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Promotion depended on the family's wealth, not the officer's talents, and the middle class was shut out almost completely. British officers were expected to be gentlemen and sportsmen; there was no problem if they were entirely wanting in military knowledge or leadership skills. From the Tory perspective it was essential to keep the officer corps the domain of gentlemen, and not a trade for professional experts. They warned the latter might menace the oligarchy and threaten a military coup; they preferred an inefficient army to an authoritarian state. The rise of
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traditional system of gentlemen-soldiers that
Britain used. The reforms were not radical—they had been brewing for years and Gladstone seized the moment to enact them. The goal was to centralise the power of the War Office, abolish purchase of officers' commissions, and to create reserve forces stationed in Britain by establishing short terms of service for enlisted men.
802:
706:
The bill, which would have compensated current owners for their cash investments, passed
Commons in 1871 but was blocked by the House of Lords. Gladstone then moved to drop the system without any reimbursements, forcing the Lords to backtrack and approve the original bill. Liberals rallied to
698:
The most radical change, and one that required
Gladstone's political muscle, was to abolish the system of officers obtaining commissions and promotions by purchase, rather than by merit. The system meant that the rich landholding families controlled all the middle and senior ranks in the army.
694:
Cardwell as
Secretary of State for War (1868–1874) designed the reforms that Gladstone supported in the name of efficiency and democracy. In 1868 he abolished flogging, raising the private soldier status to more like an honourable career. In 1870 Cardwell abolished "bounty money" for recruits,
690:
paid little attention to military affairs but he was keen on efficiency. In 1870 he pushed through
Parliament major changes in Army organisation. Germany's stunning triumph over France proved that the Prussian system of professional soldiers with up-to-date weapons was far superior to the
718:
Cardwell was not powerful enough to install a general staff system; that had to await the 20th century. He did rearrange the war department. He made the office of
Secretary of State for War superior to the Army's commander in Chief; the commander was His Royal Highness
1135:
Cardwell6216 Named by George
Elphinstone Dalrymple (1826-1876), explorer, public servant and politician, in 1864, after Edward Cardwell (1813-1886), later Viscount Cardwell, Secretary of State for the Colonies April 1864 to July
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484:. The goal was to centralise the power of the War Office, abolish purchase of officers' commissions, and to create reserve forces stationed in Britain by establishing short terms of service for enlisted men.
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By this point, The
Peelite faction disintegrated in the late 1850s and have fully integrated with the Whigs. The dissenting factions of the former Tory party and the Whig party combined to found the
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discharged known bad characters from the ranks. He pulled 20,000 soldiers out of self-governing colonies like Canada, which learned they had to help defend themselves.
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711:(1797–1868), who spent £40,000 for his commission and proved utterly incompetent in the Crimean war, where he led the disastrous "Charge of the Light Brigade" at the
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Argent a chevron Sable in base a maiden's head erased Proper ducally crowned Or on a chief of the second two maidens' heads erased also Proper ducally crowned Or.
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765:(plot no.14065) in a large vault which now has no headstone and is largely covered by earth. Lady Cardwell died the following year, in February 1887.
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Cardwell was employed in the
Colonial Office in the late 1830s, and directly involved in drafting written instructions (sent to Sydney) to Captain
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On either side a man in armour holding in the exterior hand a battle-axe all Proper charged on the breast with a cross pattee Gules.
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which stopped the cut-throat competition between
Railway Companies which was acting to their and the railusers' disadvantage.
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RN, as to how to 'treat with the natives' (Maori) of New Zealand; He became a follower and confidant of
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During these years, Cardwell moved from seat to seat in Parliament. In 1847, he was elected as MP for
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Gallagher, Thomas F. "‘Cardwellian Mysteries’: The Fate of the British Army Regulation Bill, 1871."
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Tucker, Albert V. "Army and Society in England 1870-1900: A Reassessment of the Cardwell Reforms."
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Albert V. Tucker, "Army and Society in England 1870–1900: A Reassessment of the Cardwell Reforms,"
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Lord Cardwell married Annie, daughter of Charles Stuart Parker, in 1838. They had no children.
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parties during the middle of the 19th century. He is best remembered for his tenure as
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and Cardwell officially became a new member of the new Liberal Party in 1859.
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Unhappy in that position, he moved two years later to another cabinet post,
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464:(24 July 1813 – 15 February 1886) was a prominent British politician in the
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Lord Cardwell at the War Office: A History of his Administration 1868-1874
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761:, Devon, in February 1886, aged 72, and was buried on the western side of
628:. A second move within the cabinet came in 1864, when Cardwell became the
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1281:"Archival material relating to Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell"
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948:"leighrayment.com House of Commons: Ochil to Oxford University"
652:. During his six years in the post, in what became known as "
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Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Liverpool
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leighrayment.com House of Commons: Chichester to Clitheroe
1202:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
648:, Cardwell reached the peak of his career, as Gladstone's
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Coat of arms of Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell
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Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria
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Grave of Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell, in
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Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell of Ellerbeck
2407:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
1215:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1213:Erickson, Arvel B. "Edward T. Cardwell: Peelite"
707:Gladstone's anti-elitism, pointing to the case of
2412:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
1148:The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland
581:In 1852, he lost elections for Liverpool and for
492:Cardwell was the son of John Henry Cardwell, of
914:. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008
858:. "Cardwell, Edward, first Viscount Cardwell".
2397:Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
1275:contributions in Parliament by Edward Cardwell
950:. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011
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504:, from where he took a degree in 1835. He was
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1250:. Vol. 9. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
613:Cardwell quickly return to office by joining
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864:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
776:, Australia, was named after Lord Cardwell.
93:9 December 1868 – 17 February 1874
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289:28 December 1852 – 31 March 1855
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668:, Cardwell was raised to the peerage as
543:in 1846 over the issue of repealing the
2402:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
861:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
840:
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779:He owned 4,500 acres (1,800 ha).
449:Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell
2472:Secretaries of State for the Colonies
2392:Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
7:
1548:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1237:"Cardwell, Edward (1813-1886)"
626:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
480:'s support, the introduction of the
225:25 July 1861 – 7 April 1864
213:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
157:7 April 1864 – 26 June 1866
1575:Secretary of State for the Colonies
1467:Financial Secretary to the Treasury
630:Secretary of State for the Colonies
534:Financial Secretary to the Treasury
145:Secretary of State for the Colonies
564:Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854
559:, a position he held until 1855.
25:
2492:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
1193:"Cardwell, Edward Cardwell"
1032:. 11 December 1868. p. 6581.
900:. 28 December 1852. p. 3931.
2477:Presidents of the Board of Trade
2452:UK MPs who were granted peerages
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1651:Presidents of the Board of Trade
1306:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1247:Dictionary of National Biography
476:between 1868 and 1874 and, with
1494:President of the Board of Trade
1118:"Queensland place names search"
553:President of the Board of Trade
440:Cardwell caricatured by Ape in
277:President of the Board of Trade
2482:Presidents of the Oxford Union
27:British politician (1813–1886)
1:
2467:Chief Secretaries for Ireland
1064:. 3 March 1874. p. 1453.
1012:. 8 April 1864. p. 1960.
992:. 26 July 1861. p. 3127.
735:Portrait of Lord Cardwell by
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2462:Fellows of the Royal Society
2387:Burials at Highgate Cemetery
1504:The Lord Stanley of Alderley
878:UK public library membership
656:", Cardwell reorganised the
338:The Lord Stanley of Alderley
1521:Chief Secretary for Ireland
619:Chief Secretary for Ireland
591:William Makepeace Thackeray
64:The 1st Viscount Cardwell,
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1602:Secretary of State for War
1256:Journal of British Studies
1089:Journal of British Studies
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650:Secretary of State for War
474:Secretary of State for War
81:Secretary of State for War
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536:between 1845 and 1846.
488:Background and education
1234:Smith, Goldwin (1887).
1199:Encyclopædia Britannica
1091:(1963) 2#2 pp. 110–141
688:William Ewart Gladstone
686:Liberal prime minister
642:William Ewart Gladstone
502:Balliol College, Oxford
478:William Ewart Gladstone
425:Balliol College, Oxford
314:The Viscount Palmerston
246:The Viscount Palmerston
178:The Viscount Palmerston
114:William Ewart Gladstone
1595:Sir John Pakington, Bt
1441:Alexander William Hall
1346:Sir Howard Douglas, Bt
1227:18#2 (1975): 327-348.
1217:(1959) 49#2 pp. 1-107
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562:In 1854 he passed the
516:Early political career
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414:Annie Parker (d. 1887)
138:Hon. Frederick Stanley
126:Sir John Pakington, Bt
1585:The Earl of Carnarvon
1568:The Duke of Newcastle
1558:The Earl of Clarendon
1123:Queensland Government
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609:Palmerston government
570:Reelection and return
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206:The Earl of Carnarvon
194:The Duke of Newcastle
41:The Viscount Cardwell
1487:Joseph Warner Henley
1460:Sir George Clerk, Bt
1424:1853–1857, 1857–1863
1373:Sir Thomas Birch, Bt
1285:UK National Archives
1258:2#2 (1963): 110–141.
636:Gladstone government
585:, but won a seat at
539:When Peel split the
310:The Earl of Aberdeen
37:The Right Honourable
1937:Parkinson-Fortescue
1541:Sir George Grey, Bt
1531:Sir Robert Peel, Bt
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713:Battle of Balaklava
258:Sir George Grey, Bt
1452:Political offices
1225:Historical Journal
1176:Biddulph, Robert.
1105:England, 1870–1914
1076:England, 1870–1914
1061:The London Gazette
1029:The London Gazette
1009:The London Gazette
989:The London Gazette
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1378:Succeeded by
1333:Succeeded by
1208:England 1870-1914
1160:Debrett's Peerage
876:(Subscription or
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670:Viscount Cardwell
666:the 1874 election
646:the 1868 election
506:called to the bar
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373:(1886-02-15)
363:24 July 1813
333:Succeeded by
326:J. W. Henley
284:
265:Succeeded by
220:
201:Succeeded by
152:
133:Succeeded by
88:
29:
2382:1886 deaths
2377:1813 births
1977:Hicks Beach
1952:Chamberlain
1912:Donoughmore
1667:Bridgewater
1662:Shaftesbury
1477:John Parker
1273:1803–2005:
1056:"No. 24071"
1024:"No. 23449"
1004:"No. 22842"
984:"No. 22533"
892:"No. 21396"
856:Bond, Brian
757:He died in
676:Army reform
512:, in 1838.
442:Vanity Fair
385:Nationality
321:Preceded by
253:Preceded by
189:Preceded by
121:Preceded by
69: 1878
2371:Categories
1887:Labouchere
1862:Labouchere
1712:FitzWalter
1707:Holderness
1687:Winchilsea
1606:1868–1874
1579:1864–1866
1552:1861–1864
1525:1859–1861
1498:1852–1855
1471:1845–1846
1434:1868–1874
1129:12 January
880:required.)
823:Supporters
817:Escutcheon
774:Queensland
597:Liberal MP
498:Winchester
420:Alma mater
359:1813-07-24
2337:Trevelyan
2307:Mandelson
2277:Mandelson
2262:Heseltine
2227:Parkinson
2222:Cockfield
2117:Shawcross
2102:Lyttelton
2092:Llewellin
2082:Lyttelton
2012:Churchill
2002:Salisbury
1922:Northcote
1882:Clarendon
1877:Dalhousie
1872:Gladstone
1822:Huskisson
1812:Clancarty
1792:Liverpool
1772:Sackville
1767:Dartmouth
1747:Dartmouth
1737:Shelburne
1732:Townshend
1514:Lord Naas
1358:Liverpool
1323:Clitheroe
715:in 1854.
576:Liverpool
551:and made
545:Corn Laws
494:Liverpool
285:In office
221:In office
153:In office
89:In office
2347:Reynolds
2342:Badenoch
2152:Crosland
2132:Maulding
2067:Runciman
2027:Runciman
1982:Mundella
1967:Mundella
1962:Stanhope
1957:Richmond
1942:Adderley
1927:Richmond
1897:Cardwell
1842:Auckland
1817:Robinson
1807:Bathurst
1802:Auckland
1797:Montrose
1782:Grantham
1777:Carlisle
1697:Berkeley
1692:Guilford
1682:Stamford
1677:Weymouth
1672:Stamford
1107:pp. 7–17
1093:in JSTOR
964:cite web
928:cite web
770:Cardwell
701:Bismarck
662:purchase
583:Ayrshire
298:Victoria
234:Victoria
166:Victoria
102:Victoria
2297:Darling
2292:Johnson
2272:Beckett
2242:Channon
2237:Brittan
2072:Stanley
2047:Baldwin
2032:Stanley
1997:Balfour
1992:Ritchie
1972:Stanley
1902:Stanley
1857:Thomson
1847:Thomson
1837:Herries
1722:Halifax
1702:Suffolk
1327:1842 –
1270:Hansard
1244:(ed.).
1180:(1904)
1162:. 1876.
1103:Ensor,
759:Torquay
739:, 1871.
470:Liberal
466:Peelite
405:Liberal
401:Peelite
388:British
380:, Devon
378:Torquay
294:Monarch
230:Monarch
162:Monarch
98:Monarch
2302:Hutton
2287:Hewitt
2257:Lilley
2252:Ridley
2232:Tebbit
2217:Biffen
2192:Jenkin
2187:Joseph
2182:Varley
2172:Walker
2167:Davies
2137:Erroll
2127:Eccles
2112:Wilson
2107:Cripps
2097:Dalton
2087:Duncan
2077:Duncan
2057:Graham
2037:Geddes
2017:Buxton
1947:Sandon
1932:Bright
1917:Gibson
1907:Henley
1892:Henley
1852:Baring
1787:Sydney
1757:Nugent
1727:Sandys
1717:Monson
1419:With:
1407:Oxford
1370:With:
1229:online
1219:online
1182:online
874:
587:Oxford
528:, the
444:, 1869
411:Spouse
2332:Truss
2322:Clark
2317:Javid
2312:Cable
2282:Byers
2247:Young
2207:Smith
2197:Shore
2162:Noble
2157:Mason
2142:Heath
2042:Horne
2022:Burns
1987:Bryce
1867:Ripon
1827:Grant
1240:. In
835:Notes
811:Crest
459:
457:,
48:
2267:Lang
2212:Nott
2202:Dell
2177:Benn
1416:1874
1412:1853
1367:1852
1363:1847
1329:1847
1136:1866
1131:2021
970:link
956:2010
934:link
920:2010
783:Arms
593:).
500:and
468:and
397:Tory
368:Died
353:Born
2327:Fox
2147:Jay
866:doi
772:in
644:in
621:.
578:.
555:by
461:FRS
50:FRS
2373::
1414:–
1365:–
1283:.
1196:.
1133:.
1120:.
1058:.
1026:.
1006:.
986:.
966:}}
962:{{
930:}}
926:{{
894:.
843:^
508:,
454:PC
451:,
66:c.
46:PC
1643:e
1636:t
1629:v
1287:.
1045:.
972:)
958:.
936:)
922:.
872:.
868::
361:)
357:(
20:)
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