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for eradicating or suppressing the threat posed by pests to the livestock and crops that contribute to the world's food supply. Knipling's contributions included the parasitoid augmentation technique, insect control methods involving the medication of the hosts, and various models of total insect
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226:
Knipling died on March 17, 2000, in
Arlington, Virginia, where his wife of 66 years, Phoebe Hall Knipling, and he had raised their five children and were active members of the community. Phoebe was also a biological scientist and educator. One of his sons,
182:
entomologist in Texas, where he met
Bushland. Together, the men theorized about possibly breaking the pest's lifecycle by inducing genetic defects, but their research was temporarily suspended by the outbreak of World War II.
357:
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Since 1999, the
Knipling-Bushland Southwest Animal Research Foundation at Texas A&M has supported research and education in the area where food producers around the world continue to feel his influence today.
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as an effective control of body lice and weapon against typhus, Knipling won the 1947 U.S. Medal of Merit and the 1948 King's Medal for
Service from the United Kingdom for these achievements.
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proclaimed on
January 11, 1970, that "Knipling...has been credited by some scientists as having come up with 'the single most original thought in the 20th century.'"
150:
population management. Knipling was best known as the inventor of the sterile insect technique (SIT), an autocidal theory of total insect population management. The
191:
During the war, Knipling's research was diverted to support U.S. Army efforts to repel and control insects that threatened Allied troops with diseases including
424:
4871:
358:"Interview: Dr. Chavonda Jacobs-Young, Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service, and Mojdeh Bahar, Assistant Administrator for Technology Transfer"
223:. For 27 years thereafter, he remained active as a USDA consultant and collaborator, contributing significantly to new principles of pest insect management.
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and moved to
Washington, D.C., to lead USDA entomology research. In this capacity, he continued working with Bushland to complete the development of
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in the early 1950s. Knipling remained at the USDA until 1973, eventually serving as the top entomological researcher in the
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as one of the "100 Most
Important People in the World" in 1970. Knipling was posthumously awarded the
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fly and other pests wreaked on cattle herds and cotton crops. Following graduation from
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1987:
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412:"The Life and Vision of Edward F. Knipling Concerning the Eradication of the Screwworm"
383:
231:, served as administrator of the USDA Agricultural Research Service from 2004 to 2014.
166:. As a youth raising cattle with his father, he saw firsthand the devastation that the
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1974:
1948:
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2003:
1995:
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289:
AGRIS: International
Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology
134:
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819:
775:
636:
502:
248:
101:
4887:
Recipients of the
President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
4538:
4177:
3838:
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3509:
3466:
3081:
3044:
2267:
2068:
2016:
1527:
990:
966:
733:
680:
559:
118:
3601:
3371:
1721:
833:
694:
670:
167:
239:
Knipling published over 225 articles in his career, was inducted into the
1113:
471:
463:
196:
429:
Knipling's personal papers dating from 1906 to 2003 held in the USDA
192:
414:, a talk given in 2002 by E.F. Knipling's son, administrator of the
425:
Edward Fred
Knipling Papers: Screwworm Eradication Program Records
302:
Edward Fred Knipling Papers: Screwworm Eradication Program Records
415:
179:
3938:
3408:
2818:
2332:
1388:
1124:
1083:
475:
200:
251:
for his novel approaches to pest control, and was listed in
211:
After the war, Knipling received a Ph.D. in entomology from
178:, Knipling began researching the screwworm fly in 1931 as a
93:
President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
4877:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
145:
for their collaborative achievements in developing the
199:. Credited with leading the USDA team that developed
323:"EDWARD F. KNIPLING 1909–2000 A Biographical Memoir"
4776:
4625:
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4295:
4101:
3949:
3868:
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3659:
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3491:
3419:
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1135:
1000:
861:
726:
591:
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114:
83:
69:
54:
39:
23:
133:(March 20, 1909 – March 17, 2000) was an American
3410:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
1095:
487:
332:. Vol. 83. National Academy of Sciences.
8:
3946:
3935:
3416:
3405:
2826:
2815:
2340:
2329:
1396:
1385:
1132:
1121:
1102:
1088:
1080:
494:
480:
472:
435:
321:Adkisson, Perry; Tumlinson, James (2003).
31:
20:
384:"2016: The Sex Life of the Screwworm Fly"
285:"[Edward F. Knipling interview]"
162:Knipling was born on March 20, 1909, in
137:, who along with his longtime colleague
1111:United States National Medal of Science
275:
316:
314:
312:
310:
304:. National Agricultural Library, U.S.
7:
4872:National Medal of Science laureates
4892:Agriculture and food award winners
14:
4882:20th-century American zoologists
187:Achievements during World War II
87:
4857:Texas A&M University alumni
921:/ John Frederick Grassle (2013)
180:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1:
1126:Behavioral and social science
631:Ernest John Christopher Polge
431:National Agricultural Library
419:Agricultural Research Service
221:Agricultural Research Service
371:Laureates of the Japan Prize
241:National Academy of Sciences
4852:People from Victoria, Texas
4908:
4014:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
158:Education and early career
3945:
3934:
3415:
3404:
2989:William Hayward Pickering
2825:
2814:
2339:
2328:
1395:
1384:
1131:
1120:
647:William Hayward Pickering
522:Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir
460:
451:
443:
438:
245:National Medal of Science
124:
107:
98:National Medal of Science
30:
4438:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3884:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1515:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
283:Knipling, E. F. (2000).
174:and graduate studies at
172:Texas A&M University
147:sterile insect technique
74:Texas A&M University
58:March 17, 2000 (aged 90)
3749:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1667:George Ledyard Stebbins
1588:James Augustine Shannon
788:/ Keith J. Sainsbury /
152:New York Times Magazine
4867:American entomologists
4206:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
4193:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
3149:Harry George Drickamer
3095:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2769:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2643:John D. Baldeschwieler
1883:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1565:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
959:Emmanuelle Charpentier
578:Frank Sherwood Rowland
388:The Golden Goose Award
235:Awards and recognition
4797:Sylvester James Gates
4183:William Alfred Fowler
4165:Robert Rathbun Wilson
3978:Robert Burns Woodward
2790:Geraldine L. Richmond
2538:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1821:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1750:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1606:Sterling B. Hendricks
1423:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1418:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1266:William Julius Wilson
213:Iowa State University
176:Iowa State University
78:Iowa State University
16:American entomologist
4768:Warren M. Washington
4732:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4641:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4586:Martin Schwarzschild
4367:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4359:J. Robert Schrieffer
4329:E. Margaret Burbidge
4173:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4150:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
4029:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3781:John Griggs Thompson
3704:Martin David Kruskal
3544:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
3017:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
2971:Ralph Brazelton Peck
2926:Jack St. Clair Kilby
2853:John Robinson Pierce
2820:Engineering sciences
2751:Jacqueline K. Barton
2606:George M. Whitesides
2525:Dudley R. Herschbach
2463:Richard B. Bernstein
2432:Walter H. Stockmayer
1980:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1911:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1801:Stanley Norman Cohen
1788:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1624:Keith Roberts Porter
1487:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1482:Michael Heidelberger
1454:Fritz Albert Lipmann
1064:John Michael Wallace
344:"AllGov - Officials"
330:Biographical Memoirs
243:, received the 1966
141:, received the 1992
131:Edward Fred Knipling
4818:Shirley Ann Jackson
4737:Charles P. Slichter
4581:Marshall Rosenbluth
4573:Wallace S. Broecker
4526:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4287:Victor F. Weisskopf
4234:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4216:Edgar Bright Wilson
4057:George Kistiakowsky
3675:Stephen Cole Kleene
3186:George H. Heilmeier
3173:Mildred Dresselhaus
3064:Edward H. Heinemann
2994:Frederick E. Terman
2958:Richard T. Whitcomb
2879:Clarence L. Johnson
2840:Theodore von Kármán
2727:Stephen J. Benkovic
2706:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2693:Marvin H. Caruthers
2648:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2588:Darleane C. Hoffman
2478:Harden M. McConnell
2419:Frank H. Westheimer
2231:Stanley B. Prusiner
2195:Robert J. Lefkowitz
1954:Howard Martin Temin
1811:Maurice R. Hilleman
1806:Joseph L. Goldstein
1745:Donald A. Henderson
1662:Earl Reece Stadtman
1647:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1611:Orville Alvin Vogel
1441:Donald D. Van Slyke
1390:Biological sciences
1048:/ Kazuo Hagimoto /
887:Tadamitsu Kishimoto
617:Jacques-Louis Lions
139:Raymond C. Bushland
62:Arlington, Virginia
4690:G. Brent Dalrymple
4508:Arthur L. Schawlow
4415:James A. Van Allen
4306:Philip W. Anderson
4262:Richard P. Feynman
4188:Linus Carl Pauling
3823:Dennis P. Sullivan
3380:John B. Goodenough
3313:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3281:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3262:Kenneth N. Stevens
3030:Raymond D. Mindlin
2953:Harold E. Edgerton
2798:A. Paul Alivisatos
2677:Stephen J. Lippard
2656:Ernest R. Davidson
2593:Harold S. Johnston
2427:William S. Johnson
2391:George C. Pimentel
2226:Susan L. Lindquist
2208:Francis S. Collins
2102:Victor A. McKusick
2077:Francisco J. Ayala
2059:Nancy C. Andreasen
2009:Robert A. Weinberg
1783:Har Gobind Khorana
1768:Michael E. DeBakey
1755:George Emil Palade
1727:Wendell L. Roelofs
1717:Howard L. Bachrach
1547:Barbara McClintock
1449:Edward F. Knipling
1026:Robert A. Weinberg
1008:Robert G. Gallager
953:Steven D. Tanksley
939:Theodore Friedmann
842:Victor A. McKusick
800:Masatoshi Takeichi
748:Timothy R. Parsons
744:John B. Goodenough
738:Kimishige Ishizaka
713:Jack L. Strominger
709:W. Wesley Peterson
689:Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
685:Joseph Engelberger
661:Edward F. Knipling
447:Nevin S. Scrimshaw
260:Golden Goose Award
229:Edward B. Knipling
207:Development of SIT
25:Edward F. Knipling
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4763:Esther M. Conwell
4703:Robert N. Clayton
4695:Riccardo Giacconi
4659:Raymond Davis Jr.
4547:Albert Overhauser
4490:Edwin M. McMillan
4451:Arnold O. Beckman
4428:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4405:Paul C. Lauterbur
4382:Robert Hofstadter
4334:Maurice Goldhaber
4321:Charles H. Townes
4272:Edward M. Purcell
4239:Frederick Rossini
4093:Wolfgang Panofsky
4024:John H. Van Vleck
3940:Physical sciences
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3892:Solomon W. Golomb
3852:Andrew J. Viterbi
3847:Leonard Kleinrock
3794:Calyampudi R. Rao
3762:Ronald R. Coifman
3670:George F. Carrier
3651:Donald C. Spencer
3646:Saunders Mac Lane
3581:Marshall H. Stone
3531:Shiing-Shen Chern
3438:Solomon Lefschetz
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3337:David J. Wineland
3305:John M. Prausnitz
3246:C. Kumar N. Patel
3241:James L. Flanagan
3209:John Roy Whinnery
3196:H. Guyford Stever
3178:Nick Holonyak Jr.
3141:George W. Housner
3136:Willis M. Hawkins
3131:Daniel C. Drucker
3113:Robert Byron Bird
3105:Bernard M. Oliver
3012:Peter C. Goldmark
2999:Wernher von Braun
2945:George E. Mueller
2918:Nathan M. Newmark
2913:J. Presper Eckert
2892:Claude E. Shannon
2861:Charles S. Draper
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2777:Judith P. Klinman
2661:Gábor A. Somorjai
2572:Isabella L. Karle
2559:George S. Hammond
2520:Gertrude B. Elion
2473:Rudolph A. Marcus
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2250:Ralph L. Brinster
2169:Torsten N. Wiesel
2146:Norman E. Borlaug
2133:Solomon H. Snyder
2128:J. Michael Bishop
2087:Mario R. Capecchi
1967:Salome G. Waelsch
1898:E. Donnall Thomas
1773:Theodor O. Diener
1672:Paul Alfred Weiss
1500:Bernard B. Brodie
1436:George G. Simpson
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1325:Michael I. Posner
1226:Eleanor J. Gibson
1178:George J. Stigler
1146:Neal Elgar Miller
1077:
1076:
1046:Masataka Nakazawa
1040:Christopher Field
925:Yasuharu Suematsu
869:Shun-ichi Iwasaki
828:Peter Shaw Ashton
768:Benoit Mandelbrot
762:Andrzej Tarkowski
582:Elias James Corey
470:
469:
461:Succeeded by
128:
127:
109:Scientific career
4899:
4646:Gilbert F. White
4591:George Wetherill
4485:Allan M. Cormack
4443:Jack Steinberger
4423:D. Allan Bromley
4372:H. Richard Crane
4349:Frederick Reines
4339:Helmut Landsberg
4254:George Uhlenbeck
4155:Vladimir Haensel
4117:Allan R. Sandage
4088:Herbert C. Brown
4070:Herbert Friedman
3996:Leon M. Lederman
3968:Julian Schwinger
3947:
3936:
3905:Alexandre Chorin
3879:Richard A. Tapia
3860:David B. Mumford
3688:Alberto CalderĂłn
3633:Joseph B. Keller
3620:Michael Freedman
3589:Herman Goldstine
3443:H. Marston Morse
3417:
3406:
3345:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3329:Robert S. Langer
3321:Jan D. Achenbach
3154:Herbert E. Grier
2905:Igor I. Sikorsky
2866:Othmar H. Ammann
2827:
2816:
2782:Jerrold Meinwald
2551:Norman Hackerman
2530:Glenn T. Seaborg
2445:William O. Baker
2373:F. Albert Cotton
2341:
2330:
2307:Mary-Claire King
2200:Bert W. O'Malley
2156:Thomas E. Starzl
2151:Phillip A. Sharp
2138:Charles Yanofsky
2120:Evelyn M. Witkin
2115:James E. Darnell
1941:Paul C. Zamecnik
1906:Mary Ellen Avery
1878:Herbert W. Boyer
1873:Baruj Benacerraf
1844:Joshua Lederberg
1834:Viktor Hamburger
1796:Michael S. Brown
1642:Robert H. Burris
1397:
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1333:Mortimer Mishkin
1258:William K. Estes
1242:Roger N. Shepard
1234:Robert K. Merton
1218:George A. Miller
1165:Herbert A. Simon
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703:Marc Van Montagu
677:Takashi Sugimura
611:Xavier Le Pichon
556:Donald Henderson
552:Georges Vendryes
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439:Honorary titles
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4599:Don L. Anderson
4565:Peter Goldreich
4518:Steven Weinberg
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4400:Walter Elsasser
4377:Herman Feshbach
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4229:Samuel Goudsmit
4221:Chien-Shiung Wu
4160:Frederick Seitz
4127:John A. Wheeler
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3960:Luis W. Alvarez
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3786:Karen Uhlenbeck
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3549:Hassler Whitney
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3233:Hermann A. Haus
3204:Calvin F. Quate
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1054:Karl Deisseroth
1050:Gero Miesenböck
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4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:James E. Gunn
4748:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Edward Witten
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
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4639:
4637:
4634:
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4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4566:
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4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Roger Revelle
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4466:Henry Stommel
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:Eugene Parker
4454:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:Edward Teller
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Lyman Spitzer
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Hans A. Bethe
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Maurice Ewing
4143:
4141:
4140:Carl Djerassi
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Saul Winstein
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Eugene Wigner
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Paul Bartlett
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Louis Hammett
4050:
4048:
4047:Gregory Breit
4045:
4043:
4042:Francis Birch
4040:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:William Rubey
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3933:
3919:
3918:Michael Artin
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Bradley Efron
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:Felix Browder
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Stephen Smale
3731:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:John McCarthy
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Samuel Karlin
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
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3579:
3576:
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3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
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3513:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Oscar Zariski
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Ray W. Clough
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:Alfred Y. Cho
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:John G. Trump
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Edwin H. Land
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Vannevar Bush
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Allen J. Bard
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:JoAnne Stubbe
2717:
2715:
2714:Joanna Fowler
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2624:Susan Solomon
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Melvin Calvin
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Yuan Tseh Lee
2407:
2405:
2404:Harry B. Gray
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Gilbert Stork
2376:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Bruce Alberts
2284:
2282:
2281:May Berenbaum
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Lubert Stryer
2185:
2183:
2182:Nina Fedoroff
2180:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Anthony Fauci
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Harold Varmus
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2040:Lynn Margulis
2038:
2036:
2035:Jared Diamond
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Thomas Eisner
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Maxine Singer
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Paul A. Marks
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Stanley Cohen
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Efraim Racker
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:James V. Neel
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:Horace Barker
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Sewall Wright
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Anne Treisman
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Kenneth Arrow
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Anne Anastasi
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:Brian Hoskins
1058:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:Drew Weissman
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
999:
992:
988:
985:
982:
978:
974:
973:Akira Yoshino
971:
968:
964:
960:
957:
954:
950:
947:
944:
943:Alain Fischer
940:
936:
933:
930:
926:
923:
920:
916:
913:
910:
909:Masato Sagawa
906:
902:
898:
895:
892:
891:Toshio Hirano
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
870:
867:
866:
864:
860:
853:
852:David E. Kuhl
849:
846:
843:
839:
835:
832:
829:
825:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:John Houghton
808:
805:
801:
797:
794:
791:
787:
783:
782:Kenichi Honda
780:
777:
773:
769:
766:
763:
759:
755:
752:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:
732:
731:
729:
725:
718:
714:
710:
707:
704:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:
672:
668:
665:
662:
658:
657:Nick Holonyak
655:
652:
648:
645:
642:
638:
635:
632:
628:
625:
622:
618:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:Marvin Minsky
597:
596:
594:
590:
583:
579:
576:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
526:
523:
519:
516:
515:
513:
509:
504:
497:
492:
490:
485:
483:
478:
477:
474:
465:
456:
455:
448:
442:
437:
432:
428:
426:
422:
420:
417:
413:
410:
409:
405:
389:
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4792:Sandra Faber
4787:Sidney Drell
4617:Leo Kadanoff
4612:James Cronin
4560:Hans Dehmelt
4495:Robert Pound
4461:Robert Sharp
4277:John Sinfelt
4244:Verner Suomi
4211:Lewis Sarett
4075:Lars Onsager
4019:Henry Eyring
3986:John Bardeen
3728:Richard Karp
3696:Allen Newell
3475:Jerzy Neyman
3100:Tung-Yen Lin
3077:Bill Hewlett
3007:Morris Cohen
2601:John W. Cahn
2502:Karl Folkers
2263:Lucy Shapiro
2213:Elaine Fuchs
2092:Ann Graybiel
2022:Janet Rowley
2004:James Watson
1996:Ruth Patrick
1839:Philip Leder
1709:Mildred Cohn
1657:Severo Ochoa
1634:E. O. Wilson
1448:
1012:Svante Pääbo
949:Hideo Hosono
919:Jean Fréchet
901:Brian Druker
897:Janet Rowley
879:Ken Thompson
796:Makoto Nagao
758:Anne McLaren
699:Jozef Schell
660:
627:Gerhard Ertl
621:John J. Wild
607:Dan McKenzie
572:Robert Gallo
564:Frank Fenner
542:Gurdev Khush
452:
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393:December 13,
391:. Retrieved
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135:entomologist
130:
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108:
18:
4862:2000 deaths
4847:1909 births
4745:Berni Alder
4552:Frank Press
4433:Walter Kohn
4410:George Pake
4344:Walter Munk
4267:Herman Mark
4249:Henry Taube
4037:Jesse Beams
3991:Peter Debye
3973:Harold Urey
3897:Barry Mazur
3459:John Milnor
3353:Amnon Yariv
3297:Leo Beranek
3123:Ernst Weber
2976:Abel Wolman
2567:Thomas Cech
2497:Elkan Blout
2437:Max Tishler
2354:Roger Adams
2312:Simon Levin
1778:Harry Eagle
1601:Paul Gyorgy
1293:Gary Becker
820:Albert Fert
776:Seiji Ogawa
637:Frank Press
503:Japan Prize
249:Japan Prize
102:Japan Prize
4841:Categories
4539:Vera Rubin
4178:Paul Flory
3839:Hyman Bass
3712:John Cocke
3615:Raoul Bott
3518:Kurt Gödel
3510:John Tukey
3467:Paul Cohen
3082:George Low
3045:Simon Ramo
2268:Leroy Hood
2069:Carl Woese
2017:Bruce Ames
1528:Ernst Mayr
991:Rattan Lal
967:Adi Shamir
814:Akira Endo
734:Ian McHarg
681:Bruce Ames
560:Isao Arita
505:recipients
270:References
119:Entomology
4534:Val Fitch
3602:Peter Lax
3372:Shu Chien
2619:John Ross
2334:Chemistry
1722:Paul Berg
1114:laureates
834:Vint Cerf
695:Leo Esaki
671:Masao Ito
262:in 2016.
168:screwworm
4513:Ed Stone
1510:Jay Lush
256:magazine
464:He Kang
197:malaria
1070:(2024)
1056:(2023)
1042:(2022)
1028:(2021)
1014:(2020)
993:(2019)
983:(2018)
969:(2017)
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193:typhus
115:Fields
95:(1971)
84:Awards
64:, U.S.
49:, U.S.
4777:2010s
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4475:1990s
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326:(PDF)
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416:USDA
395:2019
254:Life
195:and
55:Died
40:Born
217:SIT
201:DDT
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