1733:
3178:
3167:
3130:
3198:
3208:
3188:
1744:
script used a different numeral system, using individual signs for the numbers 1 to 9, multiples of 10 from 10 to 90, the hundreds from 100 to 900, and the thousands from 1000 to 9000. A large number like 9999 could thus be written with only four signs—combining the signs for 9000, 900, 90, and 9—as
1745:
opposed to 36 hieroglyphs. Boyer saw the new hieratic numerals as ciphered, mapping one number onto one
Egyptian letter for the first time in human history. Greeks adopted the new system, mapping their counting numbers onto two of their alphabets, the Doric and Ionian.
1732:
1748:
In the oldest hieratic texts the individual numerals were clearly written in a ciphered relationship to the
Egyptian alphabet. But during the Old Kingdom a series of standardized writings had developed for sign-groups containing more than one numeral, repeated as
1753:
practiced. However, repetition of the same numeral for each place-value was not allowed in the hieratic script. As the hieratic writing system developed over time, these sign-groups were further simplified for quick writing; this process continued into
1797:
of the original
Egyptian numbers. A breve (˘) in some reconstructed forms indicates a short vowel whose quality remains uncertain; the letter 'e' represents a vowel that was originally u or i (exact quality uncertain) but became e by Late Egyptian.
1099:(and even vertically). In this example the symbols decrease in value from top to bottom and from left to right. On the original stone carving, it is right-to-left, and the signs are thus reversed.
3244:
1602:
1541:
1488:
1435:
1346:
753:
from around 3000 BC until the early first millennium AD. It was a system of numeration based on multiples of ten, often rounded off to the higher power, written in
2824:
2850:
1717:, rather than being carved into hard stone (as were hieroglyphic texts), the vast majority of texts employing the Egyptian numeral system utilize the
3237:
2922:
710:
3303:
3151:
2979:
430:
3211:
2738:
2717:
3384:
3230:
3097:
1175:(and at other sites), nefer is used to indicate a ground level: height and depths are measured "above nefer" or "below nefer" respectively.
3315:
2969:
2964:
2845:
2817:
263:
2787:
1777:
The following table shows the reconstructed Middle
Egyptian forms of the numerals (which are indicated by a preceding asterisk), the
2934:
1644:
1397:
3087:
2855:
3119:
2777:
2755:
Hieratische Paläographie: Die Ägyptische
Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit.
1687:
1684:
1681:
1649:
1646:
1562:
1503:
1450:
1304:
1250:
1128:
1075:
1072:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
940:
902:
883:
845:
54:
3065:
2917:
3092:
1722:
1564:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1081:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1021:
Multiples of these values were expressed by repeating the symbol as many times as needed. For instance, a stone carving from
921:
864:
826:
497:
3430:
3415:
3395:
2878:
2873:
2810:
2767:
703:
278:
3379:
3025:
2900:
2868:
623:
633:
3109:
3072:
3020:
2939:
2700:
Hoffmann, Friedhelm (2024-03-11). "Aspects of Zero in
Ancient Egypt". In Gobets, Peter; Lawrence Kuhn, Robert (eds.).
1762:
450:
2959:
1766:
510:
3282:
3272:
3082:
3050:
3035:
3030:
2929:
2883:
1804:
606:
375:
3420:
3277:
3201:
3191:
3077:
2998:
2949:
1778:
1213:
737:
696:
23:
1701:
This was, however, uncommon for most numbers other than one and two and the signs were used most of the time.
2757:
3 vols. 2nd ed. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs Schen
Buchhandlungen. (Reprinted Osnabrück: Otto Zeller Verlag, 1965)
3331:
953:
733:
727:
686:
470:
67:
769:
form of numerals stressed an exact finite series notation, ciphered one-to-one onto the
Egyptian alphabet.
3363:
3181:
3114:
2954:
1548:
If the denominator became too large, the "mouth" was just placed over the beginning of the "denominator":
370:
286:
3358:
3146:
488:
1577:
2567:
3253:
3171:
3129:
2986:
2895:
2888:
2548:
1782:
1516:
1463:
1410:
1321:
583:
444:
437:
318:
2991:
2912:
1265:
1180:
1146:
as a placeholder in
Egyptian numeration and zero was not used in calculations. However, the symbol
1096:
758:
754:
665:
530:
481:
293:
225:
80:
41:
3045:
3008:
2907:
1849:
1843:
578:
331:
168:
163:
110:
3425:
3003:
2944:
2734:
2713:
2543:
1615:
1196:
660:
650:
638:
618:
573:
504:
336:
308:
215:
148:
138:
125:
90:
85:
2728:
3339:
3060:
2974:
2705:
1815:
1755:
1623:
563:
457:
210:
198:
143:
133:
100:
75:
2791:
2781:
2771:
1823:
1807:
1786:
1201:
989:
675:
645:
588:
558:
543:
303:
271:
243:
220:
203:
62:
655:
1154:𓄤, "good", "complete", "beautiful") was apparently also used for two numeric purposes:
3040:
1750:
1172:
1000:
778:
670:
613:
593:
548:
421:
153:
120:
105:
31:
3409:
3308:
3267:
2833:
1726:
1205:
750:
476:
365:
298:
238:
173:
115:
95:
2231:
3102:
2604:, and Carl B. Boyer. A History of Mathematics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2011, p. 10
2601:
1790:
628:
553:
2474:
1721:
script. Instances of numerals written in hieratic can be found as far back as the
2513:
2451:
1818:
1277:
1236:. The hieroglyph indicating a fraction looked like a mouth, which meant "part":
1164:
598:
463:
415:
405:
3141:
2709:
2381:
2357:
2333:
2199:
400:
158:
1729:
are a particularly important corpus of texts that utilize hieratic numerals.
1618:
could also write out numerals as words phonetically, just like one can write
2131:
2097:
2063:
1915:
1273:
1013:
410:
2730:
The Crest of the
Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (Third Edition)
2680:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
2497:
2263:
2165:
3013:
2682:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Numerals discussed in §§9.1–9.6.
1741:
1718:
1714:
766:
1839:
1736:
A comparative chart of Egyptian numerals, including hieratic and demotic
3222:
3055:
2802:
2428:
1710:
762:
395:
380:
2309:
2702:
The Origin and Significance of Zero: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
2405:
1022:
385:
2797:
2025:
1949:
1881:
2687:
Egyptian Grammar; Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs
2689:. 3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute. For numerals, see §§259–266.
2286:
1987:
1794:
1731:
1147:
390:
352:
313:
1187:
contained a "zero concept" replacing the magnitude in geometry.
1184:
995:
3226:
2806:
1106:
1761:
Two famous mathematical papyri using hieratic script are the
1143:
783:
1709:
As administrative and accounting texts were written on
1580:
1519:
1466:
1413:
1324:
1673:
1636:
1554:
1495:
1442:
1389:
1296:
1242:
1120:
1031:
932:
913:
894:
875:
856:
837:
818:
3372:
3351:
3324:
3296:
3260:
2666:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 71, 255
1789:numerals which descended from them and which give
1596:
1535:
1482:
1429:
1340:
2768:Introduction to Hieroglyphs Numbers and Fractions
2572:MacTutor - School of Mathematics and Statistics
1614:As with most modern day languages, the ancient
777:The following hieroglyphs were used to denote
3238:
2818:
1204:could also be expressed, but only as sums of
704:
8:
1264:Fractions were written with this fractional
2664:Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction
3245:
3231:
3223:
2825:
2811:
2803:
1677:
1640:
1558:
1499:
1446:
1393:
1300:
1246:
1124:
1068:
1053:
1035:
936:
917:
898:
879:
860:
841:
822:
711:
697:
47:
18:
1584:
1579:
1523:
1518:
1470:
1465:
1417:
1412:
1328:
1323:
1158:in a papyrus listing the court expenses,
1095:Egyptian hieroglyphs could be written in
2613:
1800:
2559:
738:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
30:
2637:
2625:
2592:"The Story of Numbers" by John McLeish
7:
3385:Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block)
3187:
1785:used to write them, and finally the
757:. The Egyptians had no concept of a
3207:
2774: (archived September 29, 2007)
1142:There was no symbol or concept of
14:
2935:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
2685:Gardiner, Alan Henderson (1957).
2204:mḏwtt, ḏwtt, or ḏbꜥtt (?) (fem.)
1597:{\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{100}}}
1216:of positive integers, except for
3206:
3196:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3128:
2794: (archived January 12, 2004)
1630:), for instance, was written as
3197:
1740:Boyer proved 50 years ago that
1669:
1632:
1550:
1536:{\displaystyle ={\frac {3}{4}}}
1483:{\displaystyle ={\frac {2}{3}}}
1430:{\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{2}}}
1385:
1363:and for the non-unit fractions
1341:{\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{3}}}
1292:
1238:
1027:
2733:. Princeton University Press.
1353:Special symbols were used for
1168:, it indicated a zero balance;
16:Numerals used in Ancient Egypt
1:
3396:Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2784: (archived March 4, 2001)
1159:
3380:List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
2202:, ḏwtj, or ḏbꜥty (?) (masc.)
813:
3120:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
2940:Population history of Egypt
2574:. University of St. Andrews
1812:Reconstructed vocalization
1763:Moscow Mathematical Papyrus
1025:shows the number 4,622 as:
3447:
2678:Allen, James Paul (2000).
2649:Callender, John B. (1975)
1773:Egyptian words for numbers
1767:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
1194:
1117:beautiful, pleasant, good
431:Non-standard radices/bases
3393:
3160:
3137:
3126:
2864:
2841:
2710:10.1163/9789004691568_007
2704:. Brill. pp. 64–81.
2662:Loprieno, Antonio (1995)
1822:
1814:
1811:
1803:
3172:Ancient Egypt portal
2696:. Baltimore: Halgo, Inc.
2694:Old Hieratic Paleography
2692:Goedicke, Hans (1988).
2030:sjst or jst (?) (fem.)
687:List of numeral systems
3364:Category:Egyptologists
2753:Möller, Georg (1927).
2360:, ḫmnw, or ḫmnwjw (?)
2336:, sfḫw, or sfḫwjw (?)
2210:*(mu)ḏawā́taj (masc.)
1737:
1598:
1537:
1484:
1431:
1373:and, less frequently,
1342:
745:The system of ancient
726:This article contains
3359:List of Egyptologists
2846:Glossary of artifacts
2798:Egyptian Math History
2727:Joseph, G.G. (2011).
2506:one hundred thousand
2312:, sjsw, or jswjw (?)
1735:
1723:Early Dynastic Period
1599:
1538:
1485:
1432:
1343:
55:Hindu–Arabic numerals
3431:Egyptian mathematics
3416:Egyptian hieroglyphs
3332:Gardiner's sign list
3254:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2549:Egyptian mathematics
2207:*ḏubā́ꜥataj (masc.)
1578:
1517:
1464:
1411:
1322:
1276:1, and the positive
1004:(also called lotus)
954:Gardiner's sign list
584:Prehistoric counting
360:Common radices/bases
42:Place-value notation
2992:Cursive hieroglyphs
2568:"Egyptian numerals"
1831:per Callender 1975
1663:while the numeral (
1622:instead of "30" in
759:positional notation
531:Sign-value notation
2965:Funerary practices
2144:*pisī́ḏaw (masc.)
2110:*ḫamā́naw (masc.)
2028:or jsw (?) (masc.)
1894:*sinúwwaj (masc.)
1834:per Loprieno 1995
1826:(Sahidic dialect)
1738:
1725:. The Old Kingdom
1594:
1533:
1480:
1427:
1338:
1115:heart with trachea
773:Digits and numbers
728:special characters
187:East Asian systems
3403:
3402:
3220:
3219:
2975:Great Royal Wives
2945:Prehistoric Egypt
2778:Numbers and dates
2740:978-0-691-13526-7
2719:978-90-04-69156-8
2544:Egyptian language
2535:
2534:
2141:*p˘sī́ḏat (fem.)
2139:*p˘sī́ḏaw (masc.)
2107:*ḫ˘mā́nat (fem.)
2105:*ḫ˘mā́naw (masc.)
1857:*wiꜥī́yat (fem.)
1705:Hieratic numerals
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1616:Egyptian language
1607:
1606:
1592:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1546:
1545:
1531:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1478:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1425:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1351:
1350:
1336:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1197:Egyptian fraction
1171:in a drawing for
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1051:
1019:
1018:
948:
947:
944:
943:
929:
928:
925:
924:
910:
909:
906:
905:
891:
890:
887:
886:
872:
871:
868:
867:
853:
852:
849:
848:
834:
833:
830:
829:
747:Egyptian numerals
734:rendering support
721:
720:
520:
519:
3438:
3344:
3340:Manuel de Codage
3336:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3132:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2788:Egyptian Numbers
2750:
2748:
2747:
2723:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2602:Merzbach, Uta C.
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2242:*máꜥb˘ꜣ (masc.)
2239:*máꜥb˘ꜣ (masc.)
2178:*mū́ḏaw (masc.)
2076:*sáfḫaw (masc.)
2038:*sáʾsaw (masc.)
2000:*dī́jaw (masc.)
1962:*jifdáw (masc.)
1928:*ḫámtaw (masc.)
1860:*wúꜥꜥuw (masc.)
1801:
1793:clues as to the
1678:
1674:
1670:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:was written as:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1202:Rational numbers
1167:
1161:
1125:
1121:
1107:
1069:
1054:
1036:
1032:
1028:
937:
933:
918:
914:
899:
895:
880:
876:
861:
857:
842:
838:
823:
819:
784:
713:
706:
699:
502:
486:
468:
458:balanced ternary
455:
442:
48:
19:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3421:Numeral systems
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3368:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3320:
3316:Transliteration
3292:
3261:Characteristics
3256:
3251:
3221:
3216:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3133:
3124:
2860:
2837:
2831:
2792:Wayback Machine
2782:Wayback Machine
2772:Wayback Machine
2764:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2720:
2699:
2675:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2651:Middle Egyptian
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2540:
2253:
2235:
2221:
2203:
2189:
2175:*mū́ḏat (fem.)
2174:
2173:*mū́ḏaw (masc.)
2169:
2155:
2140:
2135:
2121:
2106:
2101:
2087:
2073:*sáfḫat (fem.)
2072:
2071:*sáfḫaw (masc.)
2067:
2049:
2035:*j˘ssát (fem.)
2034:
2033:*j˘ssáw (masc.)
2029:
2011:
1997:*dī́jat (fem.)
1996:
1995:*dī́jaw (masc.)
1991:
1973:
1959:*j˘fdát (fem.)
1958:
1957:*j˘fdáw (masc.)
1953:
1939:
1925:*ḫámtat (fem.)
1924:
1923:*ḫámtaw (masc.)
1919:
1905:
1891:*síntaj (fem.)
1890:
1889:*sínwaj (masc.)
1885:
1871:
1856:
1855:*wíꜥyaw (masc.)
1847:
1808:transliteration
1779:transliteration
1775:
1707:
1645:
1612:
1610:Written numbers
1576:
1575:
1563:
1515:
1514:
1462:
1461:
1409:
1408:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1320:
1319:
1305:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1199:
1193:
1162:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1097:both directions
1060:
1003:
809:
775:
743:
742:
741:
732:Without proper
717:
681:
680:
603:
589:Proto-cuneiform
534:
533:
522:
521:
516:
515:
500:
484:
466:
453:
440:
427:
356:
355:
343:
342:
323:
283:
268:
259:
258:
249:
248:
230:
189:
188:
179:
178:
130:
72:
58:
57:
45:
44:
32:Numeral systems
17:
12:
11:
5:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3408:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3184:
3174:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2775:
2763:
2762:External links
2760:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2739:
2724:
2718:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2585:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:or psḏwjw (?)
2378:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1774:
1771:
1751:Roman numerals
1706:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1544:
1543:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1490:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1349:
1348:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1206:unit fractions
1195:Main article:
1192:
1189:
1183:, a deed from
1177:
1176:
1173:Meidum Pyramid
1169:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
998:
992:
986:
985:Single stroke
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
816:
812:
811:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
774:
771:
763:decimal system
736:, you may see
724:
723:
722:
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
690:
689:
683:
682:
679:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
642:
641:
636:
631:
621:
616:
610:
609:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
540:
539:
538:Non-alphabetic
535:
529:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
495:
479:
474:
461:
448:
434:
433:
426:
425:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
362:
361:
357:
350:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
334:
328:
327:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
289:
287:Post-classical
282:
281:
275:
274:
267:
266:
260:
256:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
241:
235:
234:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
207:
206:
195:
194:
190:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
71:
70:
68:Eastern Arabic
65:
63:Western Arabic
59:
53:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3443:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:Rosetta Stone
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Determinative
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Egyptologists
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2834:Ancient Egypt
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2640:, p. 87.
2639:
2634:
2631:
2628:, p. 86.
2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2614:Hoffmann 2024
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:ten thousand
2484:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2462:one thousand
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:mꜥbꜣt (fem.)
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:Egyptologists
1788:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1727:Abusir Papyri
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1280:below. Thus,
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1179:According to
1174:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
991:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
882:
881:
878:
877:
874:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
814:
808:1 million, or
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:
780:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:Ancient Egypt
748:
739:
735:
731:
729:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
692:
691:
688:
685:
684:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:Alphasyllabic
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
536:
532:
526:
525:
512:
509:
506:
499:
496:
493:
492:
483:
480:
478:
475:
472:
465:
462:
459:
452:
449:
446:
439:
436:
435:
432:
429:
428:
423:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
358:
354:
347:
346:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
284:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
269:
265:
262:
261:
257:Other systems
253:
252:
245:
242:
240:
239:Counting rods
237:
236:
232:
231:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
191:
183:
182:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3304:Decipherment
3287:
2874:Architecture
2754:
2744:. Retrieved
2729:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2673:Bibliography
2663:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2571:
2562:
2528:
2524:one million
2489:
2466:
2443:
2439:two hundred
2420:
2416:one hundred
2397:
2373:
2349:
2325:
2301:
2278:
2255:
2249:
2223:
2217:
2191:
2185:
2157:
2151:
2136:psḏt (fem.)
2123:
2117:
2102:ḫmnt (fem.)
2089:
2083:
2068:sfḫt (fem.)
2055:
2051:
2045:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1954:jfdt (fem.)
1941:
1935:
1920:ḫmtt (fem.)
1907:
1901:
1886:sntj (fem.)
1873:
1867:
1776:
1760:
1747:
1739:
1708:
1700:
1664:
1662:
1627:
1626:. The word (
1619:
1613:
1547:
1352:
1269:
1263:
1209:
1200:
1178:
1163: 1740
1151:
1141:
1094:
1020:
1007:Bent finger
982:Description
776:
761:such as the
749:was used in
746:
744:
725:
568:
490:
451:Signed-digit
326:Contemporary
193:Contemporary
3212:WikiProject
3026:Mathematics
2987:Hieroglyphs
2901:Portraiture
2869:Agriculture
2856:Main topics
2638:Joseph 2011
2626:Joseph 2011
2578:January 12,
2436:*šinjū́taj
2390:*pisḏíjjaw
2387:*p˘siḏáwju
2363:*ḫamanáwju
2170:mḏt (fem.)
1992:djt (fem.)
1978:) or ϥⲧⲟⲉ (
1819:translation
1783:hieroglyphs
1758:, as well.
1278:denominator
1214:reciprocals
815:Hieroglyph
755:hieroglyphs
629:Akṣarapallī
599:Tally marks
498:Non-integer
3410:Categories
3398: (40)
3283:Triliteral
3273:Uniliteral
3142:Egyptology
3110:Technology
3073:Philosophy
3021:Literature
2913:Chronology
2746:2024-05-03
2555:References
2413:*ší(nju)t
2339:*safḫáwju
2315:*j˘ssáwju
2268:*ḥ˘mí (?)
2054:) or ⲥⲟⲉ (
1212:, sums of
1181:Carl Boyer
1001:Water lily
666:Glagolitic
639:Kaṭapayādi
607:Alphabetic
511:Asymmetric
353:radix/base
294:Cistercian
279:Babylonian
226:Vietnamese
81:Devanagari
3278:Biliteral
3046:Mythology
2970:Geography
2960:Dynasties
2908:Astronomy
2531:) "many"
2396:ⲡⲥⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩ (
2258:) (fem.)
2252:) (masc.)
2226:) (fem.)
2220:) (masc.)
2194:) (fem.)
2188:) (masc.)
2160:) (fem.)
2154:) (masc.)
2126:) (fem.)
2120:) (masc.)
2092:) (fem.)
2086:) (masc.)
2058:) (fem.)
2048:) (masc.)
2020:) (fem.)
2016:) or ϯⲉ (
2010:) (masc.)
1982:) (fem.)
1972:) (masc.)
1944:) (fem.)
1938:) (masc.)
1910:) (fem.)
1904:) (masc.)
1876:) (fem.)
1870:) (masc.)
1274:numerator
1191:Fractions
634:Āryabhaṭa
579:Kharosthi
471:factorial
438:Bijective
339:(Iñupiaq)
169:Sundanese
164:Mongolian
111:Malayalam
3426:Numerals
3325:Research
3288:Numerals
3182:Category
3103:District
3098:Capitals
3083:Religion
3066:Titulary
3056:Pharaohs
3036:Military
3031:Medicine
3014:Hieratic
3004:Language
2930:Clothing
2884:Obelisks
2538:See also
2433:*šū́taj
2366:*ḫamnéw
2345:seventy
2342:*safḫéw
2318:*saʾséw
2300:ⲧⲁⲉⲓⲟⲩ (
2294:*díjjaw
2222:ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (
2122:ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉ (
1934:ϣⲟⲙⲛ̄ⲧ (
1805:Egyptian
1795:vocalism
1765:and the
1742:hieratic
1719:hieratic
1010:Tadpole
994:Coil of
805:100,000
781:of ten:
767:hieratic
661:Georgian
651:Cyrillic
619:Armenian
574:Etruscan
569:Egyptian
477:Negative
337:Kaktovik
332:Cherokee
309:Pentadic
233:Historic
216:Japanese
149:Javanese
139:Balinese
126:Dzongkha
91:Gurmukhi
86:Gujarati
24:a series
22:Part of
3202:Outline
3192:Commons
3152:Museums
3088:Scribes
3078:Pottery
3009:Demotic
2999:History
2950:Cuisine
2879:Revival
2790:at the
2780:at the
2770:at the
2482:*ḏ˘báꜥ
2479:*ḏubáꜥ
2410:*šúwat
2398:pstaiou
2393:ninety
2372:ϩⲙⲉⲛⲉ (
2369:eighty
2291:*díjwu
2271:*ḥ˘méw
2254:ⲙⲁⲁⲃⲉ (
2245:thirty
2234:(masc.)
2216:ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧ (
2213:twenty
2168:(masc.)
2134:(masc.)
2116:ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (
2100:(masc.)
2088:ϣⲁϣϥⲉ (
2082:ϣⲁϣϥ̄ (
2066:(masc.)
1990:(masc.)
1968:ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ (
1952:(masc.)
1940:ϣⲟⲙⲧⲉ (
1918:(masc.)
1906:ⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ (
1884:(masc.)
1816:English
1781:of the
1756:Demotic
1715:ostraca
1711:papyrus
1624:English
1492:
1439:
1378:⁄
1368:⁄
1358:⁄
1285:⁄
1266:solidus
1231:⁄
1221:⁄
1112:
988:Cattle
802:10,000
564:Chuvash
482:Complex
272:Ancient
264:History
211:Hokkien
199:Chinese
144:Burmese
134:Tibetan
121:Kannada
101:Sinhala
76:Bengali
3352:People
3343:(1988)
3335:(1927)
3297:Topics
3051:People
2918:Cities
2836:topics
2737:
2716:
2653:, 1975
2321:sixty
2302:taeiou
2297:fifty
2274:forty
2248:ⲙⲁⲁⲃ (
2224:jouōte
2190:ⲙⲏⲧⲉ (
2156:ⲯⲓⲧⲉ (
2124:šmoune
2113:eight
2079:seven
2044:ⲥⲟⲟⲩ (
1931:three
1900:ⲥⲛⲁⲩ (
1872:ⲟⲩⲉⲓ (
1824:Coptic
1787:Coptic
1667:) was
1628:thirty
1620:thirty
1272:, the
1023:Karnak
990:hobble
799:1,000
787:Value
779:powers
765:. The
676:Hebrew
646:Coptic
559:Brahmi
544:Aegean
501:
485:
467:
454:
441:
304:Muisca
244:Tangut
221:Korean
204:Suzhou
116:Telugu
3373:Lists
3115:Trade
3093:Sites
3041:Music
2955:Dance
2889:Pylon
2851:Index
2527:ϩⲁϩ (
2521:*ḥaḥ
2518:*ḥaḥ
2488:ⲧⲃⲁ (
2459:*ḫaꜣ
2456:*ḫaꜣ
2442:ϣⲏⲧ (
2382:psḏjw
2374:hmene
2358:ḫmnjw
2348:ϣϥⲉ (
2334:sfḫjw
2310:sjsjw
2277:ϩⲙⲉ (
2256:maabe
2218:jouōt
2200:mḏwtj
2184:ⲙⲏⲧ (
2158:psite
2150:ⲯⲓⲥ (
2147:nine
2118:šmoun
2090:šašfe
2006:ϯⲟⲩ (
2003:five
1974:ϥⲧⲟ (
1970:ftoou
1965:four
1942:šomte
1936:šomnt
1866:ⲟⲩⲁ (
1848:wꜥt (
1844:masc.
1840:wꜥ(w)
1148:nefer
810:many
671:Greek
656:Geʽez
614:Abjad
594:Roman
554:Aztec
549:Attic
464:Mixed
422:table
314:Quipu
299:Mayan
154:Khmer
106:Tamil
3061:List
2980:List
2923:List
2735:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2580:2023
2465:ϣⲟ (
2419:ϣⲉ (
2324:ⲥⲉ (
2250:maab
2232:mꜥbꜣ
2192:mēte
2181:ten
2152:psis
2132:psḏw
2098:ḫmnw
2084:šašf
2064:sfḫw
2050:ⲥⲟ (
2046:soou
2041:six
2026:sjsw
2008:tiou
1980:ftoe
1950:jfdw
1916:ḫmtw
1908:snte
1902:snau
1897:two
1882:snwj
1874:ouei
1863:one
1850:fem.
1713:or
1270:i.e.
1226:and
1210:i.e.
1185:Edfu
1144:zero
1103:Zero
996:rope
977:C11
971:D50
968:M12
962:V20
796:100
319:Rumi
174:Thai
96:Odia
2896:Art
2706:doi
2529:hah
2498:ḥfn
2490:tba
2475:ḏbꜥ
2444:šēt
2429:štj
2350:šfe
2287:dyw
2279:hme
2264:ḥmw
2186:mēt
2166:mḏw
2056:soe
2018:tie
2012:ϯ (
1988:djw
1976:fto
1868:oua
1590:100
1152:nfr
1110:nfr
1014:Heh
974:I8
965:V1
959:Z1
956:ID
793:10
351:By
159:Lao
3412::
2712:.
2570:.
2514:ḥḥ
2492:)
2469:)
2467:šo
2452:ḫꜣ
2446:)
2423:)
2421:še
2406:št
2400:)
2376:)
2352:)
2328:)
2326:se
2304:)
2281:)
2052:so
2014:ti
1852:)
1769:.
1665:30
1383::
1268:,
1208:,
1165:BC
1160:c.
790:1
416:60
411:20
406:16
401:12
396:10
26:on
3246:e
3239:t
3232:v
2826:e
2819:t
2812:v
2749:.
2722:.
2708::
2616:.
2582:.
1846:)
1842:(
1587:1
1582:=
1529:4
1526:3
1521:=
1476:3
1473:2
1468:=
1423:2
1420:1
1415:=
1380:4
1376:3
1370:3
1366:2
1360:2
1356:1
1334:3
1331:1
1326:=
1287:3
1283:1
1233:4
1229:3
1223:3
1219:2
1150:(
740:.
730:.
712:e
705:t
698:v
507:)
505:φ
503:(
494:)
491:i
489:2
487:(
473:)
469:(
460:)
456:(
447:)
445:1
443:(
424:)
420:(
391:8
386:6
381:5
376:4
371:3
366:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.