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150:, the Royal Commission on Vivisection for Scientific Purposes held its hearings and although Foster, Brunton and Burdon Sanderson were careful in responding to the queries, Klein responded without any apparent remorse although some biographers attribute it to his limited knowledge of English. Klein tried to provide a revised text of his responses but the Royal Commission rejected this. Klein was made into a monster by the media, and he became the main target of the anti-vivisectionists and the case led to the establishment of the
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His name was originally just
Emanuel and he signed as E.Klein but during his membership with the Organon Club (founded by Ray Lankester) the secretary thought it stood for Edward. Klein was a founding member of the Medical Research Club (1891) and was a joint editor of the
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home. His father, who died when he was about fourteen, was a tanner working for a
Russian leather company. After graduating in the local school he became a tutor in the classics and at eighteen he worked in London to help his family. He later went to study medicine at
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bacteria in the water supply where Koch had found them as well as in the stools of infected patients. He however did not fully accept the idea that the same bacteria caused the disease. In 1885, he studied the outbreak of a disease of cows which was termed as
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and they made use of experimental methods on living animals, something that were considered acceptable in the Vienna
Medical School. The anti-vivisection movement protested the methods described in their textbook and in 1875, after he was elected
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were sent as part of the
British cholera commission to Calcutta in India to verify the findings of Koch which had caused some embarrassment to the British Indian medical community. Klein was able to find the comma-shaped
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He married Sophia Mawley (died 1919) in 1877. They had a son, Bernard and two daughters. Klein was an able chess player and a musician. He died of pneumonia at his home in
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173:. These novels included a scientist as a key character, modelled after Klein and juxtaposed with a range of negative traits and ethnic stereotypes.
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The media coverage during the anti-vivisection case made Klein widely infamous. Several novels of the period were inspired by the case including
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and medical experiments. His
English was poor and during court questioning, many of the answers he provided were considered shocking.
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where he was made a joint professor of general anatomy and physiology. His work on animal physiology was published in
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346:"Emanuel Edward Klein—The Father of British Microbiology and the Case of the Animal Vivisection Controversy of 1875"
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and John Simon were impressed by his knowledge and they invited Klein to work in London in 1871. Klein moved to the
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The etiology and pathology of grouse disease, fowl enteritis, and some other diseases affecting birds (1892)
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Atalić, Bruno (2011). "Emanuel Edward Klein's role in the establishment of food preservation standards".
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Klein's training in Europe however allowed him to access the microbiological techniques developed by
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and in 1873, became a professor of comparative pathology. He also worked at
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before settling in
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In 1871 he visited
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and isolated four species of bacteria during the research, including
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Studies in the bacteriology & etiology of oriental plague (1906)
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Animal
Welfare & Anti-vivisection 1870-1910: Frances Power Cobbe
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Handbuch der Lehre von den
Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere
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The rise of the vivisection controversy. A chapter of history
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was one of Klein's students. Klein was the author of the
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and obtained an M.D. in 1869. At Vienna he worked with
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344:Atalić, Bruno; Fatović-Ferencić, Stella (2009).
258:Atalić, B.; Peric I.D.; Ferencić, S.F. (2010).
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564:Anonymous (1925). "Obituary".
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309:Hamilton, Susan, ed. (2004).
165:(1881) by Leonard Graham and
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392:"Emanuel Klein. 1844–1925"
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