906:
842:
692:
854:
629:
641:
543:
894:
283:
918:
882:
673:
31:
508:
477:
830:
331:
2759:
2767:
617:
1034:
1053:, but this approach was abandoned in favour of copying enamelled ware of the 18th century. The high-quality porcelain of the Hongxian establishment continued to be produced after the abandonment of the empire and the death of Yuan in 1916; the depot was taken over by the Jiangxi Porcelain Company who retained one hundred of the workers. Production of enamelled and thin-walled "eggshell" ware continued through the 1920s and 1930s, with many pieces bearing Hongxian reign marks. By the 1930s the buildings that had housed the imperial supervisors were being used as army barracks.
230:
50:
1057:
938:
524:
707:
870:
165:
661:
551:
the traditional court taste, but they evidently came to be accepted. The large round serving-plates, from 40 cm across, which are now among the most valued pieces, reflect the needs of Middle
Eastern rather than Chinese food service, which generally uses large numbers of smaller and deeper bowls, then as now. Wares for export also often had thicker bodies, to reduce breakages on long travels to the export markets. In early periods, the markets receiving porcelain direct from China included Japan, all of
492:
2287:
738:
749:
wares for the
Chinese nobility, which were "often as fine in quality as the imperial pieces and had the added attraction of more adventurous decoration since court styles were prescribed and rather formal"; at times these may have helped the imperial kilns with large orders. The rest supplied various levels of the Chinese domestic and export markets. Early in the period the original local source of clay ran out, and new diggings were begun.
893:
3762:
249:(r. 1426–1435) a copper-red monochrome glaze was used for ceremonial wares, of which very few survive. These ceased to be produced after his death, and have never been perfectly imitated, despite later attempts. This suggests the close personal interest some emperors took in the imperial potteries, and also that some secrets must have been restricted to a small group of potters. The
563:
were then glazed and fired. At a later date a source of cobalt was found within China; this differed from the
Persian ore in the proportion of associated manganese. The colour on the fired pots was a grey-blue rather than a pure blue. By mixing three parts Persian ore to two parts Chinese a rich and soft blue was produced, which became labelled as 'Sumatran' or 'Muhammadan' blue.
1149:’Effects Of Analcime Zeolite Synthesized From Local Pottery Stone As Nucleating Agent On Crystallization Behaviors And Mechanical Properties Of Isotactic Polypropylene’ S. Chuayjuljit, A. Larpkasemsuk, P. Chaiwutthinan, D. Pongkao Kashima, A. Boonmahitthisud. Journal Of Vinyl And Additive Technology. Volume24, Issues. Special Issue: Additives And Fillers, May 2018. Pages E85-E95
103:, more contemporarily called pottery stone in China, as well as being surrounded by forests, mostly of pine, providing wood for the kilns. It also has a river leading to river systems flowing north and south, facilitating transport of fragile wares. The imperial kilns were in the centre of the city at Zhushan (Pearl Hill), with many other kilns four kilometres away at Hutian.
1116:
conditions and temperature. The hottest part of the kiln next to the firebox was used for crackle glazes; following inwards high-fired green and red glazes in a reducing atmosphere, then uncoloured, blue-glazed, and decorated ware at a moderate temperature, followed at the back by glazes to be fired at a lower temperature and turquoise-glazed ware in an oxidising atmosphere.
3772:
2212:
881:
841:
185:, far to the north. Production was on a huge scale, employing hundreds if not thousands of workers, whose tasks were divided into several specialities to increase efficiency and consistency. In 1433 a single order from the palace was for 443,500 pieces of porcelain, all with dragon and phoenix designs. Court artists were by now supplying drawn or
905:
640:
282:
628:
424:, but by the end of the Song period Qingbai had eclipsed Ding ware, achieving a predominance for Jingdezhen which it has maintained in subsequent centuries. A key event in this process was the flight of the remaining Northern Song court to the south, after they lost control of the north in the disastrous
691:
787:
90 miles west of
Jingdezhen; Tang continued in the dual post until recalled to Beijing in 1743 by the Qianlong emperor. At court he was assigned the task of annotating twenty illustrations of the porcelain industry from the imperial library. Returning to Jingdezhen he stayed there, except for a brief
586:
The restriction of painted subjects to the combination of abstract geometrical patterns, plant-forms, and animals had begun to end during the first half of the 15th century, as human figures, landscape scenes and other subjects began to appear. In the best wares, these designs were supplied by court
307:
had become a civil war. From 1680 to 1688 the reconstruction of the industry was under the control of Zang
Yingxuan from the Qing Board of Works. Organised production of court porcelain had resumed by 1683, and the institution of forced labour replaced by waged employment. Succeeding controllers were
273:
However the same period saw the spread of porcelain collecting among the scholar-gentry, who were mostly interested in older pieces, though generally not going further back than the Song. This is not the first period of antiquarianism and archaism in
Chinese taste, but it has proved long-lasting, and
197:
set known from 15th-century paintings. There is a blue and white
Jingdezhen stem cup, that has a silver stand and a gold cover (this dated 1437), all decorated with dragons. Presumably many such sets existed, but recycling the precious metal elements was too tempting at some point, leaving only the
1089:
was the traditional form of kiln used in southern China. Also known as a climbing kiln, this type in its final development consisted of a tunnel-like flue built up a slope from a main firebox. Along the sides of the kiln subsidiary entrances for side-stoking enabled the whole structure to be heated,
180:
is normally dated as beginning in 1368, but there was a long revolt against the Yuan dynasty, and
Jingdezhen was lost by them in 1352. By 1402 there were twelve imperial kilns at Jingdezhen, then one of three areas with imperial kilns. Production was controlled by a ministry in the capital, by then
146:
established official kilns to produce porcelain for the emperor; Jingdezhen continued to produce
Imperial porcelain until the end of Imperial rule. The imperial kilns were situated at Pearl Hill (Zhushan) in Jingdezhen; some scholars give a date of 1369 for the commencement of production. But there
1107:
kiln, shaped like half an egg on its side, with a firebox inside the kiln at the broad end and at the narrow end an arch communicating to a separate chimney. The chimney was built to a height of around 19 metres; the high chimney increased the draught through the kiln and thus reduced the timing of
748:
During the Qing period production became more varied, with a wide spread of styles and qualities, from imperial wares, through those for export, to those for a popular domestic market. The dozens of non-imperial kilns are known as "private", with a few "official old kilns" making very high-quality
550:
From the mid-14th century, Jingdezhen began to mass-produce underglaze blue porcelain, whose development it pioneered, making it "one of the world's earliest industrial towns". Much of this was for export, and other styles were produced for the
Chinese market. Elaborately-painted wares were not in
1115:
on a floor of quartz sand; as the saggars protected their contents from direct flame both fuel and air could be introduced directly to the interior through vents, allowing temperature regulation throughout the kiln. Peepholes were used to observe the colour of flame, which changes according to the
1093:
This type of kiln was supplanted at Jingdezhen by a gourd-shaped kiln, with a large firing chamber at the front, connecting to a smaller chamber with a lower roof and a chimney. The gourd-shaped kiln could produce large quantities of porcelain, fired at very high temperatures. By blocking the kiln
759:
visited Jingdezhen and wrote to Europe about its processes between 1712 and 1721; he also gave the Chinese useful information about European pigments. From this period Europe began its own porcelain industry, which grew rapidly, initially by imitating Chinese styles, and later by developing their
315:
mostly made for the Japanese market. The effect on the Jingdezhen potters was "liberating", as the range of subject matter in decoration greatly expanded. Printed books had become much more widely available, and were used, directly or indirectly, as sources for scenes on porcelain. Conveniently
260:
In the late Ming period, the reigns of the five emperors from 1488 to 1620, there was little innovation in styles of decoration, though some alterations in the colours used. In this period the enormous quantities of porcelain made in China seem to have led to low prices and a loss of prestige, at
562:
The blue pigment was derived from cobalt oxide, which had been imported sporadically from Persia in earlier periods. From the 14th century regular imports of the pigment were obtained from Persia. The cobalt was ground and mixed with a medium, then painted onto the dried bodies of the pots, which
345:
The imperial kilns were revived with 6 kilns and 23 workshops, dividing the other parts of the production process between them. Massive orders for the imperial palaces and temples resumed. While imperial taste in decoration remained somewhat conservative, the technical quality of Kangxi imperial
189:
designs from the capital. These enormous quantities were distributed by the palace to the subsidiary courts of the many Ming princes sent to govern provinces, as well as being presented as gifts to other notables, and sent abroad as diplomatic gifts. Some may also have been sold, especially for
150:
The imperial court, except during periods of crisis, generated a huge demand for porcelain. Apart from the vast main palaces and other residences, for much of the period the many princes had subsidiary regional courts. There were imperial temples to be supplied, each of which was given monochrome
609:
reign (1573–1620), but also in the remaining two Ming reigns. It was among the first Chinese ware to arrive in Europe in mass quantities. Strictly defined, it "is distinguished by the arrangement of its ornament into panels; these usually radiate to a bracketed rim notorious for its liability to
791:
Wares bearing Tang Ying's name survive; these include two pairs of blue-and-white candlesticks bearing dates of 1740 and 1741, the latter of which bears an inscription describing him as "Controller of Pottery in Jiangxi" amongst other official titles. Tang also wrote a number of books including
1076:
Ceramics continue to be produced on a large scale in Jingdezhen, in a variety of styles, many reproducing those of the past in a variety of qualities, with Jingdezhen porcelain being shipped around the world. One trend that has continued in the 20th century is the development of super-thin
822:
In 1905 a European visitor reported that most production was in a short summer season, when workers from surrounding areas came to live in "barrack-like sheds" in the city, without their families. This influx took the population of the city to about 400,000, and caused some social problems.
377:, in porcelain, as well as imitations of wood and other materials. The copying of famous wares from the distant past continued, alongside new styles. In the next two reigns the quality also declined, and orders from the palace were reduced, until the official kilns were destroyed in the
265:
forbad tableware in precious metal, that rulers ate from Chinese porcelain. One disgraced official, whose goods were seized in 1562, had his valuable items confiscated, but not his collection of 45,000 pieces of porcelain, which were sold with his other effects. By the reign of the
853:
917:
294:
As the Ming dynasty declined, with serious military and financial crises, the imperial court ceased to support the official Jingdezhen kilns, which were largely left to find their own funds from other markets. This situation lasted from 1620 to 1683, when the new
151:
wares in different colours, as well as several monasteries and shrines. The porcelain to which different ranks of the imperial household were entitled were set out in minute detail in regulations. The final version of these, from 1899, specified that the
578:
in 1607–1608, from the Persian royal collection. Most were made in Jingdezhen, and they covered the full period of blue and white wares to that point, with some nearly 300 years old when donated. The largely intact Ottoman collection is mostly in
672:
373:(1736–1795) saw continuation of the technical perfection, but aesthetic stagnation. The emperor was a keen art collector and probably personally directed the trends in this period for imitating shapes from ancient metalware, especially
88:, in whose reign it became a major kiln site, around 1004. By the 14th century it had become the largest centre of production of Chinese porcelain, which it has remained, increasing its dominance in subsequent centuries. From the
1090:
and allowing the later dragon kilns to exceed 50 metres in length without any substantial drop in temperature. The draught created by the flow of hot air up the slope meant that the dragon kiln could be built without a chimney.
213:
were introduced for the first time, applied to porcelain and other types of luxury products made for the imperial court. The supremacy of Jingdezhen was reinforced in the mid-15th century when the imperial kilns producing
829:
155:
was allowed 821 pieces of yellow porcelain, while the Empress had 1,014. A concubine of the first rank had 121 pieces of yellow with a white interior, but those of the second rank had yellow decorated with green dragons.
542:
767:
In 1726 Nian Xiyao was appointed by the Beijing court as controller at Jingdezhen, the first centrally-appointed official since 1680. He was also appointed controller for a customs barrier 400 miles to the north at
3456:
1140:’Phase Composition And Morphology Of Pottery Stone Microcrystalline Powders Synthesized By Hydrothermal Method’ A. Larpkasemsuk, S. Chuayjuljit, D. Pongkao Kashima. Advanced Materials Research (Volume 664)
706:
616:
476:
983:, assembled during the mid-15th century. These early collections, typically of blue-and-white ware, were regarded as rare curios and art objects, and were often mounted in precious metals.
362:
glaze, which was probably blown onto the piece as powder. These were the last major technical innovations at Jingdezhen, along with a technique for firing gold onto porcelain, rather than
986:
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a number of European companies were established to import various commodities including tea, silk, spices, lacquerwork and porcelain from
780:, was appointed resident assistant at Jingdezhen. Tang replaced Nian in 1735 when the latter was accused of corruption, and he became one of the most influential of the superintendents.
595:
are the final phase in the artistic development of blue and white, with superb technical quality in the best objects, and larger images, flexibly treated, on a wide variety of subjects.
764:, Japan and several countries in South-East Asia had long been imitating Jingdezhen ware. Towards the end of the century, exports to Europe were in decline, replaced by local wares.
507:
2758:
811:, using "blanks" made, glazed, and fired at Jingdezhen but then taken to be decorated with enamels in Guangzhou (then usually romanized as Canton) for export to the west via the
3513:
241:
A wide variety of wares were produced for the court, with blue and white (initially ignored by the court but acceptable by 1402) accompanied by red and white wares using a
1094:
vents to restrict air flow to the fire a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen and carbon monoxide could be maintained, which was necessary for some glazes such as copper red.
3581:
436:. This may have been accompanied by the movement of potters to Jingdezhen, which increased its output, despite being some two hundred miles from the new capital.
1049:, acting as the Hongxian Emperor, appointed Guo Baochang to re-establish the imperial depot at Jingdezhen. Guo's workforce were initially set to produce copies of
274:
had a considerable effect on subsequent production, producing waves of revivalism, imitation and much downright fakery—the three often being hard to distinguish.
869:
3740:
972:
660:
1013:
The massive increase in imports allowed purchasers to amass large collections, which were often displayed in dedicated rooms or purpose-built structures. The
3563:
3016:
2766:
610:
chip". It was mostly made as "deep bowls and wide dishes", decorated with motifs from nature, in a style not used on wares for the domestic Chinese market.
2918:
2903:
959:
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are recorded as having purchased Chinese porcelain there. Some other pieces came via the Portuguese settlement of
218:, for centuries one of China's finest wares, were closed after celadons fell from fashion. Apart from the much smaller production of monochrome stoneware
3357:
2243:
523:
30:
99:
Although apparently an unpromising location for potteries, being a remote town in a hilly region, Jingdezhen is close to the best quality deposits of
261:
court and in Chinese society in general. Those who could afford to do so still ate from gold, silver or jade; it was in the Islamic world, where the
3433:
3328:
3363:
2928:
2133:
Dillon, Michael (1992). "Transport and marketing in the development of the Jingdezhen porcelain industry during the Ming and Qing dynasties".
491:
3220:
2636:
3148:
559:, but did not include Europe on a regular basis. Until the 17th century, Europe normally only received porcelain via the Islamic world.
3576:
3302:
3088:
2596:
756:
804:(1747). His list of wares manufactured for the court runs to sixty types, some of which were recreations of styles of earlier periods.
3292:
3070:
1580:
Vinhais L and Welsh J: Kraak Porcelain: the Rise of Global Trade in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Jorge Welsh Books 2008, p. 17
3324:
3040:
2737:
2170:
2120:
2104:
2073:
2059:
1980:
1966:
1747:
980:
330:
3586:
3106:
3094:
304:
1097:
The gourd-shaped kiln was used throughout the fourteenth century; towards the end of the Ming period it was supplanted by the
1077:"eggshell" porcelain for vases. About 300 million pieces of porcelain were being produced annually in the late 20th century.
2791:
2236:
2199:
2111:
2090:
2041:
2023:
1997:
299:, after some decades struggling with Ming forces, finally resumed large-scale use of Jingdezhen for official wares under the
3154:
776:, which resulted in Nian only being able to visit Jingdezhen once a year. In 1728 a member of the imperial household staff,
443:
porcelain bottle from Jingdezhen is the earliest piece of Chinese porcelain documented to have reached Europe; this is the
3505:
3064:
2731:
1003:
229:
601:
is a type of relatively informal ware, largely destined for the Japanese market, made at Jingdezhen in the 17th century.
3690:
3606:
3426:
3339:
3184:
2865:
49:
1056:
1033:
937:
3801:
3214:
416:, with a transparent glaze giving a blueish-white tint. Decoration was made by delicate carving or incising. Northern
3297:
322:
porcelains appeared; the various colour "families" were to dominate production for the luxury market under the Qing.
3796:
3381:
3202:
3022:
2216:
1007:
193:
A recently excavated Ming princely burial has yielded the first example to survive until modern times of a type of
3725:
3571:
3387:
3004:
2796:
2371:
2229:
1985:
999:
2631:
2460:
2417:
991:
950:
164:
115:
107:
54:
303:(r. 1662–1722). The larger kilns and a major part of the town were destroyed in 1674 by Ming forces after the
1448:
Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: the Franciscan mission to China and its influence on the arts of the West
591:, produced for a period up to 1683 at the end of the Ming dynasty, and the later blue and white wares of the
346:
wares reached new heights. The imperial kilns led the development of the new palettes of overglaze enamels;
226:, used in the palace for flowerpots and the like, Jingdezhen was now the only area making imperial ceramics.
3730:
3663:
3591:
3478:
3419:
2589:
571:
354:, and later others. There was also development of subtle, varied and mottled glazes for monochrome pieces.
2066:
Science and Civilisation in China; Volume 5. Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 12. Ceramic Technology
899:
Dish with Magu, deity of longevity, Qing dynasty, approx. 1700–1800 AD, porcelain with overglaze polychrome
245:-based underglaze red. This was sometimes combined with the cobalt blue in blue and red pieces. Under the
3142:
3112:
2888:
2701:
2412:
990:. Research by Volker has given figures for the trade in Chinese and Japanese porcelain carried out by the
697:
682:
647:
588:
3082:
3028:
3010:
2962:
546:
Foliated dish with underglaze blue design of melons, bamboo and grapes, Jingdezhen ware, Yuan, 1271–1368
3190:
1171:‘Refinement Of The Low-Grade Pottery Stone By Hydrothermal Treatment.’ K.Kimura, H.Tateyama, K.Jinnai.
2009:
3708:
3333:
3287:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3034:
2276:
964:
254:
152:
2286:
3775:
3601:
3596:
3490:
3208:
2998:
2986:
1753:
1018:
847:
Dish with underglaze blue and overglaze red design of clouds and dragons, Yongzheng reign 1723-1735
773:
355:
190:
export. Sometimes antique pieces in the Imperial collection were sent to Jingdezhen to be copied.
835:
Peach-bloom glazed seal paste box, Kangxi reign 1662–1722; one of the most difficult glaze effects
3695:
3624:
3473:
3399:
3393:
3046:
2582:
2150:
995:
812:
716:
27:
Chinese pottery produced as early as the sixth century CE in or near Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, China
3052:
425:
359:
3747:
3653:
3528:
3523:
3375:
3307:
3266:
3124:
3076:
2968:
2195:
2166:
2116:
2100:
2086:
2069:
2055:
2037:
2019:
1993:
1976:
1962:
1743:
1445:
1042:
467:
382:
378:
287:
186:
308:
appointed by the provincial administration up until 1726, when Beijing appointed Nian Xiyao.
3765:
3643:
3465:
3178:
3136:
3118:
2992:
2974:
2950:
2923:
2743:
2725:
2626:
2518:
2479:
2437:
2432:
2316:
2252:
2142:
2004:
1625:
Ming, 288–290; Rawson, 106; Canby, 136; Valenstein, 215, 242, 288; Vainker, 156–158, 177–178
942:
808:
737:
598:
370:
339:
312:
215:
85:
77:
69:
412:(青白, "Blueish-white") ware. The Jingdezhen Qingbai was a transparent and jade-like type of
3678:
3345:
3166:
3058:
2956:
2818:
2713:
2407:
2402:
2271:
2191:
552:
363:
316:
for the historian, many pieces began to be dated. Towards the end of the period the first
385:
from 1862 to 1874 dates from after the reconstruction of the Jingdezhen official kilns.
106:
It has produced a great variety of pottery and porcelain, for the Chinese market and as
3533:
3518:
3483:
3369:
3261:
3130:
2823:
2707:
2538:
2078:
580:
567:
300:
246:
234:
206:
139:
1238:
Vainker, 180. Usually, but not always, the "Yuan period" stops at 1352 for Jingdezhen.
622:
Yuan dynasty dish with a white dragon and pearl design on a monochrome blue background
587:
artists and reflected contemporary painting and other media. This trend continued in
3790:
3704:
3700:
3648:
3553:
3172:
2933:
2659:
2641:
2531:
2524:
2266:
2033:
1014:
976:
968:
816:
724:
606:
566:
One of the largest intact early collections of exported Chinese porcelain was at the
556:
444:
429:
421:
374:
267:
42:
1025:
tiles both on the interior and exterior of the building. It was demolished in 1687.
634:
Dish with underglaze blue design of interlaced flowers, Xuande Reign 1426–1435, Ming
92:
period onwards, official kilns in Jingdezhen were controlled by the emperor, making
3633:
3271:
2689:
2397:
2311:
2163:
China's Porcelain Capital: The Rise, Fall and Reinvention of Ceramics in Jingdezhen
2047:
1061:
994:; between 1602 and 1682 the company exported between 30 and 35 million pieces. The
741:
592:
575:
514:
498:
405:
318:
296:
177:
143:
135:
123:
119:
111:
89:
2980:
2174:
1708:
466:
pieces are thick, with an opaque white glaze, with a faint blue-green tint. The
3673:
3629:
3543:
2882:
2838:
2833:
2719:
2512:
2507:
2427:
2366:
2361:
2346:
2321:
1086:
1046:
720:
462:("Privy Council"); despite this, most examples have appeared outside China. The
17:
3637:
3251:
2813:
2422:
769:
712:
602:
311:
Wares of this interim period are often called "Transitional", and include the
210:
73:
38:
1021:'s collection of blue-and-white porcelain, set against French blue-and-white
147:
continued to be many other kilns, producing wares for many distinct markets.
84:
as early as the sixth century CE, though it is named after the reign name of
3658:
3538:
2683:
2677:
2605:
2484:
2392:
2387:
2341:
2336:
2326:
1045:
of 1911 manufacture of porcelain for the imperial household ceased. In 1916
987:
860:
777:
417:
413:
2211:
1017:
built between 1670 and 1672 was a Baroque pavilion constructed to display
887:
Lobed dish with flowers, Qianlong emperor, porcelain with overglaze enamel
257:
was developed, which was to dominate the finer wares in future centuries.
3735:
3683:
3452:
3100:
2828:
2671:
2351:
2301:
956:
924:
784:
433:
219:
110:, but its best-known high quality porcelain wares have been successively
100:
911:
Vase with children, Jiaqing period, 1796–1820, glazed porcelain, enamels
3616:
3548:
3495:
3442:
3351:
3196:
3160:
2665:
2552:
2545:
2356:
2331:
2306:
2154:
1050:
1022:
960:
788:
period between 1750 and 1752, until his death at 75 years old in 1756.
761:
651:
482:
409:
399:
335:
250:
199:
182:
169:
81:
34:
1736:
Svenska ostindiska compagnierna 1731–1813: kryddor, te, porslin, siden
2559:
2490:
2473:
2454:
1740:
The Swedish East India company 1731–1813: spice, tea, porcelain, silk
1112:
753:
242:
194:
2146:
1060:
20th century Jingdezhen ware; bowl with "rice grain" decoration and
605:
is a type of Jingdezhen export porcelain produced mainly during the
253:
of the Song dynasty had a similar pattern. In this reign enamel or
2221:
470:
shape first appears in these; it lasted until the end of the Ming.
334:
Jar (Ping) with Beast and Ring Handles, in crackle glaze imitating
2466:
1757:
1742:] (in Swedish) (2 ed.). Malmö: Allhem. pp. 226–230.
1055:
1032:
936:
736:
541:
450:
Under the Yuan dynasty, Jingdezhen's finest whitewares changed to
329:
281:
262:
228:
223:
163:
96:
in large quantity for the court and the emperor to give as gifts.
48:
29:
3411:
802:
Illustrated Explanation of the Miracles of the God of the Furnace
447:, which was brought to Europe in the middle of the 14th century.
2115:(fully available online), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
2008:, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 2 Nov. 2016.
807:
From the late 18th century, much of Jingdezhen's production was
454:
ware, named after the two character inscription on some pieces.
3415:
2578:
2225:
744:
dish With peaches And bats. Qing, Yongzheng reign (1723–1735).
941:
Late 18th-century plate in European style, with Dutch ships,
2765:
2757:
2574:
1173:
Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft. Proc. Silicer '90 Nurnberg
198:
porcelain cups. Other imperial porcelains may have carried
923:
Bowl (Wan) glazed in imitation of Song dynasty (960–1279)
420:
was the most famous northern Chinese white ware under the
1990:
Chinese Ceramics; Porcelain of the Qing Dynasty 1644–1911
286:
Saucer with motifs celebrating prosperity, Qing dynasty,
37:("Blueish-white") glazed bowl with carved peony designs,
2135:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1158:‘State Of Flux - Feldspar Developments Continue Apace.’
666:
Dish with underglaze blue dragon and yellow enamel, Ming
404:
Jingdezhen ware became particularly important from the
270:(r. 1573–1620) there was a serious decline in quality.
142:
Porcelain Bureau" to regulate production, and the next
875:
Flask in underglaze blue & red, Qianlong emperor
3718:
3615:
3562:
3504:
3464:
3316:
3280:
3234:
2943:
2911:
2902:
2875:
2858:
2851:
2806:
2784:
2777:
2652:
2619:
2612:
2500:
2446:
2380:
2294:
2259:
3582:Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
2762:Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi
2183:, Weatherhill, New York and Tokyo, 1981, 195–205
80:in southern China. Jingdezhen may have produced
574:. This has 805 pieces of porcelain, donated by
1992:, 1986, reprinted 1998, V&A Publications,
1010:some 20 million pieces between 1766 and 1786.
168:Copper-red saucer-dish with the reign mark of
3427:
2590:
2237:
945:, painted there on a "blank" from Jingdezhen.
8:
2179:Hanaoka and Barberri trans., Masahiko Sato,
2018:, 1994 (3rd ed.), Antique Collector's Club,
998:also imported around 30 million pieces, the
350:, developed in two phases, was followed by
57:, c. 1335, the shape from Islamic metalwork
3434:
3420:
3412:
2908:
2855:
2781:
2616:
2597:
2583:
2575:
2244:
2230:
2222:
2083:Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon
1799:Porcelain and the Dutch East India Company
2028:Meister, Peter Wilhelm and Reber, Horst.
1202:Vainker, 176–178 (in more detail 176–213)
458:may mean the pieces were ordered for the
1975:, 2010 (5th ed.), British Museum Press,
783:In 1739 the customs office was moved to
646:Dish with underglaze blue design of two
485:glazed lamp, Jingdezhen ware, 1271–1368.
122:" and other "famille" colours under the
2064:"Needham": Kerr, Rose and Wood, Nigel.
1131:Vainker, 176, 216; Rawson, 238–239, 242
1124:
825:
612:
472:
2929:Chinese porcelain in European painting
2030:European Porcelain of the 18th Century
2637:Chinese influences on Islamic pottery
2085:, 1984, British Museum Publications,
1535:Canby, 120–121, 137–157; Vainker, 137
1409:Vainker, 200–207; Valenstein, 219-242
1364:Vainker, 195–199; Valenstein, 282–287
1108:the firing cycle to around 36 hours.
7:
3771:
2068:, 2004, Cambridge University Press,
1801:London; Victoria & Albert Museum
1709:"Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) Porcelain"
1162:. September 2002, pp. 32–33, 35, 37.
700:garlic-headed vase, mid 17th century
679:Beaker-Shaped Vase with Four Animals
3577:East China University of Technology
2295:Earthenwares, stonewares and others
1175:, 26–28 September 1990, p. 103–110.
733:Organization during the Qing period
538:Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain
3293:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
25:
2738:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
2480:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
2181:Chinese Ceramics: A Short History
2052:Ming: 50 years that changed China
1472:Canby, 137, quoted; Ming, 284–285
1111:Wares were placed inside stacked
715:dish; relatively unusually it is
650:with a further four lions in the
3770:
3761:
3760:
3352:Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics
2770:Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735
2285:
2210:
2016:Chinese Blue and White Porcelain
1959:Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran
1037:Porcelain workshop in Jingdezhen
981:Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
852:
840:
828:
798:Mental Notes of a Pottery Worker
705:
690:
671:
659:
639:
627:
615:
532:stem cup, Jingdezhen, 1271–1368.
522:
506:
490:
475:
114:in the Song and Yuan dynasties,
3587:Jiangxi Agricultural University
2165:, 2016, Bloomsbury Publishing,
358:was a copper oxide red, as was
305:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2112:A handbook of Chinese ceramics
2099:, 1991, British Museum Press,
2054:, 2014, British Museum Press,
1961:, 2009, British Museum Press,
1081:Development of kiln technology
973:Chamber of Art and Curiosities
408:period with the production of
1:
3358:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
3303:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
2097:Chinese Pottery and Porcelain
1004:Portuguese East India Company
757:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
3607:Nanchang Hangkong University
3340:Dresden Porcelain Collection
2050:and Harrison-Hall, Jessica,
2002:Krahl, Regina, "Jingdezhen"
394:Jingdezhen bluish-white ware
233:Cup in the imperial yellow,
1734:Kjellberg, Sven T. (1975).
1283:Vainker, 186–187; Ming, 167
979:contains the collection of
202:, which has now worn away.
3818:
3382:Victoria and Albert Museum
2188:Ming Pottery and Porcelain
1481:Vainker, 180, 182, 185–186
1310:Ming, 86; Vainker, 184–186
1008:Swedish East India Company
996:English East India Company
967:had several acquired from
948:
426:Jin-Song wars of the 1120s
397:
3756:
3572:Jiangxi Normal University
3450:
3388:Museum of Royal Worcester
3364:Musée des Arts Décoratifs
3329:Percival David Foundation
3323:British Museum (London):
2797:Japanese export porcelain
2755:
2403:Jingdezhen/Imperial wares
2283:
1068:("China Jingdezhen") and
1000:French East India Company
794:A Complete Record of Pots
138:established a body, the "
118:from the 1330s, and the "
65:
3298:Johann Friedrich Böttger
2632:Chinese export porcelain
1427:Rawson, 84; Vainker, 105
992:Dutch East India Company
951:Chinese export porcelain
116:blue and white porcelain
108:Chinese export porcelain
55:blue and white porcelain
3731:Pavilion of Prince Teng
3592:Jinggangshan University
3479:Chinese Soviet Republic
2109:Valenstein, S. (1998).
1973:10,000 Years of Pottery
1957:Canby, Sheila R. (ed).
572:National Museum of Iran
517:vase, 13th–14th century
2771:
2763:
2161:Gillette, Maris Boyd.
1073:
1038:
1015:Trianon de Porcellaine
946:
745:
589:Transitional porcelain
547:
369:The long reign of the
342:
291:
238:
173:
58:
46:
2769:
2761:
2219:at Wikimedia Commons
2010:subscription required
1059:
1036:
955:European visitors to
940:
740:
545:
333:
285:
232:
167:
52:
33:
3669:Jingdezhen porcelain
3334:The David Collection
3257:Overglaze decoration
3247:Hard-paste porcelain
3242:Soft-paste porcelain
2277:Green-glazed pottery
760:own styles. Persia,
570:, and is now in the
255:overglaze decoration
220:"official Jun" wares
153:Empress Dowager Cixi
72:produced in or near
62:Jingdezhen porcelain
3719:Visitor attractions
3602:Nanchang University
3597:Jiujiang University
3191:Bing & Grøndahl
3155:Dihl & Guérhard
3053:Villeroy & Boch
2014:Macintosh, Duncan.
1707:Nilsson, Jan-Erik.
1571:Valenstein, 219–220
1006:10 million and the
927:, probably Qianlong
683:Transitional period
432:court was based in
356:Sang de boeuf glaze
3802:Culture in Jiangxi
3696:Pure Land Buddhism
3625:Culture of Jiangxi
3400:Ludwigsburg Palace
3394:Walters Art Museum
2792:Japanese porcelain
2772:
2764:
2662:(16th century BCE)
2190:, 1988 (2nd ed.),
1971:Cooper, Emmanuel.
1797:Volker, T. (1954)
1715:. Jan-Erik Nilsson
1074:
1039:
947:
813:Thirteen Factories
746:
717:armorial porcelain
654:, mid 15th century
555:, and much of the
548:
366:completed pieces.
343:
292:
278:Transitional wares
239:
174:
94:imperial porcelain
59:
47:
3797:Chinese porcelain
3784:
3783:
3654:Tea-picking opera
3529:Luoxiao Mountains
3524:Jiuling Mountains
3409:
3408:
3308:Dmitry Vinogradov
3230:
3229:
3203:Wagner & Apel
2919:List of companies
2898:
2897:
2847:
2846:
2753:
2752:
2710:(14th century on)
2704:(14th century on)
2698:(11th century on)
2627:Chinese porcelain
2569:
2568:
2372:Tang tomb figures
2215:Media related to
1713:www.gotheborg.com
1043:Xinhai Revolution
933:Exports to Europe
863:period, 1723–1735
383:Tongzhi porcelain
379:Taiping Rebellion
288:Yongzheng emperor
187:woodblock printed
70:Chinese porcelain
16:(Redirected from
3809:
3774:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3748:Zhelin Reservoir
3634:Nanchang dialect
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3017:Saint Petersburg
2924:French porcelain
2909:
2866:Korean porcelain
2856:
2782:
2617:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2519:Five Great Kilns
2317:Longquan celadon
2289:
2253:Chinese ceramics
2246:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2158:
2005:Grove Art Online
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1909:Needham, 347–353
1907:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1891:Vainker, 214–216
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1634:Vainker, 158–159
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:Vainker, 136–137
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1463:Vainker, 179–180
1461:
1455:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:Vainker, 200–212
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:Vainker, 200–202
1398:
1392:
1391:Vainker, 199–200
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:Vainker, 187–188
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1029:After the empire
1002:12 million, the
943:Canton porcelain
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
856:
844:
832:
809:Canton porcelain
709:
694:
685:, c. 1640 – 1660
675:
663:
643:
631:
619:
599:Tianqi porcelain
526:
510:
494:
479:
371:Qianlong emperor
340:Qianlong Emperor
313:Tianqi porcelain
216:Longquan celadon
86:Emperor Zhenzong
78:Jiangxi province
67:
21:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3752:
3714:
3611:
3558:
3500:
3460:
3446:
3440:
3410:
3405:
3346:Gardiner Museum
3325:Asia Department
3312:
3276:
3226:
3167:Hutschenreuther
2939:
2936:
2894:
2871:
2868:
2843:
2802:
2799:
2773:
2749:
2648:
2645:
2608:
2603:
2570:
2565:
2496:
2442:
2376:
2290:
2281:
2272:Terracotta Army
2260:Ancient pottery
2255:
2250:
2217:Jingdezhen ware
2208:
2192:Faber and Faber
2186:Jenyns, Soame.
2147:10.2307/3632734
2132:
2129:
2127:Further reading
2095:Vainker, S.J.,
2079:Rawson, Jessica
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:Valenstein, 281
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1750:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:
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1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
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1660:
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1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
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1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
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1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:Vainker, 76, 82
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1446:Lauren Arnold,
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:Valenstein, 287
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1099:egg-shaped kiln
1083:
1031:
953:
935:
928:
921:
912:
909:
900:
897:
888:
885:
876:
873:
864:
857:
848:
845:
836:
833:
735:
728:
710:
701:
695:
686:
676:
667:
664:
655:
644:
635:
632:
623:
620:
553:South-East Asia
540:
533:
527:
518:
511:
502:
497:Buddha statue,
495:
486:
480:
402:
396:
391:
364:mercury gilding
328:
280:
162:
132:
28:
23:
22:
18:Egg-shaped kiln
15:
12:
11:
5:
3815:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3728:
3726:Donglin Temple
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3638:Yichun dialect
3627:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Wuyi Mountains
3531:
3526:
3521:
3519:Mufu Mountains
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3484:Jiangxi Soviet
3481:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3376:Topkapı Palace
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3262:China painting
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:(14th century)
2886:
2885:(10th century)
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:(18th century)
2741:
2740:(17th century)
2735:
2734:(17th century)
2729:
2728:(17th century)
2723:
2722:(16th century)
2717:
2716:(16th century)
2711:
2708:Blanc de Chine
2705:
2702:Blue and white
2699:
2693:
2692:(12th century)
2687:
2686:(10th century)
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2572:porcelain in
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2461:Blue and white
2458:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
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375:ritual bronzes
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290:(r. 1723–1735)
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247:Xuande Emperor
235:Kangxi emperor
209:(r. 1402–24),
207:Yongle Emperor
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130:Official kilns
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2017:
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1749:91-7004-058-3
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1292:Ming, 97, 100
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1211:Kerr, 16, 132
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1070:MADE IN CHINA
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1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
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982:
978:
977:Ambras Castle
974:
970:
969:Vasco de Gama
966:
965:King Manuel I
962:
958:
952:
944:
939:
932:
926:
919:
914:
907:
902:
895:
890:
883:
878:
871:
866:
862:
855:
850:
843:
838:
831:
826:
824:
820:
818:
817:Canton System
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
789:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
765:
763:
758:
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703:
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637:
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596:
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584:
582:
577:
573:
569:
564:
560:
558:
557:Islamic world
554:
544:
537:
531:
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520:
516:
509:
504:
500:
493:
488:
484:
478:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
445:Fonthill Vase
442:
437:
435:
431:
430:Southern Song
427:
423:
422:Northern Song
419:
415:
411:
407:
401:
393:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:famille verte
341:
337:
332:
325:
323:
321:
320:
314:
309:
306:
302:
298:
289:
284:
277:
275:
271:
269:
268:Wanli Emperor
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
236:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
212:
208:
203:
201:
196:
191:
188:
184:
179:
171:
166:
159:
157:
154:
148:
145:
141:
137:
129:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
56:
51:
44:
43:Southern Song
40:
36:
32:
19:
3709:architecture
3668:
3664:Architecture
3336:(Copenhagen)
3272:Factory mark
3235:Technologies
3143:Clignancourt
2695:
2571:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2489:
2472:
2465:
2453:
2413:Transitional
2209:
2187:
2180:
2175:google books
2162:
2138:
2134:
2110:
2096:
2082:
2065:
2051:
2029:
2015:
2003:
1989:
1972:
1958:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1873:Vainker, 176
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1712:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1616:Vainker, 201
1612:
1607:Vainker, 201
1603:
1598:Vainker, 147
1594:
1589:Vainker, 147
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1553:Vainker, 188
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1355:Vainker, 199
1351:
1346:Vainker, 195
1342:
1337:Vainker, 195
1333:
1328:Vainker, 187
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1274:Vainker, 186
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1229:Vainker, 211
1225:
1220:Vainker, 195
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1184:Vainker, 176
1180:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1062:factory mark
1040:
1012:
985:
954:
821:
806:
801:
797:
793:
790:
782:
766:
751:
747:
742:Famille Rose
698:Transitional
678:
597:
593:Kangxi reign
585:
576:Shah Abbas I
565:
561:
549:
529:
515:Qingbai ware
499:Qingbai ware
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
440:
438:
403:
368:
352:famille rose
351:
347:
344:
319:famille rose
317:
310:
297:Qing dynasty
293:
272:
259:
240:
204:
192:
178:Ming dynasty
175:
149:
144:Ming dynasty
136:Yuan dynasty
133:
124:Qing dynasty
120:famille rose
112:Qingbai ware
105:
98:
93:
61:
60:
3674:Jizhou ware
3649:Ganju opera
3630:Gan Chinese
3544:Poyang Lake
3396:(Baltimore)
3390:(Worcester)
3317:Collections
3083:Ludwigsburg
3065:Frankenthal
3041:Nymphenburg
3035:Fürstenberg
3011:Capodimonte
2963:Saint-Cloud
2513:Mantou kiln
2508:Dragon kiln
1936:Kerr, 39–40
1382:Kerr, 18–19
1301:Ming, 92–99
1247:Ming, 86–89
1087:dragon kiln
1072:in English.
1047:Yuan Shikai
859:Brush pot,
800:(1738) and
774:Grand Canal
752:The French
721:Wittelsbach
501:, 1271–1368
389:Major types
237:(1662–1722)
211:reign marks
172:(1506–1521)
134:The Mongol
45:, 1127–1279
3791:Categories
3378:(Istanbul)
3252:Bone china
3137:Copenhagen
3131:Loosdrecht
3113:Wallendorf
2696:Jingdezhen
2447:Decoration
2200:0571148417
2091:0714114316
2042:0714821977
2024:1851492100
1998:1851772642
1986:Kerr, Rose
1952:References
1526:Cooper, 68
1499:Canby, 142
1450:, 1999:133
1436:Rawson, 82
719:, for the
713:Kraak ware
603:Kraak ware
360:peachbloom
205:Under the
74:Jingdezhen
39:Jingdezhen
3659:Nuo opera
3564:Education
3539:Gan River
3506:Geography
3372:(Beijing)
3348:(Toronto)
3342:(Dresden)
3215:Porsgrund
3209:Rosenthal
3149:Hollóháza
3059:Worcester
2999:Vincennes
2987:Chantilly
2981:Rörstrand
2824:Nabeshima
2606:Porcelain
2485:Ash glaze
2381:Porcelain
1864:Kerr, 130
1855:Kerr, 129
1846:Kerr, 129
1837:Kerr, 129
1828:Kerr, 127
1719:6 January
1508:Ming, 292
1019:Louis XIV
988:East Asia
861:Yongzheng
778:Tang Ying
460:Shumiyuan
418:Ding ware
414:porcelain
3766:Category
3736:Mount Lu
3705:language
3691:Religion
3684:Anfu ham
3491:Politics
3453:Nanchang
3384:(London)
3354:(Moscow)
3288:Chinamen
3221:Augarten
3101:Wedgwood
3047:Plymouth
2912:General:
2859:General:
2829:Kakiemon
2785:General:
2620:General:
2046:"Ming":
2032:, 1983,
1945:Kerr, 42
1927:Kerr, 39
1918:Kerr, 39
1770:Kerr, 18
1688:Kerr, 20
1679:Kerr, 67
1670:Kerr, 19
1661:Kerr, 30
1652:Kerr, 19
1562:Ming, 88
1373:Kerr, 16
1265:Ming, 87
957:Istanbul
925:Jun ware
796:(1735),
785:Jiujiang
723:family.
468:stem cup
434:Hangzhou
428:. A new
101:petuntse
3776:Commons
3679:Cuisine
3617:Culture
3496:Economy
3474:History
3466:General
3457:capital
3443:Jiangxi
3366:(Paris)
3360:(Paris)
3267:Biscuit
3197:Zsolnay
3173:Doulton
3161:Mintons
3125:Limoges
3023:Mennecy
3005:Chelsea
2969:Meissen
2690:Qingbai
2666:Celadon
2553:Meiping
2546:Hunping
2398:Qingbai
2312:Yaozhou
2307:Celadon
2155:3632734
1113:saggars
1104:zhenyao
1051:Ru ware
1023:faience
961:Malacca
815:of the
772:on the
770:Huai'an
762:Vietnam
652:cavetto
483:Qingbai
441:Qingbai
410:Qingbai
400:Qingbai
336:Ge ware
251:Ru ware
200:gilding
183:Beijing
170:Zhengde
140:Fuliang
82:pottery
35:Qingbai
3514:Cities
3445:topics
3281:People
3223:(1923)
3217:(1885)
3211:(1879)
3205:(1877)
3199:(1853)
3193:(1853)
3187:(1826)
3185:Herend
3181:(1822)
3179:Lichte
3175:(1815)
3169:(1814)
3163:(1793)
3157:(1781)
3151:(1777)
3145:(1775)
3139:(1775)
3133:(1774)
3127:(1771)
3121:(1768)
3115:(1764)
3109:(1763)
3107:Berlin
3103:(1759)
3097:(1760)
3095:Retiro
3091:(1759)
3085:(1758)
3079:(1757)
3073:(1756)
3071:Sèvres
3067:(1755)
3061:(1751)
3055:(1748)
3049:(1748)
3043:(1747)
3037:(1747)
3031:(1747)
3025:(1745)
3019:(1744)
3013:(1743)
3007:(1743)
3001:(1740)
2995:(1735)
2993:Doccia
2989:(1730)
2983:(1726)
2977:(1718)
2975:Vienna
2971:(1710)
2965:(1693)
2959:(1673)
2953:(1575)
2951:Medici
2944:Types:
2904:Europe
2889:Joseon
2883:Goryeo
2876:Types:
2839:Hirado
2834:Kutani
2807:Types:
2744:Canton
2732:Kangxi
2726:Tianqi
2720:Swatow
2653:Types:
2644:(1338)
2560:Gaiwan
2491:An hua
2474:Doucai
2455:Sancai
2438:Canton
2433:Tianqi
2428:Swatow
2418:export
2367:Shiwan
2362:Yixing
2347:Jizhou
2322:Cizhou
2198:
2169:
2153:
2119:
2103:
2089:
2072:
2058:
2040:
2022:
1996:
1979:
1965:
1758:107047
1756:
1754:SELIBR
1746:
971:. The
754:Jesuit
243:copper
195:gaiwan
53:Early
3644:Music
3119:Revol
3089:Weesp
3077:Derby
2957:Rouen
2852:Korea
2819:Imari
2814:Arita
2778:Japan
2714:Kraak
2613:China
2539:Guang
2467:Wucai
2423:Kraak
2408:Dehua
2151:JSTOR
1900:Krahl
1738:[
1193:Krahl
1120:Notes
1066:中国景德镇
727:reign
725:Wanli
648:lions
607:Wanli
530:Shufu
513:Yuan
464:Shufu
456:Shufu
452:Shufu
263:Quran
224:Henan
222:from
68:) is
66:景德镇陶瓷
2684:Ding
2678:Xing
2532:Ding
2525:Cong
2517:The
2393:Ding
2388:Xing
2342:Jian
2337:Guan
2327:Ding
2196:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1721:2015
1085:The
406:Song
326:Qing
176:The
160:Ming
90:Ming
3029:Bow
2672:Yue
2352:Jun
2302:Yue
2143:doi
1101:or
975:at
181:in
76:in
3793::
3707:,
3636:,
3327:/
2357:Ru
2332:Ge
2194:,
2173:,
2149:.
2139:35
2137:.
2081:,
2036:,
1988:.
1752:.
1711:.
1452:ff
1064::
963:;
819:.
681:,
583:.
439:A
338:,
126:.
41:,
3711:)
3703:(
3640:)
3632:(
3459:)
3455:(
3435:e
3428:t
3421:v
2598:e
2591:t
2584:v
2245:e
2238:t
2231:v
2157:.
2145::
1760:.
1723:.
20:)
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