1437:, the actual exhaust velocity and the effective exhaust velocity are different by orders of magnitude. This happens for several reasons. First, a good deal of additional momentum is obtained by using air as reaction mass, such that combustion products in the exhaust have more mass than the burned fuel. Next, inert gases in the atmosphere absorb heat from combustion, and through the resulting expansion provide additional thrust. Lastly, for turbofans and other designs there is even more thrust created by pushing against intake air which never sees combustion directly. These all combine to allow a better match between the airspeed and the exhaust speed, which saves energy/propellant and enormously increases the
6199:. However, this combination is impractical. Lithium and fluorine are both extremely corrosive, lithium ignites on contact with air, fluorine ignites on contact with most fuels, and hydrogen, while not hypergolic, is an explosive hazard. Fluorine and the hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the exhaust are very toxic, which damages the environment, makes work around the launch pad difficult, and makes getting a launch license that much more difficult. The rocket exhaust is also ionized, which would interfere with radio communication with the rocket.
832:
1029:
428:
1103:, is assumed for all calculations which employ one-dimensional problem descriptions. This effective exhaust velocity represents an average or mass equivalent velocity at which propellant is being ejected from the rocket vehicle." The two definitions of specific impulse are proportional to one another, and related to each other by:
134:. As the SI system is mass-based, this type of analysis is usually done in meters per second. If a force-based unit system is used, impulse is divided by propellant weight (weight is a measure of force), resulting in units of time (seconds). These two formulations differ from each other by the standard
6170:
An air-breathing engine is thus much more propellant efficient than a rocket engine, because the air serves as reaction mass and oxidizer for combustion which does not have to be carried as propellant, and the actual exhaust speed is much lower, so the kinetic energy the exhaust carries away is lower
163:
and specific impulse should not be confused. Thrust is the force supplied by the engine and depends on the amount of reaction mass flowing through the engine. Specific impulse measures the impulse produced per unit of propellant and is proportional to the exhaust velocity. Thrust and specific impulse
1088:
in the equation for specific impulse, many prefer an alternative definition. The specific impulse of a rocket can be defined in terms of thrust per unit mass flow of propellant. This is an equally valid (and in some ways somewhat simpler) way of defining the effectiveness of a rocket propellant. For
6179:
exhaust velocity is very high for jet engines. This is because the effective exhaust velocity calculation assumes that the carried propellant is providing all the reaction mass and all the thrust. Hence effective exhaust velocity is not physically meaningful for air-breathing engines; nevertheless,
827:
The advantage of this formulation is that it may be used for rockets, where all the reaction mass is carried on board, as well as airplanes, where most of the reaction mass is taken from the atmosphere. In addition, it gives a result that is independent of units used (provided the unit of time used
484:
In other words, given a particular engine and a mass of a particular propellant, specific impulse measures for how long a time that engine can exert a continuous force (thrust) until fully burning that mass of propellant. A given mass of a more energy-dense propellant can burn for a longer duration
6371:
The measure of a rocket's fuel effectiveness is called its specific impulse (abbreviated as 'ISP'—or more properly Isp).... 'Mass specific impulse ... describes the thrust-producing effectiveness of a chemical reaction and it is most easily thought of as the amount of thrust force produced by each
102:
For air-breathing engines, only the fuel mass is counted, not the mass of air passing through the engine. Air resistance and the engine's inability to keep a high specific impulse at a fast burn rate are limiting factors to the propellant consumption rate. If it were not for air resistance and the
1488:
is the product of the average specific gravity of a given propellant mixture and the specific impulse. While less important than the specific impulse, it is an important measure in launch vehicle design, as a low specific impulse implies that bigger tanks will be required to store the propellant,
152:
of a rocket (including its propellant) per unit time is equal to the thrust. The higher the specific impulse, the less propellant is needed to produce a given thrust for a given time and the more efficient the propellant is. This should not be confused with the physics concept of
1421:
When an engine is run within the atmosphere, the exhaust velocity is reduced by atmospheric pressure, in turn reducing specific impulse. This is a reduction in the effective exhaust velocity, versus the actual exhaust velocity achieved in vacuum conditions. In the case of
713:
is more commonly used than the slug, and when using pounds per second for mass flow rate, it is more convenient to express standard gravity as 1 pound-force per pound-mass. Note that this is equivalent to 32.17405 ft/s2, but expressed in more convenient units. This gives:
480:
Specific impulse, measured in seconds, effectively means how many seconds a given propellant, when paired with a given engine, can accelerate its own initial mass at 1 g. The longer it can accelerate its own mass, the more delta-V it delivers to the whole system.
1394:
A rocket must carry all its propellant with it, so the mass of the unburned propellant must be accelerated along with the rocket itself. Minimizing the mass of propellant required to achieve a given change in velocity is crucial to building effective rockets. The
7475:
A hypothetical device doing perfect conversion of mass to photons emitted perfectly aligned so as to be antiparallel to the desired thrust vector. This represents the theoretical upper limit for propulsion relying strictly on onboard fuel and the rocket
814:
391:
to specify effective exhaust velocity is also reasonably common. The unit is intuitive when describing rocket engines, although the effective exhaust speed of the engines may be significantly different from the actual exhaust speed, especially in
6209:. The nuclear rocket typically operates by passing liquid hydrogen gas through an operating nuclear reactor. Testing in the 1960s yielded specific impulses of about 850 seconds (8,340 m/s), about twice that of the Space Shuttle engines.
229:. This is a significant reason for most rocket designs having multiple stages. The first stage is optimised for high thrust to boost the later stages with higher specific impulse into higher altitudes where they can perform more efficiently.
485:
than some less energy-dense propellant made to exert the same force while burning in an engine. Different engine designs burning the same propellant may not be equally efficient at directing their propellant's energy into effective thrust.
403:
Metres per second are numerically equivalent to newton-seconds per kg (N·s/kg), and SI measurements of specific impulse can be written in terms of either units interchangeably. This unit highlights the definition of specific impulse as
848:
In rocketry, the only reaction mass is the propellant, so the specific impulse is calculated using an alternative method, giving results with units of seconds. Specific impulse is defined as the thrust integrated over time per unit
225:. In rocketry, a heavier engine with a higher specific impulse may not be as effective in gaining altitude, distance, or velocity as a lighter engine with a lower specific impulse, especially if the latter engine possesses a higher
7121:
Cassady, Leonard D.; Longmier, Benjamin W.; Olsen, Chris S.; Ballenger, Maxwell G.; McCaskill, Greg E.; Ilin, Andrew V.; Carter, Mark D.; Gloverk, Tim W.; Squire, Jared P.; Chang, Franklin R.; Bering, III, Edgar A. (28 July 2010).
559:
6956:"Integration of turbofan engines into the preliminary design of a high-capacity short-and medium-haul passenger aircraft and fuel efficiency analysis with a further developed parametric aircraft design software"
90:
In an atmospheric context, specific impulse can include the contribution to impulse provided by the mass of external air that is accelerated by the engine, such as by fuel combustion or by external propeller.
1010:
In rockets, due to atmospheric effects, the specific impulse varies with altitude, reaching a maximum in a vacuum. This is because the exhaust velocity isn't simply a function of the chamber pressure, but is
1360:
910:
1157:
1096:. "In actual rocket nozzles, the exhaust velocity is not really uniform over the entire exit cross section and such velocity profiles are difficult to measure accurately. A uniform axial velocity,
719:
414:
is inversely proportional to specific impulse and has units of g/(kN·s) or lb/(lbf·h). Specific fuel consumption is used extensively for describing the performance of air-breathing jet engines.
1449:
of the thrust momentum to the mass of the fuel component of the exhaust, and omitting the reaction mass, inert gas, and effect of driven fans on overall engine efficiency from consideration.
7384:
7011:
221:
When calculating specific impulse, only propellant carried with the vehicle before use is counted. For a chemical rocket, the propellant mass therefore would include both fuel and
1430:
exhaust gas exits through a separate nozzle. Calculating the effective exhaust velocity requires averaging the two mass flows as well as accounting for any atmospheric pressure.
1406:
A spacecraft without propulsion follows an orbit determined by its trajectory and any gravitational field. Deviations from the corresponding velocity pattern (these are called
591:
114:
exhaust velocity because the mass of the combustion air is not being accounted for. Actual and effective exhaust velocity are the same in rocket engines operating in a vacuum.
1295:
1187:
942:
661:
63:
A propulsion system with a higher specific impulse uses the mass of the propellant more efficiently. In the case of a rocket, this means less propellant needed for a given
1216:
971:
6326:
7079:
1389:
692:
6228:(VASIMR) engine currently in development will theoretically yield 20 to 300 km/s (66,000 to 984,000 ft/s), and a maximum thrust of 5.7 N (1.3 lbf).
1297:
might logically be used for specific impulse in units of (N·s)/(m·kg); to avoid confusion, it is desirable to reserve this for specific impulse measured in seconds.)
103:
reduction of propellant during flight, specific impulse would be a direct measure of the engine's effectiveness in converting propellant mass into forward momentum.
1249:
1000:
628:
6225:
6102:
1452:
Essentially, the momentum of engine exhaust includes a lot more than just fuel, but specific impulse calculation ignores everything but the fuel. Even though the
493:
6070:
7061:
6786:
6825:
1456:
exhaust velocity for an air-breathing engine seems nonsensical in the context of actual exhaust velocity, this is still useful for comparing absolute
6353:
1307:
824:
in seconds is the amount of time a rocket engine can generate thrust, given a quantity of propellant whose weight is equal to the engine's thrust.
384:
units. Nearly all manufacturers quote their engine performance in seconds, and the unit is also useful for specifying aircraft engine performance.
858:
7411:
7272:
6205:
engines differ from conventional rocket engines in that energy is supplied to the propellants by an external nuclear heat source instead of the
3972:
6167:
jet engine may have a specific impulse of 6,000 seconds or more at sea level whereas a rocket would be between 200 and 400 seconds.
7169:
6566:
6539:
3668:
3635:
2485:
2268:
1106:
7388:
6372:
pound (mass) of fuel and oxidizer propellant burned in a unit of time. It is kind of like a measure of miles per gallon (mpg) for rockets.'
3639:
2489:
157:, which can decrease as specific impulse increases, since propulsion systems that give high specific impulse require high energy to do so.
6163:
engines when operating in a vacuum. An air-breathing jet engine typically has a much larger specific impulse than a rocket; for example a
488:
For all vehicles, specific impulse (impulse per unit weight-on-Earth of propellant) in seconds can be defined by the following equation:
6927:
6034:
4403:
3360:
2957:
2811:
2096:
1575:
7330:
7144:
7041:
6867:
3845:
1068:
1046:
467:
445:
372:
The most common unit for specific impulse is the second, as values are identical regardless of whether the calculations are done in
6183:
The highest specific impulse for a chemical propellant ever test-fired in a rocket engine was 542 seconds (5.32 km/s) with a
1445:
exhaust velocity. Again, this is because the mass of the air is not counted in the specific impulse calculation, thus attributing
6268:
6086:
4702:
3049:
3045:
2427:
2423:
1502:
411:
82:
whose reaction mass is only the fuel they carry, specific impulse is exactly proportional to the effective exhaust gas velocity.
6450:
6224:
satellite has a specific impulse of 1,640 s (16.1 km/s) but a maximum thrust of only 68 mN (0.015 lbf). The
6330:
2671:
106:
The specific impulse in terms of propellant mass spent has units of distance per time, which is a notional velocity called the
6384:
7514:
4504:
3242:
1050:
449:
99:
breathe external air for both combustion and bypass, and therefore have a much higher specific impulse than rocket engines.
3849:
3420:
1256:
373:
7187:
7524:
7519:
6905:
6248:
4068:
3879:
3728:
3128:
1396:
154:
6990:
1089:
a rocket, the specific impulse defined in this way is simply the effective exhaust velocity relative to the rocket,
164:
are related by the design and propellants of the engine in question, but this relationship is tenuous. For example,
122:
The amount of propellant can be measured either in units of mass or weight. If mass is used, specific impulse is an
7529:
7509:
6599:
6156:
5959:
5780:
5166:
3816:
3517:
7103:
Glover, Tim W.; Chang Diaz, Franklin R.; Squire, Jared P.; Jacobsen, Verlin; Chavers, D. Gregory; Carter, Mark D.
6744:
1039:
438:
6300:
5333:
5303:
5045:
4944:
4087:
4058:
4001:
836:
400:, the effective exhaust velocity is not physically meaningful, although it can be used for comparison purposes.
4822:
4484:
1748:
1716:
809:{\displaystyle F_{\text{thrust}}=I_{\text{sp}}\cdot {\dot {m}}\cdot \left(1\mathrm {\frac {lbf}{lbm}} \right).}
165:
7228:
6972:
6253:
5572:
5543:
5401:
5244:
5156:
5107:
4934:
4870:
4841:
4783:
4535:
4163:
4116:
3991:
3942:
3806:
3717:
3506:
2986:
2210:
1857:
1621:
397:
6202:
5899:
5869:
5839:
5809:
5631:
4657:
4344:
4194:
3536:
3224:
2042:
226:
1413:) are achieved by sending exhaust mass in the direction opposite to that of the desired velocity change.
7209:
5970:
5929:
5910:
5850:
5761:
5750:
5721:
5691:
5601:
5520:
5479:
5449:
5064:
4967:
4812:
4725:
4706:
4691:
4576:
4355:
4325:
4315:
4284:
4254:
4224:
4035:
3962:
3898:
3868:
3776:
3658:
3625:
3606:
3409:
3205:
2661:
2475:
2298:
2258:
2168:
1680:
1649:
1541:
6582:
569:
7418:
1399:
shows that for a rocket with a given empty mass and a given amount of propellant, the total change in
6826:"Turbofan Aero-Engine Efficiency Evaluation: An Integrated Approach Using VSBM Two-Stage Network DEA"
6217:
6184:
5524:
5362:
5215:
5093:
5074:
5007:
4735:
4382:
4145:
4039:
3928:
3078:
3035:
2852:
2413:
2327:
2229:
127:
7254:
5137:
4764:
4175:
3835:
3787:
3390:
3350:
3238:
3234:
3195:
3161:
2891:
2765:
2357:
2288:
2179:
2017:
1979:
1423:
1273:
1165:
920:
639:
393:
196:
1194:
949:
7363:
6206:
6155:
An example of a specific impulse measured in time is 453 seconds, which is equivalent to an
5661:
5553:
5430:
5273:
5254:
4885:
4851:
4126:
3109:
2928:
2920:
2642:
2394:
2386:
1616:
1365:
1222:, which is the same as the effective exhaust velocity measured in m/s (or ft/s if g is in ft/s),
668:
831:
7037:
6863:
6562:
6535:
6295:
6290:
6243:
6119:
5185:
5026:
4904:
4881:
3747:
3688:
2924:
2390:
2137:
405:
388:
123:
79:
70:, so that the vehicle attached to the engine can more efficiently gain altitude and velocity.
6556:
7299:
7123:
7085:
6832:
6263:
4564:
4408:
3596:
2816:
2101:
1724:
1580:
1252:
1219:
1003:
631:
135:
1263:
This equation is also valid for air-breathing jet engines, but is rarely used in practice.
1227:
978:
606:
7334:
6611:
6432:
6274:
6258:
6054:
5127:
5041:
4915:
4569:
3757:
3698:
3439:
3301:
3172:
2735:
2690:
2149:
1457:
1012:
381:
17:
6935:
6503:
7385:"Characterization of a High Specific Impulse Xenon Hall Effect Thruster | Mendeley"
1013:
a function of the difference between the interior and exterior of the combustion chamber
7317:
7033:
6285:
6141:
5880:
5642:
5509:
5283:
5225:
4754:
4638:
4609:
4605:
4155:
4024:
3483:
3450:
3331:
3139:
2705:
2701:
2583:
2519:
1550:
1391:
is the propellant mass flow rate, which is the rate of decrease of the vehicle's mass.
695:
377:
238:
Various equivalent rocket motor performance measurements, in SI and US customary units
204:
7081:
In-flight performance of the NSTAR ion propulsion system on the Deep Space One mission
6468:
7503:
6955:
6410:
6280:
6136:
6050:
4948:
4628:
4595:
4005:
3473:
3379:
2976:
2754:
2509:
2198:
1975:
1755:
1711:
1691:
1660:
1629:
1015:. Values are usually given for operation at sea level ("sl") or in a vacuum ("vac").
598:
594:
189:
49:
45:
6765:
6388:
6358:
6213:
5037:
4793:
3909:
3576:
3566:
3547:
3487:
3320:
3271:
3261:
3142:
3015:
3005:
2862:
2612:
2602:
2572:
2552:
2542:
2523:
2456:
2446:
2239:
710:
707:
215:
6529:
7104:
6836:
6216:, give much higher specific impulse but with much lower thrust; for example the
5940:
5790:
5702:
5672:
5612:
5582:
5460:
5103:
4977:
4453:
4295:
4204:
4171:
4167:
3938:
3176:
2947:
2910:
2881:
2376:
2347:
2071:
2067:
1786:
1028:
699:
427:
92:
7357:
7195:
6664:
6650:
6238:
5820:
5731:
5490:
5372:
5343:
5313:
5196:
4996:
4672:
4545:
4378:
4264:
4234:
4159:
4097:
3290:
3098:
3068:
2789:
2724:
2631:
2317:
1828:
1790:
1490:
53:
7089:
6973:"Purdue School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Propulsion Web Page - TFE731"
5420:
5391:
4668:
2075:
2009:
1824:
1427:
96:
6909:
6856:
6748:
6354:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8M lbs of thrust"
6171:
and thus the jet engine uses far less energy to generate thrust. While the
973:
is the average exhaust speed along the axis of the engine (in m/s or ft/s),
554:{\displaystyle F_{\text{thrust}}=g_{0}\cdot I_{\text{sp}}\cdot {\dot {m}},}
214:
O). In many cases, propulsion systems with very high specific impulse—some
7494:
6625:
6492:
Rocket
Propulsion Elements, 7th Edition by George P. Sutton, Oscar Biblarz
6196:
6192:
6164:
6010:
4515:
2203:
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2013:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1832:
1820:
1434:
1400:
222:
149:
7291:
7273:"fuel - Where is the Lithium-Fluorine-Hydrogen tripropellant currently?"
7303:
6221:
6188:
1407:
1053: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
452: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
64:
1403:
it can accomplish is proportional to the effective exhaust velocity.
7466:
15 per cent fuel consumption advantage over the original Trent engine
7292:"Investigation of the lithium-fluorine-hydrogen tripropellant system"
4446:
3454:
1810:
1743:
1554:
1489:
which in turn will have a detrimental effect on the launch vehicle's
1301:
850:
195:
due to the exhaust gases having a lower density and higher velocity (
160:
57:
7232:
7170:"ESA and Australian team develop breakthrough in space propulsion"
6160:
2037:
1964:
1944:
1940:
1868:
1864:
1775:
830:
634:, which is nominally the gravity at Earth's surface (m/s or ft/s),
6507:
4473:
1999:
1930:
1888:
1852:
185:
7318:
Lithium-fluorine-hydrogen propellant investigation Final report
1426:
rocket engines, more than one exhaust gas stream is present as
1355:{\displaystyle F_{\text{thrust}}=v_{\text{e}}\cdot {\dot {m}},}
1270:
is also sometimes seen for exhaust velocity. While the symbol
1266:(Note that different symbols are sometimes used; for example,
1022:
421:
6824:
Kottas, Angelos T.; Bozoudis, Michail N.; Madas, Michael A.
905:{\displaystyle I_{\text{sp}}={\frac {v_{\text{e}}}{g_{0}}},}
7489:
7062:"Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher-thrust PD-14s To Replace PS-90A"
6921:
6919:
6180:
it is useful for comparison with other types of engines.
6175:
exhaust velocity is lower for air-breathing engines, the
835:
The specific impulse of various jet engines (SSME is the
7412:"VASIMR® VX-200 MEETS FULL POWER EFFICIENCY MILESTONE"
7084:. Aerospace Conference Proceedings. IEEExplore. 2000.
6212:
A variety of other rocket propulsion methods, such as
1152:{\displaystyle v_{\text{e}}=g_{0}\cdot I_{\text{sp}},}
7145:"Vasimr VX 200 meets full power efficiency milestone"
1368:
1310:
1276:
1230:
1197:
1168:
1109:
981:
952:
923:
861:
722:
671:
642:
609:
572:
496:
5991:
Specific impulse of various propulsion technologies
7490:
RPA - Design Tool for Liquid Rocket Engine
Analysis
6899:
1417:
Actual exhaust speed versus effective exhaust speed
7034:"Turbofan and Turbojet Engines: Database Handbook"
7006:
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7002:
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6895:
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6889:
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6879:
6857:"Turbofan and Turbojet Engines: Database Handbook"
1383:
1354:
1304:, or forward force on the rocket by the equation:
1289:
1243:
1210:
1181:
1151:
994:
965:
936:
904:
808:
686:
655:
622:
585:
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7495:List of Specific Impulses of various rocket fuels
7105:"Principal VASIMR Results and Present Objectives"
6385:"Laser-powered Interstellar Probe (Presentation)"
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7356:National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
7255:"Effective exhaust velocity | engineering"
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6686:
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6682:
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6678:
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6674:
6159:of 4.440 km/s (14,570 ft/s), for the
130:shows to have units of speed, specifically the
7331:"Space Propulsion and Mission Analysis Office"
6226:variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket
1501:Specific impulse is inversely proportional to
1019:Specific impulse as effective exhaust velocity
6991:"Civil Jet Aircraft Design: Engine Data File"
6989:Lloyd R. Jenkinson & al. (30 July 1999).
6528:George P. Sutton & Oscar Biblarz (2016).
6329:. Qualitative Reasoning Group. Archived from
1542:Spacecraft propulsion § Table of methods
8:
6984:
6982:
1433:For air-breathing jet engines, particularly
944:is the specific impulse measured in seconds,
6745:"Military Turbojet/Turbofan Specifications"
663:is the specific impulse measured (seconds),
7316:ARBIT, H. A., CLAPP, S. D., NAGAI, C. K.,
7296:4th Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference
6760:
6758:
5989:
4374:
2784:
2063:
1546:
218:reach 10,000 seconds—produce low thrust.
6850:
6848:
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6277:—thrust per unit of air for a duct engine
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1069:Learn how and when to remove this message
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468:Learn how and when to remove this message
7290:Arbit, H.; Clapp, S.; Nagai, C. (1968).
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6906:"Civil Turbojet/Turbofan Specifications"
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6813:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6799:
593:is the thrust obtained from the engine (
236:
7441:
6932:Aircraft Design: Synthesis and Analysis
6318:
6781:
6779:
6607:
6597:
7366:from the original on 11 December 2021
6934:. Stanford University. Archived from
6561:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 68.
6534:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 27.
6026:
27:Change in velocity per amount of fuel
7:
7060:Vladimir Karnozov (19 August 2019).
7021:. 28 January 2008. pp. 137–138.
1441:exhaust velocity while reducing the
1218:is the specific impulse measured in
1081:Because of the geocentric factor of
1051:adding citations to reliable sources
698:of the expended propellant (kg/s or
450:adding citations to reliable sources
44:) is a measure of how efficiently a
1540:For a more comprehensive list, see
1189:is the specific impulse in seconds,
6035:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster
792:
789:
786:
781:
778:
775:
25:
7210:"11.6 Performance of Jet Engines"
6993:. Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann.
6352:Hutchinson, Lee (14 April 2013).
6271:—fuel consumption per unit thrust
6089:electrostatic xenon ion thruster
6073:electrostatic xenon ion thruster
5999:Effective exhaust velocity (m/s)
586:{\displaystyle F_{\text{thrust}}}
7277:Space Exploration Stack Exchange
6928:"Data on Large Turbofan Engines"
6269:Thrust specific fuel consumption
6005:Exhaust specific energy (MJ/kg)
1472:, sometimes also referred to as
1027:
426:
6792:. MTU Aero Engines. April 2016.
6120:DS4G electrostatic ion thruster
1038:needs additional citations for
437:needs additional citations for
145:) at the surface of the earth.
7124:"VASIMR R Performance Results"
6743:Nathan Meier (21 March 2005).
1:
7410:Ad Astra (23 November 2010).
6904:Nathan Meier (3 April 2005).
1290:{\displaystyle I_{\text{sp}}}
1257:United States customary units
1182:{\displaystyle I_{\text{sp}}}
937:{\displaystyle I_{\text{sp}}}
853:-on-Earth of the propellant:
656:{\displaystyle I_{\text{sp}}}
408:per unit mass of propellant.
175:bipropellant produces higher
6667:. Encyclopedia Astronautica.
6653:. Encyclopedia Astronautica.
6558:Aerospace Propulsion Systems
6502:Benson, Tom (11 July 2008).
1211:{\displaystyle v_{\text{e}}}
966:{\displaystyle v_{\text{e}}}
365:would be physically correct
7359:Nuclear Propulsion in Space
6837:10.1016/j.omega.2019.102167
6469:"Specific Fuel Consumption"
6451:"What is specific impulse?"
6327:"What is specific impulse?"
6249:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
2000:Aerojet Rocketdyne RL-10B-2
1476:and usually abbreviated as
1397:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
418:Specific impulse in seconds
7546:
6770:AIR International Magazine
6531:Rocket Propulsion Elements
6157:effective exhaust velocity
1539:
1505:(SFC) by the relationship
1384:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}
687:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}
136:gravitational acceleration
132:effective exhaust velocity
110:. This is higher than the
108:effective exhaust velocity
18:Effective exhaust velocity
7457:10% better than Trent 700
7448:10% better than Trent 700
6301:Liquid rocket propellants
5094:General Electric CF6-50C2
4402:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4377:
3929:General Electric CF6-50C2
2810:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2787:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2066:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1549:
1503:specific fuel consumption
1497:Specific fuel consumption
837:Space Shuttle Main Engine
412:Specific fuel consumption
349:
252:
247:
244:
242:
7090:10.1109/AERO.2000.878373
6584:Density specific impulse
6455:www.qrg.northwestern.edu
1965:Aerojet Rocketdyne RS-25
1532:for SFC in lb/(lbf·hr).
1522:for SFC in kg/(N·s) and
1470:density specific impulse
1464:Density specific impulse
398:airbreathing jet engines
126:per unit of mass, which
7259:Encyclopedia Britannica
7227:Dunn, Bruce P. (2001).
6787:"EJ200 turbofan engine"
6555:Thomas A. Ward (2010).
6254:System-specific impulse
1468:A related measure, the
6203:Nuclear thermal rocket
1811:NPO Energomash RD-171M
1460:of different engines.
1385:
1356:
1291:
1245:
1212:
1183:
1153:
996:
967:
938:
906:
840:
810:
688:
657:
624:
587:
555:
227:thrust-to-weight ratio
184:but lower thrust than
148:The rate of change of
118:General considerations
56:using fuel, generates
52:using propellant or a
7515:Spacecraft propulsion
7012:"Gas Turbine Engines"
6954:David Kalwar (2015).
6002:Specific impulse (s)
4487:at Mach 3.2 (Reheat)
1386:
1357:
1300:It is related to the
1292:
1246:
1244:{\displaystyle g_{0}}
1213:
1184:
1154:
997:
995:{\displaystyle g_{0}}
968:
939:
907:
834:
811:
689:
658:
625:
623:{\displaystyle g_{0}}
588:
556:
35:(usually abbreviated
7032:Élodie Roux (2007).
6855:Élodie Roux (2007).
6751:on 11 February 2021.
6626:"Rocket Propellants"
6218:Hall-effect thruster
6076:20,000–30,000
6017:V is ~300 m/s)
5274:Aviadvigatel PS-90A1
2792:, static, sea level
1366:
1308:
1274:
1228:
1195:
1166:
1107:
1047:improve this article
979:
950:
921:
859:
720:
669:
640:
607:
570:
494:
446:improve this article
352:as mentioned below,
128:dimensional analysis
7525:Classical mechanics
7520:Physical quantities
7192:www.astronautix.com
7149:spacefellowship.com
6938:on 11 January 2017.
6011:Turbofan jet engine
5992:
4755:Honeywell TFE731-60
4629:Soloviev D-30KU-154
4565:Honeywell ALF502R-5
3196:Honeywell/ITEC F125
3162:Honeywell/ITEC F124
2289:Honeywell/ITEC F125
1424:gas-generator cycle
394:gas-generator cycle
309:US customary units
239:
7424:on 30 October 2012
7304:10.2514/6.1968-618
7235:on 20 October 2013
7176:. 18 January 2006.
6912:on 17 August 2021.
6504:"Specific impulse"
6433:"Specific Impulse"
6411:"Mission Overview"
6207:heat of combustion
6095:1,320–4,170
6079:1,950–3,100
5990:
5662:Aviadvigatel PD-14
3748:Turbo-Union RB.199
3689:Turbo-Union RB.199
3129:RR Turbomeca Adour
2948:Snecma Atar 08K-50
2911:Snecma Atar 09K-50
2377:Snecma Atar 09K-50
2138:Turbo-Union RB.199
1381:
1352:
1287:
1255:, 9.80665 m/s (in
1241:
1208:
1179:
1149:
992:
963:
934:
902:
841:
806:
684:
653:
620:
583:
551:
237:
80:cold gas thrusters
74:Propulsion systems
48:engine, such as a
7530:Engine technology
7510:Rocket propulsion
7320:NASA, 1 May 1970.
6600:cite encyclopedia
6568:978-0-470-82497-9
6541:978-1-118-75388-0
6391:on 2 October 2013
6296:Rocket propellant
6291:Delta-v (physics)
6153:
6152:
5988:
5987:
5491:777-200/200ER/300
4596:Soloviev D-30KP-2
4505:RR/Snecma Olympus
4425:
4416:
4373:
4372:
2977:Tumansky R-25-300
2833:
2824:
2783:
2782:
2199:Tumansky R-25-300
2118:
2109:
2062:
2061:
1597:
1588:
1378:
1346:
1331:
1318:
1284:
1205:
1176:
1143:
1117:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1006:(in m/s or ft/s).
960:
931:
897:
884:
869:
796:
758:
743:
730:
681:
650:
580:
545:
530:
504:
478:
477:
470:
389:metres per second
370:
369:
366:
250:exhaust velocity
245:Specific impulse
155:energy efficiency
78:For engines like
16:(Redirected from
7537:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7464:
7458:
7455:
7449:
7446:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7423:
7417:. Archived from
7416:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7391:on 24 March 2012
7387:. Archived from
7381:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7337:on 12 April 2011
7333:. Archived from
7327:
7321:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7231:. Archived from
7224:
7218:
7217:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7198:on 3 March 2016.
7194:. Archived from
7184:
7178:
7177:
7174:cordis.europa.eu
7166:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7128:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7057:
7048:
7047:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7016:
7008:
6995:
6994:
6986:
6977:
6976:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6951:
6940:
6939:
6923:
6914:
6913:
6908:. Archived from
6901:
6874:
6873:
6861:
6852:
6841:
6840:
6830:
6821:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6783:
6774:
6773:
6772:. 23 March 2017.
6762:
6753:
6752:
6747:. Archived from
6740:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6499:
6493:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6473:www.grc.nasa.gov
6465:
6459:
6458:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6437:www.grc.nasa.gov
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6413:. exploreMarsnow
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6387:. Archived from
6381:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6323:
6264:Standard gravity
6028:
5993:
4423:
4414:
4375:
3351:RR Pegasus 11-61
3262:Saturn AL-41F-1S
2831:
2822:
2785:
2603:Saturn AL-41F-1S
2116:
2107:
2064:
1913:ECA upper stage
1595:
1586:
1547:
1531:
1521:
1487:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1253:standard gravity
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1031:
1023:
1004:standard gravity
1001:
999:
998:
993:
991:
990:
972:
970:
969:
964:
962:
961:
958:
943:
941:
940:
935:
933:
932:
929:
911:
909:
908:
903:
898:
896:
895:
886:
885:
882:
876:
871:
870:
867:
828:is the second).
815:
813:
812:
807:
802:
798:
797:
795:
784:
773:
760:
759:
751:
745:
744:
741:
732:
731:
728:
693:
691:
690:
685:
683:
682:
674:
662:
660:
659:
654:
652:
651:
648:
632:standard gravity
629:
627:
626:
621:
619:
618:
592:
590:
589:
584:
582:
581:
578:
560:
558:
557:
552:
547:
546:
538:
532:
531:
528:
519:
518:
506:
505:
502:
473:
466:
462:
459:
453:
430:
422:
357:
351:
344:
335:
326:
317:
303:
294:
285:
276:
240:
183:
43:
33:Specific impulse
21:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7500:
7499:
7486:
7481:
7480:
7474:
7470:
7465:
7461:
7456:
7452:
7447:
7443:
7438:
7437:
7427:
7425:
7421:
7414:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7394:
7392:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7369:
7367:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7340:
7338:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7315:
7311:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7253:
7252:
7248:
7238:
7236:
7229:"Dunn's readme"
7226:
7225:
7221:
7208:
7207:
7203:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7151:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7131:www.adastra.com
7126:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7059:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7014:
7010:
7009:
6998:
6988:
6987:
6980:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6958:
6953:
6952:
6943:
6925:
6924:
6917:
6903:
6902:
6877:
6870:
6862:. p. 126.
6859:
6854:
6853:
6844:
6828:
6823:
6822:
6797:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6777:
6764:
6763:
6756:
6742:
6741:
6672:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6634:
6632:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6606:
6596:
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6569:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6510:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6487:
6477:
6475:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6416:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6394:
6392:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6364:
6362:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6275:Specific thrust
6259:Specific energy
6234:
6149:89,875,517,874
6137:photonic rocket
6108:30,000–120,000
6055:liquid hydrogen
5930:RR Trent XWB-97
5216:GE CF6-80C2-B1F
5128:PowerJet SaM146
4997:CFE CFE738-1-1B
4823:CRJ700/900/1000
4422:
4412:
4396:
4285:RR Trent 970-84
4267:-200/200ER/300
4237:-200/200ER/300
3474:Soloviev D-30F6
3440:Kuznetsov NK-32
3006:Lyulka AL-21F-3
2882:Snecma Atar 09C
2830:
2820:
2804:
2691:Kuznetsov NK-32
2543:Lyulka AL-21F-3
2510:Soloviev D-30F6
2348:Snecma Atar 09C
2115:
2105:
2089:
1776:Kuznetsov NK-33
1594:
1584:
1568:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1483:
1477:
1474:Density Impulse
1466:
1458:fuel efficiency
1419:
1364:
1363:
1324:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1136:
1123:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1075:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1044:
1032:
1021:
982:
977:
976:
953:
948:
947:
924:
919:
918:
887:
877:
862:
857:
856:
846:
823:
785:
774:
768:
764:
736:
723:
718:
717:
667:
666:
643:
638:
637:
610:
605:
604:
573:
568:
567:
523:
510:
497:
492:
491:
474:
463:
457:
454:
443:
431:
420:
363:
353:
340:
331:
322:
313:
299:
290:
281:
272:
254:
249:
235:
213:
208:
200:
193:
182:
176:
173:
169:
144:
120:
88:
76:
42:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7543:
7541:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7485:
7484:External links
7482:
7479:
7478:
7468:
7459:
7450:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7402:
7376:
7348:
7322:
7309:
7282:
7264:
7246:
7219:
7201:
7179:
7161:
7136:
7113:
7095:
7071:
7049:
7042:
7024:
6996:
6978:
6964:
6941:
6915:
6875:
6868:
6842:
6795:
6775:
6754:
6670:
6656:
6642:
6617:
6608:|website=
6574:
6567:
6547:
6540:
6520:
6494:
6485:
6460:
6442:
6424:
6402:
6376:
6344:
6333:on 4 July 2016
6317:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6286:Energy density
6283:
6278:
6272:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6139:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5851:A320neo family
5848:
5845:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5510:Progress D-18T
5506:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:GE CF6-80C2-B2
5359:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:CFM CFM56-7B24
5153:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5046:Global Express
5035:
5032:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4345:RR Trent 1000C
4341:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4189:103000–115000
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:PW F117-PW-100
4055:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4025:Progress D-18T
4021:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:GE TF34-GE-100
3959:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3899:GE F118-GE-101
3895:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3869:GE F118-GE-100
3865:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3777:GE F101-GE-102
3773:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3718:PW F119-PW-100
3714:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:GE F110-GE-132
3655:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:GE F110-GE-129
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:RR Spey RB.168
3593:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:GE F414-GE-400
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3110:Gripen A/B/C/D
3107:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2958:Super Étendard
2955:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:GE F404-GE-402
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2643:Gripen A/B/C/D
2640:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:GE F110-GE-129
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:GE F110-GE-132
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:GE F101-GE-102
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:Avio Zefiro 9A
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:Avio Zefiro 23
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1551:Rocket engines
1537:
1534:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1498:
1495:
1481:
1465:
1462:
1418:
1415:
1377:
1374:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1280:
1261:
1260:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1201:
1190:
1172:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1007:
989:
985:
974:
956:
945:
927:
901:
894:
890:
880:
874:
865:
845:
842:
821:
805:
801:
794:
791:
788:
783:
780:
777:
771:
767:
763:
757:
754:
748:
739:
735:
726:
704:
703:
696:mass flow rate
680:
677:
664:
646:
635:
617:
613:
602:
576:
550:
544:
541:
535:
526:
522:
517:
513:
509:
500:
476:
475:
434:
432:
425:
419:
416:
368:
367:
361:
347:
346:
337:
328:
319:
310:
306:
305:
296:
287:
278:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
253:Specific fuel
251:
246:
243:
234:
231:
211:
206:
198:
191:
180:
171:
167:
142:
119:
116:
87:
84:
75:
72:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7542:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7472:
7469:
7463:
7460:
7454:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7403:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7352:
7349:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7286:
7283:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7265:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7247:
7234:
7230:
7223:
7220:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7162:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7137:
7132:
7125:
7117:
7114:
7106:
7099:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7072:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7045:
7043:9782952938013
7039:
7035:
7028:
7025:
7020:
7019:Aviation Week
7013:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6968:
6965:
6957:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6911:
6907:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6871:
6869:9782952938013
6865:
6858:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6750:
6746:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6643:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6613:
6601:
6586:
6585:
6578:
6575:
6570:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6551:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6524:
6521:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6495:
6489:
6486:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6443:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6425:
6412:
6406:
6403:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6348:
6345:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6281:Heating value
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6214:ion thrusters
6210:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6185:tripropellant
6181:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6111:3,000–12,000
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6051:Liquid oxygen
6049:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5900:RR Trent 1000
5898:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5870:RR Trent 7000
5868:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:777-200/200ER
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5573:CFM CFM56-5C2
5571:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:CFM CFM56-5B4
5542:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:CFM CFM56-5A1
5243:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:B2/B4/C4/F4,
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:CFM CFM56-2B1
4933:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:CFM CFM56-2A2
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:CFM CFM56-3C1
4840:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:DC-8 Super 70
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:CFM CFM56-2C1
4782:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:RR Tay RB.183
4656:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:CFM CFM56-3C1
4115:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:CFM CFM56-2B1
3990:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:B-52H, NB-52H
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Saturn AL-31F
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Snecma Larzac
3505:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Eurojet EJ200
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Su-35S/T-10BM
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Snecma M53-P2
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Eurojet EJ200
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Su-35S/T-10BM
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Saturn AL-31F
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Snecma M53-P2
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:Space Shuttle
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1375:
1372:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1278:
1269:
1264:
1259:32.174 ft/s).
1258:
1254:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1199:
1191:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1073:
1070:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1036:This section
1034:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1005:
987:
983:
975:
954:
946:
925:
917:
916:
915:
912:
899:
892:
888:
878:
872:
863:
854:
852:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
820:
816:
803:
799:
769:
765:
761:
755:
752:
746:
737:
733:
724:
715:
712:
709:
701:
697:
678:
675:
665:
644:
636:
633:
615:
611:
603:
600:
596:
574:
566:
565:
564:
561:
548:
542:
539:
533:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
498:
489:
486:
482:
472:
469:
461:
451:
447:
441:
440:
435:This section
433:
429:
424:
423:
417:
415:
413:
409:
407:
401:
399:
396:engines. For
395:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
364:
356:
348:
343:
338:
334:
329:
325:
320:
316:
311:
308:
307:
302:
297:
293:
288:
284:
279:
275:
270:
267:
266:
262:
259:
258:
241:
232:
230:
228:
224:
219:
217:
216:ion thrusters
209:
202:
194:
187:
179:
174:
162:
158:
156:
151:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
117:
115:
113:
109:
104:
100:
98:
94:
86:In atmosphere
85:
83:
81:
73:
71:
69:
68:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:reaction mass
39:
34:
30:
19:
7471:
7462:
7453:
7444:
7426:. Retrieved
7419:the original
7405:
7393:. Retrieved
7389:the original
7379:
7368:, retrieved
7358:
7351:
7339:. Retrieved
7335:the original
7325:
7312:
7295:
7285:
7276:
7267:
7258:
7249:
7237:. Retrieved
7233:the original
7222:
7213:
7204:
7196:the original
7191:
7182:
7173:
7164:
7152:. Retrieved
7148:
7139:
7130:
7116:
7098:
7080:
7074:
7065:
7027:
7018:
6967:
6936:the original
6931:
6910:the original
6769:
6749:the original
6659:
6645:
6635:20 September
6633:. Retrieved
6629:
6620:
6590:20 September
6588:. Retrieved
6583:
6577:
6557:
6550:
6530:
6523:
6511:. Retrieved
6497:
6488:
6476:. Retrieved
6472:
6463:
6454:
6445:
6436:
6427:
6415:. Retrieved
6405:
6393:. Retrieved
6389:the original
6379:
6370:
6363:. Retrieved
6359:Ars Technica
6357:
6347:
6335:. Retrieved
6331:the original
6321:
6211:
6201:
6182:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6154:
6105:predictions
6014:
5751:GE GEnx-1B76
5692:RR Trent 900
5656:63000–67000
5613:A340-500/600
5602:RR Trent 500
5480:RR Trent 800
5450:RR Trent 700
5421:IAE V2533-A5
5392:IAE V2525-D5
4836:52000–53000
4546:737 Original
4400:Application
4316:GE GEnx-1B70
4186:10500–11700
4180:0.307-0.344
3591:45300–53000
3548:Kawasaki T-4
3468:48000–49000
3404:44000–48000
3321:Klimov RD-33
3291:Snecma M88-2
3225:PW J52-P-408
3036:GE J79-GE-15
2853:GE J85-GE-21
2808:Application
2779:20400–21300
2725:Snecma M88-2
2573:Klimov RD-33
2414:GE J79-GE-15
2230:GE J85-GE-21
2093:Application
2038:NERVA NRX A6
2020:upper stage
1947:upper stage
1889:Snecma HM-7B
1758:upper stage
1572:Application
1524:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1299:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1065:
1056:
1045:Please help
1040:verification
1037:
1009:
913:
855:
847:
826:
818:
817:
716:
708:English unit
705:
599:pounds force
562:
490:
487:
483:
479:
464:
455:
444:Please help
439:verification
436:
410:
402:
386:
371:
359:
354:
341:
332:
323:
314:
300:
291:
282:
273:
255:consumption
220:
177:
159:
147:
139:
131:
121:
111:
107:
105:
101:
89:
77:
66:
62:
37:
32:
31:
29:
7370:24 February
7214:web.mit.edu
6926:Ilan Kroo.
6630:braeunig.us
6513:22 December
6417:23 December
6395:16 November
6337:22 December
6146:30,570,000
6142:299,792,458
5840:CFM LEAP-1A
5810:CFM LEAP-1C
5722:GE GE90-85B
5632:CFM LEAP-1B
5138:Superjet LR
5065:GE CF34-10E
5008:Falcon 2000
4968:GE CF34-10A
4852:737 Classic
4415:(by weight)
4379:Jet engines
4255:GE GE90-94B
4225:GE GE90-85B
4146:GE CF6-80C2
4127:737 Classic
3836:RR AE 3007H
3807:PW TF33-P-3
3699:Tornado ECR
3582:0.666-0.78
3391:Eurofighter
3079:Mirage 2000
3046:F-4E/EJ/F/G
2823:(by weight)
2790:jet engines
2766:Eurofighter
2424:F-4E/EJ/F/G
2328:Mirage 2000
2108:(by weight)
2068:Jet engines
1815:liquid fuel
1780:liquid fuel
1749:liquid fuel
1717:liquid fuel
1587:(by weight)
1059:August 2019
458:August 2019
387:The use of
345:lb/(lbf·h)
330:= 32.17405·
260:By weight*
93:Jet engines
7504:Categories
7476:principle.
7066:AIN Online
6313:References
6239:Jet engine
5781:PW PW1400G
5653:6400–6800
5647:0.53-0.56
4833:5300–5400
4827:0.67-0.68
4813:GE CF34-8C
4765:Falcon 900
4726:GE CF34-8E
4707:CRJ100/200
4703:Challenger
4673:Fokker 100
4518:at Mach 2
4098:Boeing 757
3588:4620–5410
3585:18.9–22.1
3465:4900–5000
3459:0.72-0.73
3401:4400–4900
3395:0.74–0.81
3099:Volvo RM12
2892:Mirage III
2776:2080–2170
2770:1.66–1.73
2632:Volvo RM12
2358:Mirage III
2074:, static,
1791:Soyuz-2-1v
1685:solid fuel
1654:solid fuel
1622:solid fuel
1530:= 3600/SFC
1491:mass ratio
711:pound mass
298:= 101,972/
289:= 9.80665·
280:= 9.80665·
248:Effective
54:jet engine
6766:"Flanker"
6610:ignored (
6177:effective
5941:A350-1000
5673:MC-21-310
5334:PW PW4098
5304:PW PW2040
4692:GE CF34-3
4669:Fokker 70
4536:PW JT8D-9
4430:lb/lbf·h
4424:(by mass)
4195:EA GP7270
4088:PW PW2040
3518:Alpha Jet
3421:F/A-18E/F
2987:MIG-21bis
2921:Mirage IV
2838:lb/lbf·h
2832:(by mass)
2672:F/A-18C/D
2457:Su-27/P/K
2387:Mirage IV
2211:MIG-21bis
2123:lb/lbf·h
2117:(by mass)
2076:sea level
2010:Delta III
2004:cryogenic
1969:cryogenic
1935:cryogenic
1893:cryogenic
1858:cryogenic
1712:Merlin 1D
1602:lb/lbf·h
1596:(by mass)
1454:effective
1439:effective
1435:turbofans
1428:turbopump
1376:˙
1344:˙
1335:⋅
1134:⋅
762:⋅
756:˙
747:⋅
679:˙
543:˙
534:⋅
521:⋅
382:customary
327:lbf·s/lb
304:g/(kN·s)
97:turbofans
7364:archived
6365:15 April
6232:See also
6197:hydrogen
6193:fluorine
6165:turbofan
6124:210,000
5960:PW 1127G
5934:turbofan
5904:turbofan
5874:turbofan
5844:turbofan
5814:turbofan
5755:turbofan
5726:turbofan
5696:turbofan
5666:turbofan
5636:turbofan
5606:turbofan
5583:A340-211
5577:turbofan
5554:A320-214
5548:turbofan
5514:turbofan
5484:turbofan
5454:turbofan
5431:A321-231
5425:turbofan
5396:turbofan
5367:turbofan
5338:turbofan
5308:turbofan
5278:turbofan
5249:turbofan
5220:turbofan
5190:turbofan
5186:RR BR715
5161:turbofan
5132:turbofan
5098:turbofan
5075:E190/195
5069:turbofan
5031:turbofan
5027:RR BR710
5001:turbofan
4972:turbofan
4939:turbofan
4909:turbofan
4905:RR BR725
4875:turbofan
4846:turbofan
4817:turbofan
4788:turbofan
4736:E170/175
4730:turbofan
4696:turbofan
4662:turbofan
4633:turbofan
4600:turbofan
4540:turbofan
4516:Concorde
4509:turbojet
4478:turbojet
4349:turbofan
4320:turbofan
4289:turbofan
4259:turbofan
4229:turbofan
4199:turbofan
4183:8.7–9.7
4150:turbofan
4121:turbofan
4092:turbofan
4063:turbofan
4029:turbofan
3996:turbofan
3967:turbofan
3933:turbofan
3903:turbofan
3873:turbofan
3840:turbofan
3811:turbofan
3781:turbofan
3752:turbofan
3722:turbofan
3693:turbofan
3663:turbofan
3630:turbofan
3601:turbofan
3571:turbofan
3541:turbofan
3511:turbofan
3478:turbofan
3451:Tu-144LL
3444:turbofan
3414:turbofan
3384:turbofan
3355:turbofan
3325:turbofan
3295:turbofan
3266:turbofan
3229:turbojet
3200:turbofan
3166:turbofan
3143:retrofit
3133:turbofan
3103:turbofan
3073:turbofan
3040:turbojet
3018:, Su-22
3010:turbojet
2981:turbojet
2952:turbojet
2915:turbojet
2886:turbojet
2857:turbojet
2759:turbofan
2729:turbofan
2702:Tu-144LL
2695:turbofan
2666:turbofan
2636:turbofan
2607:turbofan
2577:turbofan
2555:, Su-22
2547:turbojet
2514:turbofan
2480:turbofan
2451:turbofan
2418:turbojet
2381:turbojet
2352:turbojet
2322:turbofan
2293:turbofan
2263:turbofan
2234:turbojet
2204:turbojet
2173:turbofan
2143:turbofan
2014:Delta IV
1982:stage 1
1899:Ariane 2
1871:stage 1
1835:stage 1
1821:Zenit-2M
1793:stage 1
1725:Falcon 9
1694:stage 3
1663:stage 2
1632:stage 1
1617:Avio P80
1536:Examples
1401:velocity
844:Rocketry
380:, or US
378:imperial
339:= 3,600/
263:By mass
223:oxidizer
150:momentum
7428:23 June
7395:20 July
7341:20 July
7239:12 July
6244:Impulse
6222:SMART-1
6220:on the
6189:lithium
6130:22,500
6127:21,400
6092:40,000
6053:–
6027:Approx.
6020:29,000
5996:Engine
5971:A320neo
5881:A330neo
5643:737 MAX
5344:777-300
5226:747-400
4916:G650/ER
4639:Tu-154M
4577:BAe 146
4433:g/kN·s
4369:129000
4339:124100
4330:0.2845
4310:119700
4279:118700
4270:0.2974
4249:118500
4219:118000
4140:110000
4111:107000
4082:104000
4053:102000
3758:Tornado
3486:, S-37/
2841:g/kN·s
2522:, S-37/
2150:Tornado
2126:g/kN·s
2043:nuclear
1931:LE-5B-2
1605:g/kN·s
1251:is the
1002:is the
694:is the
630:is the
595:newtons
563:where:
406:impulse
286:N·s/kg
124:impulse
7188:"SSME"
7154:13 May
7040:
6866:
6665:"SSME"
6651:"NK33"
6565:
6538:
6478:13 May
6195:, and
6173:actual
6135:Ideal
6114:1,400
6103:VASIMR
6059:4,400
6039:2,500
6023:3,000
6015:actual
5984:76300
5975:0.463
5954:73900
5945:0.478
5924:69800
5915:0.506
5894:69800
5885:0.506
5864:69000
5834:69000
5804:69000
5775:69000
5766:0.512
5762:787-10
5745:67900
5716:67600
5707:0.522
5686:67100
5677:0.526
5650:15–16
5626:65100
5617:0.542
5596:64800
5587:0.545
5567:64800
5558:0.545
5538:64700
5529:0.546
5525:An-225
5521:An-124
5504:63000
5495:0.560
5474:62800
5465:0.562
5444:61500
5435:0.574
5415:61500
5406:0.574
5386:61300
5377:0.576
5357:60800
5348:0.581
5328:60700
5319:0.582
5298:59300
5289:0.595
5268:59200
5259:0.596
5239:58400
5230:0.605
5210:56900
5180:56300
5171:0.627
5167:737 NG
5151:56100
5142:0.629
5122:56000
5088:55000
5059:55000
5021:54700
5012:0.645
4991:54300
4962:54300
4949:RC-135
4929:53700
4920:0.657
4899:53500
4865:52900
4856:0.667
4830:19–19
4807:52600
4798:0.671
4778:52000
4769:0.679
4749:51900
4720:51200
4686:51200
4652:50100
4643:0.705
4623:49400
4614:0.715
4590:49000
4559:44100
4530:29500
4521:1.195
4499:18580
4447:Ramjet
4389:Model
4383:cruise
4366:13200
4360:0.273
4336:12650
4307:12200
4301:0.295
4276:12100
4246:12080
4240:0.298
4216:12000
4210:0.299
4137:11000
4108:10900
4079:10600
4050:10400
4044:0.345
4040:An-225
4036:An-124
4019:98000
4016:10000
4006:RC-135
3986:95000
3957:95000
3948:0.371
3923:94000
3914:0.375
3893:94000
3884:0.375
3863:91000
3830:67900
3801:62800
3792:0.562
3771:59000
3762:0.598
3742:57900
3712:55400
3703:0.637
3683:55000
3653:55000
3620:53500
3561:50400
3537:IHI F3
3531:49300
3522:0.716
3501:49300
3492:0.716
3484:MiG-31
3462:20–21
3455:Tu-160
3434:48800
3425:0.724
3398:21–23
3374:46500
3361:AV-8B+
3345:45800
3332:MiG-29
3315:45100
3309:22.14
3306:0.782
3302:Rafale
3285:44700
3256:44700
3239:TA-4KU
3235:A-4M/N
3219:44100
3206:F-CK-1
3190:43600
3156:44000
3140:Jaguar
3123:42800
3114:0.824
3093:41500
3081:C/D/N
3063:41500
3030:41100
3000:36700
2991:0.961
2971:36400
2962:0.971
2942:36000
2933:0.981
2905:35000
2876:28500
2863:F-5E/F
2797:Model
2773:47–49
2749:21230
2743:47.11
2740:1.663
2736:Rafale
2719:21000
2706:Tu-160
2685:20300
2656:19830
2626:19410
2617:1.819
2597:19080
2584:MiG-29
2567:18980
2537:18950
2528:1.863
2520:MiG-31
2504:18580
2470:18010
2441:17970
2432:1.965
2408:17730
2399:1.991
2371:17400
2342:17220
2330:C/D/N
2312:17140
2299:F-CK-1
2283:16890
2253:16570
2240:F-5E/F
2224:16000
2215:2.206
2193:14400
2163:14120
2082:Model
2072:Reheat
2029:465.5
2026:219.1
2023:7.734
1922:444.6
1919:229.4
1916:8.097
1767:315.5
1764:323.2
1761:11.41
1744:RD-843
1703:295.2
1700:345.4
1697:12.20
1672:287.5
1669:354.7
1666:12.52
1561:Model
1555:vacuum
1443:actual
1362:where
1317:thrust
1302:thrust
1159:where
914:where
851:weight
729:thrust
579:thrust
503:thrust
161:Thrust
112:actual
65:delta-
58:thrust
50:rocket
7422:(PDF)
7415:(PDF)
7127:(PDF)
7108:(PDF)
7015:(PDF)
6959:(PDF)
6860:(PDF)
6829:(PDF)
6790:(PDF)
6308:Notes
6161:RS-25
6071:NSTAR
6029:0.05
5981:7780
5978:13.1
5951:7530
5948:13.5
5921:7110
5918:14.3
5891:7110
5888:14.3
5861:7100
5858:14.4
5855:0.51
5831:7100
5828:14.4
5825:0.51
5801:7100
5798:14.4
5795:0.51
5791:MC-21
5772:7030
5769:14.5
5742:6920
5739:14.7
5736:0.52
5713:6900
5710:14.8
5683:6840
5680:14.9
5623:6640
5620:15.4
5593:6610
5590:15.4
5564:6610
5561:15.4
5535:6590
5532:15.5
5501:6430
5498:15.9
5471:6410
5468:15.9
5441:6270
5438:16.3
5412:6270
5409:16.3
5402:MD-90
5383:6250
5380:16.3
5354:6200
5351:16.5
5325:6190
5322:16.5
5316:-200
5295:6050
5292:16.9
5286:-400
5284:Il-96
5265:6040
5262:16.9
5236:5950
5233:17.1
5207:5810
5204:17.6
5201:0.62
5177:5740
5174:17.8
5148:5720
5145:17.8
5119:5710
5116:17.8
5113:0.63
5108:DC-10
5085:5600
5079:0.64
5056:5600
5050:0.64
5018:5580
5015:18.3
4988:5540
4985:18.4
4982:0.65
4978:ARJ21
4959:5540
4956:18.4
4953:0.65
4945:C-135
4926:5480
4923:18.6
4896:5450
4893:18.7
4890:0.66
4862:5400
4859:18.9
4804:5370
4801:19.0
4775:5300
4772:19.2
4746:5290
4743:19.3
4740:0.68
4717:5220
4714:19.5
4711:0.69
4683:5220
4680:19.5
4677:0.69
4649:5110
4646:20.0
4620:5030
4617:20.3
4610:Il-78
4606:Il-76
4587:5000
4584:20.4
4581:0.72
4556:4500
4553:22.7
4527:3010
4524:33.8
4496:1895
4493:53.8
4485:SR-71
4468:7800
4395:First
4392:Type
4356:787-9
4333:8.06
4326:787-8
4304:8.36
4298:-841
4273:8.42
4243:8.44
4207:-861
4164:MD-11
4131:0.33
4102:0.33
4073:0.34
4010:0.36
4002:C-135
3983:9700
3980:10.5
3977:0.37
3954:9700
3951:10.5
3943:DC-10
3920:9600
3917:10.6
3906:1980s
3890:9600
3887:10.6
3876:1980s
3860:9200
3857:11.0
3854:0.39
3850:MQ-4C
3827:6920
3824:14.7
3821:0.52
3798:6410
3795:15.9
3784:1970s
3768:6020
3765:16.9
3739:5900
3736:17.3
3733:0.61
3709:5650
3706:18.0
3680:5600
3674:0.64
3650:5600
3644:0.64
3638:C/D,
3617:5450
3614:18.7
3611:0.66
3579:/P/K
3577:Su-27
3558:5140
3555:19.8
3528:5030
3525:20.3
3498:5030
3495:20.3
3488:Su-47
3431:4970
3428:20.5
3371:4740
3368:21.5
3365:0.76
3342:4680
3339:21.8
3336:0.77
3312:4600
3282:4560
3279:22.4
3276:0.79
3253:4560
3250:22.4
3247:0.79
3243:EA-6B
3216:4500
3213:22.7
3187:4440
3184:22.9
3181:0.81
3173:L-159
3153:4400
3147:0.81
3120:4370
3117:23.3
3090:4240
3087:24.1
3084:0.85
3060:4240
3057:24.1
3054:0.85
3050:RF-4E
3027:4190
3024:24.4
3021:0.86
3016:Su-17
2997:3750
2994:27.2
2968:3710
2965:27.5
2939:3670
2936:27.8
2902:3560
2899:28.6
2896:1.01
2873:2900
2870:35.1
2867:1.24
2803:First
2800:Type
2746:2165
2716:2100
2682:2070
2676:1.74
2653:2022
2650:50.4
2647:1.78
2623:1979
2620:51.5
2594:1946
2591:52.4
2588:1.85
2564:1935
2561:52.7
2558:1.86
2553:Su-17
2534:1932
2531:52.8
2524:Su-47
2501:1895
2498:53.8
2488:C/D,
2467:1837
2464:55.5
2461:1.96
2438:1832
2435:55.7
2428:RF-4E
2405:1808
2402:56.4
2368:1770
2365:57.5
2362:2.03
2339:1756
2336:58.1
2333:2.05
2309:1748
2306:58.4
2303:2.06
2280:1722
2277:59.2
2274:2.09
2250:1690
2247:60.3
2244:2.13
2221:1632
2218:62.5
2190:1460
2184:2.46
2176:1970s
2160:1440
2157:70.8
2088:First
2085:Type
2070:with
2047:1967
2032:4565
1994:4440
1985:7.95
1959:4380
1950:8.05
1945:H-IIB
1941:H-IIA
1925:4360
1883:4300
1874:8.22
1869:H-IIB
1865:H-IIA
1853:LE-7A
1847:3300
1838:10.7
1829:-3SLB
1805:3250
1796:10.9
1783:1970s
1770:3094
1738:3000
1706:2895
1675:2819
1644:2700
1567:First
1564:Type
1520:·SFC)
1513:= 1/(
700:slugs
336:ft/s
233:Units
210:and H
7430:2014
7397:2011
7372:2021
7343:2011
7241:2014
7156:2021
7038:ISBN
6864:ISBN
6637:2022
6612:help
6592:2022
6563:ISBN
6536:ISBN
6515:2009
6508:NASA
6480:2021
6419:2009
6397:2013
6367:2013
6339:2009
6087:NEXT
6065:9.7
6062:450
6042:250
5967:2012
5937:2014
5907:2006
5877:2015
5847:2013
5821:C919
5817:2013
5758:2006
5703:A380
5699:2003
5669:2014
5639:2014
5609:1999
5517:1980
5487:1993
5461:A330
5457:1992
5255:A320
5193:1997
5110:-30
5104:A300
5042:G550
5038:G. V
5034:1995
5004:1990
4912:2008
4878:1974
4699:1982
4665:1984
4550:0.8
4512:1966
4490:1.9
4481:1958
4474:J-58
4465:800
4462:130
4459:4.5
4454:Mach
4439:m/s
4404:TSFC
4397:run
4363:7.7
4352:2006
4296:A380
4292:2003
4213:8.5
4205:A380
4176:C-5M
4168:A300
4134:9.3
4105:9.3
4076:9.6
4069:C-17
4047:9.8
4032:1980
3973:A-10
3945:-30
3939:A300
3910:U-2S
3846:RQ-4
3788:B-1B
3729:F-22
3725:1992
3671:E/F
3669:F-16
3640:F-15
3636:F-16
3552:0.7
3544:1981
3514:1972
3447:1980
3417:1993
3387:1991
3328:1974
3298:1989
3210:0.8
3177:X-45
3169:1979
3136:1999
3106:1978
2847:m/s
2812:TSFC
2805:run
2788:Dry
2762:1991
2732:1989
2710:1.7
2698:1980
2639:1978
2580:1974
2495:1.9
2490:F-15
2486:F-16
2271:E/F
2269:F-16
2180:B-1B
2154:2.5
2132:m/s
2097:TSFC
2090:run
2056:869
1991:453
1988:225
1972:1981
1956:447
1953:228
1880:438
1877:233
1844:337
1841:303
1825:-3SL
1802:331
1799:308
1787:N-1F
1756:Vega
1735:310
1732:330
1721:2013
1692:Vega
1688:2008
1661:Vega
1657:2006
1641:280
1638:360
1630:Vega
1626:2006
1611:m/s
1576:TSFC
1569:run
706:The
295:m/s
186:RP-1
95:and
7300:doi
7086:doi
6833:doi
6187:of
5964:GTF
5911:787
5785:GTF
5373:767
5314:757
5197:717
5082:18
5053:18
4886:E-6
4882:E-3
4759:GTF
4570:GTF
4381:,
4265:777
4235:777
4172:310
4160:767
4156:744
4013:10
3880:B-2
3677:18
3647:18
3607:AMX
3150:23
2713:48
2679:49
2492:EX
2187:70
2018:SLS
1980:SLS
1833:-3F
1729:12
1635:13
1553:in
1447:all
1220:m/s
1049:by
702:/s)
597:or
448:by
268:SI
203:vs
170:/LO
7506::
7362:,
7298:.
7294:.
7275:.
7257:.
7212:.
7190:.
7172:.
7147:.
7129:.
7064:.
7052:^
7036:.
7017:.
6999:^
6981:^
6944:^
6930:.
6918:^
6878:^
6845:^
6831:.
6798:^
6778:^
6768:.
6757:^
6673:^
6628:.
6604::
6602:}}
6598:{{
6506:.
6471:.
6453:.
6435:.
6369:.
6356:.
6191:,
6045:3
5523:,
5044:,
4947:,
4884:,
4705:,
4671:,
4608:,
4456:1
4436:s
4421:sp
4411:sp
4174:,
4166:,
4162:,
4158:,
4038:,
4004:,
3941:,
3848:,
3453:,
3241:,
3237:,
3175:,
3048:,
2929:F1
2927:,
2925:50
2923:,
2844:s
2829:sp
2819:sp
2704:,
2426:,
2395:F1
2393:,
2391:50
2389:,
2129:s
2114:sp
2104:sp
2016:,
2012:,
1978:,
1943:,
1909:,
1905:,
1901:,
1867:,
1831:,
1827:,
1823:,
1789:,
1608:s
1593:sp
1583:sp
1528:sp
1511:sp
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1283:sp
1175:sp
1142:sp
930:sp
868:sp
822:sp
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649:sp
601:),
529:sp
376:,
374:SI
358:s·
321:=
318:s
312:=
277:s
271:=
205:CO
190:LO
181:sp
166:LH
60:.
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7432:.
7399:.
7345:.
7306:.
7302::
7279:.
7261:.
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7216:.
7158:.
7133:.
7110:.
7092:.
7088::
7068:.
7046:.
6975:.
6961:.
6872:.
6839:.
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6639:.
6614:)
6594:.
6571:.
6544:.
6517:.
6482:.
6457:.
6439:.
6421:.
6399:.
6341:.
6013:(
5040:/
4419:I
4409:I
4170:/
2827:I
2817:I
2112:I
2102:I
1911:5
1907:4
1903:3
1591:I
1581:I
1544:.
1525:I
1517:o
1515:g
1508:I
1485:d
1482:s
1479:I
1410:v
1408:Δ
1373:m
1350:,
1341:m
1330:e
1326:v
1322:=
1313:F
1279:I
1268:c
1237:0
1233:g
1204:e
1200:v
1171:I
1147:,
1138:I
1129:0
1125:g
1121:=
1116:e
1112:v
1101:e
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1091:v
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1066:(
1061:)
1057:(
1043:.
988:0
984:g
959:e
955:v
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893:0
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800:)
793:m
790:b
787:l
782:f
779:b
776:l
770:1
766:(
753:m
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725:F
676:m
645:I
616:0
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575:F
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525:I
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508:=
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465:(
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360:g
355:x
350:*
342:x
333:x
324:x
315:x
301:x
292:x
283:x
274:x
212:2
207:2
201:O
199:2
197:H
192:2
188:/
178:I
172:2
168:2
143:0
140:g
138:(
67:v
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