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supported the
Germans and wanted Poland brought under the control of their unpopular League of Nations Financial Committee. So the Poles, after consulting with Benjamin Strong, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, invited Kemmerer "to draw up a comprehensive plan for economic reform and stabilization."
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But his recommendations apparently did not consider the particular circumstances of the Polish socioeconomic environment, which his report would have helped show. A mechanism for "automatic budgeting stability, restraint, and control", previously implanted in
Colombia, Chile and Ecuador, was the same
326:
Though the loan was meant to lead to further ones that would strengthen Poland's financial system and promote its economic development, in mid-1928 foreign lending from Wall Street dried up as the Fed raised interest rates and a domestic speculative boom got underway. Kemmerer, and the US's attempts
238:
R. Nötel, in his essay on the
International Credit and Finance of Eastern Europe, complains that the advice of these "money doctors" was "sometimes discordant", adding that their plans were written not only to have the debtors comply with the rules of the international financial system, but also to
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Though
Kemmerer suggested that the Poles take out only a $ 15 million loan for stabilization of the national currency, they negotiated a private one with the American banks B.A. Tompkins and Bankers Trust for $ 61 million, of which $ 15 million were for development – leaving 45 million dollars for
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In the end it all came down to the prestige brought by the advisor and the ceremony of the apparent implementation of his plan by the country that invited him, as
Kemmerer himself admitted: "A country that appoints American financial advisers and follows their advice in reorganizing its finances,
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Kemmerer completed an extremely detailed report on the condition of the Polish economy, taking account of its agriculture, industry and communications infrastructure; his report included detailed maps of the Polish
Central Bank's offices around the country, together with a complex diagram of its
234:
All of the plans created by economic advisors like
Kemmerer were aimed "towards the establishment of an internationally interconnected monetary and credit system based on stable national currencies in fixed value relationship with gold and other gold currencies." Consequently, the plans required
278:
At the same time that Poland was seeking help with financial stabilization and new loans, the unresolved issue of the Polish corridor, which
Versailles had given it to the chagrin of Germany, added some complexity to the issue of the nationality of any future economic advisors, for the British
262:
After two failed attempts at bringing "galloping" inflation under control, in April 1924 a somewhat satisfactory stabilization scheme was established that reigned in inflation and laid the foundations for a modern financial system. This came at the cost of deflation and increasing political
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in May 1926, a popular military hero, to power. His increasingly right wing politics appealed to
American diplomats and bankers, and the US at the time was attempting to "rebuild Europe's war-torn economy and thereby protect crucial agricultural and industrial markets, block the spread of
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describes
Kemmerer's role as that of a doctor who visits the patient "only to diagnose and prescribe, and then come briskly away, leaving the patient to take his own doses or to depend on a foreign nurse".
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Unlike Charles Dewey, who would succeed him as economic advisor to the Polish government, Kemmerer only stayed in Poland a few months to write up his report, while Dewey stayed for more than two years.
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organizational structure. He even went so far as to hold forth on Poland's security: "As long as Poland's international problems remain as they are … a strong army must, of course, be maintained."
218:, where he was made the first director of its new International Finance Section; by then Kemmerer had a well established reputation as an international "money doctor." He was a member of both the
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along what American investors consider to be the most successful modern lines, increases its chances of appealing to the American investor and of obtaining from him capital on favorable terms."
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instability, exacerbated by the expiry in 1925 of the Upper Silesia convention obliging Germans to buy 6 million tons of Polish coal, which made for a quarter of Polish exports.
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as the one that was to be implemented in Poland, a country that even with Pilsudski at the helm, was famous for its political instability.
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Reports submitted by the Commission of the American financial experts headed by Dr. E. W. Kemmerer.
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among other things, central bank independence, the payment of all debts and balanced state budgets.
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to stabilize the Polish economy failed as the country sank further into political instability.
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As a "money doctor" Kemmerer was not alone: in Poland he was followed by Charles Dewey;
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Edwin Kemmerer Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
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the stabilization of the zloty, or nearly four times what Kemmerer had recommended.
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Gold and The Gold Standard: The Story of Gold Money Past, Present, and Future
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The political and increasingly economic instability came to an end with the
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Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System
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The Money Doctor in the Andes – The Kemmerer Missions, 1923–1933
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Bolshevism, and ease the danger of renewed war and revolution."
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The Money Doctor in the Andes: The Kemmerer Missions, 1923-1933
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Ed. M.C. Kaser and E.A. Radice. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
440:, vol. 3, pp. 348-49. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
416:(3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 44–45.
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Warsaw : Printing office of the Ministry of war, 1926.
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Adams, Mildred. "Sick Nations Take the American Cure"
117:(June 29, 1875 – December 16, 1945) was an American
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Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – and After
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283:Kemmerer's role in the Second Polish Stabilization
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558:2nd Ed. London and New York: Routledge, 1997.
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258:The Polish Stabilization – Context
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364:Edwin Walter Kemmerer (2017) .
202:He graduated with honors and a
353:17, no. 1 (March 1927), 1-12.
337:Edwin Walter Kemmerer (1920).
220:American Philosophical Society
195:, and became president of the
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343:. Princeton University Press.
197:American Economic Association
1583:Princeton University faculty
451:The American Economic Review
210:, and earned his Ph.D. from
671:20th Century Press Archives
641:Journal of Economic History
591:Polish Ministry of Finance
410:Eichengreen, Barry (2019).
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187:American Economic Bulletin
1568:Cornell University alumni
975:Oliver M. W. Sprague
340:High Prices and Deflation
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449:"Edwin Walter Kemmerer"
370:. Taylor & Francis.
350:American Economic Review
192:American Economic Review
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488:"Edwin Walter Kemmerer"
1196:John Kenneth Galbraith
453:36.1 (Mar., 1946): 219
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183:Federal Reserve System
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115:Edwin Walter Kemmerer
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18:Edwin Walter Kemmerer
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631:Rosenberg, Emily S.
468:search.amphilsoc.org
464:"APS Member History"
216:Princeton University
185:in 1911, edited the
1588:American economists
1464:Christopher A. Sims
1363:Arnold C. Harberger
1327:Thomas C. Schelling
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389:published in 1944.
303:The New York Times
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246:had the Frenchmen
212:Cornell University
27:American economist
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582:48.1 (Feb., 1979.
540:9 Dec. 1928: SM3.
423:978-0-691-19390-8
367:Kemmerer on Money
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1190:James Tobin
987:Jacob Viner
268:coup d'état
123:Philippines
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498:2023-06-26
473:2023-06-26
394:References
99:Influences
55:1875-06-29
1224:1976–2000
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718:1886–1900
206:key from
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119:economist
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628:. (1989)
222:and the
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151:Poland
127:Mexico
646:JSTOR
355:JSTOR
163:China
143:Chile
418:ISBN
372:ISBN
293:Peru
250:and
167:Peru
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71:Died
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675:ZBW
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