions. Andros used the outbreak of 1484:

Andros arrived in Virginia on 13 September 1692 and began his duties a week later. Nicholson graciously received him and not long after sailed for England. Andros settled at Middle Plantation (the future site of

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Andros attempted to compel the certification of ownership by issuing writs of intrusion, but large landowners who owned many parcels contested these individually rather than recertifying all of their lands.

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Shortly after his arrival, Andros asked each of the Puritan churches in Boston if its meetinghouse could be used for the Church of England services. When he was rebuffed, he demanded and was given keys to

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The Andros Tracts: Being a Collection of Pamphlets and Official Papers Issued During the Period Between the Overthrow of the Andros Government and the Establishment of the Second Charter of Massachusetts

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In November 1677, Andros departed for England, where he would spend the following year. During this visit, he was knighted as a reward for his performance as governor, and he sat in on meetings of the

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eastward. When Connecticut authorities later appealed to Andros for assistance, Andros replied that it was "strange" that they would do so, considering their previous behavior, and refused to help.

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meeting. The lights in the room unexpectedly went out, and when relit, the charter had disappeared. The charter was said to have been hidden in a nearby oak tree (referred to afterward as the

3732: 7092: 6977: 1294:, then summoned Governor Andros to surrender, for his safety because of the mob which they claimed "whereof we were wholly ignorant". He refused, and instead tried to escape to the 1607:

soldier, a polished courtier, and a devoted servant", but his style was often "autocratic, arbitrary, and dictatorial", he lacked tact, and he had difficulty reaching compromises.

666:, which took place on 10 November 1674. Andros agreed to confirm the existing property holdings and allow the territory's Dutch inhabitants to maintain their Protestant religion. 792:

of northern New England and New England settlers. These prompted Andros to send a force to the duke's territory in Maine, where they established a fort at Pemaquid (present-day

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was built. These actions highlighted him as pro-Anglican in the eyes of local Puritans, who would later accuse him of involvement in a "horrid Popish plot."

1178:. The dominion period in the Jerseys was relatively uneventful due to their distance from the power centers and the unexpected end of the dominion in 1689. 7252: 5383: 3681: 3286:

The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744

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Boston amid further attacks on the New England frontier by Abenaki parties, who admitted that they were doing so in part because of French encouragement.

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were added to the Dominion. Because they were remote from Boston, where Andros had his seat, New York and the Jerseys were run by Lieutenant Governor

990:, historian Henry Ferguson attested to the fact that the deliberation of certain policies by an assembly of legislators may have proven inefficient. 839:, were unhappy with seizures of their lands by Virginia and Maryland settlers, and war between these groups had been imminent in 1673 when the Dutch 7156: 7109: 7101: 7041: 6994: 6986: 6182: 5912:

presided over the "Narragansett Country" only, later to become Washington County, Rhode Island; Andros subsequently presided over the entire colony.

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holding quarterly legislature meetings and electing colony-wide officials, while Treat and Andros negotiated over the surrender of the charter.

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into the area. At the same time, Calvert was seeking an end to a frontier war with the Iroquois to the north, having persuaded the intervening

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A writ of intrusion could be issued to prevent unauthorized persons from entering land reverted from a deceased tenant-for-life to its owner.

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in which his conflict with the Connecticut colonists forms the background to the protagonist's more personal problems. It is believed that

816: 1264:. Andros spent the winter in Maine and returned to Boston in March upon hearing rumors of revolution in England and discontent in Boston. 1095:

colonial Connecticut and Rhode Island had been made before either colony had a charter, and there were conflicting claims in some areas.

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The governance of the Jerseys also created problems for Andros. James had awarded the territory west of the Hudson River to proprietors

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in July 1675 as an excuse to go by ship to Connecticut with a small military force to establish the duke's claim. When he arrived at

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Andros served as a courtier to Elizabeth of Bohemia from 1660 until she died in 1662. During the 1660s he served in the English army

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claim the territory, but it would be remembered in Connecticut when later attempts were made to assert New York authority.

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McKinley, Albert E. (July 1901). "The Transition From Dutch to English Rule in New York: A Study in Political Imitation".

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After Fort Mary fell into rebel hands on the 19th, Andros was moved there from Usher's house. He was confined there with

578:, one of the queen's closest advisors, and a friend who served as his patron for many years. In 1672 he was commissioned 5882: 5872: 5862: 5852: 4907: 4896: 3637: 1566: 1246:"Andros a Prisoner in Boston" as depicted in "Pioneers in the Settlement of America" Vol. 1, by William A. Crafts (1876) 840: 612: 471: 970:

with the administration of the New York government. Expecting a short visit to England, his wife remained in New York.

850:(chiefs), convincing them to act as mediators between the English and other tribes. Peace appeared to be imminent when 6069: 1619: 1536: 1524: 762: 1409: 7002: 6377: 6297: 6203: 6090: 5689: 5669: 5659: 5594: 5584: 4317: 4307: 4011: 3925: 3881: 3767: 1577:. Elizabeth Andros died in 1717 and was buried near Edmund in the same church. The church was destroyed during the 1090:

Andros had been instructed to bring colonial land title practices more in line with those in England and introduce

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in which agents for Massachusetts Bay defended its charter, and gave detailed accounts of the state of his colony.

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appealed for help, and King James ordered Andros to render assistance. James also entered into negotiations with

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Virginia was the first colonial post where Andros had to work with a local assembly. His relationship with the

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grabbed him by the collar and took him to the home of dominion official John Usher and held under close watch.

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was named for him. Early proprietors of the Bahamas included members of his first wife's family, the Cravens.

1038:'s Third Church in 1687. Services were held there under the auspices of Rev. Robert Ratcliff until 1688, when 1063:

from whaling, once sources of profit for the individual towns, were now directed to the dominion government.

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English America and the Revolution of 1688: Royal Administration and the Structure of Provincial Government

1872:"The History of Guernsey: With Occasional Notices of Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, and Biographical Sketches" 761:). One other consequence was the establishment at Albany of a colonial department for Indian affairs, with 6944: 6758: 6502: 5983: 5709: 5168: 5153: 5012: 4630: 4625: 4422: 4412: 4407: 4282: 3722: 1676: 1532: 1486: 1463: 1398: 1341: 1056: 954: 548: 6772: 6748: 6337: 6001: 5792: 5782: 5768: 5714: 5645: 5605: 5188: 4387: 4367: 4352: 3698: 935: 696: 688: 540: 518: 72: 3470: 796:). Andros annoyed Massachusetts fishermen by restricting their use of the duke's land for drying fish. 399:

during most of its three-year existence. At other times, Andros served as governor of the provinces of

138: 1562:. His second wife died in 1703, and he married for the third time in 1707, to Elizabeth Fitzherbert. 1235:. His careful preservation of the Catholic Castin's chapel would be a source of later accusations of " 1138:

formally extended its laws over Connecticut, completing the assimilation of the New England colonies.

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suggests that Philip's purpose was not to draw the Iroquois into the conflict but instead to draw the

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He encouraged the diversification of Virginia's economy, which was then almost entirely dependent on

1490: 1478: 1474: 1222:, easing tensions on the northwestern frontier. On New England's northeastern frontier, however, the 1147: 851: 820: 692: 640: 604: 536: 532: 479: 475: 416: 400: 3592: 1170:, came to Boston in early 1687 as part of Andros' honor guard and had been promoted to his council. 772:

in western Massachusetts that winter and New Englanders accused Andros of sheltering him. Historian

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In 1664, Charles II granted James all of this territory, as well as all of the land in present-day

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Miller, Guy Howard (May 1968). "Rebellion in Zion: The Overthrow of the Dominion of New England".

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of the fief d'Anneville. This allowed Edmund Andros to travel to America. He was appointed by the

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Nursing fathers : American colonists' conception of English Protestant kingship; 1688–1776

1677:"Edmond Andros judgment concerning John Underhill estate: NYU Special Collections Finding Aids" 1025:

in 1688. Andros' wife, who had joined him in Boston, died in 1688, not long after her arrival.

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Andros acquired in 1683, from the widow of Carteret, for £200, the Patent to the Lordship of

426:. His tenure in New England was authoritarian and turbulent, as his views were decidedly pro- 6820: 6537: 6447: 6292: 6236: 6223: 6211: 5288: 5273: 5258: 5213: 5193: 5076: 5066: 5029: 4997: 4991: 4854: 4746: 4705: 4482: 4397: 4357: 3644: 3568: 3495: 3423: 3394: 3169: 2964: 1707: 1578: 1315: 1291: 1203: 1199: 1039: 846:

When Andros came to New York, he moved to stabilize the situation. He befriended the Lenape

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In July 1676, Andros established a haven for the Mahicans and other Indian war refugees at

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Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered

3206: 1581:, and there is no longer any trace of their graves. He had no issue by any of his wives. 1055:

while others were imprisoned until they promised to perform their duties. The leaders of

3559:

Steele, Ian K (1989). "Origins of Boston's Revolutionary Declaration of 18 April 1689".

3541: 3444: 3393:(4). Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association: 593–724. 3313: 3146: 3051: 2498: 1242: 7174: 7054: 7007: 6692: 6652: 6647: 6637: 6627: 6602: 6592: 6497: 6457: 6442: 6357: 5897: 5812: 5579: 5567: 5507: 5308: 5278: 5233: 5208: 5081: 5046: 5017: 5002: 4940: 4890: 4848: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4457: 4437: 4342: 4337: 4232: 4200: 4161: 4006: 3427: 3242: 1590: 1211: 1127: 1035: 876: 800: 793: 789: 655: 608: 511: 443: 1469:

Andros' next opportunity for employment came with the resignation in February 1692 of

7196: 6840: 6835: 6825: 6794: 6687: 6677: 6572: 6477: 6467: 6382: 6327: 6312: 6287: 6162: 6095: 6036: 6031: 5892: 5887: 5842: 5832: 5745: 5704: 5553: 5375: 5345: 5340: 5323: 5293: 5283: 5268: 5238: 5183: 5086: 5061: 5051: 5023: 4946: 4922: 4877: 4865: 4811: 4799: 4768: 4736: 4700: 4690: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4640: 4635: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4498: 4492: 4332: 4292: 4247: 4220: 4146: 4056: 4026: 3823: 3788: 3670: 3284: 3272: 3139: 1650: 1573:, a post he held until 1708. He died in London on 24 February 1714 and was buried at 1337: 1322: 1232: 1195: 1163: 828: 824: 663: 628: 624: 552: 483: 172: 96: 84: 1298:, the only Royal Navy ship near Boston at the time. However, the boat sent from the 478:. His mother was Elizabeth Stone, whose sister was a courtier to the king's sister, 6632: 6622: 6522: 6482: 6367: 6342: 6041: 5350: 5007: 4980: 4956: 4951: 4934: 4823: 4504: 4377: 4277: 4272: 4257: 4205: 4096: 1559: 1261: 1112: 1072: 950: 872: 836: 620: 579: 3489: 2976: 2293: 559:

in 1666. He returned to England two years later, carrying despatches and letters.

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Dunn, Randy (2007). "Patronage and Governance in Francis Nicholson's Empire".

1332:

While Andros was in captivity, the New York government of Lieutenant Governor

1187: 1091: 926:

This resulted in conflict when Andros attempted to extend his government over

769: 616: 4559: 3530: 3377: 3191: 2968: 1111:

Since Andros' commission included Connecticut, he asked Connecticut Governor

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The Glorious Revolution in America: Documents on the Colonial Crisis of 1689

3617: 3458: 3350: 3262: 1462:

Andros was well received at court upon his return to England. The new king,

742: 644: 470:

Andros was born in London on 6 December 1637. Amice Andros, his father, was

3655: 3551: 3503: 3323: 3304: 3214: 3156: 6703: 3233: 3134: 915:, and Berkeley had then deeded the western portion (which became known as 6275: 3674: 1207: 884: 812: 709: 596: 563: 556: 525:

to the throne, specifically commended the Andros family for its support.

447: 431: 427: 5919: 3933: 3435: 1310: 811:

The southernmost territories of the duke, roughly encompassing northern

6856: 3406: 1719: 1628: 1501: 1390: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1223: 777: 718: 495: 3580: 1695: 1325:

and other dominion officials until 7 June, when he was transferred to

1303:

have the Government in their own hands" and that he was under arrest.

1124:) so that a search of nearby buildings would not locate the document. 1071:

One consequence of the tax protest was that Andros sought to restrict

930:, the territory governed on behalf of Carteret by the latter's cousin 517:

He remained a firm supporter of the Stuarts while they were in exile.

3685:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 3028: 1830:"Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York" 1509: 1236: 920: 847: 832: 3398: 1711: 3572: 2652:(1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 95. 674:

Andros was also involved in boundary disputes with the neighboring

1610:

Similarly, Andros was featured as an antagonist in the 1879 novel

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In 1671, he married Mary Craven, the daughter of Thomas Craven of

527: 461: 434:. His actions in New England resulted in his overthrow during the 1504:. The export-oriented economy was also badly hurt by the ongoing 721:

was known to the English); in fact, Andros provided gunpowder to

1848:

St Martin, Guernsey, Channel Islands, a parish history from 1204

1513: 949:

A less contentious standoff also occurred when settlers sent by

7074: 6959: 6707: 5923: 5379: 4563: 3937: 3360:

The Imperial Executive in America: Sir Edmund Andros, 1637–1714

3117:

The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy

1593:

states that Andros failed in all of his roles in the colonies:

1166:. Nicholson, an army captain and protégé of colonial secretary 502:

in 1659. As a result of these experiences he gained fluency in

1359: 1210:

confederation, to which the Seneca belonged, and to break the

607:. The province's territory included the former territories of 595:

bailiff, a position he filled with his uncle, Charles Andros,

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Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

1202:. His objective was to disrupt trade between the English at 753:

In the meeting with the Iroquois, Andros was given the name

1493:, and promoted the enforcement of laws designed to prevent 993:

The Dominion initially consisted of the territories of the

708:

Following his Connecticut expedition, Andros traveled into

3010:

Michael Kammen, "Andros, Edmund" in John A. Garraty, ed.,

2500:

A Treatise on the Law of Actions Relating to Real Property

551:. He was next commissioned a major in the regiment of Sir 2649:

In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692

678:. Dutch claims had initially extended as far east as the 1336:

was simultaneously deposed by a military faction led by

2403:

Cape Cod and Plymouth Colony in the Seventeenth Century

2298:. Westchester County Historical Society. p. 1683. 387:(6 December 1637 – 24 February 1714; also spelled 3278:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 590:

After his father died in 1674, Edmund Andros acquired

16:

Colonial administrator in British America (1637–1714)

2406:. Lanham: University Press of America. p. 263. 1278:

On 18 April 1689, soon after news reached Boston of

819:, who sought to extend the reach of his proprietary 438:. He became governor of Virginia three years later. 7155: 7131: 7108: 7040: 7016: 6993: 6922: 6871: 6849: 6813: 6782: 6741: 6270: 5966: 5761: 5728: 5638: 5603: 5516: 5493: 5471: 5449: 5413: 4921: 4755: 4723: 4597: 4175: 3971: 831:, well within Maryland territory. Furthermore, the 486:, the last royalist stronghold to surrender in the 366: 355: 341: 324: 319: 305: 295: 272: 260: 241: 229: 217: 199: 178: 166: 144: 132: 120: 102: 90: 78: 68: 49: 23: 3591:(Little Brown, 1970), pp. 3-14 on the overthrow. 3475:. Vol. 3. New York: Little, Brown and Company 3271: 3842:20 December 1686 – 18 April 1689 3807:11 February 1674 – 18 April 1683 3803:Proprietary Governor of the Province of New York 3543:Stark's History and Guide to the Bahama Islands 3515:. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press. 2953:Johnson, Richard (2008). "Andros, Sir Edmund". 1595: 2503:. London: Joseph Butterworth and Son. p. 682:, but these claims had been ceded in the 1650 430:, a negative quality in a region home to many 422:Before serving in North America, he served as 7086: 6971: 6719: 5935: 5391: 4575: 3949: 3335:. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. 3202:Essays in American History: Sir Edmund Andros 1696:"William Byrd's Defense of Sir Edmund Andros" 1614:, described as a "romance of colonial days." 8: 3100:. Atlantic Monthly Press; full text online. 2963:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2248: 2246: 2244: 1076:meeting and tax laws were violations of the 1017:, and was extended to include New York, and 603:to be the first proprietary governor of the 3738:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 3602:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 3027:. Connecticut State Library. Archived from 1531:During his tenure, Andros made an enemy of 867:In a council held at the Lenape village of 391:) was an English colonial administrator in 7093: 7079: 7071: 6978: 6964: 6956: 6726: 6712: 6704: 5942: 5928: 5920: 5398: 5384: 5376: 4582: 4568: 4560: 3956: 3942: 3934: 3830:as President of the Council of New England 3777: 3053:Captain Nelson: A Romance of Colonial Days 2988: 2986: 34: 20: 3274:Edward Randolph and the American Colonies 3056:. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 2641: 2639: 2637: 1450:Learn how and when to remove this message 982:In 1686 he was appointed governor of the 162:20 December 1686 – 18 April 1689 7283:English expatriates in the United States 7268:Governors of the Dominion of New England 3362:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 3225:The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America 3168:. Montreal: McGill-Queens Press: 59–80. 2903: 2901: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2361:. Lanham : Lexington Books. p. 69. 1816: 193:Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 64:9 February 1674 – 18 April 1683 3838:Governor of the Dominion of New England 2960:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2955:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2716: 2714: 2260: 2258: 1639: 146:Governor of the Dominion of New England 7263:17th-century people from Massachusetts 1617:Andros appears in several episodes of 1229:Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin 40:Portrait by Frederick Stone Batcheller 7238:Governors of the Province of New York 3643:Whitmore, William Henry, ed. (1868). 3494:. Baltimore, MD: J. B. Piet. p. 1841: 1839: 1758: 1756: 1142:Inclusion of New York and the Jerseys 7: 1645: 1643: 1388:adding citations to reliable sources 7258:Colonial governors of Massachusetts 7228:Colonial governors of New Hampshire 3151:. New York: Harper & Brothers. 3069:edmund andros grumbled about taxes. 7253:Colonial governors of Rhode Island 5472:Governor of Newport and Portsmouth 5407:Colonial Governors of Rhode Island 3428:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1968.tb00328.x 3333:The Glorious Revolution in America 3012:Encyclopedia of American Biography 2541:from the original on 23 April 2021 256:September 1693 – May 1694 213:September 1692 – May 1698 150:(Governor-in-chief of New England) 14: 7288:Burials at St Anne's Church, Soho 7243:Colonial governors of Connecticut 1884: 7233:Colonial governors of New Jersey 7218:18th-century English politicians 7213:17th-century English politicians 6261: 5440: 4714: 3916:Proprietary Governor of Maryland 3889:Proprietary Governor of Maryland 3753:The New Student's Reference Work 3708:Dictionary of National Biography 3689: 3449:. Boston: C. D. Strong. p. 3315:The Public Life of Joseph Dudley 3270:Hall, Michael Garibaldi (1960). 3148:History of the State of New York 3115:Barnes, Viola Florence (1960) . 2733:Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890 1364: 1198:villages in what is now western 1146:On 7 May 1688, the provinces of 953:sought to establish what is now 817:Charles Calvert, Baron Baltimore 370: 3598:Webb, Stephen Saunders (1998). 2531:"The Legend of the Charter Oak" 1571:Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey 1375:needs additional citations for 615:, including all of present-day 7278:Military personnel from London 7273:Colonial governors of Virginia 7248:Colonial governors of Maryland 3650:. Boston: The Prince Society. 3546:. Boston, MA: self-published. 3387:The American Historical Review 2535:New England Historical Society 2357:Price, Benjamin Lewis (1999). 1700:The William and Mary Quarterly 1314:Former Massachusetts Governor 768:Philip was known to be in the 574:), the son of a cousin to the 1: 5366:indicate acting officeholders 4550:indicate acting officeholders 3862:Colonial Governor of Virginia 3795:as Governor of New Netherland 3632:Hall, Michael G. et al. eds. 3318:. New York: Longmans, Green. 3228:. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. 3205:. New York: J. Pott. p. 3119:. New York: Frederick Ungar. 3094:Adams, James Truslow (1922). 2730:Hanson, Robert Brand (1976). 1350:Province of Massachusetts Bay 1194:, launched an attack against 855:from their enemies among the 466:Coat of Arms of Edmund Andros 395:. He was the governor of the 201:Colonial Governor of Virginia 52:Colonial Governor of New York 7102:Governors of West New Jersey 6987:Governors of East New Jersey 3488:Scharf, John Thomas (1879). 3443:Moore, Jacob Bailey (1851). 3050:Drake, Samuel Adams (1879). 2977:UK public library membership 2736:. Dedham Historical Society. 903:, proprietor of East Jersey. 670:Connecticut boundary dispute 619:, the Dutch holdings on the 5960:Virginia Governor's Council 3540:Stark, James Henry (1891). 3166:English Atlantics Revisited 3097:The Founding of New England 1846:Strappini, Richard (2004). 1681:findingaids.library.nyu.edu 1620:The Witch of Blackbird Pond 1537:College of William and Mary 474:and a staunch supporter of 7304: 4591:Governors of Massachusetts 3676:"Andros, Sir Edmund" 3289:. New York: W. W. Norton. 3283:Jennings, Francis (1990). 3247:. New York: W. W. Norton. 2646:Norton, Mary Beth (2003). 1896:Brodhead, pp. 261–262, 265 1286:, the colonists of Boston 1271: 611:, ceded to England by the 480:Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia 244:Royal Governor of Maryland 6769: 6259: 5957: 5906: 5494:Chief Officer (Providence 5438: 5359: 4712: 4543: 3922: 3913: 3905: 3895: 3886: 3878: 3868: 3859: 3855:Baron Howard of Effingham 3851: 3835: 3820: 3809: 3800: 3785: 3780: 3358:Lustig, Mary Lou (2002). 3312:Kimball, Everett (1911). 3174:10.1515/9780773560406-006 1870:Duncan, Jonathan (1841). 1694:Wright, Louis B. (1945). 378: 315: 284: 249: 206: 185:None (dominion dissolved) 155: 109: 57: 45: 33: 6930:Creation of the dominion 6272:Commonwealth of Virginia 5613:(Coddington Commission) 3241:Fleming, Thomas (1984). 3199:Ferguson, Henry (1894). 3145:Brodhead, James (1871). 2292:Ferguson, Henry (1892). 1186:In 1687 the governor of 995:Massachusetts Bay Colony 807:Southern border disputes 568:West Riding of Yorkshire 6735:Dominion of New England 3768:The American Cyclopædia 3682:Encyclopædia Britannica 3331:Lovejoy, David (1987). 2400:King, H. Roger (1994). 2148:Scarf, pp. 257–259, 395 1655:Encyclopedia Britannica 997:(including present-day 984:Dominion of New England 978:Dominion of New England 397:Dominion of New England 6776: 6280: 5976: 4188: 3984: 3723:Encyclopedia Americana 3699:Low, Sidney James Mark 3472:History of New England 2497:Roscoe, Henry (1825). 1599: 1575:St Anne's Church, Soho 1318: 1247: 1134: 955:Burlington, New Jersey 919:) to a partnership of 904: 891:Control of the Jerseys 750: 544: 467: 360:St Anne's Church, Soho 6775: 6749:Charles II of England 6278: 5974: 5951:Governors of Virginia 5769:Royal Charter of 1663 5646:Royal Charter of 1663 4187: 4137:C. Calvert, 5th Baron 4122:C. Calvert, 5th Baron 4032:C. Calvert, 3rd Baron 4017:C. Calvert, 3rd Baron 3983: 3965:Governors of Maryland 3694:Texts on Wikisource: 3561:New England Quarterly 3244:New Jersey: A History 3025:"Roster of Governors" 2681:Lovejoy, pp. 219, 239 2238:Brodhead, pp. 343–345 2166:Brodhead, pp. 267–269 2130:Jennings, pp. 158–162 2121:Jennings, pp. 157–158 2112:Jennings, pp. 155–156 2103:Jennings, pp. 152–153 2094:Jennings, pp. 150–151 2067:Jennings, pp. 138–139 1905:Brodhead, pp. 270–271 1518:manufacture of fabric 1313: 1288:rose against his rule 1245: 1192:Marquis de Denonville 1130: 898: 871:(site of present-day 740: 725:that was used in the 613:Treaty of Westminster 531: 465: 7223:Bailiffs of Guernsey 6935:Charter Oak incident 6872:Assimilated colonies 6857:New England Puritans 5414:Judges of Portsmouth 3511:Sosin, Jack (1982). 3467:Palfrey, John Gorham 3222:Fiske, John (1899). 2969:10.1093/ref:odnb/534 2809:Lovejoy, pp. 326–357 2800:Lovejoy, pp. 255–256 2746:Lustig, pp. 145, 197 2595:Lovejoy, pp. 212–213 2559:Palfrey, pp. 545–546 1475:Province of Virginia 1384:improve this article 1356:Governor of Virginia 821:Province of Maryland 713:King Philip (as the 605:Province of New York 586:Governor of New York 555:, which was sent to 537:Charles I of England 533:Elizabeth of Bohemia 500:relief of Copenhagen 492:two winter campaigns 6945:Leisler's Rebellion 6790:Colonel Percy Kirke 6754:James II of England 6119:Howard of Effingham 3926:Sir Thomas Lawrence 3909:Nicholas Greenberry 3899:Nicholas Greenberry 3882:Sir Thomas Lawrence 3846:Dominion dissolved 3781:Government offices 3491:History of Maryland 2943:Lustig, pp. 267–268 2925:Lustig, pp. 259–264 2854:Lustig, pp. 225–226 2836:Lustig, pp. 214–218 2755:Lustig, pp. 200–201 2690:Lustig, pp. 191–192 2672:Lustig, pp. 177–179 2520:Barnes, pp. 199–201 2478:Barnes, pp. 189–193 1651:"Sir Edmund Andros" 1473:as governor of the 1342:Leisler's Rebellion 1284:James II of England 1220:Louis XIV of France 1107:Connecticut charter 961:Recall and analysis 765:as its first head. 703: 601:James, Duke of York 472:Bailiff of Guernsey 424:Bailiff of Guernsey 311:Sir Thomas Lawrence 301:Nicholas Greenberry 279:Nicholas Greenberry 267:Sir Thomas Lawrence 104:Bailiff of Guernsey 6940:1689 Boston revolt 6777: 6763:Mary II of England 6281: 5977: 5975:Colony of Virginia 5968:Colony of Virginia 4975:Governor's Council 4885:Governor's Council 4806:Governor's Council 4794:Governor's Council 4189: 3985: 3813:Anthony Brockholls 3748:Andros, Sir Edmund 3014:(1974). pp. 35–36. 2992:Whitmore, p. xxxvi 2827:Evans, pp. 431–449 2782:Kimball, pp. 53–55 2509:writ of intrusion. 2229:Fiske, pp. 142–147 1885:McKinley1901, 1901 1722:– via JSTOR. 1525:House of Burgesses 1319: 1274:1689 Boston revolt 1248: 1239:" against Andros. 1135: 968:Anthony Brockholls 905: 815:, were desired by 751: 684:Treaty of Hartford 676:Connecticut Colony 545: 468: 436:1689 Boston revolt 7188: 7187: 7068: 7067: 6953: 6952: 6879:Massachusetts Bay 6841:Sir William Phips 6805:Francis Nicholson 6800:Sir Edmund Andros 6701: 6700: 5917: 5916: 5522:(Patent of 1644) 5373: 5372: 4557: 4556: 3975:(1632–1776) 3932: 3931: 3923:Succeeded by 3896:Succeeded by 3872:Francis Nicholson 3869:Succeeded by 3833: 3810:Succeeded by 3798: 3609:978-0-8156-0558-4 3589:Boston: 1689-1776 3522:978-0-8032-4131-2 3369:978-0-8386-3936-8 3342:978-0-8195-6177-0 3296:978-0-393-01719-9 3254:978-0-393-30180-9 3183:978-0-7735-3219-9 3126:978-0-8044-1065-6 2975:(Subscription or 2863:Whitmore, p. xxxv 2537:. 23 April 2014. 2381:Barnes, pp. 84-85 2311:Barnes, pp. 32–39 2295:Sir Edmund Andros 2139:Lustig, pp. 93–97 1860:Whitmore, p. xiii 1491:Bacon's Rebellion 1460: 1459: 1452: 1434: 1334:Francis Nicholson 1168:William Blathwayt 1160:Francis Nicholson 1132:Francis Nicholson 1086:Land title reform 1067:Town meeting laws 1029:Church of England 988:Sir Edmund Andros 852:Bacon's Rebellion 763:Robert Livingston 727:Great Swamp Fight 704:King Philip's War 693:King Philip's War 680:Connecticut River 641:Martha's Vineyard 549:against the Dutch 488:English Civil War 385:Sir Edmund Andros 382: 381: 236:Francis Nicholson 139:Jean de Sausmarez 7295: 7139: 7138: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7072: 7024: 7023: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6957: 6821:Simon Bradstreet 6728: 6721: 6714: 6705: 6265: 6264: 6239: 6226: 6214: 6207: 6199: 6192: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6115: 6087: 6079: 6066: 5998: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5921: 5776: 5775: 5739: 5738: 5729:Governors under 5653: 5652: 5618: 5617: 5527: 5526: 5501: 5500: 5478: 5477: 5456: 5455: 5450:Judge of Newport 5444: 5443: 5420: 5419: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5377: 4927: 4761: 4729: 4718: 4717: 4603: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4561: 4186: 4180: 3982: 3976: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3935: 3906:Preceded by 3879:Preceded by 3852:Preceded by 3827: 3821:Preceded by 3792: 3786:Preceded by 3778: 3772: 3757: 3742: 3727: 3712: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3659: 3621: 3584: 3555: 3534: 3507: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3462: 3439: 3410: 3381: 3354: 3327: 3308: 3279: 3277: 3266: 3237: 3218: 3195: 3160: 3138: 3111: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2643: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2354: 2348: 2347:Ferguson, p. 141 2345: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2253: 2250: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2202:Brodhead, p. 334 2200: 2194: 2193:Fiske, pp. 94–95 2191: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2157:Brodhead, p. 266 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2085:Jennings, p. 149 2083: 2077: 2076:Jennings, p. 141 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2058:Brodhead, p. 316 2056: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2040:Brodhead, p. 312 2038: 2032: 2031:Fiske, pp. 60–61 2029: 2023: 2022:Brodhead, p. 295 2020: 2014: 2013:Brodhead, p. 292 2011: 2005: 2004:Fiske, pp. 58–60 2002: 1996: 1995:Brodhead, p. 287 1993: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1977:Brodhead, p. 291 1975: 1969: 1968:Fiske, pp. 57–58 1966: 1960: 1959:Fiske, pp. 53–55 1957: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1923:Brodhead, p. 284 1921: 1915: 1914:Brodhead, p. 280 1912: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1798:Ferguson, p. 120 1796: 1790: 1789:Ferguson, p. 152 1787: 1781: 1780:Ferguson, p. 119 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1741:Ferguson, p. 117 1739: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1647: 1579:Second World War 1495:slave rebellions 1455: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1392: 1368: 1360: 1316:Simon Bradstreet 1292:Simon Bradstreet 1182:Indian diplomacy 835:, who dominated 741:A caricature of 660:St. Croix Rivers 498:, including the 374: 348: 345:24 February 1714 334: 332: 320:Personal details 308: 298: 289: 275: 263: 254: 232: 220: 211: 189:Simon Bradstreet 181: 169: 160: 151: 135: 123: 114: 93: 81: 62: 38: 21: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7184: 7151: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7127: 7104: 7099: 7069: 7064: 7036: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7012: 6989: 6984: 6954: 6949: 6918: 6867: 6863:Navigation Acts 6845: 6831:Increase Mather 6809: 6778: 6767: 6737: 6732: 6702: 6697: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6235: 6222: 6210: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6110: 6082: 6074: 6061: 5993: 5962: 5953: 5948: 5918: 5913: 5902: 5773: 5772: 5766: 5757: 5736: 5735: 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Goldsborough 4288:C. Goldsborough 4184: 4182: 4178: 4171: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3928: 3919: 3911: 3901: 3892: 3884: 3874: 3865: 3857: 3841: 3826: 3816: 3806: 3791: 3760: 3745: 3730: 3715: 3697: 3669: 3666: 3642: 3629: 3627:Primary sources 3624: 3610: 3597: 3558: 3539: 3523: 3510: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3465: 3442: 3413: 3399:10.2307/1834176 3384: 3370: 3357: 3343: 3330: 3311: 3297: 3282: 3269: 3255: 3240: 3221: 3198: 3184: 3163: 3144: 3127: 3114: 3108: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3062: 3060: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2974: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586:Lovejoy, p. 211 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568:Palfrey, p. 548 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2390:Lovejoy, p. 184 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2251: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1807:Whitmore, p. xi 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771:Whitmore, p. ix 1770: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732:Whitmore, p. vi 1731: 1727: 1712:10.2307/1920687 1693: 1692: 1688: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1637: 1587: 1555: 1506:Nine Years' War 1456: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1399:"Edmund Andros" 1393: 1391: 1381: 1369: 1358: 1346:Henry Sloughter 1276: 1270: 1184: 1176:manorial rights 1144: 1109: 1088: 1069: 1048: 1031: 1003:Plymouth Colony 980: 963: 913:George Carteret 901:George Carteret 893: 827:to move to the 809: 706: 672: 592:Sausmarez Manor 588: 572:North Yorkshire 523:his restoration 460: 393:British America 351:London, England 350: 346: 337:London, England 336: 335:6 December 1637 330: 328: 306: 296: 290: 285: 273: 261: 255: 250: 230: 218: 212: 207: 179: 167: 161: 156: 149: 148: 133: 121: 115: 110: 91: 79: 63: 58: 41: 29: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7301: 7299: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 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5755: 5750: 5742: 5740: 5733:of New England 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5710:Coddington Jr. 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5517:Presidents of 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5010: 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4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4092:Nat. Blakiston 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4052:Neh. Blakiston 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3834: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3799: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3763:Andros, Edmund 3758: 3743: 3733:Andros, Edmund 3728: 3718:Andros, Edmund 3713: 3711:. Vol. 1. 3703:Andros, Edmund 3687: 3673:, ed. (1911). 3671:Chisholm, Hugh 3665: 3664:External links 3662: 3661: 3660: 3640: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3608: 3595: 3585: 3573:10.2307/366211 3556: 3536: 3535: 3521: 3508: 3485: 3463: 3440: 3422:(3): 439–459. 3411: 3382: 3368: 3355: 3341: 3328: 3309: 3295: 3280: 3267: 3253: 3238: 3219: 3196: 3182: 3161: 3142: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3073: 3042: 3016: 3003: 3001:Lustig, p. 268 2994: 2982: 2945: 2936: 2934:Lustig, p. 264 2927: 2918: 2916:Lustig, p. 252 2909: 2907:Lustig, p. 249 2897: 2895:Lustig, p. 228 2888: 2886:Lustig, p. 242 2874: 2872:Lustig, p. 226 2865: 2856: 2847: 2845:Lustig, p. 225 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2791:Lustig, p. 219 2784: 2775: 2773:Lustig, p. 202 2766: 2764:Lustig, p. 201 2757: 2748: 2739: 2722: 2710: 2701: 2699:Lustig, p. 193 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2658: 2633: 2631:Lustig, p. 176 2624: 2622:Lustig, p. 174 2615: 2613:Lustig, p. 173 2606: 2604:Lustig, p. 171 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2522: 2513: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2469:Barnes, p. 189 2462: 2460:Barnes, p. 187 2453: 2451:Barnes, p. 182 2444: 2442:Barnes, p. 176 2435: 2426: 2412: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2367: 2349: 2340: 2338:Lustig, p. 165 2331: 2329:Lustig, p. 164 2322: 2320:Lustig, p. 160 2313: 2304: 2300:Edmund Andros. 2284: 2275: 2266: 2264:Lustig, p. 141 2254: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2211:Fleming, p. 13 2204: 2195: 2186: 2184:Lustig, p. 109 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1877: 1862: 1853: 1835: 1821: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1752: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1686: 1668: 1657:. 20 July 1998 1638: 1636: 1633: 1612:Captain Nelson 1591:Michael Kammen 1589:The historian 1586: 1583: 1554: 1551: 1471:Lord Effingham 1458: 1457: 1372: 1370: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1272:Main article: 1269: 1266: 1212:Covenant Chain 1183: 1180: 1143: 1140: 1108: 1105: 1087: 1084: 1068: 1065: 1047: 1044: 1036:Samuel Willard 1030: 1027: 979: 976: 962: 959: 892: 889: 877:Covenant Chain 825:Susquehannocks 808: 805: 801:Lords of Trade 705: 702: 671: 668: 609:New Netherland 587: 584: 576:Earl of Craven 459: 456: 444:Covenant Chain 380: 379: 376: 375: 368: 364: 363: 357: 353: 352: 349:(aged 76) 343: 339: 338: 326: 322: 321: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 303: 302: 299: 293: 292: 282: 281: 276: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 247: 246: 239: 238: 233: 227: 226: 224:Lord Effingham 221: 215: 214: 204: 203: 197: 196: 182: 176: 175: 170: 164: 163: 153: 152: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 107: 106: 100: 99: 94: 88: 87: 82: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 55: 54: 47: 46: 43: 42: 39: 31: 30: 27: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7300: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7191: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7091: 7089: 7084: 7082: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6884:New Hampshire 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6836:Cotton Mather 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6826:Jacob Leisler 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795:Joseph Dudley 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6717: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:W. "EB" Smith 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6463:W. "EB" Smith 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6170:"King" Carter 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5910: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5893:Joseph Wanton 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5770: 5765: 5762:Governors of 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5639:Governors of 5637: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5611: 5607: 5604:Governors of 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5496:and Warwick) 5492: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5448: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4923:Commonwealth 4920: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4722: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4127:B. L. Calvert 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3824:Joseph Dudley 3819: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3789:Anthony Colve 3784: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3587:Warden, G.B. 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3107:9780844615103 3103: 3099: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3080:Stark, p. 131 3077: 3074: 3070: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3046: 3043: 3031:on 6 May 2015 3030: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2818:Evans, p. 432 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2659:0-375-70690-9 2655: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2433:Barnes, p. 97 2430: 2427: 2415: 2413:9780819191861 2409: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2368:0-7391-0051-3 2364: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2252:Lustig, p. 16 2249: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1950:Fiske, p. 218 1947: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817:Chisholm 1911 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1762:Lustig, p. 29 1759: 1757: 1753: 1750:Lustig, p. 26 1747: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1625:Andros Island 1622: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1604:State Capitol 1598: 1594: 1592: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1454: 1451: 1443: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: – 1400: 1396: 1395:Find sources: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1373:This section 1371: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Jacob Leisler 1335: 1330: 1328: 1327:Castle Island 1324: 1323:Joseph Dudley 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1305:Daniel Fisher 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280:the overthrow 1275: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1233:Penobscot Bay 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:Thomas Dongan 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1164:New York City 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1073:town meetings 1066: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1052: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1040:King's Chapel 1037: 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Carroll 4072:Greenberry 4037:B. Calvert 4012:P. Calvert 3992:L. Calvert 3866:1692–1698 2979:required.) 1569:named him 1567:Queen Anne 1440:March 2023 1410:newspapers 1188:New France 1092:quit-rents 843:New York. 774:John Fiske 770:Berkshires 617:New Jersey 541:Charles II 519:Charles II 458:Early life 331:1637-12-06 73:Charles II 7137:(1688–89) 7133:Dominion 7022:(1688–89) 7018:Dominion 6814:Opponents 6683:McAuliffe 6678:McDonnell 6533:O'Ferrall 6428:Robertson 6408:Tyler Jr. 6403:Pleasants 6358:Tyler Sr. 6303:T. Nelson 6293:Jefferson 6248:W. Nelson 6243:Botetourt 6212:Dinwiddie 6183:Albemarle 6156:Spotswood 6129:Nicholson 6112:Chicheley 6106:Colepeper 5995:Scrivener 5989:Ratcliffe 5984:Wingfield 5843:G. Wanton 5833:G. Wanton 5813:W. Wanton 5798:W. Clarke 5788:J. Easton 5720:W. Clarke 5685:W. Clarke 5675:N. Easton 5575:N. Easton 5549:N. Easton 5539:J. Clarke 5041:Armstrong 4812:J. Dudley 4800:J. Dudley 4787:Stoughton 4781:Bellomont 4775:Stoughton 4757:Province 4737:J. Dudley 4725:Dominion 4676:T. Dudley 4661:T. Dudley 4641:T. Dudley 4621:T. Dudley 4353:P. Thomas 4343:F. Thomas 4328:J. Thomas 4323:G. Howard 4216:J. Howard 4211:Smallwood 4087:Nicholson 3701:(1885). " 3531:239750259 3416:Historian 3378:470360764 3192:429487739 1565:In 1704, 1352:in 1691. 857:Virginian 745:drawn by 715:Wampanoag 645:Nantucket 627:(renamed 476:Charles I 446:with the 367:Signature 291:1694–1694 287:In office 252:In office 209:In office 158:In office 116:1674–1713 112:In office 60:In office 7180:Hamilton 7170:Hamilton 7157:Province 7118:Byllynge 7110:Province 7060:Hamilton 7050:Hamilton 7042:Province 7003:Carteret 6995:Province 6904:New York 6889:Plymouth 6742:Monarchs 6693:Youngkin 6543:Montague 6528:McKinney 6513:Holliday 6493:Pierpont 6458:McDowell 6433:Campbell 6423:Tazewell 6418:J. Floyd 6388:Nicholas 6373:G. Smith 6363:G. Smith 6279:Virginia 6237:Fauquier 6224:Fauquier 6206:(acting) 6163:Drysdale 6114:(acting) 6086:(acting) 6078:(acting) 6076:Jeffreys 6070:Berkeley 6065:(acting) 6027:Yeardley 5997:(acting) 5731:Dominion 5580:Williams 5508:Williams 5324:Cellucci 5264:Bradford 5219:Coolidge 5159:Brackett 5149:Robinson 5077:Clifford 5072:Boutwell 4986:Sullivan 4878:S. Phips 4866:S. Phips 4769:W. Phips 4701:Leverett 4691:Endecott 4681:Endecott 4671:Endecott 4666:Winthrop 4656:Endecott 4651:Winthrop 4636:Winthrop 4616:Winthrop 4611:Endecott 4525:O'Malley 4510:Schaefer 4478:McKeldin 4443:Crothers 4438:Warfield 4413:H. Lloyd 4403:Hamilton 4383:O. Bowie 4373:Bradford 4273:R. Bowie 4268:E. Lloyd 4258:R. 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