42:
616:. Until 1944 there were more than a million secret high school students in Poland. At least 18,000 students passed their final school exams and received their certificates. This led to a bizarre situation in which students of formally non-existent high schools entered formally non-existent universities. Most of these certificates were issued on pre-war forms with the dates forged to indicate either 1938 or 1939. These were later accepted by post-war Polish universities.
392:
1096:
450:
For the non-German population of the East there can be no type of school above the four-grade rudimentary school. The job of these schools should be confined to the teaching of counting (no higher than up to 500), the writing of one's name, and the teaching that God's commandment means obedience to
518:
notes that the
Organization undertook the education of a million children. By 1942, about 1,500,000 students took part in underground primary education; in 1944, the clandestine secondary school system covered 100,000 people and the secret university level courses about 10,000.
588:
Almost 10,000 students received master's degrees at the secret universities and several hundred others received doctorates. Secret printing houses that sprang up across Poland shortly after the war started, provided the facilities of secret learning with handbooks and scripts.
458:
On the territories incorporated into the Reich, education in Polish was banned and punished with death. Throughout Polish territory, the
Germans abolished all university education for non-Germans. All
462:
were closed. Their equipment and most of the laboratories were taken to
Germany and divided among the German universities while the buildings were turned into offices and military barracks.
362:
666:
This is a partial list of professors who risked their lives teaching under the Nazi and Soviet occupations. Dates of death are given for those executed for their teaching activities.
419:
1160:
1008:
1165:
355:
41:
1070:
Wydział Prawa i Nauk Społecznych
Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie 1919-1939, - przyczynek do dziejów szkolnictwa wyższego w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym
379:, education often took place underground. Secretly conducted education prepared scholars and workers for the postwar reconstruction of Poland and countered
526:
alone. Underground Law and Social
Sciences faculties, as well as Humanities, Medical, Theological, Mathematical and Biology faculties were kept alive at
522:
The net of underground university faculties spread rapidly and by 1944 there were more than 300 lecturers and 3,500 students at various courses at the
348:
578:
66:
481:
However, many teachers, professors and educational activists organized underground courses all around the country, reviving the tradition of
415:
132:
380:
320:
1072:
1044:
776:
407:
331:
46:
1004:
981:
23:
940:
1026:
721:
550:
181:
76:
459:
246:
957:
466:
746:
503:
152:
727:
499:
actively lectured to small groups in private apartments. The attendants were constantly risking deportation and death.
455:
By 1941, the number of children attending elementary school in the
General Government was half of the pre-war number.
266:
874:
492:
287:
102:
61:
488:
411:
127:
71:
1134:
Encuentros de
Historia Comparada Hispano-Polaca / Spotkania poświęcone historii porównawczej hiszpańsko-polskiej
624:
496:
276:
235:
209:
31:
758:
157:
870:
851:
764:
542:
256:
199:
189:
107:
820:
752:
376:
225:
122:
97:
826:
814:
643:
292:
251:
112:
782:
636:
395:
1129:
1115:(1939–1945), vol. 3 "Noc", Instytut Wydawniczy Pax, Warsaw, 1986, p. 34. See: racial theories of
1087:
Footnote: information is uncertain, he possibly taught pedagogy and/or psychology, possibly in Kraków
880:
715:
697:
523:
469:, which educated many Polish artists. It inspired also a number of theater creators cooperating with
770:
651:
808:
703:
691:
681:
538:
527:
423:
403:
261:
220:
1041:
Mikołaj
Tarkowski, Przyczynek do dziejów szkolnictwa wyzszego w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym,
733:
391:
1000:
977:
906:
866:
709:
601:
483:
1116:
969:
896:
890:
593:
443:
442:. The only schools that remained opened were trade schools and courses for factory workers.
137:
650:
for the education of priests. One well-known seminary was run by the
Archbishop of Kraków,
627:(NCOs) while the regional headquarters organized officer courses and special training. The
619:
There was also a net of secret military colleges in most major cities. Until 1944, most of
1076:
1069:
1048:
1042:
1030:
944:
838:
685:
597:
427:
675:
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937:
884:
570:
470:
1154:
1023:
992:
795:
515:
280:
239:
213:
655:
451:
the
Germans, honesty, industry and politeness. Reading I do not consider essential.
302:
1122:
842:
574:
761:, linguistics (responsible for organizing much of Kraków's underground education)
585:
and included 17 different units, among them the faculty of medicine and surgery.
434:
needed no higher education and the whole nation was to be turned into uneducated
918:
Ukrainian education in occupied Poland was more developed than before the war.
1144:
846:
628:
194:
514:), which took care of the underground primary and secondary level education.
620:
605:
174:
1140:
582:
546:
647:
632:
596:, trade schools and special courses on forbidden subjects, such as the
531:
439:
435:
1024:
Tajna edukacja cywilna w latach wojenno-okupacyjnych Polski 1939-1945
613:
609:
562:
558:
642:
Religious education and training also took place. Prominently, the
900:
431:
390:
142:
577:. The latter university was composed mostly of the professors of
730:, history of philosophy, history of aesthetics, history of art
16:
Overview of education in occupied Poland during World War II
635:
Association) opened its own NCO school in Warsaw nicknamed
541:, Warsaw University, Stefan Batory University in Wilno and
534:) from 1939 until 1944 with lectures, seminars and exams.
862:
These are some notable underground-university students:
502:
Most of the underground education was organized by the
381:
German and Soviet threats to eradicate Polish culture
997:
God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes
1143:, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo.
420:areas directly incorporated into the Soviet Union
414:of Polish territory, Poland was divided into the
1130:Polish Universities During the Second World War
1097:Dzieje Najnowsze kwartalnik poswiecony historii
448:
398:1941 - Education in Poland during World War II
356:
8:
1099:bazhum.muzhp.pl 1998 Retrieved 31 March 2023
932:
930:
1061:
1059:
1057:
938:Chapter XIII - GERMANIZATION AND SPOLIATION
387:Background: repressions of Polish education
1125:, Instytut Lwowski, Warsaw, ISSN 1230-0829
798:, historian, imprisoned (but not executed)
416:areas directly incorporated into the Reich
363:
349:
18:
623:regiments had their military schools for
592:The professors organized a net of secret
1161:Education in Poland during World War II
926:
30:
654:and trained future Cardinal and Pope,
1166:Polish resistance during World War II
477:Resistance: the underground education
7:
467:Staatliche Kunstgewerbeschule Krakau
537:The main universities included the
14:
999:, Oxford University Press, 2005,
958:HITLER'S PLANS FOR EASTERN EUROPE
608:. A special case were the secret
662:Underground-university lecturers
460:institutions of higher education
40:
858:Underground-university students
508:Tajna Organizacja Nauczycielska
402:After the Polish defeat in the
1141:Okupacja Hitlerowska 1941-1944
273:Non-integrated but recognizing
247:National Military Organization
1:
200:National Security Corps (PKB)
504:Secret Teaching Organization
555:Uniwersytet Ziem Zachodnich
551:University of Western Lands
406:of 1939 and the subsequent
267:Confederation of the Nation
47:History of Poland 1939–1945
1182:
875:Polish Academy of Sciences
579:Adam Mickiewicz University
465:There existed however the
422:and the German-controlled
288:Jewish Combat Organization
899:, writer, film director,
873:professor, member of the
625:Non-commissioned officers
491:. Those who survived the
631:(the underground Polish
528:Stefan Batory University
871:Jagiellonian University
678:, engineering (d. 1943)
543:Jagiellonian University
257:Camp of Fighting Poland
89:Political organizations
777:Władysław Ślebodziński
753:Marian Gieszczykiewicz
736:, logic and philosophy
728:Władysław Tatarkiewicz
453:
399:
377:World War II in Poland
190:Armed Resistance (ZWZ)
170:Military organizations
123:Camp of National Unity
98:Polish Socialist Party
1022:Ryszard Czekajowski,
905:Karol Józef Wojtyła (
815:Kazimierz Petrusewicz
767:, literature (d.1942)
646:operated underground
644:Roman Catholic Church
612:schools organized in
495:and were not sent to
394:
293:Jewish Military Union
252:National Armed Forces
158:Polish Workers' Party
153:National Radical Camp
143:Betar (Zionist youth)
881:Andrzej Maria Deskur
821:Bronisław Wróblewski
765:Konstanty Troczyński
747:Władysław Czapliński
698:Kazimierz Kuratowski
428:Nazi racial theories
232:Partially integrated
182:Service for Poland's
1068:Mikołaj Tarkowski,
1009:Google Print, p.342
974:Forgotten Holocaust
914:Ukrainian education
771:Adam Stefan Sapieha
722:Zygmunt Szweykowski
684:, sports (d.1944 -
561:, with branches in
497:concentration camps
489:partition of Poland
321:Cultural activities
1106:Additional sources
1075:2008-02-27 at the
1047:2008-02-27 at the
1029:2016-03-03 at the
943:2003-12-03 at the
827:Stefan Ehrenkreutz
783:Wisława Szymborska
759:Mieczysław Małecki
755:, biology (d.1942)
704:Tadeusz Manteuffel
694:, history (d.1945)
692:Marceli Handelsman
682:Eugeniusz Lokajski
539:University of Lwów
487:from the times of
424:General Government
404:invasion of Poland
400:
262:Pomeranian Griffin
226:Peasant Battalions
221:Gwardia Ludowa WRN
133:Jewish Labour Bund
1139:Zygmunt Albert,
907:Pope John Paul II
852:Tadeusz Strumiłło
718:, Polish language
716:Kazimierz Iwiński
710:Andrzej Mostowski
658:(Karol Wojtyla).
557:) was created in
524:Warsaw University
484:Flying University
412:Soviet occupation
373:
372:
332:History of Poland
206:Mostly integrated
34:Underground State
1173:
1136:conference, 2004
1117:Heinrich Himmler
1100:
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1085:
1079:
1067:
1063:
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1051:Gdańsk. Page 22.
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970:Richard C. Lukas
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897:Tadeusz Konwicki
891:Zbigniew Herbert
887:cardinal, Kraków
652:Cardinal Sapieha
365:
358:
351:
334:during 1939–1945
277:Armed Resistance
236:Armed Resistance
210:Armed Resistance
138:Hashomer Hatzair
128:Democratic Party
44:
19:
1181:
1180:
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1113:Polska Walcząca
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1077:Wayback Machine
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1049:Wayback Machine
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1031:Wayback Machine
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945:Wayback Machine
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839:Franciszek Leja
835:
805:
792:
743:
734:Jan Łukasiewicz
686:Warsaw Uprising
672:
664:
598:Polish language
479:
426:. According to
396:Łopiennik Górny
389:
369:
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893:, poet, Kraków
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867:Adam Bielański
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530:in Wilno (now
478:
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471:Tadeusz Kantor
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315:Related topics
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67:Administration
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796:Stefan Inglot
794:
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779:, mathematics
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621:Armia Krajowa
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516:Norman Davies
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275:authority of
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184:Victory (SZP)
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93:Major parties
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988:
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965:
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917:
861:
809:Iwo Jaworski
676:Stefan Bryła
665:
656:John Paul II
641:
618:
594:high schools
591:
587:
554:
536:
521:
511:
507:
501:
482:
480:
464:
457:
454:
449:
446:prescribed:
401:
374:
325:
303:Armia Ludowa
113:Labour Party
1066:(in Polish)
1020:(in Polish)
869:, chemist,
841:, history,
571:Częstochowa
440:German race
56:Authorities
1155:Categories
1111:J. Ślaski
922:References
773:, theology
648:seminaries
493:A-B Aktion
298:Opposition
195:Gray Ranks
148:Opposition
72:Parliament
62:Government
909:), Kraków
749:, history
724:, history
706:, history
606:geography
575:Milanówek
567:Jędrzejów
326:Education
281:Home Army
240:Home Army
214:Home Army
1073:Archived
1045:Archived
1027:Archived
941:Archived
877:, Kraków
637:Agricola
633:Scouting
610:talmudic
549:. A new
438:for the
24:a series
22:Part of
1145:Wrocław
1123:Rocznik
847:Leżajsk
614:ghettos
602:history
532:Vilnius
444:Himmler
375:During
1003:
980:
843:Łańcut
833:Others
785:, poet
741:Kraków
670:Warsaw
583:Poznań
563:Kielce
559:Warsaw
547:Kraków
408:German
77:Courts
32:Polish
26:on the
1147:1975.
901:Wilno
823:- law
817:- law
811:- law
803:Wilno
436:serfs
432:Slavs
234:with
208:with
1001:ISBN
978:ISBN
976:p10
790:Lwów
604:and
573:and
430:the
410:and
279:and
238:and
212:and
581:of
545:in
512:TON
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