Eichmann trial - Knowledge (XXG)

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was an outlying case, however, and that defendants are normally not punished for acts that were legal at the time. In Eichmann's case, since the law regarding prosecuting Nazis in Israel didn't create new legal norms but rather made it possible for them to be brought to justice for their crimes, which everywhere in the world, including in Germany, they were or should have been aware of their illegality or heinousness at the time the crimes were committed. Due to the Nazis' lawlessness, the perpetrators of their crimes were not punished, however, justice demanded the establishment of a court before which the criminals could be brought to justice. The court also relied on public statements by the Allies during the war that after its end the Nazis would be prosecuted, and considered those statements to be sufficient warnings for the requirement under Israeli law that there can be no punishment for a crime unless there had been a prior warning that it was a crime.

44: 1094:. Her argument was directed against the conduct of the trial, which she claimed was intended to amplify Israeli militarism and demonstrate the power of the present Jewish state in contrast to the evil force and indifferent world that Holocaust victims had experienced in the past. Arendt coined the term "the banality of evil." In her view, the organizers of the trial did not sufficiently consider the responsibility of the German bureaucracy for the Holocaust and the banality that totalitarian regimes can impose on the value of human life. She believed Eichmann was portrayed in the trial as a monster, although he was an average man who became a murderer due to his inability to distinguish between right and wrong, within the system he was part of. 959:. Hungary, who fought alongside the Nazis and fascist Italy, believed that the war was lost and sought a peace treaty. Hitler tried to prevent this and met with Horthy; the latter agreed to stay in the Axis Powers on several conditions, one of which was that 3,000 Jewish families would be granted permission to leave Budapest for Switzerland. Hitler agreed to this. Veesenmayer then informed von Ribbentrop that Eichmann was very upset at said agreement, so Eichmann ordered that the deportation of the Jews from Budapest should be carried out from then on at such a rate that, until the necessary visas for Switzerland were arranged, 3,000 Jewish families will remain in the Hungarian capital. 869: 936:

involvement in these cases. They argued that Eichmann only obeyed the orders of the Nazi government and could not, as a low-ranking official, violate them, that the main culprit in the events of the Holocaust was the German government and not Eichmann. These claims were, of course, rejected by the judges, who determined that it was in fact possible to refuse immoral orders and even withdraw from the Nazi apparatus, echoing a similar decision made at Nuremberg. Eichmann, they ruled, was not allowed to carry out orders to kill even if he was only an obedient official.

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out of lust and desire. The government did that... I would ask Now the forgiveness of the Jewish people and I would confess that I am ashamed to remember what was done to him, but in view of the reasons for the verdict this may only be interpreted as hypocrisy... I have to bear what fate has thrown at me." Eichmann appealed his sentence, which was upheld in 1962 by the Israeli Supreme Court.

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there – 'I accuse.' For their ashes are piled up on the hills of Auschwitz and the fields of Treblinka, washed away in the rivers of Poland, and their graves are scattered across Europe, from one end to the other. Their blood cries out, but their voices cannot be heard. Therefore, I will be their mouthpiece, and I will say on their behalf the terrible indictment.

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by the United Nations, calling it a "violation of the sovereignty of a Member State". Israel and Argentina issued a joint statement on 3 August, after further negotiations, admitting the violation of Argentine sovereignty but agreeing to end the dispute. The Israeli court ruled that the circumstances

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argued against Arendt, asserting that the trial justified the testimonies being heard and that those who carried out the Holocaust were people like Eichmann and his collaborators. According to them, the claim of overall societal responsibility ignores individual accountability, and focusing on their

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or in active fighting against the Nazis, but additionally among many other groups who struggled to survive and be saved. The accusation, "Why did you go like sheep to the slaughter?" which had been raised in the past, began to fade, and for many, a sense of shared fate with the survivors emerged, as

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to hear the live testimony, or else they read it in the newspaper. Until then, a large part of Holocaust survivors preferred not to discuss the horrors of their past, and as a result, there was a relative lack of information as to what exactly had happened to them. The trial brought to consciousness

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The death sentence was read as part of the verdict on 15 December. Before the sentence was read, Eichmann was given the right to speak to the court once again: "I see that my hope for justice has been disappointed... I did not want to kill... My fault is only my obedience... I did not persecute Jews

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at the time. It added that even though the offenses were also committed outside of what would become Israeli territory, Eichmann was a modern "pirate" and thus established Israel's universal jurisdiction over him. Eichmann was presented as the enemy of the human race and therefore, like the pirates,

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also tried to challenge the portrayal of Jewish functionaries that had emerged in the earlier trials, showing them at worst as victims forced to carry out Nazi decrees while minimizing the "gray zone" of morally questionable behavior. Hausner later wrote that available archival documents "would have

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We all knew that there were people among us who came from that other world. We encountered them every day on the street, in offices, in stores, at the market, at meetings... But it seems that only during the course of this terrible trial, as more and more witnesses took the stand, did the survivors

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The verdict contained hundreds of pages and was read in its entirety for three days straight, from 11-13 December 1961, at the Jerusalem District Court. In the verdict, Eichmann was either partially or fully convicted on all 15 counts; he was partially acquitted of sections 13-15 of the indictment,

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It was determined that the prosecution had successfully proven Eichmann's central role in the extermination mechanism. Eichmann had wide powers; he himself initiated and encouraged some of the forced divorce actions because of his love for Hitler and anti-Semitic doctrine. He did not refuse to kill

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I do not see myself as a writer who writes literature. This is a chronicle from the planet Auschwitz. I was there for about two years. The time there is not the same as it is here, on Earth. (…) And the inhabitants of this planet had no names. They had no parents and no children. They did not wear

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In connection with the rule regarding the retroactive invalidity of criminal laws, the court said that it was a rule of justice that Eichmann needed to be punished for an act that was not actually illegal at the time it was committed due to the heinousness of his actions. The judges noted that this

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on the night between 31 May and 1 June. Before his hanging, he asked for and received a bottle of white wine and rejected the offer of Canadian priest William Hale to say a last prayer before his death. A handful of journalists were present at his hanging. Before hanging, Eichmann exclaimed: "Long

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During the trial there was a problem with the non-existence of forensic proof of Eichmann's part in the murder of Jews. Eichmann claimed throughout the trial that he was only the head of a department in a long chain of command that handled sending Jews by train to the extermination camps. For some

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Israeli and international media covered the trial extensively, especially the first stages and the final verdict. Globally, the trial was noted as an event that was meant to achieve historical justice, where the victim judges their executioner. However, there were people who argued that, at least

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After the verdict was read on 13 December, the prosecution, defense attorneys, and even Eichmann himself argued for what type of punishment should be given. Eichmann once again asserted that he should be given a lesser punishment because he believed that responsibility for the Holocaust should be

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In the place where I stand before you, Judges of Israel, to present the case against Adolf Eichmann, I do not stand alone. With me, at this moment, stand six million accusers. But they cannot rise to their feet, point an accusing finger towards the glass booth, and cry out towards the one sitting

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In connection with the claim regarding the lack of objectivity of the judges, being Jews, the court said: "... because indeed, when he sits on the throne of justice, the judge does not cease to be flesh and blood, possessing emotions and passions, but he is commanded by the law to conquer these

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Counts 1–4 were for crimes against the Jewish people, counts 5–7 were for crimes against humanity against Jews,count 8 was for war crimes, based on Eichmann's role in the systematic persecution and murder of Jews during World War II, counts 9-12 for crimes against humanity against non-Jews,and

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In connection with Eichmann's kidnapping in Argentina and bringing him to Israel against his will, the court ruled that the authority of a court to judge a defendant depends solely on the essence of the penal clause contained in the indictment and its suitability to the acts attributed to the

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The prosecution showed Eichmann's active part in the deportation and extermination of Jews all over Europe, holding them in inhumane conditions and systematically murdering them with the aim of genocide. The defense, instead of trying to disprove the events, attempted to minimize Eichmann's

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was filed against him in the Jerusalem District Court. The indictment included 15 counts, some of which are described in more detail below, including crimes against the Jewish people, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and membership in organizations that had been declared criminal by the

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Theft of property was not enumerated in the law as a crime against humanity (it was counted as a war crime), but the prosecution argued that it fit the criteria of "any other inhuman act committed against any civilian population" as stipulated in the law. Since Eichmann founded the

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and Ben-Gurion to absolve the German people. In return, they paid us billions... (Eichmann) is the product of two thousand years of Christian history, the whole meaning of which is the destruction of Judaism... He essentially carried out humanity's will toward the Jewish

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The evidence consisted of more than 100 witnesses and 1,600 documents, some of which were signed by Eichmann himself. The witnesses for the prosecution were the survivors of the concentration camps and various occupation zones. Among the notable witnesses was writer

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Despite the fact that Eichmann was not the most senior Nazi in the extermination process, and that others stood higher up in the chain of command, the judges determined that this did not detract from Eichmann's role in, and responsibility for, the Holocaust.

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challenged the facts underlying Arendt's approach, arguing that Eichmann "was a pathological anti-Semite and a fanatical Nazi, who viewed his central role in the persecution and murder of millions of Jews as the fulfillment of his life's ambition."

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Attendance at the trial was subject to a ticketing system due to the trial's popularity. People waited at the courthouse steps for an entrance ticket for hours. The tickets for the first week of trial sold out even before the court opened. A

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discovered that there is a transcript of tapes in which Eichmann recounts his memories of being in Argentina, where he fled after the war. The winning proof of Eichmann's guilt were his handwritten notes in certain places in the transcript.

614:, which confiscated the property of deported Jews, and the court determined that the purpose of such confiscation was in part to instill terror and facilitate the deportation and murder of Jews, it found him guilty on this count. 190:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG). 312:

of Eichmann's capture had no bearing on the legality of his trial. His trial, which opened on 11 April 1961, was televised and broadcast internationally, intended to educate about the crimes committed against Jews by

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was issued against him. The investigation into his crimes lasted about nine months. As soon as he arrived in Israel, he was handed over to investigator and policeman Shmuel Roth. At the end of the investigation, an

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In connection with the argument that Israel did not exist as a country when the crimes were committed, the court rules that the plan to destroy the Jewish people was also aimed at the Jews who lived in the

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emotions and passions, because if he does not, there would never be a competent judge to judge a criminal charge that arouses feelings of disgust, such as treason, murder or any other serious crime."

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A wide academic debate, which was only slightly mentioned in Israel at the time but gained much publicity over the years, arose around the harsh criticism of the German-American Jewish philosopher

1004:. The government convened to discuss the sentence's execution. Gideon Hausner spoke of the ministers' hearts and said that "we owe the execution of the sentence to the many Holocaust survivors." 943:

Eichmann was even ready to act against the decision of Hitler himself, when he believed that otherwise the Jews might not be saved. This was proven by a telegram sent by the German ambassador in

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the way they wear here. They were not born there and did not give birth... They did not live according to the laws of the world here and did not die. Their name was the number K. Tzetnik.

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Eichmann was found guilty on all three counts because he was not only proven to be a member of these organizations but committed crimes as part of his role, namely those discussed above.

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sufficed to get Eichmann sentenced ten times over"; nevertheless, he summoned more than 100 witnesses, most of whom had never met the defendant, for didactic purposes. Defense attorney

2249: 489:. The indictment also covered crimes committed against other groups such as mass deportations of Poles and Slovenians, and the murder of tens of thousands of Sinti and Romani people. 342: 927:

Nazi defense witnesses who refused to come to Israel for fear of being prosecuted testified before Allied-controlled German courts according to questions sent by the Israeli court.

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during the Nuremberg trials. He testified that Göring and Hess as well as other senior-level Nazis said Eichmann was the main person responsible for the extermination of the Jews.

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live Germany! Long live Argentina! Long live Austria! I will never forget you!". His body was cremated and his ashes scattered in the sea outside of Israeli territorial waters.

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accused, and the court is not allowed to examine the way in which the accused was brought into the territory of the sovereign territory of the country where he was tried.

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Although the court did not find evidence that Eichmann knew that the Romani victims were sent to extermination camps, it nevertheless found him guilty on that count.

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refused the offers of twelve survivors who agreed to testify for the defense, exposing what they considered immoral behavior by other Jews. Political philosopher

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The entire Eichmann trial was a total failure. Eichmann was indeed just a small and insignificant cog in the larger system. I think it was conspiracy between

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one single Jew even when asked to do so and even did not stop his activities when he received an order to do so from his superiors towards the end of the war.

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join our consciousness with a clear recognition... that they are an inseparable part of the character and image of the living nation to which we belong.

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from a legal standpoint, the State of Israel had no right to try Eichmann, and that he should have been tried before a neutral or international court.

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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After the preliminary allegations were dismissed, the defendant was required to answer to the charges, and he responded to each of the charges in

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was placed in the court which broadcast the hearings to a nearby abbey, which was also full of spectators. In particular, the testimonies of the

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That the judges could not be objective in a trial where the crimes were committed against Jews, because the judges themselves were Jews.

888:(also known by his pen name Ka-Tzetnik 135633), who passed out on the witness stand on 7 June 1961. In his opening statement he said: 2936: 2267: 1621:""הרגשנו שעל מישהו להישאר בחיים ולספר לעולם מה שהרה"" ["We felt someone should stay alive and tell the world what happened"]. 1436: 1388: 1357: 1325: 1051:

for the insufficiently considerate treatment they received from native-born Israelis. An example of this was written by Israeli poet

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During the trial, the controversy was mentioned slightly in the Israeli press but much less compared to the Jewish-American press.

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the survivors as individuals through their personal stories and is considered one of the first factors that brought about a change

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Norwegian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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That the offenses were committed outside of the State of Israel, which did not even exist at the time they were committed.

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published two excerpts from Arendt's book, and condemnations were also published by Scholem, Hausner and American judge

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That the trial should not have been held since the accused had been kidnapped by Mossad from his home outside of Israel.

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At the beginning of the trial, the prosecution reviewed Eichmann's crimes. Hausner has been quoted as saying in Hebrew:

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Eichmann Prosecutor Interview: A Conversation with Justice Gabriel Bach, Senior Prosecutor in the Adolf Eichmann Trial

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Placing Jews in living conditions calculated to bring about their physical destruction by placing them in said camps

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stated in the Israeli press that the trial of Eichmann will be a remedy of the right to bring the Nazis to justice.

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The defense disputed the court's authority to try Eichmann, based on the following four preliminary arguments:

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The trial. Gideon Hausner is standing, to his left is Robert Saravatsius. Eichmann is sitting in the glass box.

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Eichmann played a major part in the execution of the Holocaust. He fled to Argentina at the end of the

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actions is essential even if their environment condoned them. In a book published in 2014, researcher

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he fled to Argentina, living under the pseudonym "Ricardo Clement" until his capture in 1960 by

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Based on Eichmann's role in the systematic persecution and murder of Jews during World War II

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agents in 1960, and transported to Jerusalem to stand trial. Eichmann was held at a fortified

433:, a plan to murder all of the Jews in Europe, which resulted in the death of some six million 205: 1880:"Director/producer David Serero presents the world premiere of 'The Trial of Adolf Eichmann'" 1749: 3842: 3820: 3639: 3629: 3358: 3346: 3328: 3265: 3011: 2973: 2117: 1932:""The Trial of Adolf Eichmann" was a historical trial; now, it's a masterpiece theater play" 1121: 968: 956: 880:: "Im Sinne der Anklage - nicht schuldig" ("In the spirit of the indictment - not guilty"). 780: 773: 654: 486: 333: 317: 1824:

Yeshayahu Leibovitz - About the World and its Fullness - Conversations with Michael Shesher

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From March 1938 to October 1941, including deportation of Jews in October 1939 during the

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Zertal, Adit. "חנה ארנדט נ' מדינת ישראל" [Hannah Arendt v. the State of Israel].

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for membership in hostile organizations in the period ending in May 1940, due to the

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The trial was held in what was then known as Beit Ha'Am tabernacle (now known as the

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temporarily reworked to serve as a courtroom capable of accommodating 750 observers.

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every country is allowed to judge him and punish him according to international law.

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rejected Eichmann's request to commute the sentence. In Israel's only judicial

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by Israeli agents and brought to Israel to stand trial. Eichmann was a senior

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Translated to English by Tomer Golan, link to the trial testimony on YouTube

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expand this article with text translated from the corresponding articles in

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Eichmann, his wife, five brothers, and twenty Israeli intellectuals sent

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Bitter Reckoning: Israel Tries Holocaust Survivors as Nazi Collaborators

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Ben-Zvi refused amnesty, so Eichmann was executed in what is now called

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of the details of an agreement made between Hitler and Hungarian leader

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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counts 13–15 charged Eichmann with membership in enemy organizations.

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made a profound impact on the Israeli public and many turned to the

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Rogers, Alisdair; Castree, Noel; Kitchin, Rob (2013). "Holocaust".

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After saying the above, he fainted and gave no further testimony.

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The trial of Eichmann was held from 11 April to 15 August 1961 at

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Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer

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He was found guilty for deportation of part of the population of

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Adolf Eichmann (inside glass booth) is sentenced to death by the

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time there was no proof that would contradict Eichmann's claim.

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The protocols of the trial, in the Israeli Supreme Court Library

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Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review

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Persecuting Jews on national, religious, or political grounds

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Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (2014). "Eichmann, Adolf".

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Via the systematic deportation of millions of Jews to the

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Eichmann was charged with fifteen counts of violating the

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Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (2014). "Final Solution".

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The trial began on 11 April 1961. Israeli Prime Minister

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Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil

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adapted the Trial of Eichmann as a theater play at the

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placed on the political echelon surrounding the Nazis.

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in northern Israel for nine months prior to his trial.

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Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil

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The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, Session 68 (Part 1 of 9)

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The court rejected all these claims and ruled thus:

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having expired for some (but not all) of his crimes

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The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust

1638:"עדויות על מרד גיטו וארשה יימסרו היום במשפט אייכמן" 1219: 1217: 110: 105: 75: 65: 57: 34: 2227:The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings 1878: 1710:[The Broadcast - in the Voice of Israel]. 1435: 1324: 1124:, as well as a critical article against Arendt in 1826:] (in Hebrew). Keter Publishing. p. 79. 1553: 1541: 1526: 1505: 1490: 1473: 1310: 1286: 1235: 1208: 860:Yehiel De-Nur § Testimony at Eichmann trial 3456:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 2279:The Devil's Confession: The Lost Eichmann Tapes 1144: 1061: 890: 788: 475:After his abduction and kidnapping in 1960, an 220:{{Translated|no|Rettssaken mot Adolf Eichmann}} 765:) in Jerusalem. The prosecution was headed by 208:accompanying your translation by providing an 174:Click for important translation instructions. 3816:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 2304: 1138:Many years after the trial, Israeli polymath 355:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 8: 1069:Nathan Alterman, Davar, June 9, 1961, page 2 900:Other witnesses included ghetto rebels like 3515:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 916:, who had conversations with Nazis such as 864:Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe 3700: 3677: 3520: 3498: 3151: 3142: 3129: 2994: 2636: 2619: 2327: 2311: 2297: 2289: 796:Gideon Hausner, Attorney General of Israel 42: 31: 2282:—Official Web site of a documentary film 1657:"מחשבות והרהורים 30 שנה לאחר משפט אייכמן" 1055:under the title 'Klester-Hapanim' in the 1417: 1298: 657:by the systematic forced deportation of 500: 1201: 951:, who informed German foreign minister 818:law upon which the indictment was based 272:party member and served at the rank of 2198:The State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann 1855: 643:Mass deportation of Slovene civilians 633:Mass deportations of Polish civilians 348:have become increasingly controversial 1905:Lehman Bloch, Karen (1 August 2024). 1694: 1679: 1271: 1259: 1247: 1223: 1182:, New York, also playing the part of 719:Sicherheitsdienst des Reichführers SS 588:, and his role in the Final Solution 7: 3103:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 2019:"Legal issues of the Eichmann trial" 1390:The Oxford Companion to World War II 1359:The Oxford Companion to World War II 730:Membership in an enemy organization 713:Membership in an enemy organization 701:Only partially convicted due to the 689:Membership in an enemy organization 612:Central Office for Jewish Emigration 606:Plundering Jewish property en masse 551:Causing serious bodily harm to Jews 3908:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1775:Salpeter, Eliyahu (14 March 1963). 324:of the Nazi regime. Prosecutor and 2268:University of Wisconsin Law School 2250:The Eichmann Trial: 50 Years After 340:reported on the trial in her book 316:, which had been secondary to the 25: 413:faced systematic persecution and 3471:Polish leaders and intellectuals 2961:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 2243:With Me Are Six Million Accusers 2073: 1748:Shamir, Shmolo (16 April 2015). 288:, even managing the shipment to 141: 2252:": selected documents from the 2177:. University of Toronto Press. 2173:Wittmann, Rebecca, ed. (2021). 1438:The New Oxford Companion to Law 1327:A Dictionary of Human Geography 681:, but not the massacre itself. 561:Preventing births against Jews 307:The kidnapping of Eichmann was 3399:Attack on the twentieth convoy 3212:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 1837:Lebovic, Matt (23 July 2024). 1000:requests to Israeli President 444:, but was abducted by Israeli 218:You may also add the template 52:at the conclusion of the trial 1: 1991:Eichmann: His Life and Crimes 1877:Chase, Linda (15 July 2024). 79:11–12 December 1961 3736:Jewish war conspiracy theory 2927:Extermination through labour 2051:. Harvard University Press. 1994:. London, England: Vintage. 1930:Raza, Ahmed (31 July 2024). 1554:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 1542:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 1527:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 1506:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 1491:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 1474:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 1311:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 1287:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 1236:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 1209:Bazyler & Scheppach 2012 276:(Lieutenant-Colonel) in the 27:1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann 3918:Righteous Among the Nations 2604:Righteous Among the Nations 2175:Eichmann Trial Reconsidered 1963:; Scheppach, Julia (2012). 1733:Stangneth, Bettina (2014). 1625:(in Hebrew): 3. 3 May 1961. 1434:(2009). "Eichmann, Adolf". 231:Knowledge (XXG):Translation 4040: 3994:Argentina–Israel relations 3655:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 3625:Lithuanian Security Police 3544:Reich Security Main Office 2511:Evidence and documentation 1907:"Just following orders..." 1885:South Florida Sun Sentinel 1862:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 1714:(in Hebrew). 11 April 1961 857: 767:Attorney General of Israel 532: 182:Machine translation, like 93:15 December 1961 3871:Books and other resources 3699: 3676: 3510: 3497: 3141: 3128: 2635: 2618: 2403:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 2326: 1818:Shesher, Michael (1987). 1180:Center for Jewish History 700: 530:beginning in August 1941 41: 3461:People with disabilities 3394:Aid and Rescue Committee 1988:Cesarani, David (2005). 1807:(in Hebrew). 12–13: 165. 695:Schutzstaffeln der NSDAP 401:Eichmann in the yard at 61:Jerusalem District court 4014:Supreme Court of Israel 3999:Crimes against humanity 3602:Order Police battalions 2284:(in English and Hebrew) 1444:Oxford University Press 1395:Oxford University Press 1364:Oxford University Press 1333:Oxford University Press 1016:Consequences and impact 409:From 1933 to 1945, the 229:For more guidance, see 50:Supreme Court of Israel 36:Trial of Adolf Eichmann 4024:Universal jurisdiction 4004:Death penalty case law 3451:Soviet urban residents 2542:International response 2516:Contemporary knowledge 1566:Bilsky, Liora (2018). 1161: 1072: 1044:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 978:statute of limitations 953:Joachim von Ribbentrop 895: 873: 854:Evidence and testimony 799: 758: 703:statute of limitations 406: 381:to date, Eichmann was 320:which addressed other 248:was the 1961 trial in 3898:Memorials and museums 3836:Reparations Agreement 3831:Holocaust restitution 3409:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 2932:Human experimentation 2771:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 2254:Israel State Archives 1910:Jewish News Syndicate 1170:Corpse-like obedience 1097:Jewish thinkers like 1091:Eichmann in Jerusalem 1040:Holocaust remembrance 1027:closed-circuit camera 871: 756: 736:Geheime Staatspolizei 671:Participation in the 653:Participation in the 570:Theresienstadt Ghetto 400: 202:copyright attribution 18:Eichmann's trial 3098:Jewish Ghetto Police 2967:Politische Abteilung 2862:Risiera di San Sabba 2723:Natzweiler-Struthof 2118:Lipstadt, Deborah E. 2017:Green, L.C. (1962). 1708:"השידור-ב'קול ישראל" 1047:well as feelings of 417:at the hands of the 70:Criminal Case 40/61 3876:Days of remembrance 3789:Holocaust survivors 3784:Depopulated shtetls 3635:Rollkommando Hamann 3481:Jehovah's Witnesses 3299:Kamianets-Podilskyi 2361:Bohemia and Moravia 2266:, Professor at the 1843:The Times of Israel 1556:, pp. 445–446. 1544:, pp. 444–445. 1529:, pp. 443–444. 1508:, pp. 446–447. 1420:, pp. 237–240. 1393:. Oxford, England: 1362:. Oxford, England: 1331:. Oxford, England: 1157:Yeshayahu Leibowitz 1140:Yeshayahu Leibowitz 1134:Yeshayahu Leibowitz 1059:newspaper in 1961: 1031:Holocaust survivors 846:region of Palestine 763:Gerard Behar Center 528:extermination camps 502: 286:concentration camps 3859:History and memory 3763:Forced euthanasia 3711:Nazi racial policy 3414:Danish underground 3261:Operation Reinhard 3256:Wannsee Conference 2232:The Eichmann Trial 2123:The Eichmann Trial 1682:, p. 335-336. 949:Edmund Veesenmayer 874: 759: 564:With an order for 501: 407: 385:on 1 June 1962 at 274:Obersturmbenführer 210:interlanguage link 3951: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3794:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 3741:Jewish emigration 3731:Hitler's prophecy 3726:Haavara Agreement 3672: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3660:Ypatingasis būrys 3557:Sicherheitsdienst 3493: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3432: 3431: 3352:Bielski partisans 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3115: 2955:Totenkopfverbände 2614: 2613: 2264:Frank Tuerkheimer 2212:978-0-8052-4187-7 2184:978-1-4875-0849-4 2165:978-0-8090-8563-7 2137:978-0-8052-4260-7 2109:978-0-14-303988-4 2058:978-0-674-24313-2 2024:Tulane Law Review 2001:978-0-09-944844-0 1453:978-0-19-172726-9 1404:978-0-19-172760-3 1373:978-0-19-172760-3 1342:978-0-19-175806-5 1108:Bettina Stangneth 906:Yitzhak Zuckerman 743: 742: 580:Forced emigration 294:564,000 Jews died 242: 241: 175: 171: 135: 134: 16:(Redirected from 4031: 4019:Trials in Israel 4009:Holocaust trials 3974:1962 in case law 3964:1961 in case law 3843:Holocaust denial 3821:Nuremberg trials 3811:Postwar violence 3766: 3701: 3678: 3640:Special Brigades 3630:Nederlandsche SS 3597:Police Regiments 3521: 3499: 3359:Ghetto uprisings 3347:Jewish partisans 3294:Harvest Festival 3266:Holocaust trains 3152: 3143: 3130: 2995: 2891: 2869: 2851: 2832: 2814: 2637: 2620: 2328: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2290: 2285: 2216: 2188: 2169: 2141: 2113: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2062: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2013: 1984: 1961:Bazyler, Michael 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1902: 1896: 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221: 215: 188:Google Translate 173: 170:(September 2024) 169: 145: 144: 137: 106:Court membership 100: 98: 90: 88: 84: 46: 37: 32: 21: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4028: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3939: 3854: 3770: 3764: 3753:Madagascar Plan 3746:Kindertransport 3695: 3694: 3664: 3606: 3578: 3563:Ordnungspolizei 3519: 3506: 3485: 3428: 3380: 3333: 3304:Maly Trostenets 3275:Mass executions 3270: 3240: 3178: 3137: 3112: 3082: 3041: 2979: 2941: 2900: 2889: 2867: 2849: 2830: 2812: 2800: 2757: 2631: 2610: 2530: 2521:Hidden children 2499: 2357:Czechoslovakia 2322: 2317: 2283: 2223: 2213: 2193:Yablonka, Hanna 2191: 2185: 2172: 2166: 2144: 2138: 2116: 2110: 2088: 2081:Genocide portal 2079: 2072: 2069: 2067:Further reading 2059: 2043: 2034: 2032: 2016: 2002: 1987: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1799: 1797:תיאוריה וביקורת 1793: 1792: 1788: 1774: 1773: 1769: 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2211: 2203:Schocken Books 2189: 2183: 2170: 2164: 2142: 2136: 2128:Schocken Books 2114: 2108: 2090:Arendt, Hannah 2085: 2084: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2041: 2014: 2000: 1985: 1975:(3): 417–461. 1955: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1922: 1897: 1869: 1829: 1810: 1786: 1767: 1740: 1725: 1712:www.nli.org.il 1699: 1697:, p. 342. 1684: 1672: 1647: 1628: 1613: 1602: 1598:Nizkor Project 1584: 1575:Ma'asi Mishpat 1558: 1546: 1531: 1510: 1495: 1493:, p. 446. 1478: 1476:, p. 447. 1459: 1452: 1422: 1410: 1403: 1379: 1372: 1348: 1341: 1315: 1313:, p. 449. 1303: 1301:, p. 255. 1291: 1289:, p. 443. 1276: 1274:, p. 180. 1264: 1262:, p. 174. 1252: 1250:, p. 173. 1240: 1238:, p. 439. 1228: 1213: 1211:, p. 438. 1200: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1184:Gideon Hausner 1172: 1165: 1162: 1153: 1135: 1132: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1066: 1017: 1014: 985: 982: 932: 929: 918:Hermann Göring 902:Zivia Lubetkin 855: 852: 851: 850: 841: 837: 833: 825: 824: 821: 814: 811: 803: 800: 793: 770:Gideon Hausner 750: 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2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2654:Bergen-Belsen 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2641:Concentration 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2577:United States 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417:and colonies 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320:The Holocaust 2314: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2156:Hill and Wang 2153: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2101: 2100:Penguin Books 2097: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1911: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1886: 1881: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1729: 1726: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1658: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1600:, 7 June 1961 1599: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1577:(in Hebrew). 1576: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1538: 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941: 937: 930: 928: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 889: 887: 886:Yehiel De-Nur 881: 879: 870: 865: 861: 853: 847: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829: 828: 822: 819: 815: 812: 809: 808: 807: 801: 792: 787: 784: 782: 777: 775: 771: 768: 764: 755: 748: 746: 738: 737: 732: 729: 726: 725: 721: 720: 715: 712: 709: 708: 704: 697: 696: 691: 688: 685: 684: 680: 676: 674: 670: 667: 666: 662: 660: 659:Romani people 656: 652: 649: 648: 645: 642: 639: 638: 635: 632: 629: 628: 624: 621: 618: 617: 613: 608: 605: 602: 601: 598: 595: 592: 591: 587: 583: 581: 578: 575: 574: 571: 567: 563: 560: 557: 556: 553: 550: 547: 546: 543: 540: 537: 536: 529: 525: 523:Killing Jews 522: 519: 518: 514: 511: 508: 505: 504: 499: 492: 490: 488: 483: 478: 473: 471: 467: 459: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 427:the Holocaust 424: 423:collaborators 420: 416: 412: 404: 399: 392: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 371:Supreme Court 368: 367:Yitzhak Raveh 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 344: 339: 338:Hannah Arendt 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New York: 2197: 2174: 2154:. New York: 2150: 2126:. New York: 2122: 2098:. New York: 2094: 2048: 2033:. Retrieved 2028: 2022: 1990: 1972: 1968: 1954:Bibliography 1941:13 September 1939:. Retrieved 1935: 1925: 1915:13 September 1913:. Retrieved 1909: 1900: 1890:13 September 1888:. Retrieved 1884: 1872: 1848:13 September 1846:. Retrieved 1842: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1795: 1789: 1780: 1770: 1760:13 September 1758:. Retrieved 1753: 1743: 1734: 1728: 1718:13 September 1716:. Retrieved 1711: 1702: 1675: 1669:(in Hebrew). 1664: 1650: 1644:(in Hebrew). 1641: 1631: 1622: 1616: 1605: 1591: 1587: 1578: 1574: 1561: 1549: 1437: 1425: 1413: 1389: 1382: 1358: 1351: 1326: 1318: 1306: 1294: 1267: 1255: 1243: 1231: 1204: 1176:David Serero 1145: 1137: 1126: 1115: 1113: 1099:Martin Buber 1096: 1089: 1088:in her book 1083: 1062: 1023: 1019: 1006: 995: 991: 987: 974: 965: 961: 942: 938: 934: 926: 899: 896: 891: 882: 875: 826: 805: 802:Jurisdiction 789: 785: 778: 760: 744: 734: 717: 693: 496: 474: 463: 460:Preparations 439: 408: 403:Ramla Prison 387:Ramla Prison 359:Moshe Landau 352: 341: 314:Nazi Germany 306: 298:World War II 273: 256:perpetrator 245: 243: 206:edit summary 197: 168: 153: 118:(presiding) 116:Moshe Landoy 69: 29: 3934:Never again 3765:(Action T4) 3691:Remembrance 3476:Homosexuals 3446:Soviet POWs 3374:Częstochowa 2922:Gas chamber 2733:Ravensbrück 2674:Gross-Rosen 2669:Flossenbürg 2552:Philippines 2484:Yugoslavia 2443:Netherlands 2371:Sudetenland 2035:25 November 1800: [ 1756:(in Hebrew) 922:Rudolf Hess 910:Abba Kovner 622:War crimes 3958:Categories 3923:Yad Vashem 3903:Uniqueness 3758:Nisko Plan 3531:Nazi Party 3339:Resistance 3309:Ninth Fort 3174:Vel' d'Hiv 2946:Nazi units 2884:Westerbork 2874:Amersfoort 2728:Neuengamme 2709:Mauthausen 2689:Kaiserwald 2659:Buchenwald 2438:Luxembourg 2238:on YouTube 2146:Segev, Tom 2045:Porat, Dan 1936:Film Daily 1695:Segev 1993 1680:Segev 1993 1666:Yad Vashem 1272:Porat 2019 1260:Porat 2019 1248:Porat 2019 1224:Green 1962 1191:References 1127:Yad Vashem 739:(Gestapo) 586:Nisko Plan 482:indictment 466:Beit Ha'am 421:and their 393:Background 322:war crimes 309:criticized 101:(sentence) 97:1961-12-15 87:1961-12-12 83:1961-12-11 3881:Education 3776:Aftermath 3688:Aftermath 3650:Trawnikis 3574:Wehrmacht 3569:Waffen-SS 3369:Białystok 3197:Bucharest 3169:Marseille 3046:Elsewhere 3007:Białystok 2819:Breendonk 2796:Treblinka 2649:Auschwitz 2433:Lithuania 2031:: 641–683 2010:224240952 1981:0277-5417 1858:cite news 1642:La-merḥav 1581:(2): 271. 1196:Citations 1174:In 2024, 1075:Criticism 947:in 1944, 816:That the 379:execution 266:Argentina 262:kidnapped 254:Holocaust 252:of major 224:talk page 156:Norwegian 91:(verdict) 3866:Academia 3319:Piaśnica 3289:Babi Yar 3217:Jedwabne 3156:Roundups 3089:Judenrat 3053:Budapest 2824:Mechelen 2786:Majdanek 2743:Stutthof 2704:Majdanek 2599:by Poles 2557:Portugal 2535:Response 2526:Timeline 2504:Overview 2366:Slovakia 2353:Bulgaria 2195:(2004). 2148:(1993). 2120:(2011). 2092:(2006). 2047:(2019). 1781:Ha-Boker 1737:. Knopf. 1164:See also 1154:— 1148:Adenauer 1067:— 984:Sentence 945:Budapest 794:— 515:Verdict 415:genocide 296:. After 260:who was 200:provide 85: – 3893:Lessons 3329:Rumbula 3202:Dorohoi 3183:Pogroms 3135:Victims 2985:Ghettos 2917:Gas van 2905:Methods 2879:Schoorl 2857:Bolzano 2805:Transit 2791:Sobibor 2781:Chełmno 2748:Vaivara 2684:Hinzert 2629:ghettos 2582:Vatican 2488:Croatia 2478:Ukraine 2468:Belarus 2458:Romania 2410:Hungary 2393:Germany 2383:Estonia 2378:Denmark 2348:Belgium 2343:Austria 2338:Albania 1151:people! 1142:said: 1117:Haaretz 998:amnesty 931:Verdict 533:Guilty 509:Charge 493:Charges 470:theatre 405:in 1961 290:Hungary 222:to the 204:in the 167:. 160:Italian 95: ( 81: ( 76:Decided 3799:Bricha 3565:(Orpo) 3438:Others 3424:Żegota 3386:Rescue 3364:Warsaw 3324:Ponary 3234:Kaunas 3037:Warsaw 3022:Lublin 3012:Kraków 2999:Poland 2843:Drancy 2776:Belzec 2753:Warsaw 2664:Dachau 2572:Turkey 2567:Sweden 2493:Serbia 2473:Russia 2453:Poland 2448:Norway 2428:Latvia 2398:Greece 2388:France 2209: 2181: 2162: 2134: 2106: 2055: 2008: 1998: 1979: 1450: 1401: 1370: 1339: 908:, and 878:German 862:, and 679:Lidice 512:Notes 506:Count 446:Mossad 383:hanged 365:, and 302:Mossad 250:Israel 164:German 3913:Humor 3886:Films 3583:Units 3314:Odesa 3164:Izieu 3078:Vilna 3063:Minsk 3058:Kovno 3032:Radom 2896:Sereď 2713:Gusen 2694:Kauen 2625:Camps 2562:Spain 2547:Japan 2421:Libya 2415:Italy 2262:" by 1822:[ 1804:] 1661:(PDF) 1623:Davar 1571:(PDF) 1057:Davar 1035:radio 749:Trial 722:(SD) 698:(SS) 454:Yagur 184:DeepL 58:Court 3804:List 3559:(SD) 3539:(SS) 3222:Lviv 3207:Iași 3147:Jews 3068:Riga 3027:Lwów 3017:Łódź 2989:list 2838:Gurs 2711:and 2627:and 2207:ISBN 2179:ISBN 2160:ISBN 2132:ISBN 2104:ISBN 2053:ISBN 2037:2013 2006:OCLC 1996:ISBN 1977:ISSN 1943:2024 1917:2024 1892:2024 1864:link 1850:2024 1762:2024 1720:2024 1448:ISBN 1399:ISBN 1368:ISBN 1337:ISBN 1101:and 920:and 435:Jews 270:Nazi 244:The 198:must 196:You 162:and 2953:SS- 727:15 710:14 686:13 668:12 650:11 640:10 568:in 452:in 425:in 264:in 186:or 3960:: 2890:sk 2868:nl 2850:it 2831:fr 2813:be 2234:, 2205:. 2158:. 2130:. 2102:. 2029:37 2027:. 2021:. 2004:. 1973:34 1971:. 1967:. 1934:. 1883:. 1860:}} 1856:{{ 1841:. 1802:he 1779:. 1752:. 1687:^ 1663:. 1596:, 1573:. 1534:^ 1513:^ 1498:^ 1481:^ 1462:^ 1446:. 1442:. 1397:. 1366:. 1335:. 1279:^ 1216:^ 980:. 904:, 630:9 619:8 603:7 593:6 576:5 558:4 548:3 538:2 520:1 437:. 389:. 361:, 350:. 304:. 278:SS 158:, 3936:" 3932:" 3249:" 3245:" 2991:) 2987:( 2312:e 2305:t 2298:v 2258:" 2248:" 2241:" 2215:. 2187:. 2168:. 2140:. 2112:. 2061:. 2039:. 2012:. 1983:. 1945:. 1919:. 1894:. 1866:) 1852:. 1783:. 1764:. 1722:. 1579:9 1456:. 1407:. 1376:. 1345:. 1226:. 1186:. 233:. 226:. 99:) 89:) 20:)

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