1310:. Vainio's failure may have been because of his narrow, mainly lichen-focused field of expertise, his lack of teaching skills, and the personal resentments developed between Vainio and Nylander, as well as issues of language policy. Vainio championed Finnish interests and was a strong supporter of the Finnish language, but at that time Finland was still part of the Russian Empire and the position of the Finnish language in teaching was weak. Suspecting that he had been discriminated against in the selection of a professor, Vainio appealed the decision, arguing that the expert opinions came from representatives of an "openly hostile" school that was prejudiced towards him, and further, that he was the only one of the applicants with the ability to lecture fluently in both Finnish and Swedish. He concluded that he had been rejected on political rather than scientific grounds, writing that the university "had sunk from the level of a learned establishment to that of an institution governed more by political than by academic considerations". The university's position was that successful management of the professorship was more likely to be achieved by an applicant with a more general scientific background. Norwegian botanist
1386:"An indispensable necessity for the successful progress of the work of the University is that it should be carried on in a spirit of free and independent inquiry. The system of preventative censorship, particularly in the form it has been taken lately, is completely contrary to this spirit. The University must accordingly avoid having any dealing with those concerned in applying it. So firm is the public conscience of the country on this point, that any compromise on the part of the University would have a damaging effect on its own reputation. Further proof of these feelings can be found in the fact that Dr. Wainio has been without pupils during the present term. The reply to Dr. Wainio's ... application can therefore only be that the Department's concern for the reputation of the University, and its conception of the ideals for which the University should stand, are in themselves sufficient grounds for asserting that the qualifications of Dr. Wainio, notwithstanding the value of his scientific writings, are not such as to justify the Department recommending him for the post of Associate Professor."
1240:. Vainio's relationship with Nylander had become strained since their successful collaborations years before. Nylander, in previous correspondence with Norrlin, expressed doubts about Vainio's decision to publish his early scientific works in Finnish instead of Latin, which was the norm in the international scientific community. He also questioned Lang's decision to change his name, writing "A most curious matter is also the disappearance of Mr Lang and the birth of Mr Wainio instead. This is a matter that may be possible and explainable in Finland (and unfortunate is that such is the situation) but in the common practical world, here in the logical humanity, such a thing is impossible even to mention without incurably injuring the person concerned." Vainio, in correspondence with Johann MĂĽller in 1889, wrote "it is perhaps necessary that the knowledge of my thesis remains between us, because there are people who lay very peculiar intrigues to prevent me from the professorship. Nylander has taken a stand as a very unscrupulous enemy against me and has taken up a very scandalous intrigue".
986:
1532:(1892–1955). The walls of the elder Vainio's Turku University office were adorned with portraits of prominent lichenologists that were painted by his son. His other children were Marie Marcienne Alice (1894–1979); Louise (born and died in 1896); Irja Louise Mercedes (1899–1976); and Ahti Victor August (1902–1958). Magnusson described him as "a person of retiring habits contented with the bare necessities of life" in his obituary. He recalled the occasion of Vainio's 70th birthday party, where he was visited in his home by a group of colleagues from the University of Turku. Although Vainio seemed to be uncomfortable with the attention, he was always willing to draw on his extensive knowledge and impressive memory to give advice and information to inquiring lichenologists.
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561:
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958:-infested cave without food, water, or a way to make fire. It was only the next morning he was able to find a stream to quench his extreme thirst, and not until the afternoon, when, exhausted, he eventually found his way back to the monastery. During his week-long recovery, one of the monks had to extract sandfly larvae from large bulges on the back of his neck. By the end of his time in Caraça, he had collected a large volume of specimens. Vainio went on to Rio de Janeiro, making excursions to coastal areas such as
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6136:
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collection in museum condition, and would participate in teaching if necessary. As an ardent
Finnish nationalist, Vainio was pleased with the arrangement and joined the payroll of the Turku University Society under the title of custodian of the collections of the Department of Botany in 1920, two years before the start of the university's teaching activities and the transfer of his collection to Turku. He moved to Turku and the university's main building on the edge of the market square in the former
301:
1770:
1973:. One of the major aims of the conference was to collect topotypes for species that Vainio described. The conference was held at the Caraça Monastery (by that time a hotel) that Vainio had stayed at during his collecting trip there more than a century earlier. At the conference, Vainio was declared the "Father of Brazilian lichenology" by the participants. A portrait of Vainio, donated by the University of Turku, was mounted in one of the main corridors. A book containing the
1334:
422:
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1462:, a seven-part book series about Finnish lichens. Vainio had already published the first volume dealing with "Pyrenolichens" in 1921. Knowing that because of his age he had only limited time left to complete a multi-volume series, he started work on the harder groups, confident that in the event of his death the easier groups could be handled by other researchers. This book series became an important resource for the study of the lichen flora of all
1433:
1258:
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characteristics of childhood and youth, often generously granted by nature, the most common is obstinacy, which has a damaging and destroying direction, destroying both for the individual and his neighborhood. To write special botany in
Finnish goes out as if a Frenchman would deliver such a work in Breton or Basque or another of the dialects of the 12 tribes, which jointly constitute the French nation.
51:
1536:
1152:("Study on the natural classification and the morphology of the lichens of Brazil") in Latin with an introduction in French. This 526-page work dealt with 516 species, of which 240 were new to science. The Brazilian taxa were distributed amongst 78 genera (12 of which were described as new), the most well-represented of which included
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working at all hours, even on public holidays. Linkola indicates that he had not taken a day of rest for decades, even when sick. Other biologists in Turku referred to "Vainio's lighthouse", as lamplight would often be seen emerging, often well past midnight, from the windows of his small room in the old university building in Turku.
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modest that his wife and family were unable to visit him in Turku, and their visits were limited to his vacations in
Helsinki. To optimize the productivity of his holiday time, he would take the evening train from Turku to Helsinki, and could be found the next morning in the lichen department of the Helsinki Plant Museum.
1290:, not taxonomical, value. Although MĂĽller was public about his criticisms of Vainio's work, he did acknowledge his careful working method and anticipated that Vainio, "after return from wrong paths", would use his excellent observational skills in a systematically correct way in future research. German lichenologist
888:, who advised him on possible travel routes. It was also during this initial part of the trip that he met a French naturalist named Germain, with whom he had several collecting excursions. Germain advised Vainio against travelling via his originally intended route, and convinced him instead to visit the biodiverse
501:("Flora of east Tavastia") (1878), which dealt with the results of his collecting excursions. In these publications, Vainio analysed and identified the lichen material he collected from the Vyborg region, including new species observations, without assistance from Norrlin or Nylander. Another early publication,
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Finnish historian Timo Tarmio suggests that Vainio's failure to secure a professorship must have been a further blow to him personally because, like
Norrlin, his older brother Joel Napoleon Lang had successfully pursued a university career as a professor in the Faculty of Law. Unsuccessful in his bid
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series, issued in ten volumes from 1922 up until 1940, which was based on these old views. Although the ideal classification scheme would place lichen genera near their closest non-lichenized fungal relatives, with the limited information Vainio had available the solution he devised was to designate
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personality, with many peculiar features, some of which greatly contributed to his difficult, even tragic life", further noting that "he was extremely obstinate, and he was absolutely unwilling to withdraw from a step which he had once taken". Vainio was dedicated to his research, and could be found
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were to be wholly in the
Finnish language, in contrast with the University of Helsinki, which taught both in Swedish and Finnish and used Swedish as the language of administration. The transaction was subject to the condition that Vainio himself would be responsible for organising and increasing the
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Vainio did not receive the associate professorship for which he applied; the
Department of Natural Sciences voted 4 to 3 against his application. Before an official announcement could even be drafted, Sextus Otto Lindberg died, leaving vacant the position of Professor of Botany. This gave Vainio the
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who sent it to Vainio for identification. This collaboration ultimately resulted in almost 500 pages of text over four publications from 1909 to 1923. Vainio described 92 genera and 680 species; almost two-thirds of the species were previously unknown. Before these publications, only about 30 lichen
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specimens were collected from these locations. He wrote favourably of the conditions there: "SĂtio was a very convenient place for my work: it offered opportunities to study the plant life in the forests as well as in the grasslands. The dryness of the air was also favorable for getting my specimens
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based on the collections of "E. Lang". A grateful
Nylander ordered and sent Lang a microscope in the summer of 1874 to help him with his botanical studies. In letters between Norrlin and Nylander, the latter praised Lang's collecting ability, writing "He is a sharp and fit collector of lichens.
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after he died at a relatively young age. In 1899, after the death of
William Nylander, his collections were transferred from Paris to the University of Helsinki, where it was Vainio's responsibility to arrange and catalogue them: they contained a total of 51,066 specimens. Although his relationship
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of the
Cladoniae. The publication of just the first volume had already secured Vainio's reputation as a prominent lichenologist. This major work was later judged to be the best work during this era in the field of lichen research. As an indication of the accuracy and reliability of Vainio's work, a
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In these works—considered the earliest publications on phytogeography in the
Finnish language—Vainio meticulously catalogued the moisture, light, and soil conditions of the places where he collected, and defined terms that would eventually become standard terminology in the field. Vainio's work has
1950:. Based on Vainio's diaries, it describes the difficulties he experienced in collecting in a tropical foreign country. Alava, along with his coauthors Unto Laine and Seppo Huhtinen, published a book in 2004 describing Vainio's collecting trips to Finnish and Russian Karelia and to Finnish Lapland.
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Nylander criticised and dismissed Vainio's thesis submission, arguing it had little scientific value. In contrast, Fries praised Vainio's work, and described him as one of the most competent contemporary lichenologists. Johann MĂĽller disagreed with most of Vainio's general conclusions, and thought
1223:
at the University of Helsinki, a position he applied for in writing in the autumn of 1888. His early mentor Norrlin had obtained a similar position in 1878, which perhaps inspired Vainio to make the application. Because the department Chair, Sextus Otto Lindberg, did not trust his Finnish-language
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horticultural school (1878–1882), and taught natural sciences at the Swedish Private Lyceum (1879–1882), the Swedish Real Lyceum (1881–1884), the Finnish Primary School (1882–1884), the Finnish Girls' School (1882–1884) and the Finnish Graduate School (1882–1884). He did not enjoy teaching, and is
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when teaching began in 1922. Although only offered a modest yearly salary to organise the specimens, he carried out this task with great devotion. He obtained this job—his only permanent teaching position—at 69 years of age, and held it until his death. His living conditions, however, remained so
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amongst his colleagues and compatriots. For example, despite their innovativeness and importance, Vainio's early publications on phytogeography in the border regions of northeast Finland and Russian Karelia were rarely cited by his Finnish colleagues, largely for political reasons. Another source
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Most prominent contemporary lichenologists, including Müller and Nylander, disagreed with the so-called "Schwendenerian hypothesis" and the dual nature of lichens. Since they still subscribed to the belief that lichens were a plant group—rather than the fungus/alga symbiosis they are now known to
1945:
In his 1931 memorial address, Alvar Palmgren, then President of the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, recalled that many of Vainio's scientific papers appeared in the Society's publications and were among the best of them. Vainio's travels in Brazil were recounted in Reinio Alava's 1986 book
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of the University of Turku herbarium, compiled a comprehensive listing of the location of all of Vainio's type specimens in a 1988 publication, and, twenty years later, a list of all collectors whose collections are represented in Vainio's lichen herbarium in Turku. As a consequence of Vainio's
1957:
monograph was reprinted in 1978. Although at the time of reprinting some parts of the book were quite outdated, a review noted "t is no ordinary monograph, but one which has a long-standing value as a taxonomic, floristic, and bibliographic source. One of its outstanding features is its almost
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and the northern Finland and Russian Karelia border area. In this latter work, Vainio distinguished in his study area ten regions on the basis of floristic characteristics and phytogeographical features. In discussing the eastern boundary of the Finnish flora area bordering Russian Karelia, he
1994:
in the Philippines, he has also been called the "Father of Philippine lichenology". Vainio has been used as an example of a "universal lichen taxonomist", defined as "characterised by a broad knowledge in lichen taxonomy, prolificacy and efficiency in publishing their studies, usually in sole
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It is sad for the science as also for Mr Candidate Lang that he has written in Finnish the mentioned work. If he does not want to accommodate Latin he is lost for the intelligent world, and it really would be a great misfortune because he has an excellent talent. But it is true that among the
1989:
originally given to him by Bernt Lynge: "Through all of his papers Dr. Vainio has acquired an uncontested position as the Grand Old Man of Lichenology. He is an ornament to his science and an honour to his country." Because of his significant contributions to the knowledge of the family
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the keen observations, the detailed descriptions and the careful study of the specimens in question. He was never superficial in his work nor prone to hasty inferences however numerous and extensive were the collections submitted to him for examination and for determination. An extreme
248:, meaning he was qualified to teach academically, but without a regular salary. Despite his scientific successes and the international recognition he gained through his research, he never obtained a permanent position in this university. This was a result, he said, of his intense
1724:
Vainio's idea of integrating the classification of lichens and fungi represented a criticism of the prevailing ideas of 19th-century lichenology. These ideas would persist into the first half of the 20th century, largely due to the publication of Zahlbruckner's influential
978:. Vainio returned from Brazil with about 1600 samples packed in five large crates. He worked with this material in Helsinki for the next few years; the material he collected was so abundant that during a few months of study in Paris during 1889–1890, he issued the
1398:
at the age of 64. Forced to live on modest savings, he continued his lichenological studies. Vainio transferred his microscope and part of his library to the botanical institution of the university, where he spent much of his time for the next couple of years.
1346:
for professorship, Vainio was convinced that a supporter of an independent Finland like him would never be elected to university duties. Faced with the reality of securing stable employment to provide for his wife and four children, Vainio accepted a job as a
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In some instances, his studies of material sent to him by other scientists greatly advanced the knowledge of the local flora from where they were sent. For example, Vainio was sent for identification the collections of Portuguese botanist and army doctor
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required an examination of phylogeny, rather than mechanical categorization based on sometimes superficial characters. At the same time, Vainio's research contradicted some of Nylander's previous work by identifying flaws in the way he defined species in
1064:("Universal Monograph on Cladonia"); the final volume was published in 1897. This was an extensive work written in Latin, totalling 1277 pages, on all aspects of this group of lichens. It included descriptions of species old and new, analysis of species
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with few revisions. Finnish-speaking experts had admired Vainio's dissertation, but his international reputation as a prominent lichenologist was first established by his floristic treatment of the lichens collected during these trips documented in the
1892:. This was a radical idea at the time, as the presence or absence of cyphellae and pseudocyphellae were not considered to be suitable as taxonomic and generic characters. Although some other influential lichenologists took a conservative view and
268:
was the predominant language of administration and education. Disillusioned with his prospects for permanent academic employment, and faced with the reality of having to provide for his family, he was obliged to accept a position with the
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several existing ones. He published 102 scientific works in his career, comprising a total of about 5500 pages. Although most of his work dealt with lichens, he occasionally published on related topics. Examples include a discussion of
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suggests that resentment amongst his colleagues was stoked by his publication of the first Finnish-language dissertation. Although Vainio agonised over the social disapproval caused by his employment, he defiantly hid his distress.
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in 1870. He began his studies at the Imperial Alexander University the same year, and under the guidance of Norrlin studied botany, phytogeography, and lichenology. As a young student, in 1871, Lang was granted membership in the
405:, which are quite diverse in Finland. Lang accompanied and assisted him during field trips in the summers of 1868 and 1869 in the vicinity of Lake Vesijärvi, eagerly absorbing and accumulating knowledge. When Norrlin published
1481:, two of his younger colleagues. He was granted a state pension in recognition of his services to science (on the recommendation of the University of Turku and the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica) while on his deathbed.
632:
Nylander, however, disliked Vainio's use of Finnish as the language of his publications and this marked the start of a downward turn in their professional relationship. In a letter to Norrlin (dated 20 March 1876), he wrote
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with the university was strained at the time, there was no-one else qualified for the job. Vainio published works based on collections he was sent from locations such as Puerto Rico, Japan, Thailand, Tahiti, and Trinidad.
2518:
His family name was originally Lang; in 1877 he adopted the Finnish name Wainio, with an initial "W", which was a common practice at that time in the Finnish language. In 1919, he adopted the modern spelling Vainio (see
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floristically resembled Russian Karelia so much that it should be combined with Russian Karelia. Later floristic researchers of this region have used Vainio's pioneering work for the biogeographical division of Eastern
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dominated the political landscape, students refused to enrol in his course as a form of protest against his chosen profession. Vainio was subsequently obliged to suspend his teaching position. With this background,
1294:, who was present at Vainio's public thesis defence, introduced himself as a supporter of Schwendener's theory, and indicated that Vainio's work was the first to create a consistent system for classification.
5412:
Kalb, Klaus; Vězda, Antonin (1988). "Neue oder bemerkenswerte Arten der Flechten-familie Gomphillaceae in der Neotropis" [New or notable species of the lichen family Gomphillaceae in the Neotropics].
2532:"Hän on terävä ja kelpo jäkälien kerääjä. Hieman työskentelemällä ja kelvollisen mikroskoopin avulla hän varmaan pian ylittää kaikki muut Pohjolassa, jossa ei näy ketään häntä parempaa kykyä tässä suhteessa."
1477:. During his time at the University of Turku, the collections expanded to 35,000 samples, a result of additions from local excursions, and collections sent from abroad. Vainio also advised Kaarlo Linkola and
954:—2,107 m (6,913 ft). Because of his relatively poor knowledge of the terrain, he misjudged the distances involved as well as the amount of available daylight. He ended up spending a night in a wet,
752:
on botany. These were the first botany courses given in the Finnish language; Swedish continued to be the primary language for instruction at the University until 1918. His courses consisted of lessons in
505:("Adjustments to the lichens of Finnish Lapland and northern Finland"; published in two parts in 1881 and 1883) was based on material he had collected in 1875 and 1877 in desolate locations near the
6258:
Vitikainen, Orvo (1999). "William Nylander ja Edvard August Vainio – Suomen jäkälätutkimuksen vaiheita" [William Nylander and Edvard August Vainio – The stages of Finnish lichen research].
1817:
Vainio made several important contributions to the understanding of the lichen family Parmeliaceae. He provided the taxonomical foundation for the northern European species of the difficult genus
1505:) as a new species, when his illness suddenly forced him to stop work and hurry to the hospital. Started by Vainio in 1924, the fourth volume was completed posthumously by Norwegian lichenologist
3716:
Vainio, E.A. (1924). "Lichenes a W.A. Setcheli and K.E. Parks in insula Tahiti a 1922 collecti" [Lichens collected by W.A. Setcheli and K.E. Parks in 1922 from the islands of Tahiti].
1517:
Vainio married Marie Louise Scolastique PĂ©rottin, the daughter of a French official, in 1891. They had five children together. His eldest son, with whom he had a close relationship, was the
1981:. Written by several specialists on various lichen groups, it reviews his contributions to tropical lichenography, and gives biographic details about him and his travels, publications, and
1692:
1907:), Vainio's concept of the genus prevailed and has been used extensively for over a century. Later work has shown the presence of pseudocyphellae to correlate strongly with a diverse
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be—they thought that Vainio's proposal to classify lichens with fungi was ridiculous. Müller in particular published two articles that were highly critical of Vainio's conclusions in
453:
in Finland. Lang was particularly skilled at identifying and collecting specimens in the field. During the summers of 1873 and 1874 he collected 472 different lichen species from the
478:
With a little work and the help of a decent microscope, he will probably soon surpass everyone else in the North, where no one is better than he in this respect." Lang received his
1746:. This initiated discussions and an eventual consensus for an integrated classification system. By 1981, lichens were no longer recognised as a "group" distinct from fungi in the
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Starting in 1922, Vainio taught as an assistant professor at the University of Turku, and headed the cryptogamic herbarium at the university. His teaching consisted of courses in
6354:
1382:
has suggested that Vainio showed poor judgement in applying once more, in the spring of 1901, for the position of Associate Professor. The Department's response was unequivocal:
1314:
suggests that not only did Vainio's support of Schwendener's theory cost him a position as professor, but probably also influenced the choice of author for the lichen section of
2579:
Finnish: "Kaikilla näillä teoksillaan on toht. Vainio hankkinut itselleen jäkälätieteen Grand old man'in riidattoman aseman. Hän on tieteensä kaunistus ja kunniaksi maallensa."
4602:
Vasari, Y. (2003). "Edward Wainio—a pioneer of floristic research on the borderland between Northern Finland and Russian Karelia". In Heikkilä, Raimo; Lindholm, Tapio (eds.).
737:
Provincial Government in 1874; teaching natural history, physics, and gymnastics at a school (Viipurin Realikoulu) in Vyborg in 1875; and, from 1879 to 1881, teaching at the
1350:
in the press service of Helsinki in 1891, a position in which he was appointed superintendent in 1901. It was during this time that the Russian Empire pursued the policy of
6058:(1956). "Auf den Spuren des Lichenologen Wainio in Brasilien: Das Carassa-Gebirge" [In the footsteps of the lichenologist Wainio in Brazil: The Carassa Mountains].
6359:
288:, he catalogued and processed other collections from all over the world, including the Arctic and Antarctica. Because of the significance of his works on lichens in the
6329:
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with a Finnish one, Wainio. The name—which means "field"—was taken from a village in Hollola of the same name. He later changed this to the modern Finnish spelling
1135:
of 1902, American and Filipino botanists surveyed the flora of the Philippines, gathering a large amount of lichens in the process. This material was organised by
1742:
in 1950 that Rolf Santesson advocated for Vainio's ideas and presented an integrated classification for fungi and lichens based on an updated system developed by
1192:
was not included, as he reserved it for his monograph on the subject. Vainio discussed the general theory of lichens in the introduction of his work, supporting
1013:, and its inhabitants. Vainio does not indicate in this book nor in his later scholarly work the reason for visiting Brazil in the first place. German botanist
3967:
1701:
earned him the reputation of an expert in tropical lichens, which was later bolstered by his publications about lichens in the Philippines, the Caribbean, and
688:, "this paper of 62 printed pages was sensational on account of its modern theme, as well as its youthful freshness and its originality". Vainio supported the
3743:
Vainio, Edward A. (1923). "Lichenes in insula Trinidad a Professore R. Thaxter collecti" [Lichens in the island of Trinidad collected by R. Thaxter].
1275:
Johann MĂĽller, William Nylander, and Theodor Magnus Fries were prominent botanists invited to comment on the merits of Vainio's research for his dissertation.
1747:
5856:
985:
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residing there were interested in science and collected insects and plants. The monastery had a large library, including works on the local flora, such as
1543:
Regarding his character, his colleague Kaarlo Linkola noted that "he appeared an extremely friendly and helpful, though reserved old man, and also a very
1080:
Vainio also published several works based on analysis of collections made by others. For example, Vainio processed and identified lichens collected from
5777:"Three new genera of the Ramalinaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycota) and the phenomenon of presence of 'extraneous mycobiont DNA' in lichen associations"
1970:
1407:
Vainio's fortunes improved in 1918, as the Turku Finnish University Society bought his herbarium collection of about 22,000 specimens for 60,000
1124:
he identified, about half were previously unknown to science. In another instance, Vainio identified the lichens collected by Ernst Almquist from the
847:
During his time in the Caraça Mountains, Vainio stayed at the Santuário do Caraça, shown here. The Pico do Sol is the highest peak in the upper right.
4274:
3446:
6324:
6319:
5775:
Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Jang, S.-H.; Liu, D.; Halda, J.; Persson, P.-E.; Hansson, M.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Hur, J.-S. (2019).
1306:. The Department ranked him third in order of merit. Elfving was given the position; he later became known for his erroneous views on the nature of
5482:
5517:
943:. In one of his later collecting trips in the Caraça Mountains, Vainio ventured out alone to the highest peak of the eastern mountain ranges, the
3779:
5732:
Kaila, Annu; Vasander, Harri (2010). "Vegetation relations in the border regions of NE Finland and Russian Karelia: a review of Wainio (1878)".
6374:
6349:
5895:
5367:
1995:
authorship, and distribution of knowledge via exsiccata rather than teaching or having students." In his survey of influential lichenologists,
1572:
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and gave him teaching rights at the University of Helsinki, although there was no guarantee of a regular salary. His thesis was a study of the
5333:
5272:
5238:
1969:
on Vainio and his work was organised in Brazil by the Grupo Latino-Americano de LiquenĂłlogos (Latin-American Group of Lichenologists) and the
1005:("Travels in Brazil. A Description of Nature and Travels in Brazil") (1888). This book combines a description of his travel adventures with a
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6248:
5765:
5426:
5093:
5022:
4818:
4615:
2666:
6339:
939:
Vainio's tools for fieldwork in Brazil included a knife, hammer, chisel, paper, and a bag. He also carried a shotgun for protection against
6226:
Ulvinen, Tauno (1956). "Edvard August Vainio, jäkälätieteen suurmiehemme" [Edvard August Vainio, one of our great lichenologists].
1436:
The Hotel Phoenix building, shown here in 1908, became the administrative centre for the University as well as Vainio's residence in Turku.
1864:, Vainio, in his treatment of Brazilian lichens (1890), had an essential role in the separation of species that are now part of the genus
1131:
through the Arctic coast of Eurasia; about 100 species were previously unknown. As a result of scientific investigations initiated by the
623:
in his 1930 obituary of Vainio, the characteristics that would represent his later work were evident already in these early publications:
237:. In these early publications he demonstrated an attention to detail and thoroughness that would become characteristic of his later work.
1224:
skills sufficiently to be able to judge the merits of Vainio's work, other opinions were sought, and so in addition to William Nylander,
6369:
2658:
Taxonomic literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Volume VI: Sti–Vuy
1113:
2362:"Lichenes in viciniis stationis hibernae expeditionis Vegae prope pagum Pitlekai in Sibiria septentrionali a D:re E. Almquist collecti"
4980:
923:
4675:
6156:
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1473:, and organised field trips with students. This field work he continued until 1927, leading a class expedition to a small island in
1291:
2333:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in French and Latin). Vol. 7. Helsinki: J. Simelius. pp. 1–247, 1–256.
885:
5857:"Estado actual de las investigaciones sobre lĂquenes foliĂcolas en la regiĂłn NeotrĂłpica, con un análisis biogeográfico preliminar"
4604:
Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the 10 Years Anniversary Symposium of the Nature Reserve Friendship
804:
to Lake Satyga. The results of this botanical excursion were not published until almost 50 years later. In 1882, he took trips to
6001:
Feuerer, Tassilo (1998). "E.A. Vainio's contribution to the knowledge of the Parmeliaceae". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).
1735:
717:(Professor of Botany), who were charged with assessing Vainio's work. In the end, however, they noted Vainio's detailed valuable
454:
270:
859:
from the University, in 1885 Vainio undertook a year-long expedition to Brazil, collecting primarily lichens in the vicinity of
6364:
6334:
5859:[Current status of research on foliicolous lichens in the Neotropic region, with a preliminary biogeographic analysis]
4676:"New literature: Alava, R. (2008). Index of collectors whose specimens are part of Edv. Aug. Vainio's Lichen Herbarium (TUR-V)"
3546:
2609:
868:
1425:
785:
from the university, Vainio made several scientific expeditions abroad. In 1880, accompanying Swedish physician and explorer
761:
to hunt for cryptogams. Even during his docentship, Vainio continued to work additional modest jobs. He taught botany at the
410:
1931:, in contrast, does not produce these compounds. Vainio also introduced in this same work the current concept for the genus
5655:
1686:
pioneering works on Brazilian lichenology and his extensive collecting in Caraça, this location, now part of the protected
225:
techniques at an early age. It was through this association that Vainio met Norrlin's teacher, the prominent lichenologist
5825:
4607:
3542:
2477:
2457:
1132:
971:
394:
5585:
1354:(a process in which non-Russian communities involuntarily or voluntarily give up their culture and language in favour of
446:
6344:
6283:. Publications from the Herbarium of the University of Turku. Vol. 12. Turku: University of Turku. pp. 1–123.
3803:"The new taxa of lichens and other ascomycetes from Mozambique collected by Pires de Lima and described by E. A. Vainio"
2410:—————————— (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. III".
1229:
253:
6243:. Publications from the Herbarium of the University of Turku. Vol. 2. Turku: University of Turku. pp. 1–513.
5992:(1998). "E. A. Vainio and his journey to Brazil, with notes on the Cladoniaceae". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).
2443:—————————— (1923). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. IV".
1001:
As well as his scholarly work published later, Vainio published in Finnish a popular account of his travels in Brazil,
729:
During his undergraduate days, Vainio took on several temporary positions to support himself. These included work as a
1697:, has since become an international hub for lichenology and a destination for pilgrimages by lichenologists. His 1890
1606:. He died on 14 May 1929, at age 75. He is said to have expressed two great regrets before his death: his uncompleted
1359:
615:
but also identified ecological factors that increased or decreased the dominance of different kinds of vegetation and
390:
226:
3963:
705:
to such an extent that it essentially had to be rebuilt. Such a radical outlook was viewed with some reservation by
6379:
1619:
401:), and he became Nylander's student. Norrlin developed an expertise in the local cryptogam flora, particularly the
233:—elucidating and enumerating the local flora—and are considered the earliest publications on phytogeography in the
221:(ferns, mosses, algae, and fungi, including lichens) and afforded him ample opportunity to hone his collection and
5481:[Vainio's publications] (in Finnish). University of Turku, Museum of Natural Sciences. 24 September 2019.
1208:. Vainio advocated including the lichens in the general classification of the fungi. He argued that lichens are a
506:
5880:
1603:
1026:
975:
900:
743:
435:
359:
413:") in 1870, he credited Lang—at the time still a schoolboy—for numerous and valuable contributions to his work.
292:
and other locales, he has been called the Father of Brazilian lichenology and the Grand Old Man of lichenology.
4563:
LĂĽcking, Robert (2020). "Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective".
1576:
680:("An Investigation on the Phylogenetic Development of the Cladoniae"), this work was the first dissertation on
378:, the son of a neighbour. At the time, Norrlin, who was 11 years his senior, was a university student studying
307:(shown here at 23 years old) was Edvard Lang's neighbour and early mentor, and later became his brother-in-law.
222:
158:
6080:
1687:
933:
2549:
website, with a starting year of 1918, a comparison year of 2020, and a conversion amount of 60,000 FIM.
982:"Lichenes brasilienses exsiccati", a set of 1593 dried herbarium specimen units distributed in eight copies.
430:
5683:
2613:
2559:
2311:
obituary, and on the University of Turku's Museum of Natural Science webpage. Vainio's major works include:
2238:
2163:
1924:
1544:
1522:
1490:
1420:
1391:
1374:
1373:
Vainio lost the subsidy associated with his docentship in 1894. Shortly after the turn of the century, when
1319:
1311:
706:
673:
560:
479:
6135:
1102:
843:
276:
Vainio described about 1900 new species, and published more than 100 scientific works. He made significant
6042:(1998). "Vainio's ideas on the classification of calicioid lichens". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).
5756:(2009). "Fifty influential lichenologists". In Thell, Arne; Seaward, Mark R. D.; Feuerer, Tassilo (eds.).
4779:
2118:
1327:
549:
493:, Vainio, who had by now given up his original surname, published two works on the cryptogams of Finland:
490:
398:
316:
241:
147:
82:
1958:
infallible reliability as a nomenclatural source", and that "For many significant details on the world's
5478:
2292:
1982:
1974:
1893:
1795:
1347:
1107:
738:
643:
600:
344:
277:
261:
31:
370:
in southern Finland due to his father's work, settling in a farm near the neighbouring municipality of
6013:(1998). "Edvard Vainio and the family Lobariaceae, with special reference to the taxonomic history of
5167:
4855:
1488:, was left uncompleted on his worktable because of his death. His last entry was to name and describe
904:
889:
6314:
6309:
5891:
5516:. The History of Learning and Science in Finland, 1828–1918. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica (
3854:
2283:
2265:
1908:
1623:
1225:
936:
stayed at the monastery while Vainio was there, and some of their collecting work was done together.
909:
872:
718:
714:
628:
trustworthiness, thorough investigation and unyielding consistency distinguish the whole of his work.
620:
616:
588:
375:
304:
214:
207:
5962:(1998). "E. A. Vainio – life and lichenological significance". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).
5355:
4882:
3593:
1248:
786:
6010:
5753:
5321:
5260:
5226:
2204:
1996:
1743:
1592:
1556:
1495:
1338:
1220:
1085:
1034:
1006:
689:
594:
530:
483:
474:
285:
249:
151:
5980:
Marcelli, M. P. (1998). "The Caraça history and importance". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).
5391:
Foliicolous Lichens. I. A Revision of the Taxonomy of the Obligately Foliicolous, Lichenized Fungi
4429:
1677:
Vainio described and catalogued lichen collections from all over the world, including the Arctic (
6067:
5642:
4975:. Publications from the Herbarium, University of Turku. Vol. 9. Turku: University of Turku.
4432:[Docents' Association of the University of Helsinki: WAINIO (→1872 Lang), Edvard August]
4182:
3824:
3760:
3315:
2546:
2542:
2274:
1568:
1136:
1022:
1010:
944:
928:
881:
702:
450:
332:
203:
5712:
5393:. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. Vol. 12. Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln. p. 382.
1599:
1478:
796:, he investigated the eastern slopes of the Middle Urals in western Siberia. These included the
701:. In this work, Vainio maintained that the theory of evolution had disrupted the foundations of
382:, or the geographical distribution of plant species. Norrlin would marry Lang's sister in 1873.
5088:(2nd ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society. p. 653.
1709:. Vainio is generally considered to have made the most important contributions to the study of
571:
6284:
6267:
6244:
6179:
6152:
6124:
6095:
5950:
Alava, Reino (1998). "Edvard August Vainio (1853–1929)". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).
5934:
5924:
5907:
5852:
5840:
5812:
5761:
5671:
5521:
5422:
5394:
5303:
5168:"Taxonomy and new records of Graphidaceae lichens in Western Pangasinan, Northern Philippines"
5089:
5018:
4986:
4976:
4944:. By Reino Alava. Turku: University of Turku. 1986. Pp. 174, 5 figures. ISBN 951 642 878 9".
4824:
4814:
4611:
3725:
3698:
3164:
2662:
2247:
2229:
2172:
2145:
1920:
1876:
1807:
1560:
1470:
1193:
1166:
1065:
762:
748:. In 1880, when Vainio qualified to become a docent at the University of Helsinki, he started
522:
367:
189:
4174:
349:
217:, who was nearly eleven years older, helped him develop an impressive knowledge of the local
6204:
6108:
5872:
5788:
5741:
5695:
5600:
5572:
5549:
5182:
5109:
5051:
5008:
4953:
4656:
4572:
4494:
4275:"Nylander and Norrlin, herbarium lichenum Fenniae continuatio: IndExs ExsiccataID=979070484"
3870:
3814:
3752:
3669:
3636:
3605:
3307:
2426:
Lichenographia Fennica I. Pyrenolichenes iisque proximi Pyrenomycetes et Lichenes imperfecti
2256:
2154:
2127:
1854:
1598:
Vainio was generally healthy for most of his life, but near the end he suffered from severe
1580:
1564:
1366:
1362:
1283:
1160:
1042:
1018:
894:
880:
properly (pressed) and dried." In Rio de Janeiro, Vainio met the French botanist, and later
665:
336:
265:
234:
6081:"Autonomy's long shadow: A report on issues concerning lichen classification, 1870 to 1981"
5971:
Stenroos, Soili (1998). "Vainio collections – TUR-V". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).
1758:
1077:
species he described from Brazil a century before, 16 were still considered valid species.
541:, but his time on the Russian side of the border was cut short because of lack of funding.
312:
78:
5959:
5509:
4690:
2220:
2136:
2102:
1849:
1780:
1731:
1702:
1648:
1636:
1463:
1379:
1355:
1299:
1125:
1081:
681:
669:
612:
538:
526:
466:
328:
5760:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 100. Stuttgart: J. Kramer. pp. 283–368.
1458:, Vainio was commissioned by the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica to continue work on
1017:
suggests that the idea may have originated from the fact that several botanists from the
441:
4942:
Edvard August Vainio's Journey to Brazil in 1885 and his Lichenes Brasilienses Exsiccati
4456:
2661:. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. pp. 636–637.
1948:
Edvard August Vainio's Journey to Brazil in 1885 and his Lichenes Brasilienses Exsiccati
1610:
manuscript, and the infrequency with which he saw his children after his move to Turku.
1500:
1394:
in 1917 and press censorship was terminated, Vainio was left without work and without a
840:. It was during a second trip to Paris in 1889–1890 that he would meet his future wife.
210:
of lichens in Brazil, made Vainio renowned internationally in the field of lichenology.
5800:
5708:
5629:
Halonen, Pekka; Myllys, Leena; Ahti, Teuvo; Petrova, Olga V. (1999). "The lichen genus
5363:
5329:
5268:
5234:
4775:
4647:. By Alava Reino. Turku: University of Turku. 1988. Pp513, 1 map ISBN 951 880 200 9".
2567:
2307:
A complete listing of Vainio's scientific publications is given in Schulz-Korth's 1930
1881:
1839:
1801:
1718:
1710:
1656:
1455:
1448:
1408:
1365:. His decision to work for the loathed Board of Press Censorship led to him becoming a
1303:
1212:
group, with only one uniting characteristic—the symbiosis—distinguishing them from the
1038:
918:
where Germain himself had stayed, and which welcomed scientists as guests. Some of the
876:
860:
685:
379:
320:
230:
86:
6149:
Towards the shores of rising Finland. Researcher profiles from the University of Turku
3641:
1769:
684:
that was published in the Finnish language. According to his colleague and biographer
421:
6303:
6055:
5776:
5009:
2950:
2188:
2078:
1790:
1706:
1661:
1644:
1632:
1584:
1351:
1298:
opportunity to apply for this job, for which he competed with the two other docents:
1093:
1014:
791:
782:
510:
5563:
Farkas, E.; LĂĽcking, R.; Wirth, V. (2010). "In memoriam AntonĂn VÄ›zda (1920–2008)".
4973:
Edvard August Vainio's travels to Finnish and Russian Karelia and to Finnish Lapland
4013:
3990:
3624:
2656:
2394:
2361:
1432:
1266:
1092:. He assumed responsibility for the European collections of Hungarian lichenologist
6281:
Index of Collectors whose Specimens are part of Edv. Aug. Vainio's Lichen Herbarium
6167:
5533:
5007:
Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008).
3858:
3657:
3609:
3152:
2898:
2875:
2424:
2350:
2339:
2330:Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des Lichens du Brésil, I–II
2328:
2317:
2023:
1991:
1916:
1833:
1828:
1666:
1527:
1518:
1333:
1315:
1209:
1030:
864:
646:
for his licentiate. According to the practice of the time, this qualified him as a
300:
252:
and desire to promote the use of the Finnish language in academia during a time of
5923:. São Paulo: CETESB – Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo. pp. 1–188.
3966:(in Finnish). University of Turku, Museum of Natural Sciences. 24 September 2019.
2378:
1257:
469:, and in spring of the following year, he recorded 324 species in the vicinity of
5745:
3674:
2816:
1419:, which was then the second-largest city in Finland after Helsinki. Teaching and
851:
Vainio was one of the first European lichenologists to perform field work in the
6151:] (in Finnish). Turku: Kirja-Aurora; University of Turku. pp. 155–177.
6039:
5699:
1871:
1579:
of his country by Russian rulers. In the 1870s he was involved with pro-Finnish
1506:
1474:
1213:
1089:
797:
730:
693:
229:, who supported his early botanical efforts. Vainio's earliest works dealt with
181:
5576:
5113:
4522:
4520:
2476:—————————— (1934).
2456:—————————— (1927).
2434:—————————— (1922).
2423:—————————— (1921).
2393:—————————— (1913).
2377:—————————— (1909).
2349:—————————— (1897).
2338:—————————— (1894).
2327:—————————— (1890).
949:
5989:
5792:
5610:
5055:
4957:
4813:. Tertiary Level Biology. Glasgow New York: Chapman and Hall. pp. 14–15.
4660:
4498:
2046:
1866:
1844:
1552:
1307:
1287:
1117:
1049:
specimens that were collected by Warming are mentioned in Vainio's monograph.
959:
767:
758:
754:
710:
518:
462:
6271:
6183:
6099:
5911:
5816:
5675:
5398:
5307:
4990:
4576:
3729:
3702:
3168:
1150:Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des lichens du Brésil
17:
5938:
5844:
5525:
5187:
4828:
2563:
2063:
1986:
1966:
1739:
1714:
1678:
1441:
1197:
1053:
979:
915:
813:
651:
386:
281:
218:
193:
6128:
4430:"Helsingin yliopiston dosenttiyhdistys: WAINIO (→1872 Lang), Edvard August"
2438:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 51. pp. 1–340.
2429:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 49. pp. 1–274.
2355:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 14. pp. 1–268.
2344:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 10. pp. 1–499.
1535:
1120:
during 1916–1917. Vainio's results were published posthumously; of the 138
773:
said to have had difficulties in maintaining discipline in his classrooms.
273:
authority, which led to his ostracism by the Finnish scientific community.
5554:
5537:
6209:
6192:
5876:
5296:
Lichenes Neotropici ausgegeben von Klaus Kalb. Fascikel XII (No. 476–525)
2038:
1885:
1853:, which was promoted to a genus by Theodore Esslinger. By describing the
1178:
1172:
1069:
967:
749:
656:
582:
371:
198:
5646:
3764:
2322:
Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 4. pp. 1–509.
389:
after hearing university lectures given by the well-known lichenologist
327:
Carl Johan Lang and his wife Adolfina Polén. Edvard's early interest in
50:
6071:
3828:
3319:
1933:
1912:
1889:
1730:
lichens and ascomycetes to one group and place the lichens in separate
1682:
1395:
1184:
1154:
1021:
had lived in the interior of Minas Gerais, including Danish naturalist
955:
856:
852:
809:
734:
534:
458:
363:
324:
289:
5605:
1148:
As the culmination of his studies in Brazil, in 1890 Vainio published
503:
Adjumenta ad Lichenographiam Lapponiae fennicae atque Fenniae borealis
3874:
3756:
3689:
Vainio, E.A. (1921). "Lichenes Siamenses" [Siamese lichens].
2008:
1628:
1326:—a job awarded to the then relatively unknown Austrian lichenologist
1219:
Vainio's work was intended to be a thesis submission for the post of
1201:
963:
940:
837:
829:
825:
821:
805:
801:
647:
514:
470:
402:
355:
245:
185:
5654:
Hertel, Hannes; Gärtner, Georg; Lőkös, László; Farkas, Edit (2017).
5300:
Neotropical lichens issued by Klaus Kalb. Fascicle XII (No. 476–525)
3819:
3802:
3660:[Lichens in Japan collected by A. Yasuda. Continuation 1.].
3311:
529:. Vainio included 626 species in this publication, of which 70 were
5686:(2017). "The development of lichenology in the history of botany".
5067:
5065:
2086:
Many species have also been named to honour Vainio. These include:
1068:, distribution records, and detailed analysis of the structure and
611:
been described as ahead of its time, because he not only described
354:, was also an avid naturalist, and would later become a well-known
5717:(Parmeliaceae) from cerrado vegetation in SĂŁo Paulo State, Brazil"
5538:"History of observations on the fungi and lichens of South Africa"
5017:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 719.
1999:
called him "one of the most outstanding lichen taxonomists ever".
1819:
1652:
1534:
1431:
1416:
1332:
1121:
984:
842:
833:
820:
specimens located there; and in 1884–1885 to botanical museums in
721:
investigations and recommended that the dissertation be approved.
661:
420:
299:
257:
104:
6145:
Päin nousevan Suomen rantaa. Tutkijaprofiileja Turun yliopistosta
6030:, old and modern concepts". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).
3298:
Buck, William R. (1994). "Vainio's Brazilian bryophytes at TUR".
2605:
449:(Finnish Association for Science and Flora), which is the oldest
1640:
1415:
22,800 in 2020). The society was organising a new university at
1412:
1205:
1003:
Matkustus Brasiliassa. Kuvaus luonnosta ja kansoista Brasiliassa
991:
Matkustus Brasiliassa. Kuvaus luonnosta ja kansoista Brasiliassa
919:
3447:"Lichenes Brasilienses exsiccati: IndExs ExsiccataID=166987359"
1196:'s then-controversial theory that lichens were the result of a
323:. Brought up in a poor home, he was one of several children of
5302:] (in German). Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz: Self-published.
3021:
3019:
6168:"Finnish botanists on the Kola Peninsula (Russia) up to 1918"
473:. In one of Nylander's publications, eleven new species were
5114:"[Review] M. P. Marcelli & T. Ahti (eds.) 1998.
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
3276:
3274:
3272:
1602:(pain in the kidney) and spent his final three weeks in the
1445:
Nylander and Norrlin, herbarium lichenum Fenniae continuatio
180:; 5 August 1853 – 14 May 1929) was a Finnish
4784:
Proceedings of the Seventh International Botanical Congress
4157:
4155:
4035:
4033:
4031:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3898:
3896:
3083:
3081:
3068:
3066:
3064:
2007:
Five genera are named after Vainio, although most of these
6143:
Tarmio, Timo (2000). "Edvard Vainio – Kohtalona Jäkälät".
4412:
4410:
4397:
4395:
4142:
4140:
4138:
3691:
Annales Zoologici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae
3658:"Lichenes ab A. Yasuda in Japonia collecti. Continuatio 1"
2970:
2968:
2817:"Addenda nova ad lichenographiam europaeam. Contin. XVIII"
2635:
2633:
2631:
1937:, which at the time was broadly used for foliose lichens.
1681:) and Antarctica. Finnish botanist Reino Alava, who was a
497:("Lichens observed in the vicinity of Viburg") (1878) and
284:
curator at both the University of Helsinki, and later the
280:
of lichens, and, as a result of his many years of work as
5453:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4201:
4199:
3470:
3468:
3429:
3427:
3399:
3397:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3180:
3178:
3036:
3034:
2786:
2784:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
6241:
Edvard August Vainio's Types in TUR-V and Other Herbaria
4841:
4645:
Edvard August Vainio's Types in TUR-V and other herbaria
4526:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4216:
4214:
4098:
4096:
3745:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3226:
3224:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3051:
3049:
1052:
In 1887, Vainio published the first of his three-volume
4310:
4308:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
2920:
2918:
2916:
1985:. He is known as the "Grand Old Man of lichenology", a
1337:
Vainio in his private study at the Plant Museum of the
1286:, a characteristic that Vainio emphasised, have only a
4786:. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. pp. 809–810.
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
2878:[Lichens observed in the vicinity of Viburg].
2711:
2709:
2650:
2648:
1734:, the Discolichenes and Pyrenolichenes. It was at the
867:. He spent some time initially in SĂtio (now known as
5441:
4113:
4111:
3414:
3412:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3331:
3329:
3122:
3120:
5002:
5000:
2903:
Meddelanden Af Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
2880:
Meddelanden Af Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
1591:
in 1921, in accordance with contemporary changes in
678:
Tutkimus Cladoniain phylogenetillisestä kehityksestä
509:
of the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russia, including
5919:Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto; Ahti, Teuvo, eds. (1998).
5166:Fajardo, Weenalei T.; Bawingan, Paulina A. (2019).
4971:Alava, Reino; Laine, Unto; Huhtinen, Seppo (2004).
4476:
4474:
3627:[Lichens in Japan collected by A. Yasuda].
1793:species Vainio described as new to science include
157:
143:
135:
120:
112:
93:
60:
41:
5658:[Investigators of Austria's lichen flora]
5201:
4606:. The Finnish Environment. Vol. 485. Vantaa:
1618:Vainio formally described more than 1900 species,
1358:), a mandate carried out by the polarising figure
358:. In the early 1860s, the family relocated to the
331:was manifested in his interest in flowers and his
213:Young Vainio's friendship with university student
6193:"Finnish botanists and mycologists in the Arctic"
5633:in East Fennoscandia. III. The shrubby species".
1962:s, Vainio still gives the freshest information!"
2520:
6172:Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
3718:University of California Publications in Botany
2955:Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
2445:Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Series A
2412:Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Series A
1384:
970:region. With the permission of museum director
635:
625:
407:Beiträge zur Flora des südöstlichen Tavastlands
5707:Jungbluth, Patricia; Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto;
1484:Vainio's final work, the fourth volume of the
989:Cover of Vainio's 1888 popular travel account
692:in his work, and proposed that the science of
5758:Diversity of Lichenology – Anniversary Volume
3099:
3025:
2655:Stafleu, Frans A.; Cowan, Richard S. (1986).
2566:characteristics are the same as those of the
1831:cornerstone for two later recognised genera,
757:, which were mostly given in his home, or on
8:
6355:Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
5465:
5071:
4481:Hawksworth, David L. (2007). "Book Reviews.
3594:"New species of lichens from Porto Rico. II"
3293:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3242:
2606:"Vainio, Edvard (Edward) August (1853–1929)"
2458:"Lichenographia Fennica III. Coniocarpaceae"
1748:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
1140:species had been documented in the country.
30:"Vain." redirects here. For other uses, see
5514:The History of Botany in Finland, 1828–1918
3625:"Lichenes ab A. Yasuda in Japonia collecti"
3010:
2498:Category:Taxa named by Edvard August Vainio
4630:
4333:
4161:
4051:
4039:
3931:
3902:
3087:
3072:
2837:
2639:
2485:Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
2465:Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
619:limits for different species. As noted by
49:
38:
6360:Academic staff of the University of Turku
6208:
5604:
5553:
5213:
5186:
5084:Ulloa, Miguel; Halin, Richard T. (2012).
5040:Monographia Cladoniarum Universalis I–III
4927:
4780:"The new systematics of lichenized fungi"
4589:
4345:
4146:
4087:
4063:
4014:"Critique de "l'Étude" du Docteur Wainio"
3818:
3673:
3640:
3263:
3196:
3184:
3040:
2974:
2775:
2688:
2478:"Lichenographia Fennica IV. Lecideales 2"
2297:S.Y.Kondr., E.Farkas & L.Lőkös (2019)
1971:International Association for Lichenology
425:Imperial Alexander University around 1870
409:("Writings on the flora of south-eastern
311:Edvard Lang was born on 5 August 1853 in
6017:". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).
5833:Acta Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
5175:Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology
4915:
4762:
4205:
3347:
2876:"Lichenes in viciniis Viburgi observati"
2514:
2512:
2352:Monographia Cladoniarum universalis: III
5734:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
5656:"Forscher an Ă–sterreichs Flechtenflora"
5518:Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters
5153:
4903:
4738:
4683:International Lichenological Newsletter
4550:
4538:
4416:
4401:
4386:
4369:
4357:
4299:
4261:
4249:
4129:
3943:
3887:
3493:
3474:
3433:
3403:
3388:
3359:
3230:
3215:
3111:
2998:
2924:
2802:
2790:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2700:
2597:
2508:
2341:Monographia Cladoniarum universalis: II
2319:Monographia Cladoniarum universalis: I.
1915:derivatives, beta-orcinol derivatives,
1674:, published in Latin in 1881 and 1883.
1440:In 1921, he edited and distributed the
202:, and, in particular, his study of the
6330:People from the Grand Duchy of Finland
4856:"New combinations in the lichen genus
4796:
4750:
4232:
4220:
4102:
4075:
3914:
3579:
3529:
3505:
3138:
3055:
2986:
2936:
2849:
2395:"Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. II"
2379:"Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. I."
781:Early in his career, with the help of
495:Lichenes in viciniis Viburgi observati
5421:. Berlin: Lubrecht & Cramer: 51.
5141:
4726:
4511:
4314:
3859:"The lichen flora of the Philippines"
3418:
3376:
3126:
2861:
2763:
2279:Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (2008)
1977:of the symposium was issued in 1998,
1073:1998 study showed that of the 18 new
7:
6111:[Obituary for E. A. Vainio]
6026:Yoshimura, Isao (1998). "Vainio and
5586:"Swamp forestry research in Finland"
4714:
4436:(in Finnish). University of Helsinki
4117:
3841:
3517:
3335:
5442:Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix 2008
4782:. In Osvald, H.; Ă…berg, E. (eds.).
4281:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
3547:"Meghalt. – Gestorben. E.A. Vainio"
3453:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
1062:Monographia Cladoniarum universalis
533:. He had botanical explorations in
447:Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
5896:"Edvard August Vainio (1853–1929)"
5086:Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology
4883:"A new status for brown Parmeliae"
4459:[In memory of E. Vainio].
3964:"Edvard August Vainio (1853–1929)"
2558:A topotype is a specimen from the
2288:Sipman, Elix & T.H.Nash (2009)
924:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
25:
6044:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
6032:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
6019:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
6003:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
5994:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
5982:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
5973:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
5964:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
5952:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
5921:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
5865:Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution
5485:from the original on 16 July 2020
5370:from the original on 16 July 2020
5336:from the original on 16 July 2020
5275:from the original on 16 July 2020
5241:from the original on 15 July 2020
5116:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
5038:Ahti, T. (2007). "Books Reviews.
4483:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
3970:from the original on 16 July 2020
3782:[Lichens of Mozambique].
3642:10.15281/jplantres1887.32.379_154
2616:from the original on 16 July 2020
2399:The Philippine Journal of Science
2382:The Philippine Journal of Science
1979:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio
1375:Finland's constitutional struggle
1292:Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold
385:Norrlin had become interested in
27:Finnish lichenologist (1853–1929)
6134:
5826:"Edvard August Vainio 1853–1929"
5803:(1929). "Edvard August Vainio".
5202:Farkas, LĂĽcking & Wirth 2010
3991:"Kritik über Dr. Wainio's Étude"
1779:
1768:
1757:
1736:International Botanical Congress
1322:'s influential monograph series
1265:
1256:
1247:
654:(evolutionary relationships) of
570:
559:
548:
6325:20th-century Finnish scientists
6320:19th-century Finnish scientists
5900:Annales de Cryptogamie exotique
4881:Esslinger, Theodore L. (1978).
3863:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
3801:Paz-BermĂşdez, Graciela (2004).
3784:Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana
2610:International Plant Names Index
1823:. His subdivision of the genus
1639:, a list of the cryptogams and
1454:In 1921, at the instigation of
1403:University of Turku (1919–1928)
733:of Swedish and Finnish for the
335:; his favourite flower was the
3610:10.1080/00275514.1929.12016930
2951:"Lichen floristics in Finland"
2899:"Florula Tavastiae orientalis"
2316:Wainio, Edvard August (1887).
1905:Catalogus Lichenum Universalis
1874:, Vainio segregated the genus
1651:, and the plant and cryptogam
886:Auguste François Marie Glaziou
871:), and then in Lafayette (now
800:area extending from the river
482:in 1874 and began work on his
1:
6375:Finnish expatriates in Brazil
6350:University of Helsinki alumni
4809:Hawksworth, David L. (1984).
4608:Finnish Environment Institute
1903:(such as Zahlbruckner in his
1843:(raised to generic status by
1660:concluded that the county of
1583:. He was one of the first to
1144:Application for professorship
1112:, who made them as part of a
972:Ladislau de Souza Mello Netto
642:In 1880, Vainio defended his
395:Imperial Alexander University
5746:10.1080/02827581.2011.517949
4279:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
3675:10.15281/jplantres1887.35.45
3656:Wainio, Dr. Edv. A. (1921).
3623:Wainio, Dr. Edv. A. (1918).
3549:[Died. E.A. Vainio]
3451:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
2252:Hafellner & Poelt (1979)
1888:on the lower surface of the
1585:replace his non-Finnish name
499:Florula Tavastiae orientalis
159:Author abbrev. (botany)
6107:Schulz-Korth, Karl (1930).
5700:10.1639/0007-2745-120.1.037
5010:"Vainio ['Wainio']"
1513:Personal life and character
1084:by explorers and botanists
6396:
6370:Explorers of South America
6109:"Nachruf auf E. A. Vainio"
5577:10.1556/ABot.52.2010.1-2.2
4175:"Value of money converter"
2495:
932:. The French entomologist
580:Vainio described many new
431:Jyväskylä Secondary School
240:After graduating from the
29:
5793:10.1556/034.61.2019.3-4.5
5584:Haikurainen, Leo (1961).
5415:Bibliotheca Lichenologica
5056:10.1017/S0024282980000102
4958:10.1017/S0024282989000198
4661:10.1017/S0024282990000184
4499:10.1017/S0024282999000535
3629:Botanical Magazine, Tokyo
3155:[Personal news].
3100:Kaila & Vasander 2010
3026:Kaila & Vasander 2010
2949:Vitikainen, Orvo (1996).
2436:Lichenographia Fennica II
1494:(collected by Linkola in
976:National Museum of Brazil
812:to botanical museums and
660:, a large and widespread
244:in 1880, Vainio became a
184:. His early works on the
167:
128:
48:
5635:Annales Botanici Fennici
5389:Santesson, Rolf (1952).
5072:Marcelli & Ahti 1998
4811:The Lichen-forming Fungi
4577:10.11646/megataxa.1.1.16
4457:"In memoriam. E. Vainio"
4455:Magnusson, A.H. (1929).
3662:Botanical Magazine Tokyo
3157:Botanisches Zentralblatt
1688:Parque Natural do Caraça
1622:several new genera, and
974:, Vainio studied at the
855:. After being granted a
429:Lang graduated from the
55:Vainio in 1924 at age 71
6166:Uotila, Pertti (2013).
6079:Mitchell, M.E. (2015).
5781:Acta Botanica Hungarica
5565:Acta Botanica Hungarica
5188:10.26757/pjsb2019b13006
5015:Dictionary of the Fungi
4854:Hale, Mason E. (1974).
4689:(2): 14. Archived from
3786:. SĂ©rie II (in Latin).
2270:Kalb & Vězda (1988)
2239:Candelariella vainioana
2213:Melanotheca vainioensis
1925:4-ylidenetetronic acids
1573:traditional Swedishness
1320:Karl Anton Eugen Prantl
1129:Expedition of 1878–1880
1037:; and Danish botanists
1009:account of Brazil, its
903:. It was here that the
884:for Brazilian royalty,
707:Johan Reinhold Sahlberg
674:British soldiers lichen
480:Candidate of Philosophy
343:). His eldest brother,
6365:19th-century explorers
6340:People from Pieksämäki
6335:Finnish lichenologists
5454:Kondratyuk et al. 2019
3555:Magyar Botanikai Lapok
3153:"Personalnachtrichten"
2164:Rhizocarpon vainioense
2119:Clathroporina wainiana
1953:Vainio's three-volume
1631:hybrids, a listing of
1608:Lichenographia Fennica
1571:against both the long
1540:
1523:Charles Edouard Ilmari
1486:Lichenographia Fennica
1460:Lichenographia Fennica
1437:
1388:
1342:
1328:Alexander Zahlbruckner
1133:Philippine Organic Act
1035:nearby limestone caves
993:
848:
640:
630:
426:
399:University of Helsinki
317:Grand Duchy of Finland
308:
278:scientific collections
242:University of Helsinki
148:University of Helsinki
124:University of Helsinki
83:Grand Duchy of Finland
6279:Alava, Reino (2008).
6239:Alava, Reino (1988).
5713:"Five new species of
5555:10.4102/abc.v5i1.1868
3778:Vainio, E.A. (1929).
3592:Vainio, E.A. (1929).
2897:Wainio, E.A. (1878).
2874:Wainio, E.A. (1878).
2815:Nylander, W. (1874).
2541:Calculated using the
2303:Selected publications
2293:Coppinsidea vainioana
1796:Allographa leptospora
1643:from the area of the
1538:
1435:
1411:(equivalent to about
1390:After Finland gained
1336:
1103:Américo Pires de Lima
988:
934:Pierre-Émile Gounelle
846:
489:During his time as a
424:
303:
262:scientific literature
6210:10.1139/as-2016-0051
6191:Väre, Henry (2017).
5886:on 12 December 2020.
5877:10.11646/bde.13.1.10
5824:Linkola, K. (1934).
5294:Kalb, Klaus (1991).
4655:(2): 200–201. 1990.
4610:. pp. 141–144.
2284:Hypotrachyna vainioi
2266:Gyalideopsis vainioi
2197:Nesolechia vainioana
1491:Lecidea keimioeënsis
1312:Per Magnus Jørgensen
1226:Theodor Magnus Fries
873:Conselheiro Lafaiete
715:Sextus Otto Lindberg
621:Adolf Hugo Magnusson
601:C. transcendens
397:(today known as the
376:Johan Petter Norrlin
305:Johan Petter Norrlin
215:Johan Petter Norrlin
196:on the lichen genus
174:Edvard August Vainio
43:Edvard August Vainio
6345:Finnish taxonomists
5616:on 10 December 2020
5520:). pp. 1–159.
5479:"Vainion julkaisut"
4842:Halonen et al. 1999
4674:Scholz, P. (2009).
4529:, pp. 156–157.
4078:, pp. 165–166.
4012:MĂĽller, J. (1892).
3989:MĂĽller, J. (1891).
3780:"Lichens Mozambici"
2360:Vainio, E. (1909).
2205:Calicium vainioanum
2111:Filaspora wainionis
2088:Teichospora wainioi
1909:secondary chemistry
1880:for species having
1744:John Axel Nannfeldt
1717:before the work of
1593:Finnish orthography
1557:Finnish nationalism
1221:associate professor
1086:Friedrich Welwitsch
1033:discoveries in the
966:mountains, and the
926:' influential work
690:theory of evolution
589:C. sobolescens
586:species, including
286:University of Turku
250:Finnish nationalism
192:, his three-volume
152:University of Turku
6046:. pp. 95–112.
6011:Galloway, David J.
4952:(1): 97–98. 2007.
4527:Hertel et al. 2017
4183:Statistics Finland
4018:Revue de Mycologie
3151:Anonymous (1880).
2821:Flora (Regensburg)
2547:Statistics Finland
2543:currency converter
2275:Bulbothrix vainioi
2095:Nectriella vainioi
2011:are now obsolete:
1847:), as well as for
1541:
1438:
1343:
1284:chemical reactions
1137:Elmer Drew Merrill
1041:and his assistant
1023:Peter Wilhelm Lund
994:
929:Flora Brasiliensis
882:landscape designer
849:
739:Jyväskylä seminary
668:that includes the
595:C. subradiata
451:scientific society
427:
374:. Here Edvard met
345:Joel Napoleon Lang
341:Epilobium palustre
333:mineral collection
309:
271:Russian censorship
208:form and structure
6380:Finnish explorers
6290:978-951-29-3369-3
6250:978-951-88-0200-9
6034:. pp. 85–94.
6021:. pp. 61–84.
6005:. pp. 47–60.
5996:. pp. 37–46.
5984:. pp. 33–36.
5975:. pp. 29–31.
5966:. pp. 15–28.
5767:978-3-443-58079-7
5754:Kärnefelt, Ingvar
5684:Jørgensen, Per M.
5606:10.14214/sf.a9135
5466:Schulz-Korth 1930
5428:978-3-443-58008-7
5356:"Record details:
5322:"Record details:
5261:"Record details:
5227:"Record details:
5125:Tropical Bryology
5095:978-0-89054-400-6
5044:The Lichenologist
5024:978-0-85199-826-8
4946:The Lichenologist
4940:"Briefly Noted –
4820:978-0-412-00641-8
4696:on 23 August 2021
4649:The Lichenologist
4643:"Briefly noted –
4617:978-952-11-1484-7
4487:The Lichenologist
4461:Botaniska Notiser
4066:, pp. 31–32.
3281:Schulz-Korth 1930
3243:Schulz-Korth 1930
3199:, pp. 90–91.
2668:978-90-313-0224-6
2366:Arkiv för Botanik
2248:Caloplaca vainioi
2230:Tricharia vainioi
2173:Peltigera vainioi
2146:Opegrapha wainioi
1921:terphenylquinones
1897:Pseudocyphellaria
1877:Pseudocyphellaria
1808:Graphis plumierae
1604:hospital of Turku
1575:or the attempted
1561:Finnish interests
1555:and proponent of
1471:plant systematics
1324:Das Pflanzenreich
1216:and other fungi.
1194:Simon Schwendener
1114:military campaign
666:fruticose lichens
613:plant communities
484:licentiate degree
411:Tavastia Province
171:
170:
130:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
6387:
6294:
6275:
6254:
6235:
6214:
6212:
6187:
6162:
6139:
6138:
6132:
6114:
6103:
6085:
6075:
6047:
6035:
6022:
6006:
5997:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5960:Vitikainen, Orvo
5955:
5954:. pp. 1–14.
5942:
5915:
5887:
5885:
5879:. Archived from
5862:
5848:
5830:
5820:
5796:
5787:(3–4): 275–323.
5771:
5749:
5728:
5703:
5679:
5661:
5650:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5609:. Archived from
5608:
5590:
5580:
5559:
5557:
5534:Doidge, Ethel M.
5529:
5510:Collander, Runar
5502:Cited literature
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5172:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5122:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5012:
5004:
4995:
4994:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4680:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4405:
4399:
4390:
4384:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4318:
4312:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4209:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4150:
4144:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4106:
4100:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4026:
4025:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3960:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3875:10.5962/p.185557
3855:Herre, Albert W.
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3757:10.2307/20025979
3740:
3734:
3733:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3635:(379): 154–163.
3620:
3614:
3613:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3557:(in Hungarian).
3552:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3478:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3422:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3295:
3284:
3278:
3267:
3261:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3076:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3029:
3023:
3014:
3011:Haikurainen 1961
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2911:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2652:
2643:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2602:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2556:
2550:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2439:
2430:
2419:
2406:
2389:
2373:
2356:
2345:
2334:
2323:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2257:Lecanora vainioi
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2184:C.W.Dodge (1933)
2181:Pannaria vainioi
2178:
2169:
2160:
2155:Pannaria wainioi
2151:
2142:
2133:
2128:Cladonia wainioi
2124:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2092:
2075:
2060:
2052:
2035:
2020:
1997:Ingvar Kärnefelt
1870:. In the family
1783:
1772:
1761:
1696:
1581:student activism
1531:
1504:
1363:Nikolay Bobrikov
1360:Governor-General
1339:Turku University
1269:
1260:
1251:
1232:were recruited.
1188:(19). The genus
1111:
1043:Eugenius Warming
1031:palaeontological
1019:Nordic countries
953:
913:
905:Caraça sanctuary
898:
890:Caraça Mountains
795:
771:
747:
676:species. Titled
574:
563:
552:
491:graduate student
439:
391:William Nylander
353:
337:marsh willowherb
235:Finnish language
227:William Nylander
100:
74:
72:
53:
39:
21:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6300:
6299:
6291:
6278:
6260:Luonnon Tutkija
6257:
6251:
6238:
6225:
6222:
6220:Further reading
6217:
6190:
6165:
6159:
6142:
6133:
6112:
6106:
6083:
6078:
6054:
6038:
6025:
6009:
6000:
5988:
5979:
5970:
5958:
5949:
5931:
5918:
5892:Magnusson, A.H.
5890:
5883:
5860:
5853:LĂĽcking, Robert
5851:
5828:
5823:
5799:
5774:
5768:
5752:
5731:
5706:
5682:
5659:
5653:
5628:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5588:
5583:
5562:
5532:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5468:, pp. 5–9.
5464:
5460:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5120:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5070:
5063:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4983:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4821:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4631:Vitikainen 1998
4629:
4625:
4618:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4334:Vitikainen 1998
4332:
4321:
4313:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4162:Vitikainen 1998
4160:
4153:
4145:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4052:Vitikainen 1998
4050:
4046:
4040:Vitikainen 1998
4038:
4029:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3932:Vitikainen 1998
3930:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3903:Vitikainen 1998
3901:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3820:10.2307/4135630
3800:
3799:
3795:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3550:
3543:Gyelnik, Vilmos
3541:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3481:
3473:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3327:
3312:10.2307/3243910
3297:
3296:
3287:
3279:
3270:
3262:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3176:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3088:Vitikainen 1998
3086:
3079:
3073:Vitikainen 1998
3071:
3062:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3017:
3013:, pp. 6–7.
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2966:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2914:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2838:Vitikainen 1998
2836:
2832:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2805:, pp. 4–6.
2801:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:, pp. 4–5.
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2707:
2703:, pp. 3–4.
2699:
2695:
2687:
2676:
2669:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2640:Vitikainen 1998
2638:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2557:
2553:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2480:
2475:
2460:
2455:
2442:
2433:
2422:
2409:
2392:
2376:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2326:
2315:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2221:Lecidea vainioi
2215:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2137:Physcia wainioi
2131:
2122:
2113:
2106:
2103:Meliola wainioi
2098:P.Karst. (1889)
2097:
2091:P.Karst. (1884)
2090:
2073:
2058:
2050:
2033:
2018:
2005:
1943:
1882:pseudocyphellae
1850:Allantoparmelia
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1711:foliose lichens
1703:Tropical Africa
1690:
1649:Western Siberia
1637:Finnish Lapland
1616:
1559:. He supported
1525:
1515:
1498:
1464:Northern Europe
1405:
1380:Runar Collander
1356:Russian culture
1300:Fredrik Elfving
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1146:
1105:
1082:tropical Africa
1025:, who lived in
1011:flora and fauna
999:
997:Work in Finland
947:
914:was located, a
907:
892:
875:). Many of his
789:
779:
765:
741:
727:
682:natural science
670:reindeer lichen
608:
607:
606:
605:
577:
576:
575:
566:
565:
564:
555:
554:
553:
539:Paatsjoki River
527:Russian Karelia
467:Central Finland
433:
419:
347:
329:natural history
315:in the eastern
298:
254:language strife
121:Alma mater
108:
102:
98:
89:
76:
70:
68:
67:
66:
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6393:
6391:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6289:
6276:
6266:(4): 135–137.
6262:(in Finnish).
6255:
6249:
6236:
6230:(in Finnish).
6221:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6203:(3): 525–552.
6197:Arctic Science
6188:
6163:
6157:
6140:
6104:
6076:
6066:(3): 404–432.
6056:Mattick, Fritz
6051:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6036:
6023:
6007:
5998:
5986:
5977:
5968:
5956:
5944:
5943:
5929:
5916:
5888:
5867:(in Spanish).
5849:
5821:
5807:(in Finnish).
5805:Luonnon Ystävä
5797:
5772:
5766:
5750:
5740:(S10): 65–71.
5729:
5704:
5688:The Bryologist
5680:
5651:
5641:(4): 235–256.
5626:
5581:
5560:
5530:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5470:
5458:
5456:, p. 302.
5446:
5434:
5427:
5404:
5381:
5364:Index Fungorum
5347:
5330:Index Fungorum
5313:
5286:
5269:Index Fungorum
5252:
5235:Index Fungorum
5218:
5216:, p. 341.
5214:Kärnefelt 2009
5206:
5194:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5101:
5094:
5076:
5061:
5050:(1): 155–156.
5030:
5023:
4996:
4982:978-9512927128
4981:
4963:
4932:
4928:Yoshimura 1998
4920:
4908:
4896:
4873:
4846:
4844:, p. 235.
4834:
4819:
4801:
4789:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4707:
4666:
4635:
4623:
4616:
4594:
4592:, p. 343.
4590:Kärnefelt 2009
4582:
4555:
4543:
4541:, p. 166.
4531:
4516:
4504:
4493:(4): 405–406.
4470:
4463:(in Swedish).
4447:
4421:
4419:, p. 165.
4406:
4404:, p. 167.
4391:
4374:
4362:
4360:, p. 160.
4350:
4346:Collander 1965
4338:
4319:
4304:
4292:
4266:
4264:, p. 164.
4254:
4237:
4235:, p. 168.
4225:
4223:, p. 158.
4210:
4195:
4166:
4151:
4147:Collander 1965
4134:
4132:, p. 162.
4122:
4107:
4105:, p. 166.
4092:
4088:Jørgensen 2017
4080:
4068:
4064:Collander 1965
4056:
4044:
4027:
4004:
3981:
3948:
3946:, p. 407.
3936:
3919:
3917:, p. 165.
3907:
3892:
3890:, p. 406.
3880:
3869:(4): 408–412.
3846:
3844:, p. 538.
3834:
3813:(2): 511–519.
3793:
3770:
3751:(3): 131–147.
3735:
3708:
3681:
3668:(411): 45–79.
3648:
3615:
3584:
3582:, p. 167.
3572:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3508:, p. 164.
3498:
3479:
3477:, p. 413.
3464:
3438:
3436:, p. 405.
3423:
3408:
3406:, p. 416.
3393:
3391:, p. 415.
3381:
3364:
3362:, p. 414.
3352:
3340:
3325:
3306:(4): 420–423.
3300:The Bryologist
3285:
3268:
3264:Magnusson 1930
3247:
3235:
3220:
3201:
3197:Collander 1965
3189:
3185:Magnusson 1930
3174:
3143:
3141:, p. 161.
3131:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3077:
3060:
3058:, p. 160.
3045:
3041:Magnusson 1930
3030:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2975:Collander 1965
2964:
2941:
2939:, p. 159.
2929:
2912:
2905:(in Finnish).
2889:
2882:(in Finnish).
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2807:
2795:
2793:, p. 154.
2780:
2776:Magnusson 1930
2768:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2730:, p. 155.
2720:
2705:
2693:
2689:Collander 1965
2674:
2667:
2644:
2627:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2551:
2534:
2525:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2473:
2453:
2440:
2431:
2420:
2407:
2390:
2374:
2357:
2346:
2335:
2324:
2304:
2301:
2234:R.Sant. (1952)
2225:H.Magn. (1949)
2200:Räsänen (1939)
2159:Zahlbr. (1925)
2150:Zahlbr. (1923)
2141:Räsänen (1921)
2123:Zahlbr. (1902)
2084:
2083:
2068:
2059:Nieuwl. (1916)
2053:
2043:
2034:Räsänen (1943)
2028:
2004:
2001:
1942:
1939:
1911:consisting of
1840:Xanthoparmelia
1802:Graphis crebra
1788:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1721:in the 1940s.
1719:Rolf Santesson
1615:
1612:
1514:
1511:
1456:Alvar Palmgren
1449:Kaarlo Linkola
1421:administration
1404:
1401:
1304:Oswald Kairamo
1274:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1200:union between
1158:(68 species),
1145:
1142:
998:
995:
869:AntĂ´nio Carlos
861:Rio de Janeiro
787:Ernst Almquist
778:
775:
726:
723:
686:Kaarlo Linkola
617:distributional
598:(middle), and
579:
578:
569:
568:
567:
558:
557:
556:
547:
546:
545:
544:
543:
537:and along the
531:new to science
418:
415:
380:phytogeography
368:Lake Vesijärvi
321:Russian Empire
319:, part of the
297:
294:
260:dominated the
231:phytogeography
223:identification
204:classification
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
155:
154:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
103:
101:(aged 75)
95:
91:
90:
87:Russian Empire
77:
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6392:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6158:951-29-1664-9
6154:
6150:
6146:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6119:(in German).
6118:
6110:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6094:(2): 87–104.
6093:
6089:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6062:(in German).
6061:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5930:951-642-878-9
5926:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5871:(1): 87–114.
5870:
5866:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5709:Elix, John A.
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5666:(in German).
5665:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5599:(108): 1–20.
5598:
5594:
5593:Silva Fennica
5587:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5571:(1–2): 9–21.
5570:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5447:
5444:, p. 62.
5443:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5417:(in German).
5416:
5408:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5382:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5348:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5317:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5287:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5264:
5256:
5253:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5204:, p. 13.
5203:
5198:
5195:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5159:
5156:, p. 161
5155:
5150:
5147:
5144:, p. 11.
5143:
5138:
5135:
5131:(2): 213–214.
5130:
5126:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4933:
4930:, p. 86.
4929:
4924:
4921:
4918:, p. 75.
4917:
4916:Galloway 1998
4912:
4909:
4906:, p. 47.
4905:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4874:
4870:(4): 334–339.
4869:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4802:
4799:, p. 97.
4798:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4776:Santesson, R.
4771:
4768:
4765:, p. 90.
4764:
4763:Mitchell 2015
4759:
4756:
4753:, p. 96.
4752:
4747:
4744:
4741:, p. 89.
4740:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4717:, p. 44.
4716:
4711:
4708:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4633:, p. 19.
4632:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4571:(1): 78–103.
4570:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4553:, p. 17.
4552:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4389:, p. 18.
4388:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4348:, p. 33.
4347:
4342:
4339:
4336:, p. 26.
4335:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4317:, p. 10.
4316:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4302:, p. 11.
4301:
4296:
4293:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4255:
4252:, p. 16.
4251:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4208:, p. 29.
4207:
4206:Stenroos 1998
4202:
4200:
4196:
4184:
4180:
4179:Tilastokeskus
4176:
4170:
4167:
4164:, p. 24.
4163:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4149:, p. 32.
4148:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4120:, p. 39.
4119:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4090:, p. 43.
4089:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4054:, p. 23.
4053:
4048:
4045:
4042:, p. 22.
4041:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4020:(in French).
4019:
4015:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3997:(in German).
3996:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3934:, p. 20.
3933:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3905:, p. 21.
3904:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3532:, p. 38.
3531:
3526:
3523:
3520:, p. 43.
3519:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3350:, p. 62.
3349:
3348:Galloway 1998
3344:
3341:
3338:, p. 41.
3337:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3233:, p. 14.
3232:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:, p. 15.
3217:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:(in German).
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3102:, p. 65.
3101:
3096:
3093:
3090:, p. 25.
3089:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:, p. 18.
3074:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:, p. 66.
3027:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2989:, p. 85.
2988:
2983:
2980:
2977:, p. 30.
2976:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2852:, p. 159
2851:
2846:
2843:
2840:, p. 17.
2839:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2691:, p. 31.
2690:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:, p. 16.
2641:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:type locality
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:(5): 651–662.
2387:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2261:Vänskä (1986)
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2243:Hakul. (1954)
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2216:Werner (1944)
2214:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2193:Motyka (1936)
2191:
2190:
2189:Usnea vainioi
2182:
2177:Gyeln. (1929)
2175:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2132:Savicz (1914)
2130:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2114:Kuntze (1898)
2112:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2074:Tomas. (1950)
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2019:Werner (1943)
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:triterpenoids
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:and not true
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1860:of the genus
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:nomenclatural
1826:
1822:
1821:
1810:
1809:
1805:(middle) and
1804:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:script lichen
1782:
1771:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:circumscribed
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:Russification
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:Vainio was a
1549:
1546:
1539:Edvard Vainio
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1496:Keimiötunturi
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:Phoenix Hotel
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:Russification
1349:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:physiological
1285:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1238:Études Brésil
1233:
1231:
1230:Johann MĂĽller
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Peter Clausen
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Fritz Mattick
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
951:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
930:
925:
921:
917:
911:
906:
902:
896:
891:
887:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:to study the
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
788:
784:
776:
774:
769:
764:
760:
756:
751:
745:
740:
736:
732:
724:
722:
720:
719:morphological
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
639:
634:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
603:
602:
597:
596:
591:
590:
585:
584:
573:
562:
551:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:North Karelia
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
437:
432:
423:
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:legal scholar
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
302:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:lichenologist
179:
175:
166:
162:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:5 August 1853
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Edvard Vainio
6297:
6280:
6263:
6259:
6240:
6231:
6227:
6200:
6196:
6175:
6171:
6148:
6144:
6120:
6116:
6091:
6087:
6063:
6059:
6043:
6040:Tibell, Leif
6031:
6027:
6018:
6014:
6002:
5993:
5981:
5972:
5963:
5951:
5920:
5903:
5899:
5881:the original
5868:
5864:
5836:
5832:
5808:
5804:
5784:
5780:
5757:
5737:
5733:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5694:(1): 37–44.
5691:
5687:
5670:(2): 1–211.
5667:
5663:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5618:. Retrieved
5611:the original
5596:
5592:
5568:
5564:
5548:(1): 18–44.
5545:
5541:
5513:
5487:. Retrieved
5473:
5461:
5449:
5437:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5390:
5384:
5372:. Retrieved
5357:
5350:
5338:. Retrieved
5323:
5316:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5262:
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5228:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5181:(2): 40–54.
5178:
5174:
5161:
5154:Linkola 1929
5149:
5137:
5128:
5124:
5115:
5104:
5085:
5079:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5014:
4972:
4966:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4904:Feuerer 1998
4899:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4849:
4837:
4810:
4804:
4792:
4783:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4739:LĂĽcking 1997
4734:
4729:, p. 7.
4722:
4710:
4698:. Retrieved
4691:the original
4686:
4682:
4669:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4626:
4603:
4597:
4585:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4551:Linkola 1934
4546:
4539:Linkola 1929
4534:
4514:, p. 9.
4507:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4424:
4417:Linkola 1929
4402:Linkola 1929
4387:Linkola 1934
4372:, p. 3.
4370:Linkola 1934
4365:
4358:Linkola 1929
4353:
4341:
4300:Linkola 1934
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4278:
4269:
4262:Linkola 1929
4257:
4250:Linkola 1934
4228:
4186:. Retrieved
4178:
4169:
4130:Linkola 1929
4125:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4047:
4021:
4017:
4007:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3944:Mattick 1956
3939:
3910:
3888:Mattick 1956
3883:
3866:
3862:
3849:
3837:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3748:
3747:(in Latin).
3744:
3738:
3721:
3720:(in Latin).
3717:
3711:
3697:(3): 33–55.
3694:
3690:
3684:
3665:
3664:(in Latin).
3661:
3651:
3632:
3631:(in Latin).
3628:
3618:
3604:(1): 33–40.
3601:
3597:
3587:
3575:
3563:. Retrieved
3558:
3554:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3496:, p. 9.
3494:Linkola 1934
3475:Mattick 1956
3455:. Retrieved
3450:
3441:
3434:Mattick 1956
3421:, p. 6.
3404:Mattick 1956
3389:Mattick 1956
3384:
3379:, p. 5.
3360:Mattick 1956
3355:
3343:
3303:
3299:
3283:, p. 2.
3266:, p. 7.
3245:, p. 1.
3238:
3231:Linkola 1934
3216:Linkola 1934
3192:
3187:, p. 8.
3160:
3156:
3146:
3134:
3129:, p. 3.
3114:, p. 7.
3112:Linkola 1934
3107:
3095:
3043:, p. 6.
3006:
3001:, p. 6.
2999:Linkola 1934
2994:
2982:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2932:
2927:, p. 8.
2925:Linkola 1934
2906:
2902:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2864:, p. 2.
2857:
2845:
2833:
2824:
2823:(in Latin).
2820:
2810:
2803:Linkola 1934
2798:
2791:Linkola 1929
2778:, p. 5.
2771:
2766:, p. 1.
2759:
2754:, p. 4.
2752:Linkola 1934
2747:
2740:Linkola 1934
2735:
2728:Linkola 1929
2723:
2718:, p. 5.
2716:Linkola 1934
2701:Linkola 1934
2696:
2657:
2618:. Retrieved
2600:
2575:
2562:, and whose
2554:
2537:
2528:
2488:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2411:
2405:(2): 99–137.
2402:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2372:(4): 11–175.
2369:
2368:(in Latin).
2365:
2351:
2340:
2329:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2212:
2209:Nádv. (1940)
2203:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2168:Lynge (1926)
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2024:Cercidospora
2022:
2015:
2006:
1992:Graphidaceae
1978:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1927:; the genus
1904:
1900:
1896:
1875:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1838:
1834:Hypotrachyna
1832:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1789:Some of the
1726:
1723:
1698:
1676:
1671:
1667:Fennoscandia
1617:
1607:
1597:
1588:
1550:
1542:
1521:and painter
1519:Scout leader
1516:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:Veli Räsänen
1468:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1439:
1406:
1392:independence
1389:
1385:
1372:
1344:
1323:
1316:Adolf Engler
1296:
1280:
1237:
1234:
1218:
1210:polyphyletic
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1126:
1099:
1079:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1002:
1000:
990:
938:
927:
865:Minas Gerais
850:
817:
780:
728:
698:
677:
655:
644:dissertation
641:
636:
631:
626:
609:
599:
593:
587:
581:
502:
498:
494:
488:
428:
406:
384:
360:municipality
340:
310:
275:
239:
212:
197:
177:
173:
172:
144:Institutions
129:
99:(1929-05-14)
36:
6315:1929 deaths
6310:1853 births
6234:(5): 96–98.
6060:Willdenowia
5990:Ahti, Teuvo
5839:(3): 1–26.
5811:(5): 1–16.
5801:Linkola, K.
5110:Aptroot, A.
4893:(1): 45–54.
4860:Massalongo"
4797:Tibell 1998
4751:Tibell 1998
4233:Tarmio 2000
4221:Tarmio 2000
4103:Tarmio 2000
4076:Tarmio 2000
3915:Tarmio 2000
3580:Tarmio 2000
3530:Doidge 1950
3506:Tarmio 2000
3139:Tarmio 2000
3056:Tarmio 2000
2987:Uotila 2013
2937:Tarmio 2000
2850:Tarmio 2000
2491:(2): 1–531.
2471:(1): 1–138.
2451:(15): 1–84.
2418:(6): 1–368.
2107:Pat. (1890)
2051:Kalb (1991)
1983:collections
1975:proceedings
1965:In 1997, a
1941:Recognition
1872:Lobariaceae
1858:Amphigymnia
1691: [
1657:Hämeenlinna
1645:Konda river
1633:seed plants
1526: [
1507:Bernt Lynge
1499: [
1475:Lake Ladoga
1308:photobionts
1214:ascomycetes
1106: [
1090:Hans Schinz
1070:development
1027:Lagoa Santa
948: [
945:Pico do Sol
908: [
901:Ouro Branco
899:, north of
893: [
798:Konda River
790: [
777:Work abroad
766: [
759:field trips
742: [
709:(docent in
694:systematics
434: [
348: [
178:Edvard Lang
139:Lichenology
113:Nationality
97:14 May 1929
65:Edvard Lang
6304:Categories
6178:: 75–104.
5715:Bulbothrix
5358:Wainiocora
5142:Alava 1998
5074:, preface.
4864:Phytologia
4858:Parmotrema
4727:Alava 1998
4700:20 January
4512:Alava 1998
4467:: 278–280.
4315:Alava 1998
4001:: 383–389.
3790:: 144–179.
3419:Alava 1998
3377:Alava 1998
3163:(1): 384.
3127:Alava 1998
2961:: 213–218.
2862:Alava 1998
2827:: 305–318.
2764:Alava 1998
2587:References
2564:phenotypic
2496:See also:
2071:Wainiocora
2047:Vainionora
1867:Parmotrema
1845:Mason Hale
1715:neotropics
1662:Paanajärvi
1600:nephralgia
1182:(25), and
1118:Mozambique
1094:HugĂł Lojka
755:microscopy
731:translator
711:entomology
521:, eastern
519:Koillismaa
463:Korpilahti
387:cryptogams
313:Pieksämäki
296:Early life
219:cryptogams
79:Pieksämäki
71:1853-08-05
6272:0024-7383
6228:Molekyyli
6184:0373-6873
6100:0073-4071
5912:0365-1177
5817:0788-6926
5721:Mycotaxon
5676:0252-192X
5399:604293887
5308:163537210
5263:Vainionia
4991:183151026
4887:Mycotaxon
4715:Ahti 1998
4285:16 August
4118:Ahti 1998
3842:Väre 2017
3730:0068-6395
3703:0365-8627
3598:Mycologia
3561:: 176–178
3518:Ahti 1998
3336:Ahti 1998
3169:2629-3102
2592:Citations
2064:Byssoloma
2031:Vainionia
1987:sobriquet
1967:symposium
1886:cyphellae
1827:laid the
1811:(bottom).
1740:Stockholm
1727:Catalogus
1679:Greenland
1672:Adjumenta
1545:eccentric
1509:in 1934.
1442:exsiccata
1198:symbiotic
1060:, titled
1054:monograph
1029:and made
1007:folkloric
980:exsiccata
916:monastery
750:lecturing
652:phylogeny
604:(bottom).
475:described
442:Jyväskylä
417:Education
282:herbarium
194:monograph
107:, Finland
6117:Hedwigia
5939:42766193
5906:: 5–12.
5894:(1930).
5855:(1997).
5845:17741847
5727:: 51–63.
5711:(2008).
5647:23726581
5542:Bothalia
5536:(1950).
5526:14475414
5512:(1965).
5483:Archived
5368:Archived
5334:Archived
5273:Archived
5265:Räsänen"
5239:Archived
5229:Vainiona
5112:(1999).
4829:10949858
4778:(1950).
4565:Megataxa
4188:2 August
4024:: 33–38.
3968:Archived
3857:(1946).
3765:20025979
3724:: 1–16.
3545:(1930).
2909:: 1–121.
2886:: 35–72.
2614:Archived
2309:Hedwigia
2039:Calicium
2016:Vainiona
1960:Cladonia
1955:Cladonia
1862:Parmelia
1825:Parmelia
1565:language
1190:Cladonia
1179:Arthonia
1173:Lecanora
1167:Parmelia
1075:Cladonia
1066:synonymy
1058:Cladonia
1047:Cladonia
968:Sepetiba
818:Cladonia
814:herbaria
763:Leppäsuo
703:taxonomy
699:Cladonia
657:Cladonia
583:Cladonia
455:parishes
372:Asikkala
199:Cladonia
6129:1751936
6123:: 1–9.
6072:3995199
6028:Lobaria
5664:Stapfia
5620:15 July
5489:15 July
5374:15 July
5340:15 July
5326:Nieuwl"
5324:Wainioa
5279:15 July
5245:15 July
5231:Werner"
4440:15 July
3974:15 July
3829:4135630
3565:15 July
3320:3243910
2620:15 July
2545:on the
2056:Wainioa
2009:eponyms
2003:Eponymy
1934:Lobaria
1913:orcinol
1890:thallus
1855:section
1799:(top),
1732:classes
1713:in the
1683:curator
1624:emended
1569:culture
1553:patriot
1396:pension
1341:, 1925
1185:Buellia
1161:Graphis
1155:Lecidea
960:NiterĂłi
956:sandfly
941:jaguars
863:and in
857:stipend
853:tropics
810:Rostock
735:Uusimaa
592:(top),
535:Kuusamo
523:Lapland
459:Luhanka
403:lichens
393:at the
364:Hollola
325:bailiff
290:tropics
266:Swedish
256:, when
190:Lapland
186:lichens
116:Finnish
6287:
6270:
6247:
6182:
6155:
6127:
6098:
6088:Huntia
6070:
6015:Sticta
5937:
5927:
5910:
5843:
5815:
5764:
5674:
5645:
5524:
5425:
5397:
5360:Tomas"
5306:
5092:
5021:
4989:
4979:
4827:
4817:
4614:
3827:
3763:
3728:
3701:
3457:20 May
3318:
3167:
2665:
2290:; and
1929:Sticta
1901:Sticta
1894:lumped
1653:floras
1641:mosses
1629:willow
1614:Legacy
1589:Vainio
1567:, and
1367:pariah
1348:censor
1202:fungus
1176:(33),
1170:(39),
1164:(43),
964:Tijuca
962:, the
838:London
836:, and
830:Geneva
826:Vienna
822:Moscow
806:Berlin
802:Irtysh
783:grants
725:Career
713:) and
648:docent
525:, and
515:Kainuu
507:border
471:Vyborg
264:, and
246:docent
176:(born
136:Fields
6147:[
6113:(PDF)
6084:(PDF)
6068:JSTOR
5884:(PDF)
5861:(PDF)
5829:(PDF)
5660:(PDF)
5643:JSTOR
5631:Usnea
5614:(PDF)
5589:(PDF)
5298:[
5171:(PDF)
5121:(PDF)
4694:(PDF)
4679:(PDF)
4434:(PDF)
3995:Flora
3825:JSTOR
3807:Taxon
3761:JSTOR
3551:(PDF)
3316:JSTOR
2521:below
2503:Notes
2481:(PDF)
2461:(PDF)
1899:with
1820:Usnea
1699:Étude
1695:]
1530:]
1503:]
1447:with
1417:Turku
1282:that
1110:]
952:]
920:monks
912:]
897:]
834:Paris
794:]
770:]
746:]
662:genus
438:]
366:near
352:]
258:Latin
163:Vain.
105:Turku
6285:ISBN
6268:ISSN
6245:ISBN
6180:ISSN
6153:ISBN
6125:OCLC
6096:ISSN
5935:OCLC
5925:ISBN
5908:ISSN
5841:OCLC
5813:ISSN
5762:ISBN
5672:ISSN
5622:2020
5522:OCLC
5491:2020
5423:ISBN
5395:OCLC
5376:2020
5342:2020
5304:OCLC
5281:2020
5247:2020
5090:ISBN
5019:ISBN
4987:OCLC
4977:ISBN
4825:OCLC
4815:ISBN
4702:2021
4612:ISBN
4442:2020
4287:2024
4190:2021
3976:2020
3726:ISSN
3699:ISSN
3567:2020
3459:2024
3165:ISSN
2663:ISBN
2622:2020
2568:type
2079:Cora
1923:and
1837:and
1707:Asia
1705:and
1318:and
1302:and
1228:and
1206:alga
1204:and
1127:Vega
1122:taxa
1088:and
877:type
808:and
672:and
461:and
206:and
94:Died
61:Born
32:Vain
6264:103
6205:doi
5873:doi
5789:doi
5742:doi
5725:104
5696:doi
5692:120
5668:104
5601:doi
5597:108
5573:doi
5550:doi
5183:doi
5052:doi
5042:".
4954:doi
4657:doi
4573:doi
4495:doi
4485:".
3871:doi
3815:doi
3753:doi
3670:doi
3637:doi
3606:doi
3308:doi
2076:(=
2061:(=
2036:(=
2021:(=
1738:in
1655:of
1647:in
1635:in
1451:.
1409:FIM
1116:in
1056:on
664:of
465:in
457:of
440:in
362:of
188:of
6306::
6232:13
6199:.
6195:.
6176:89
6174:.
6170:.
6121:70
6115:.
6092:15
6090:.
6086:.
5933:.
5902:.
5898:.
5869:13
5863:.
5837:57
5835:.
5831:.
5809:33
5785:61
5783:.
5779:.
5738:26
5736:.
5723:.
5719:.
5690:.
5662:.
5639:36
5637:.
5595:.
5591:.
5569:52
5567:.
5544:.
5540:.
5419:29
5366:.
5362:.
5332:.
5328:.
5271:.
5267:.
5237:.
5233:.
5179:13
5177:.
5173:.
5129:16
5127:.
5123:.
5064:^
5048:12
5046:.
5013:.
4999:^
4985:.
4950:21
4948:.
4889:.
4885:.
4868:28
4866:.
4862:.
4823:.
4687:41
4685:.
4681:.
4653:22
4651:.
4567:.
4519:^
4491:31
4489:.
4473:^
4409:^
4394:^
4377:^
4322:^
4307:^
4277:.
4240:^
4213:^
4198:^
4181:.
4177:.
4154:^
4137:^
4110:^
4095:^
4030:^
4022:13
4016:.
3999:74
3993:.
3951:^
3922:^
3895:^
3867:27
3865:.
3861:.
3823:.
3811:53
3809:.
3805:.
3759:.
3749:58
3722:12
3693:.
3666:35
3633:32
3602:21
3600:.
3596:.
3559:28
3553:.
3482:^
3467:^
3449:.
3426:^
3411:^
3396:^
3367:^
3328:^
3314:.
3304:97
3302:.
3288:^
3271:^
3250:^
3223:^
3204:^
3177:^
3161:12
3119:^
3080:^
3063:^
3048:^
3033:^
3018:^
2967:^
2959:72
2957:.
2953:.
2915:^
2901:.
2825:57
2819:.
2783:^
2708:^
2677:^
2647:^
2630:^
2612:.
2608:.
2523:).
2511:^
2489:57
2487:.
2483:.
2469:57
2467:.
2463:.
2449:19
2447:.
2416:15
2414:.
2401:.
2397:.
2384:.
2364:.
2299:.
2281:;
2272:;
2263:;
2254:;
2245:;
2236:;
2227:;
2218:;
2211:;
2202:;
2195:;
2186:;
2179:;
2170:;
2161:;
2152:;
2143:;
2134:;
2125:;
2116:;
2109:;
2100:;
2093:;
1919:,
1750:.
1693:pt
1595:.
1563:,
1528:fi
1501:fi
1466:.
1330:.
1108:pt
1045:.
950:pt
910:pt
895:pt
832:,
828:,
824:,
792:sv
768:fi
744:fi
517:,
513:,
486:.
436:fi
350:fi
150:;
85:,
81:,
6293:.
6274:.
6253:.
6213:.
6207::
6201:3
6186:.
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6131:.
6102:.
6074:.
6064:1
5941:.
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5904:3
5875::
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5744::
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5678:.
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