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614:, if such it may be called, of a triangular form, to correspond, I suppose, with that of the Market-place, but of what order of architecture, I was not able to discover; some of the ornaments however are British, some Roman, and some Egyptian. The base, or pedestal, is, as you may conclude from its shape, divided into three compartments, in one of which, composed of the same kind of gingerbread work I mentioned before, are the town arms, consisting of five maidens' heads placed lozenge wise, the middle one crowned, the others ornamented with garlands of flowers; but I was informed by a
420:
Place protected with iron railings and spurs or curb stones to resist the heaviest shock of a waggon. The obelisk to have four lamps—to invest in the name of the M&B such a sum as will defray for ever the expense of lighting the same during the period when the other lamps are lighted. The erection will contribute largely to prevent the confusion which now prevails with the wagons on market days by obliging the drivers to take a regular line. The architect will be directed to present the proposed plan and carry the same into immediate effect.
570:) was not aware that the structure was intended as a lamp-post to illuminate the market, and thought that Simeon had erected the column as a monument to himself. The triangular base of the monument has shallow recesses on each side, the railings surrounding it had not yet been installed, and as the lamps were not yet operational these recesses would have offered a degree of privacy, so it is likely that the anonymous author was correct in asserting that at that time the structure was being used as an impromptu urinal.
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622:, and not in the meretricious dresses they are here represented; as to the middle one being crowned, he says, it was only introduced in compliment to Queen Elizabeth, who was a great benefactress to the town, and consequently might very well now be omitted. In another compartment are the arms of the founder, and in the third an inscription on a brass plate, recording the time of its erection. The three facets, or corners of the base, are ornamented with what I at first mistook for
408:
656:
559:, reporting that "Mr Monck was remarkably happy in his allusion to a certain newly erected monument, by observing that some gentlemen endeavoured to ingratiate themselves with the Electors by raising monuments of stone, and having their transitory names emblazoned on them in brass, but that his friend raised a more lasting monument, in the breasts and hearts of his constituents". The monument proved immediately controversial; a letter published in the
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35:
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651:. At each corner of the pedestal is a large lamp, for the maintenance whereof, for ever, I am told, the founder has funded a sufficient sum of money in annuities, under the management of the Corporation. It is surrounded by a handsome iron railing, and may, upon the whole, be called a pretty, rather than a correct, design for a lamp post.
198:. It had no official unveiling or opening ceremony, but the stonework was complete by September 1804. The structure was immediately controversial, denounced within weeks of its opening as "a paltry gew-gaw thing without use, or name", built by Simeon to promote himself rather than for the public benefit. In early 1805 Simeon donated an
672:
person or event, it is not strictly a monument; as it is a triangular rather than a square structure, it is not technically an obelisk; it was commissioned by Simeon and designed by Soane. Its listing on the
National Heritage List for England describes it as the Simeon Monument, as does Soane's biographer
404:. John Simeon was a controversial and reactionary figure who opposed the poor being taught arithmetic or writing, and following his defeat in 1802 the Simeon family had been engaged in ostentatious efforts to curry favour with the approximately 300 men who were entitled to vote in Reading's elections.
379:
trader. From 1792 he was a director of the Bank of
England. Although he lived in London, in Salvadore House on White Hart Court, he maintained links with Reading. His 1792 wedding took place there, and he regularly donated clothing to the poor children of the town. The Simeon family were prominent in
667:
Although Man disliked the Simeon
Monument, he was nonetheless an admirer of Soane, whom he described in the same book as "one of London's first architects ... whose numerous works, in the city , and other parts of the kingdom, are convincing proofs of his superior abilities, in a line which has
551:
There was no unveiling ceremony for the monument and the date its lamps were first lit is not recorded, but the stonework was complete by the time Soane inspected it on 3 September 1804. The first recorded mention of the completed monument comes in a report of a dinner hosted on 10 September 1804 by
306:
in 1800, leaving Market Place dealing with trade in grain, fruit, vegetables and "colonial or manufactured articles"; Reading was considered one of the cheapest places in the country to buy imported and manufactured items. By the early nineteenth century, around 200 wagons of produce would arrive in
780:
to restore the monument itself. Following works costing a total of approximately £60,000 (£15,000 of which was provided by the Soane
Monument Trust), the renovated monument was unveiled on 18 December 2007. By this time, the monument was the last surviving structure in Reading to have been designed
753:
in mock gas lamps installed, while in the mid-1970s the market itself was relocated across the town centre to Hosier Street, near its original site prior to its relocation to Market Place in the twelfth century. In 1981 the car park was closed, and in 1985 wheelchair-accessible toilets were erected
708:
in the 1840s and was unnecessary after the lamps were removed in 1911. In 1883 Simeon's bequest was transferred to the
Official Trustee, with the dividends continuing to be used to pay for gas to the lamps. The surpluses were diverted to other local causes such as illuminating Market Place's clock.
646:
an offender: I would therefore recommend that the axes be taken away, and the fasces left, as being all that is classically necessary to represent that degree of power the
Corporation really possess. On the pedestal is raised a triangular shaft, with the facets ornamented in the Egyptian style, and
592:
for the work and expenses attending the same performed by his late brother John
Neville 416 Strand London". In January 1810 Soane and Simeon each paid half of the outstanding sum to William Neville; Neville returned both cheques, requesting that Simeon donate his share of the sum to a local charity
712:
In the mid 1840s, Neville's oil lamps were replaced by cheaper gas lamps, supported by heavier brackets; these in turn were replaced by tall lamp posts affixed to the ground rather than the monument itself in 1890. In 1911 the lamps were shut down and replaced with baskets of flowers. Although the
671:
The structure was never officially named, and since its erection has been referred to as the "Simeon
Monument", "Soane Monument", "Simeon Obelisk" and "Soane Obelisk" interchangeably. As it was built to illuminate the market and divert the flow of traffic, rather than to officially commemorate any
419:
It has very often struck me that the want of light in so great a public spot as the Market Place was productive of inconvenience which every inhabitant and neighbour must experience ... request you will make known my desire of erecting at my own expense an obelisk in the centre of the Market
826:
In the event John Simeon and
Charles Shaw-Lefevre were the only two candidates to stand for the two seats in the constituency in the 1806 election. Despite his brother running unopposed, Edward Simeon nonetheless is alleged to have bribed all those who voted in 1806 for John Simeon alone with two
573:
During the planning and construction of the monument, Edward Simeon had commissioned what he described as "a variety of experiments ... to produce the most effectual and brilliant light". On 17 January 1805, with the monument now in place, he wrote to George
Gilbertson, the Mayor of Reading,
565:
on 24 September accused Simeon of attempting to "bias the heads of the Borough in his favour by setting up in the market-place a paltry gew-gaw thing without use, or name", and stating that "Some denominate it an obelisk, others a pillar, but among the generality of the inhabitants it is called a
480:
In May 1804 the Borough Corporation approved Simeon and Soane's scheme, although the proposed metal pinecone was replaced with a pinecone in carved stone, and by 20 July Soane was in Reading supervising construction. Robert Spiller was paid £310 3/– (about £34,000 in 2024 terms) to build the
587:
in London. Neville died before being fully paid for the lamps and supports, and Simeon neglected to pay his heirs. On 18 August 1809, following Neville's death, his brother threatened to attach a second plaque to the structure reading "Edward Simeon Esq, of Salvadore House Accepted from William
578:
The preference has to be given to burners containing 2 tiers of lights, 3 above and 4 below, each burner containing 36 threads of cotton, so that the 3 lamps are to give a light equal to 27 of the town lamps – as fully explained in the contract with Mr Owen who lights the town lamps –
921:
The same anonymous correspondent was highly critical of Edward Simeon, accusing him of "taking the Pretty Dears of Reading to the races in his carriage", "importing a cargo of thimbles to be fitted on the fingers of the fair with his own hands", and "opening a warehouse to supply the town with
218:
in 1956, by this time it was becoming extremely dilapidated. The market was relocated away from Market Place in the 1970s, and the obelisk avoided demolition primarily owing to lobbying by admirers of Soane, as it was the last surviving structure in Reading to have been designed by him.
775:
from the 1950s onwards attitudes began to slowly change. In 2005, following pressure from the Soane Monuments Trust, Reading Council agreed to landscape Market Place, removing the now-disused toilets and their airshaft and other structures surrounding the obelisk, and commissioning
749:. By this time, the structure was severely dilapidated, and described as "effectively ruined". In 1965 responsibility for the monument was transferred to Reading Borough Council. In 1971 the baskets of flowers hanging from the disused lamp brackets were removed, and
754:
next to the entrance to the underground toilets, clad in Portland stone to blend in with the Simeon Monument. By this time, the Monument was dilapidated and had survived demolition mainly through lobbying by admirers of Soane; a 2003 profile of the structure in the
596:
While some welcomed the erection of the obelisk, others questioned its use and practicality, and were sceptical of Simeon's motives in funding it. Some felt its design was inappropriate, and as early as September 1804 an anonymous correspondent to the
222:
In 2005, Reading Borough Council agreed to landscape Market Place and to renovate the Simeon Monument. The now-disused toilets and other structures around the monument were removed, and the monument itself was restored to its former condition.
453:. He soon rejected this shape in favour of an unconventional triangular design. It is unrecorded why he made this choice; Sowan (2007) speculates that it may have been inspired by triangular Roman lamps Soane had seen on a recent visit to
213:
had been built alongside it. Although Simeon had stipulated that the lamps were to remain lighted forever, by this time the lamps were no longer operational, having been replaced by baskets of flowers in 1911. Although the monument was
424:
Austwick approved Simeon's plan, and John Soane was approached to design an obelisk with the dual purpose of acting as an obstruction to prevent wagons driving across Market Place, and holding four lamps to illuminate the area.
457:, although it is more likely to be a response to the triangular shape of Market Place itself. His final design was a mixture of differing architectural styles, and consisted of a triangular base with each corner supporting a
601:
described it as "A spruce pedestal of Wedgwood Ware, where motley arms and tawdry emblems glare", and sarcastically referred to the monument as "the eighth wonder of the world". John Man, describing Market Place in his 1810
186:
that it would be of benefit to erect a structure in Market Place, which would serve both to carry lamps to light the area and to improve the flow of traffic in the area, and volunteered to pay for such a structure himself.
630:, with a woodman's axe thrust into the ends of each of them; but the same learned gentleman assured me, that they were intended to represent to fasces and axes usually carried before the Roman Consuls, in token of their
579:
annual charge for lighting and cleaning the lamps £22-5-6. I enclose the bank receipt for £1000 3% – transferred to the mayor and Corporation. Ordered E. Simeon be presented with the freedom of this borough.
771:
Although Soane's designs had become unpopular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and most of his buildings had been demolished or significantly altered, following his championing by
302:
from each sack sold. While the outdoor market in Market Place had traditionally specialised in dairy produce, meat and poultry, the sale of these items had been moved to a nearby purpose-built
566:
p****** post", referring to its use as an object to urinate on. At this time the lamps were not yet in place, and it is possible that the anonymous critic (likely to have been local historian
704:
at 3% which Edward Simeon had gifted in 1805 for the maintenance of the lamps proved more than was needed to keep the lighting operational following the conversion of the lamps to cheaper
527:
On the remaining two sides are bronze works, one consisting of the arms of Simeon, the other showing a crowned head surrounded by four uncrowned heads. The corner columns bear carved
415:
Concerned about the appearance of the Market Place and the congestion caused by traffic passing through it, Simeon wrote to Lancelot Austwick, the Mayor of Reading, on 24 January 1804:
182:
had been installed in Reading in 1797, the system used was one of lamps attached to the sides of buildings and as a consequence open spaces remained unlit. In 1804 Simeon persuaded the
1845:
737:
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355:. In addition to his work for the Bank of England he continued to design other buildings, including in 1789 a brewery in Bridge Street, Reading, and in 1796 a house for
680:(2007) describes it as the "Soane Obelisk", on the grounds that " greater fame has no doubt saved it from demolition, and obelisk ... is what Simeon asked for".
294:
Market Place in Reading was a large triangular piece of open land, surrounded by shops, which since the twelfth century had been the site of Reading's market. The
2186:
1955:
172:
1838:
2001:
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Soane's design for the Norwich Market scheme is undated, and it is possible, albeit unlikely, that he used his discarded Reading design for Norwich.
700:, "cut off prematurely with a peculiar and distressing malady". He left £4715 (about £380,000 in 2024 terms) to local causes in his will. The £1000
931:
Sowan (2007) gives a date of 1975 for the relocation of the market from Market Place to Hosier Street, while Reading Museum gives a date of 1973.
48:
1945:
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described this "strange, tripodal stalk of limestone" as "a rather clumsy bit of masonry, revered by Soane fans, ignored by everyone else".
1831:
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168:
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175:, since which time the family had been engaged in ostentatious spending locally in an effort to gain support among the town's voters.
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attached to the walls of buildings. As a consequence, open areas such as Market Place remained unlit other than around their edges.
688:
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1894:
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Reading Market during the Second World War. By now the monument (right) was almost completely obscured by surrounding structures
1960:
882:
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opened next to the obelisk to serve the market. Underground public toilets were installed adjacent to the obelisk in 1933.
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A house at 14 St John's Road, Reading, has also been attributed to Soane, but there is no evidence to support the claim.
381:
160:
567:
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to design a suitable structure. Soane designed an unusual triangular structure, 25 feet (7.6 m) high and built of
813:, but that was some distance further north and was built at a much earlier date; the station in question was actually
810:
2118:
1879:
1818:
1981:
1788:
Windsor, Alan (1993). "The Simeon Monument in Reading by Sir John Soane". In Bold, John; Cheney, Edward (eds.).
2191:
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1940:
814:
878:
2123:
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1910:
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All four names are in common use. The structure was commissioned and funded by Simeon and designed by Soane.
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Market Place in 2018, following the landscaping of the former market site and the restoration of the obelisk
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in 1753 and educated at William Baker's Academy in Reading. After a successful early career designing
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articles of merchandise without the middle-man's profit, to the great loss of the wholesale dealers".
553:
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255:, approximately 40 miles (64 km) west of London. The settlement has existed since at least the
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1991:
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206:
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power; if so they are certainly not appropriately introduced here, as the Corporation have only a
618:, who resides here, that this was not correct, the original arms having been five maidens' heads,
588:
Neville of Fleet Street £20.9s.7d as a small donation towards the expense of erecting his obelisk
539:
155:. It was commissioned by Edward Simeon, a Reading-born merchant who became extremely wealthy as a
2163:
1855:
1391:
721:, by 1880 these had been replaced by railings of a more austere and functional design. By 1900 a
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to the parliament of the newly created United Kingdom, and successfully regained the seat in the
244:
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83:
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Salvadore House, itself partially designed by Soane, was on White Hart Court, near present-day
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1935:
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1060:"View of Corn Market, Obelisk and St Lawrence's Church Coloured engraving by W.H Timms - 1823"
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Market Place in 1907; by this time a cabmen's shelter had been built adjacent to the monument
1965:
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772:
385:
360:
344:
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279:, the city grew prosperous and became a major industrial centre, particularly noted for its
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The Stranger in Reading in A Series of Letters from a Traveller to his Friend in London
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of 3% interest on £1000 to pay for the lamps on the obelisk to be lit in perpetuity.
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who eventually succeeded Shaw-Lefevre as one of Reading's two Members of Parliament.
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862:
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had been constructed next to the monument, later used as a hut the attendants of a
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311:
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809:. Windsor (1993) states that it was demolished in 1875 during the construction of
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The lamps themselves, along with their supports, were supplied by John Neville of
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and four lamps on diagonally-set piers; the cupola would in turn be topped with a
1397:
2143:
1915:
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column, which in turn supported a stone cylinder topped with a bronze or copper
303:
288:
1398:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
2016:
1823:
490:
486:
482:
340:
327:
280:
191:
93:
63:
50:
17:
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original railings surrounding the structure had been an elaborate design of
1009:"A History of the County of Berkshire: The borough of Reading: The borough"
493:. The base of the structure was adorned with a large metal plaque reading:
1813:
375:
1755–1812) was a Reading-born merchant, who became extremely wealthy as a
726:
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697:
466:
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151:, is a stone structure in Market Place, the former site of the market in
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period, it became a prominent town in 1121 following the foundation of
199:
1747:(2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp.
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Edward Simeon in 1808. The paper in his hand reads "Reading Lighting".
528:
446:
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in 1797, this system did not use lamp posts and instead consisted of
276:
275:, and with the Thames providing direct shipping routes to London and
351:, on 16 October 1788 he was appointed architect and surveyor to the
1790:
English Architecture Public & Private: Essays for Kerry Downes
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736:
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in Reading and that Soane keep his share to do with as he wished.
538:
471:
406:
331:
299:
230:
485:
J Lovegrove built the brick core of the base, James Marshall was
343:(from 1831 Sir John Soane) was a local architect, born in nearby
1827:
469:. In total, the structure was to be 25 feet (7.6 m) tall.
209:
had been erected next to the monument, and in 1933 underground
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maintained the area, in return for a tax of one pint of
1422:
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hams, and those who voted for both candidates with one.
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politician who had been elected MP for the town in the
1627:
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1612:
1610:
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1583:
1581:
1579:
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1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
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About £120,000 and £30,000 respectively in 2024 terms.
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1306:
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1300:
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Market Place in 1807, with the newly erected monument
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1974:
1903:
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125:
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869:erroneously describes the pinecone as a pineapple.
1720:A Mark of Affection: The Soane Obelisk in Reading
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:"Details from listed building database (1113534)"
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1054:
1052:
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865:and of eternity. The Monument's listing on the
608:
576:
496:
433:Soane's initial design was based on an unbuilt
417:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1007:Ditchfield, P.H.; Page, William, eds. (1923).
1839:
8:
1186:
27:
173:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1846:
1832:
1824:
1323:
1321:
1319:
696:Edward Simeon died on 14 December 1812 in
33:
26:
1394:inflation figures are based on data from
1029:
163:, was a former Member of Parliament for
1497:
1470:
1275:
1151:
994:
960:
789:
461:lamp, surrounding a fluted three-sided
171:to the parliament of the newly created
1545:
1359:"A monumental achievement for Reading"
1118:
610:Nearly in the centre is a large stone
267:, the main route connecting London to
2187:Grade II* listed buildings in Reading
1946:Royal Berkshire Regiment War Memorial
1655:
1643:
1631:
1616:
1601:
1589:
1566:
1509:
1482:
1453:
1438:
1426:
1310:
1287:
1258:
1207:
1174:
1106:
1085:
982:
817:which is also located on Bishopsgate.
647:surmounted at the top with something
7:
190:Simeon commissioned local architect
1533:
1521:
1041:
668:yet to boast of very few masters".
1338:National Heritage List for England
1229:"Making the grade: Simeon Obelisk"
867:National Heritage List for England
25:
437:structure Soane had designed for
159:trader. Edward Simeon's brother,
1812:
1675:. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
661:Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria
638:, not a supreme power; they may
441:, comprising a square base with
310:Although Reading had introduced
2002:Broad Street Independent Chapel
1956:St Mary's Church, Castle Street
1357:Moore, Ben (19 December 2007).
861:Pinecones were a symbol of the
1737:Stooks Smith, Henry. (1973) .
1227:Miller, Keith (19 July 2003).
807:St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate
659:The obelisk decorated for the
1:
1722:. Reading: Two Rivers Press.
903:About £103,000 in 2024 terms.
544:
394:1796 British general election
384:, brother to Edward, was the
372:
307:Reading on busy market days.
236:
167:who had lost his seat in the
1961:St Peter's Church, Caversham
590:in commemoration of his name
247:is at the confluence of the
2057:King's Meadow swimming pool
1792:. London: Hambledon Press.
1773:. London: Faber and Faber.
894:About £2,300 in 2024 terms.
811:Bishopsgate railway station
733:Dilapidation and renovation
2213:
1744:The Parliaments of England
912:About £2,000 in 2024 terms
325:
291:for the surrounding area.
1771:Sir John Soane, Architect
1699:Phillips, Daphne (1980).
1694:. Reading: Snare and Man.
1671:Cameron, Kenneth (1961).
1062:. Reading: Reading Museum
745:In 1956 the monument was
489:, and Thomas Russell the
45:
41:
32:
2129:Statue of Queen Victoria
1941:Royal Berkshire Hospital
815:Liverpool Street station
2149:University War Memorial
2124:Statue of George Palmer
2094:Reading railway station
1396:Clark, Gregory (2017).
429:Design and construction
396:, lost his seat in the
235:Market Place, Reading,
768:
742:
693:
664:
653:
581:
548:
524:
510:As a mark of affection
477:
422:
412:
337:
240:
1821:at Wikimedia Commons
1703:. Countryside Books.
766:
740:
691:
676:, while Adam Sowan's
658:
604:A Stranger in Reading
542:
516:Lancelot Austwick Esq
475:
410:
402:1806 general election
335:
287:, as well as a major
234:
2089:Reading Old Cemetery
2062:Leighton Park School
2047:Hospitium of St John
1895:St Laurence's Church
1854:Listed buildings in
1718:Sowan, Adam (2007).
1701:The Story of Reading
751:electric light bulbs
557:Charles Shaw-Lefevre
501:and Lighted for ever
359:, who was to become
139:, also known as the
118:Completion date
113:25 feet (7.6 m)
64:51.45563°N 0.96948°W
2084:Queen Anne's School
2042:Holy Trinity Church
1992:Bath Road Reservoir
1673:English Place Names
1536:, pp. 126–127.
678:A Mark of Affection
296:Borough Corporation
60: /
29:
2164:West Memorial Hall
1987:All Saints' Church
1690:Man, John (1810).
1392:Retail Price Index
1361:. London: BBC News
1011:. pp. 342–364
769:
743:
694:
684:Later developments
665:
549:
512:to his Native Town
478:
413:
338:
241:
153:Reading, Berkshire
126:Restored date
84:Reading, Berkshire
69:51.45563; -0.96948
2172:
2171:
2154:Vachel Almshouses
2139:Reading Town Hall
2114:St James's Church
1936:Reading Town Hall
1880:Greyfriars Church
1875:Chazey Court Barn
1817:Media related to
1729:978-1-901677-51-5
1604:, pp. 16–17.
1524:, pp. 40–43.
1485:, pp. 11–12.
1187:Stooks Smith 1973
1032:, pp. 84–89.
717:alternating with
624:bundles of sticks
505:Edward Simeon Esq
503:at the expence of
388:of Reading and a
357:Lancelot Austwick
263:. Located on the
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
2204:
2119:St Mark's Church
2109:St Giles' Church
1966:Watlington House
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773:Nikolaus Pevsner
723:cabmen's shelter
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361:Mayor of Reading
238:
207:cabmen's shelter
184:Mayor of Reading
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2192:Street lighting
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2104:Roseate Reading
2074:Malmaison Hotel
2052:Kendrick School
2037:Highdown School
1970:
1951:Simeon Monument
1899:
1890:Reading Minster
1858:
1852:
1819:Simeon Monument
1810:
1800:
1787:
1781:
1767:Stroud, Dorothy
1765:
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1739:Craig, F. W. S.
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1429:, pp. 8–9.
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1290:, pp. 6–8.
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757:Daily Telegraph
747:Grade II listed
735:
719:flame palmettes
686:
616:great antiquary
599:Reading Mercury
574:advising that:
562:Reading Mercury
537:
525:
520:
519:
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511:
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431:
371:Edward Simeon (
369:
353:Bank of England
330:
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312:street lighting
281:iron production
265:Great West Road
229:
216:Grade II listed
180:street lighting
137:Simeon Monument
68:
66:
62:
59:
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28:Simeon Monument
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2099:Reading School
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2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Caversham Park
2009:
2007:Brock Barracks
2004:
1999:
1997:Battle Library
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
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1911:Albion Terrace
1907:
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1809:
1808:External links
1806:
1805:
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1487:
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1403:MeasuringWorth
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674:Dorothy Stroud
620:veiled as nuns
606:, wrote that:
536:
533:
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463:Portland stone
439:Norwich Market
430:
427:
377:City of London
368:
365:
349:country houses
326:Main article:
323:
320:
228:
225:
211:public toilets
196:Portland stone
169:1802 elections
157:City of London
149:Simeon Obelisk
145:Soane Monument
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104:Portland stone
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1678:
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1657:
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1645:
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1618:
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1591:
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1209:
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1047:
1044:, p. 40.
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:Phillips 1980
1026:
1023:
1010:
1003:
1000:
997:, p. 64.
996:
991:
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778:Julian Harrap
774:
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761:
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739:
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649:like an acorn
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543:Market Place
541:
534:
532:
530:
523:
494:
492:
488:
484:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:supporting a
444:
443:Ionic columns
440:
436:
428:
426:
421:
416:
409:
405:
403:
399:
398:1802 election
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
367:Edward Simeon
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
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141:Soane Obelisk
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44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
18:Edward Simeon
2174:
2159:Wantage Hall
2134:Reading Gaol
2068:Maiwand Lion
2066:
1950:
1811:
1789:
1770:
1743:
1719:
1700:
1691:
1672:
1665:Bibliography
1651:
1639:
1597:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1498:Windsor 1993
1478:
1471:Windsor 1993
1456:, p. 9.
1441:, p. 1.
1434:
1407:. Retrieved
1401:
1363:. Retrieved
1336:
1313:, p. 8.
1283:
1276:Windsor 1993
1261:, p. 6.
1237:. Retrieved
1232:
1189:, p. 8.
1182:
1152:Windsor 1993
1114:
1109:, p. 4.
1088:, p. 3.
1064:. Retrieved
1037:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1002:
995:Cameron 1961
990:
985:, p. 2.
945:
936:
927:
917:
908:
899:
890:
874:
863:tree of life
857:
848:
832:
822:
801:
792:
770:
755:
744:
711:
706:gas lighting
695:
677:
670:
666:
648:
643:
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631:
627:
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619:
615:
611:
609:
603:
598:
595:
589:
585:Fleet Street
582:
577:
572:
560:
550:
526:
497:
479:
459:wrought iron
432:
423:
418:
414:
370:
339:
309:
293:
253:River Kennet
249:River Thames
243:The town of
242:
221:
204:
189:
177:
148:
144:
140:
136:
134:
2144:Thames Lido
2032:High Bridge
2022:Crown Court
1916:Calcot Park
1546:Stroud 1984
1365:26 November
1239:26 November
1119:Stroud 1984
1066:26 November
1015:23 November
481:structure.
382:John Simeon
304:market hall
289:market town
257:Anglo-Saxon
67: /
2181:Categories
2017:Coley Park
1982:Abbey Mill
1656:Sowan 2007
1644:Sowan 2007
1632:Sowan 2007
1617:Sowan 2007
1602:Sowan 2007
1590:Sowan 2007
1567:Sowan 2007
1510:Sowan 2007
1483:Sowan 2007
1454:Sowan 2007
1439:Sowan 2007
1427:Sowan 2007
1311:Sowan 2007
1288:Sowan 2007
1259:Sowan 2007
1208:Sowan 2007
1175:Sowan 2007
1107:Sowan 2007
1086:Sowan 2007
983:Sowan 2007
956:References
879:John Monck
781:by Soane.
642:, but not
552:Reading's
547: 1875
535:Completion
491:blacksmith
487:stonemason
483:Bricklayer
380:the town;
341:John Soane
336:John Soane
328:John Soane
322:John Soane
239: 1795
227:Background
205:By 1900 a
192:John Soane
94:John Soane
52:51°27′20″N
2027:Elm Lodge
1904:Grade II*
841:Burgesses
785:Footnotes
715:palmettes
636:delegated
612:lamp post
514:A.D.1804.
435:Palladian
363:in 1803.
316:oil lamps
285:breweries
178:Although
55:0°58′10″W
1975:Grade II
1769:(1984).
1534:Man 1810
1522:Man 1810
1235:. London
1042:Man 1810
727:car park
698:Highgate
568:John Man
467:pinecone
451:caduceus
386:Recorder
147:and the
100:Material
90:Designer
80:Location
1863:Grade I
1856:Reading
1741:(ed.).
702:annuity
632:supreme
499:Erected
455:Pompeii
273:Bristol
245:Reading
200:annuity
165:Reading
1796:
1777:
1755:
1726:
1707:
1679:
881:was a
663:, 1887
644:behead
628:fagots
529:fasces
521:Mayor.
447:cupola
345:Goring
277:Oxford
143:, the
110:Height
1409:7 May
837:Mayor
1794:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1411:2024
1367:2018
1241:2018
1068:2018
1017:2018
883:Whig
839:and
640:whip
390:Tory
300:corn
283:and
271:and
269:Bath
251:and
161:John
135:The
129:2007
121:1804
1749:8–9
1390:UK
626:or
2183::
1751:.
1624:^
1609:^
1574:^
1553:^
1490:^
1461:^
1446:^
1419:^
1400:.
1375:^
1347:^
1335:.
1331:.
1318:^
1295:^
1266:^
1249:^
1231:.
1215:^
1194:^
1159:^
1126:^
1093:^
1076:^
1049:^
963:^
554:MP
545:c.
531:.
373:c.
237:c.
1847:e
1840:t
1833:v
1802:.
1783:.
1761:.
1732:.
1713:.
1685:.
1413:.
1369:.
1341:.
1243:.
1070:.
1019:.
843:.
518:.
507:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
