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98:, in the early 18th century, wrote further on the economics of the ovens. He explained that the operation is a trade secret, of the village of Birma in the delta, passed down from generation to generation. Each year, three to four-hundred people of the village ("Bremeans"), would purchase a license from the
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of Birma, and go about all parts of Egypt, to construct ovens and operate them. A local entrepreneur would pay their wage. This was their occupation in the spring and winter, as the heat of other seasons might disrupt the mild temperature preserved in the ovens. Throughout Egypt, local villagers were
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fueled the incubators, burning in the upper cells and emitting heat to the lower cells. Heat was regulated with openings between the stories, and in the outer domes. Eggs were arranged in the lower cells. Operators would also need to periodically turn the eggs, to avoid deformities in the chicks. An
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assigned to a regional oven, and were obliged by the local authorities to sell the
Bremean with their eggs. They were guaranteed to receive chicks based on a 2/3 hatching success rate. Any chicks hatched in excess of this rate, the operator would sell to the entrepreneur. Dead and unfit chicks were
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A collection of curious observations, on the manners, customs, usages, different languages, government, mythology, chronology, ancient and modern geography, ceremonies, religion, mechanics, astronomy, medicine, physics, natural history, commerce, arts, and sciences, of the several nations of Asia,
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mentioned the ovens in the 1490s. He was awed by how, in consequence of the great supply, merchants can sell chicks by the volume of a vessel, disregarding the exact number. He also transmitted a joke, that in the whole of Cairo there is only one cock, and 24 hens, not unlike the
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An 1895 report from the
American Counsel in Egypt stated there were "150 egg-ovens, each with a hatching capacity of 300,000 each season". The report also stated the importance of the poultry industry in Egypt.
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The pilgrimage of Arnold von Harff, knight : from
Cologne through Italy, Syria, Egypt, Arabia, Ethiopia, Nubia, Palestine, Turkey, France, and Spain, which he accomplished in the years 1496 to 1499
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published in 1839 placed the number of egg-ovens at 450, and noted that the
Egyptian government generated significant revenue through a heavy tax on the poultry farmers.
331:
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Lettres édifiantes et curieuses: concernant l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amérique, avec quelques relations nouvelles des missions, et des notes géographiques et historiques
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528:. Prepared by M. Ali Abd-Elhakim, Olaf Thieme, Karin Schwabenbauer and Zahra S. Ahmed. AHBL - Promoting strategies for prevention and control of HPAI. Rome.
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The Art of
Hatching and Bringing Up Domestick Fowls of All Kinds at Any Time of the Year: Either by Means of the Heat of Hot-beds, Or that of Common Fire
47:. Although using old processing methods, they were considered effective at hatching chickens, especially in comparison to other techniques of the time.
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The travels of
Monsieur de Thevenot into the Levant in three parts, viz. into I. Turkey, II. Persia, III. the East-Indies / newly done out of French
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54:. In Egypt, the ovens varied in size depending on the area served, with the largest having a capacity of 80,000 eggs. Bricks of cow or camel
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231:, "Harper-Adams Conference", The Beeches, Rudgwick, Sussex, England, volume 4, number 7, August 17, 1921, page 127.
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published a detailed report of the ovens, and declared that "Egypt ought to be prouder of them than her pyramids."
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Johann
Michael Wansleben's Travels in the Levant, 1671-1674: An Annotated Edition of His Italian Report
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252:, Los Angeles, California, volume 33, number 56, November 26, 1905, Sunday Supplement. via the
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against a sun-beam, at day 14 of the incubation. He denied that chicks are sold by the measure.
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assessment of their internal heat would be done by pressing an egg to the eyelids.
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in 1657, and described its structure and scale of operation. He noted only
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Thévenot, Jean de (1687). "CHAP. XI. Of the Ovens that hatch
Chickens.".
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using artificial heat. Manmade hatching ovens in Egypt date back to the
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Eggs: The
Official Organ of the Scientific Poultry Breeders Association
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Egyptian egg ovens are typically brick structures, often created from
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used these incubators to produce over 90,000,000 chickens per year.
270:"The Egyptian Egg Ovens Considered More Wondrous Than the Pyramids"
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The
Egyptian Egg Ovens Considered More Wondrous Than the Pyramids
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published a survey of the traditional hatcheries in three of the
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414:. Translated by Dunn, John. London, Printed for the translator,
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Sicard, Claude (1838). "Remarques sur les fours Ă poulets". In
479:, published by William Smith, London, England, 1839, page 274.
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Egypt: Familiar Description of the Land, People and Produce
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Egypt: Familiar Description of the Land, People and Produce
497:, Sydney, Australia, volume 8, number 29, July 29, 1909.
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added that the good eggs were sorted from dead ones, by
189:, volume II, (England: August 10, 1833), pages 311-12.
515:, Queensland, Australia, October 30, 1913, page 7.
526:Mapping traditional poultry hatcheries in Egypt
181:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
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330:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
302:. Surrey: The Hakluyt Society. p. 110.
450:Réaumur, René-Antoine Ferchault de (1750).
128:In the 1910s it was reported that Egyptian
371:(in Italian). Brill. pp. 151–152.
254:California Digital Newspaper Collection
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409:Lambert, Claude-François, ed. (1750).
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209:, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16.
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365:(2018). Hamilton, Alastair (ed.).
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268:Traverso, Vittoria (2019-03-29).
137:Food and Agriculture Organization
112:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
16:Oven/incubator for hatching eggs
296:(2010). Letts, Malcolm (ed.).
107:and used as feed for poultry.
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437:The Domestic Habits of Birds
400:(in French). Auguste Desrez,
157:Ancient Egyptian agriculture
203:The Field Guide to Chickens
110:In 1750, French naturalist
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363:Wansleben, Johann Michael
351:. Faithorne. p. 144.
294:Harff, Arnold, Ritter von
244:"Incubators in Old Egypt"
84:work there. In the 1670s
183:. "Egyptian Egg Oven",
86:Johann Michael Wansleben
563:Agricultural technology
507:"The Egyptian Egg Oven"
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407:Partial translation:
141:Governorates of Egypt
39:for hatching eggs by
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558:Agriculture in Egypt
412:Africa, and America
76:visited an oven in
512:The Northern Miner
394:Aimé-Martin, Louis
249:Los Angeles Herald
186:The Penny Magazine
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431:(1833).
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