488:
246:
232:
57:
44:
374:
tree reaches 10 m (33 ft) in height with a generally narrow form. The branches have long, straight green spines arranged in spirals. The dark green compound leaves grow out of the base of the spines and are made up of two leaflets which are variable in size and shape. The fluted trunk has
441:
is found in northern eastern Africa, (within the countries of
Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Caprivi Strip, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco,
779:
as the species was initially described from specimens collected in Egypt. However, according to ICBN Art 62.4: "Generic names ending in -anthes, -oides or -odes are treated as feminine and those ending in -ites as masculine, irrespective of the gender assigned to them by the original author."
394:
and are 8–14 millimetres (0.31–0.55 in) in diameter. The pedicel of the inflorescence is greyish in colour, downy and usually less than 10 mm (0.39 in) in length, although 15 mm (0.59 in) has been recorded in
403:. The ellipsoid fruit is normally less than 4 cm (1.6 in) long and is green when not ripe; it ripens to a brown or pale brown fruit with a crispy skin enclosing a sticky brown or brown-green pulp around a hard stone.
695:. It is planted along irrigation canals and is used to attract insects for trapping. The pale to brownish yellow wood is used to make furniture and durable items such as tools, and is a low-smoke
1386:
1814:
1222:(L.) DEL Balanitaceae as Anthelminthic and Molluscicid Used by Traditional Healers in Burkina Faso". International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002. page 37.
926:
1585:
1637:
487:
289:, the fruit has been called desert date, and the tree soap berry tree or bush, Thorn tree, Egyptian myrobalan, Egyptian balsam or Zachum oil tree; in
1546:
1794:
1611:
1702:
554:, and the flowers can be eaten. The tree is considered valuable in arid regions because it produces fruit even in dry times. The fruit can be
997:
1809:
1203:
382:
consists of bunches of a few flowers which are either sessile or are borne on short stalks. The flower buds are ovoid and covered in a short
442:
Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sinai, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zaïre and
Zimbabwe) and including the
1824:
502:
has been cultivated in Egypt for more than 4000 years, and stones placed in tombs as votive offerings have been found as far back as the
446:
region across Africa and the
Arabian Peninsula (within the countries of Lebanon, Libya, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and Yemen).
1337:
CRC World
Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set)
1344:
1819:
1397:
934:
1029:"A review on Balanites aegyptiaca Del (desert date): phytochemical constituents, traditional uses, and pharmacological activity"
1572:
1250:
978:
1616:
245:
1598:
1471:
1715:
1642:
550:
in Africa; the leaves are eaten raw or cooked, the oily seed is boiled to make it less bitter and eaten mixed with
56:
703:. The smaller trees and branches are used as living or cut fences because they are resilient and thorny. The tree
1784:
1452:
1720:
231:
669:
1081:
1799:
1789:
1476:
1414:
764:
583:
529:
194:
1804:
173:
995:"Wild-Food Plants in Southern Ethiopia: Reflections on the role of 'famine-foods' at a time of drought"
1322:
1152:
1510:
1218:
Hamidou T. H., Kabore H., Ouattara O., Ouédraogo S., Guissou I. P. & Sawadogo L. () "Efficacy of
895:
555:
1676:
994:
645:
and an antidote for arrow poison in West
African traditional medicine. The antigiardial (combating
416:
1681:
1779:
1751:
1502:
559:
203:
51:
1707:
1242:
1236:
780:
Accordingly, the orthographic variant name that complies with ICBN Art 62.4 for this species is
1590:
1663:
1629:
1484:
1340:
1304:
1246:
1199:
1060:
974:
852:
704:
637:. Worm infections are likewise treated with desert date, as are liver and spleen disorders. A
1668:
1403:
1360:
1294:
1286:
1050:
1040:
842:
591:
356:
286:
43:
1743:
1650:
1001:
830:
626:
507:
503:
391:
330:
290:
94:
1689:
1299:
1270:
1055:
1028:
870:
634:
517:
422:
322:
314:
271:
140:
81:
1694:
1290:
420:
feeds on the nectar exuded by the flowers. The larva of the cabbage tree emperor moth
1773:
1624:
776:
712:
654:
642:
412:
387:
379:
190:
130:
1756:
803:
692:
662:
578:
349:
1489:
1463:
1223:
1127:
1193:
1559:
1446:
847:
716:
658:
650:
547:
279:
1392:
17:
1185:
708:
566:
1437:
856:
1523:
1271:"Laboratory assessment of the molluscicidal and cercariacidal activities of
1045:
724:
680:
676:
673:
638:
630:
611:
470:
to subhumid. It is relatively tolerant of flooding, livestock activity, and
427:
383:
150:
1733:
1308:
1064:
1655:
1603:
1728:
1431:
720:
700:
696:
607:
603:
471:
400:
107:
1538:
1551:
1497:
744:
646:
622:
551:
512:
454:
It can be found in many kinds of habitat, tolerating a wide variety of
375:
grayish-brown, ragged bark with yellow-green patches where it is shed.
1564:
570:
396:
275:
120:
1408:
1577:
1528:
760:
743:
tribes use the thorn of the tree to make incisions that result in
740:
625:, organisms that act as intermediary hosts of parasites including
618:
543:
539:
486:
443:
386:
pubescence. The individual flowers are greenish-yellow in colour,
244:
230:
68:
728:
672:, like the leaves, fruit pulp, bark and roots, and contains the
536:
510:
under the name 'agihalid'. Linnaeus regarded it as a species of
467:
463:
459:
455:
267:
239:
1515:
1412:
683:. Saponins likewise occur in the roots, bark wood and fruit.
831:"Can Indigenous Foods Play Role as 'the Food of Survival'?"
495:
from
Saqqara. Mastaba of Perneb, 5th dynasty of Egypt. MET.
617:
Bark extracts and the fruit repel, or destroy, freshwater
606:
and eaten by nursing mothers, and the oil is consumed for
569:
remaining after the oil is extracted is commonly used as
1157:(L.) Delile | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
1004:
UN-OCHA Report, March 2000 (accessed 15 January 2009)
274:
1421:
1238:
The shamba raiders : memories of a game warden
1076:
1074:
1269:Eshetu Molla; Mirutse Giday; Berhanu Erko (2013).
835:European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences
763:and refers to the fruit, this name was coined by
285:There are many common names for this plant. In
798:
796:
668:The seed contains 30-48% fixed (non-volatile)
1279:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
1241:(3rd ed.). Hampshire: Ashford. pp.
8:
1815:Plants used in traditional African medicine
1128:"Indigenous Multipurpose Trees of Tanzania"
973:. Boca Raton u.a.: CRC Press. p. 129.
1409:
1027:Daya L. Chothani; H. U. Vaghasiya (2011).
42:
31:
1298:
1054:
1044:
846:
1264:
1262:
921:
919:
917:
665:of the fruits extract has been studied.
792:
723:, and the seeds have been used to make
270:, classified as a member of either the
1195:Lost Crops of Africa Volume III Fruits
1179:
1177:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
902:. U.S. National Plant Germplasm System
890:
888:
546:. Many parts of the plant are used as
1404:BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
466:, and climatic moisture levels, from
7:
1393:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
971:Handbook of African medicinal plants
506:. The tree was described in 1592 by
993:Yves Guinand and Dechassa Lemessa,
759:derives from the Greek word for an
1323:"The History of Tattoos in Africa"
1184:National Research Council (2008).
829:Ibnouf, Fatma Osman (2020-08-22).
769:Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat. 221 1813
711:in several areas. The bark yields
25:
1361:"ICBN (Vienna Code) - Article 62"
933:. Robert Freedman. Archived from
755:The generic part of the binomial
1721:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:813589-1
602:Desert date fruit is mixed into
55:
1339:. CRC Press. pp. 519–520.
1325:. Retrieved December 7, 2016.""
707:. It is grown for its fruit in
641:of the bark is also used as an
1795:Trees of the Arabian Peninsula
719:from the branches are used as
1:
1291:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60132-X
1810:Fruits originating in Africa
1335:Umberto Quattrocchi (2016).
1198:. National Academies Press.
691:The tree is managed through
573:in Africa. The seeds of the
1825:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1091:. Agroforestry Database 4.0
848:10.24018/ejfood.2020.2.4.26
590:Where the species coexist,
1841:
1161:Plants of the World Online
520:proposed the new genus of
266:in Sudan) is a species of
594:consume the desert date.
209:
202:
179:
172:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1820:Plants described in 1753
969:Iwu, Maurice M. (1993).
1235:Kinloch, Bruce (1972).
1046:10.4103/0973-7847.79100
528:was founded in 1813 by
336:, in Fulfulde (Pulaar)
1082:"Balanites aegyptiaca"
584:Biomphalaria pfeifferi
496:
250:
242:
1399:Balanites aegyptiacus
1089:worldagroforestry.org
1033:Pharmacognosy Reviews
782:Balanites aegyptiacus
490:
248:
234:
1682:Balanites aegyptiaca
1453:Balanites aegyptiaca
1423:Balanites aegyptiaca
1388:Balanites aegyptiaca
1273:Balanites aegyptiaca
1220:Balanites aegyptiaca
1155:Balanites aegyptiaca
806:Balanites aegyptiaca
771:. The specific name
575:Balanites aegyptiaca
500:Balanites aegyptiaca
493:Balanites aegyptiaca
439:Balanites aegyptiaca
390:with five petals in
372:Balanites aegyptiaca
255:Balanites aegyptiaca
236:Balanites aegyptiaca
183:Balanites aegyptiaca
36:Balanites aegyptiaca
1188:Balanites aegyptica
937:on 27 November 2016
560:alcoholic beverages
535:The yellow, single-
417:Camponotus sericeus
258:(also known as the
1000:2010-10-11 at the
497:
251:
243:
219:Ximenia aegyptiaca
213:Agialid aegyptiaca
165:B. aegyptiaca
1767:
1766:
1664:Open Tree of Life
1415:Taxon identifiers
1205:978-0-309-10597-2
592:African elephants
329:in Tamasheq, the
278:and parts of the
229:
228:
223:
16:(Redirected from
1832:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1697:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1410:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1086:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1024:
1005:
991:
985:
984:
966:
947:
946:
944:
942:
923:
912:
911:
909:
907:
892:
883:
882:
880:
878:
873:. The Plant List
871:"Zygophyllaceae"
867:
861:
860:
850:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
810:. The Plant List
800:
699:that makes good
221:
185:
60:
59:
46:
32:
21:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1785:Trees of Africa
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1651:Observation.org
1649:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1417:
1383:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1321:Tapon, Francis
1320:
1316:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1026:
1025:
1008:
1002:Wayback Machine
992:
988:
981:
968:
967:
950:
940:
938:
925:
924:
915:
905:
903:
894:
893:
886:
876:
874:
869:
868:
864:
828:
827:
823:
813:
811:
802:
801:
794:
790:
775:was applied by
753:
737:
689:
610:and to improve
600:
542:is edible, but
508:Prospero Alpini
504:Twelfth Dynasty
485:
480:
452:
436:
409:
392:radial symmetry
368:
331:Tuareg language
293:it is known as
260:Egyptian balsam
249:Detail of fruit
198:
187:
181:
168:
54:
28:
27:Species of tree
23:
22:
18:Egyptian balsam
15:
12:
11:
5:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:wfo-0000313273
1748:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1686:
1673:
1660:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1458:
1443:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1382:
1381:External links
1379:
1377:
1376:
1352:
1346:978-1482250640
1345:
1327:
1314:
1285:(8): 657–662.
1258:
1251:
1227:
1211:
1204:
1173:
1144:
1102:
1070:
1006:
986:
979:
948:
927:"BALANITACEAE"
913:
884:
862:
821:
791:
789:
786:
752:
749:
736:
733:
705:fixes nitrogen
688:
685:
599:
596:
518:Michel Adanson
484:
481:
479:
476:
451:
448:
444:Sahel-Savannah
435:
432:
423:Bunaea alcinoe
408:
405:
388:hermaphroditic
367:
364:
272:Zygophyllaceae
227:
226:
225:
224:
216:
207:
206:
200:
199:
188:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
160:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
141:Zygophyllaceae
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1837:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Edible plants
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Trees of Asia
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
990:
987:
982:
976:
972:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
949:
936:
932:
928:
922:
920:
918:
914:
901:
899:
891:
889:
885:
872:
866:
863:
858:
854:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
822:
809:
807:
799:
797:
793:
787:
785:
783:
778:
777:Carl Linnaeus
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
742:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
675:
671:
666:
664:
661:activity and
660:
656:
655:antimicrobial
652:
648:
644:
643:abortifacient
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
588:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
571:animal fodder
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
505:
501:
494:
489:
482:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
447:
445:
440:
433:
431:
430:of the tree.
429:
425:
424:
419:
418:
414:
413:carpenter ant
406:
404:
402:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:inflorescence
376:
373:
365:
363:
361:
358:
354:
351:
347:
344:, in Swahili
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:it is called
324:
320:
317:it is called
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
247:
241:
237:
233:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
208:
205:
201:
196:
192:
186:
184:
178:
175:
174:Binomial name
171:
167:
166:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:Zygophyllales
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:Tracheophytes
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1805:Energy crops
1422:
1398:
1387:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1317:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1237:
1230:
1219:
1214:
1194:
1190:Desert Date"
1187:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:
1154:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1093:. Retrieved
1088:
1039:(9): 55–62.
1036:
1032:
989:
970:
939:. Retrieved
935:the original
931:Famine Foods
930:
904:. Retrieved
897:
875:. Retrieved
865:
838:
834:
824:
812:. Retrieved
808:(L.) Delile"
805:
781:
772:
768:
767:in 1813. in
765:Alire Delile
756:
754:
738:
717:natural gums
693:agroforestry
690:
687:Agroforestry
667:
663:cytotoxicity
649:parasites),
616:
601:
589:
582:
579:molluscicide
574:
564:
548:famine foods
534:
525:
524:. The genus
521:
511:
499:
498:
492:
458:types, from
453:
438:
437:
434:Distribution
421:
415:
410:
377:
371:
369:
359:
352:
345:
341:
337:
333:
326:
319:Thou or thau
318:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
263:
259:
254:
253:
252:
235:
218:
212:
182:
180:
164:
163:
151:
114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
1560:iNaturalist
1447:Wikispecies
1365:home.kpn.nl
1166:17 November
1137:27 November
1095:17 December
941:27 November
906:27 November
877:27 November
814:17 December
709:plantations
659:antioxidant
651:antiamoebic
635:guinea worm
627:Schistosoma
478:Cultivation
428:defoliation
366:Description
280:Middle East
215:(L.) Kuntze
95:Angiosperms
1774:Categories
1690:Plant List
1370:2017-08-04
1252:1852530359
980:084934266X
788:References
773:aegyptiaca
674:sapogenins
581:effect on
491:Fruits of
1780:Balanites
1695:kew-19437
898:Balanites
857:2684-1827
757:Balanites
751:Etymology
681:yamogenin
677:diosgenin
639:decoction
631:Bilharzia
612:lactation
598:Medicinal
567:seed cake
556:fermented
526:Balanites
462:to heavy
384:tomentose
303:inteishit
159:Species:
152:Balanites
65:Kingdom:
1734:34600001
1729:Tropicos
1630:19182478
1591:10589031
1578:813589-1
1432:Wikidata
1309:23905025
1065:22096319
998:Archived
896:"Genus:
739:Various
701:charcoal
697:firewood
623:copepods
608:headache
604:porridge
472:wildfire
401:Zimbabwe
338:Murtooki
204:Synonyms
137:Family:
108:Eudicots
1552:5421115
1498:Ecocrop
1477:1140095
1438:Q606704
1300:3703561
1056:3210005
900:Delile"
745:tattoos
735:Tattoos
725:jewelry
647:Giardia
552:sorghum
522:Agialid
513:Ximenia
450:Habitat
426:causes
407:Ecology
357:Amharic
355:and in
353:Kilului
346:mchunju
334:taboraq
299:hidjihi
287:English
147:Genus:
127:Order:
69:Plantae
1703:PLANTS
1669:389934
1656:198560
1643:886265
1617:506376
1565:342713
1539:BALAEG
1536:FoIO:
1516:483578
1464:174172
1461:APDB:
1343:
1307:
1297:
1249:
1202:
1063:
1053:
977:
855:
715:, the
713:fibers
633:, and
619:snails
544:bitter
537:seeded
530:Delile
516:, but
397:Zambia
360:bedena
327:aduwa,
313:). In
311:hijlij
307:heglig
305:, and
291:Arabic
276:Africa
197:, 1812
195:Delile
121:Rosids
1741:WoI:
1586:IRMNG
1529:BALAE
1133:. FAO
1131:(PDF)
1085:(PDF)
841:(4).
761:acorn
741:Sahel
729:beads
577:have
540:fruit
350:Kamba
348:, in
342:Tanni
323:Hausa
321:, in
315:Jieng
295:lalob
264:Lalob
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1744:1558
1716:POWO
1708:BAAE
1677:PfaF
1638:NCBI
1625:IUCN
1612:ITIS
1604:8311
1573:IPNI
1547:GBIF
1524:EPPO
1503:3608
1490:KFPN
1472:BOLD
1341:ISBN
1305:PMID
1247:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1186:"1.
1168:2023
1139:2016
1097:2016
1061:PMID
975:ISBN
943:2016
908:2016
879:2016
853:ISSN
816:2016
727:and
721:glue
679:and
621:and
565:The
558:for
483:Food
468:arid
464:clay
460:sand
456:soil
411:The
399:and
378:The
370:The
268:tree
262:and
240:MHNT
1752:WFO
1599:ISC
1511:EoL
1485:CoL
1402:in
1391:in
1295:PMC
1287:doi
1243:217
1224:PDF
1051:PMC
1041:doi
843:doi
670:oil
340:or
1776::
1754::
1731::
1718::
1705::
1692::
1679::
1666::
1653::
1640::
1627::
1614::
1601::
1588::
1575::
1562::
1549::
1526::
1513::
1500::
1487::
1474::
1449::
1434::
1363:.
1303:.
1293:.
1281:.
1277:.
1261:^
1245:.
1192:.
1176:^
1159:.
1105:^
1087:.
1073:^
1059:.
1049:.
1035:.
1031:.
1009:^
951:^
929:.
916:^
887:^
851:.
837:.
833:.
795:^
784:.
747:.
731:.
657:,
653:,
629:,
614:.
587:.
562:.
532:.
474:.
362:.
301:,
297:,
282:.
238:-
222:L.
193:)
191:L.
117::
104::
91::
78::
1373:.
1349:.
1311:.
1289::
1283:3
1275:"
1255:.
1208:.
1170:.
1153:"
1141:.
1099:.
1067:.
1043::
1037:5
983:.
945:.
910:.
881:.
859:.
845::
839:2
818:.
804:"
309:(
189:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
