1998:
complaint as the Sea-Beggar navy continued to informally blockade
Amsterdam's trade in contravention of the Pacification. When help from Don Juan proved infeasible, Amsterdam sued for an arrangement in September 1577. The States of Holland, however, preferred to subdue the city by force, instead of engaging in negotiations (despite Orange's imprecations). Rebel troops started to invest Amsterdam, but thanks to mediation by the States of Utrecht (a province that had been consistently on the royalist side during the Rebellion) a "Satisfaction" was agreed on 8 February 1578. Calvinist exiles were to be allowed to return, but they would not be free to worship according to their preference; only the Catholic religion would be practiced. This was the mirror image of conditions elsewhere in Holland. The old militias would be re-formed, and Amsterdam would not be liable for debts of the States contracted during the Rebellion. However, after the exiles returned, they staged a bloodless coup on 24 May 1578, ousting the city government and expelling its members from the city. This so-called "
1411:, Duke of Aarschot, who was himself a Council member, and leader of the Catholic royalist moderates who sought peace with William. The next day, the pro-Spanish government was deposed, and on 6 September the States of Brabant sent out invitations to the provinces for convening the States-General. In doing so, they violated royal prerogative to convene the States-General and raise armies. Initially, only Flanders and Hainaut would respond to the Brabantian invitation. In order to increase their sense of legitimacy, they freed a few Council members such as the aging
1419:
1559:
1403:. The loyal provinces had reluctantly backed the royal government against the Rebellion so far, but now a loyal city had been sacked. Following pressure of the provincial States, the Council declared the mutineers enemies of the state, and authorised the States of Brabant to raise troops to defend against both the mutineers and the troops of William of Orange. Indeed, the States of Brabant raised their own troops to protect Brussels. The Flemish States soon followed their example.
1703:
1314:, seeking to revert to Catholicism and the Spanish government under more moderate demands than the Pacification. On 17 May 1579, they signed a separate peace treaty with the king. In response, most of the other provinces and cities (virtually only in the Dutch-speaking parts of the Low Countries) sought to reaffirm their commitment to the Pacification, as well as the Second Union of Brussels, and forging an even closer political and military alliance by concluding the
22:
1593:
2031:
its troops to protect its allies in the eastern provinces. The same went for its money, which may have been even more important. With
Holland being more and more reluctant to help finance the war for the States-General, the military situation got more and more dire for the latter, which allowed Parma to make threatening gains in the direction of areas of strategic interest for Holland in the east etc.; a vicious spiral in other words. If the Dutch
1259:, Don Juan nominally accepted all demands of the Pacification. Most foreign troops withdrew to the territory of Luxemburg, which had not joined the Pacification. Although a few sieges of cities with Spanish garrisons that refused to withdraw took place, these were mostly resolved quickly by paying them off; in general, the situation had potential for putting an end to the war if agreements could be reached and respected between the parties.
2051:
1376:
foreign troops, to appoint
Netherlandish officials rather than foreign ones, and to convoke the States-General, who should not just have advisory competence but co-decision power. The Council of State was thus put in an awkward position, particularly when king Philip informed the Council on 12 June 1576 that he would neither approve of the States-General convening, nor of further peace negotiations with Holland and Zeeland.
1511:; Spanish mutineers went on a murderous and pillaging rampage through the city that had up to that point been the most prosperous of the Low Countries. Some 8,000 lives were lost, often murdered in horrendous manners, while about 600 houses were destroyed by fire. The mutineers stole about 1.5 million guilders and other valuables in loot, which took them three weeks to carry away from Antwerp.
1615:
of Orange as their unofficial leader, who managed to forge a tentative understanding between
Catholics and Protestants at a critical time of upheaval. Orange made his triumphal entries into Antwerp and on 22 September 1577 into Brussels, where he was welcomed as if he were a king, reaching the height of his power. Amongst the reception committee was even
1507:
Representatives from
Holland and Zeeland later also arrived in Ghent, where negotiations began on 19 October. On 3 November 1576, the various representatives of the provinces reached an agreement on political issues at the States-General in Ghent, and were preparing negotiations on religious matters. On 4 November 1576, the Spanish Fury culminated in the
1575:
moved over several months from the 16 provinces to
Luxemburg, the only one that had continued to be completely devoted to the Spanish crown. Nonetheless, there were still some ongoing religious conflicts inside the United Provinces. The forces of the United States laid siege to certain garrisons that refused to leave, as in the case of the
1881:, was appointed to govern city and county affairs. The new regime established a Protestant theocracy that vehemently persecuted Catholic clergy. It was also militarily expansionist, seizing control of other cities in the County of Flanders, where similar Calvinist committees were set up. Hembyze was supported by Calvinist preachers such as
1298:. Parma was able to successfully exert his diplomatic skills on some of these Malcontents, negotiating with several Catholic noblemen and regents in various southern provinces with promises of respecting their interests in return for abandoning the revolt. Finally, the united front of the States-General collapsed on 6 January 1579 when the
2030:
Though at first the interests of
Holland and the States-General in this sense converged, they started to diverge as Parma made steady gains in the South. For William of Orange and the States-General the theater of Brabant was pre-eminent in the war, but by 1579 Holland had a greater interest in using
1997:
The remaining royalist cities in
Holland were won over to the rebel cause. Haarlem, Weesp and Muiden swore allegiance to Orange as stadtholder for the States-General on 22 January 1577. Amsterdam proved more difficult, as the city government was more defiantly royalist. Additionally, it had cause for
1406:
Many members of the loyal opposition were not satisfied with the
Council of State's response, however, as it still refused to convene the States-General and hold peace talks with the rebels. On 4 September 1576, Brabantian soldiers commanded by the lord of Heeze arrested the members of the Council of
1270:
launched a military offensive against the United
Provinces, while seeking to reconcile provinces that were willing to subject themselves back under the Spanish royal government under certain conditions. In response, the States-General's Second Union of Brussels (10 December 1577) showed a more fierce
1236:. The Pacification formulated several agreements amongst the rebellious provinces themselves, and laid down their demands – including the immediate withdrawal of foreign (mostly Spanish, Italian and German) troops from the Netherlands, restitution of old rights and privileges, and self-rule – to king
1614:
with his army on 24 July 1577. The States-General regarded this as a violation of the Perpetual Edict, and hardened their opposition against Don Juan. Military preparations were made for an expected renewal of hostilities on the battlefield. The States-General of all provinces rallied behind William
2037:
had seen the strategic implications of Parma's advances, like William did, things might have turned out differently, but they did not. Instead they preferred to formalize a defensive union with their by now generally friendly eastern and northern neighbors. The States of Holland became increasingly
2009:
and Gelderland were created to increase border defence. This left many cities in Holland over-garrisoned, and companies of mercenaries were given in the service of the States-General. This allowed for the establishment of garrisons in the Southern provinces (including in Mechelen, Antwerp, Brussels
1574:
On November 3, Juan de Austria, the subsequent regent, arrived far too late to change the course of the events. On February 12, 1577, the States-General persuaded Juan de Austria to consent to the Pacification of Ghent through the Perpetual Edict. The majority of Spanish soldiers and garrisons were
1491:
In the meantime, the situation caused by the large-scale mutinies had thoroughly disrupted everyday life in Flanders and Brabant, where rural inhabitants armed themselves against the mutineers (sometimes selling their cattle to do so), or fled to the safety of the walled cities. Infectious diseases
1344:
as Governor-General, and a new policy of moderation was attempted. However, Requesens did not manage to broker a policy acceptable to both the Spanish king and the States of Holland and Zeeland. Following the Spanish state's bankruptcy on 1 September 1575 and the death of Requesens on 5 March 1576,
2145:
The treaty is often referred to as the "constitution" of the Dutch Republic, though this is only partially true. This document in the main consisted of the constitutional framework that had organically grown in the Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands in the previous decades, its structure simply
1953:
was plundered. Every town that experienced a revolution would witness iconoclastic acts and violence against Catholic clerics. The Ghent radicals sought to take a leading role in the anti-Spanish rebellion, which they saw as a religious war against the Popish Catholic heresy. This brought them in
1545:
was signed 8 November 1576, mere days after the Sack of Antwerp. The Pacification did not reach agreement on religion, but merely stated that a definitive policy was to be adopted later. This vagueness remained one of the principal sources of contention throughout the short period in which the 16
1375:
upon Requesens' death while awaiting the appointment of a new governor-general. The Council was immediately put under pressure by the States of Brabant – who had convened on their own initiative without permission – repeating their demands from the failed 1575 Breda peace talks: to send away the
2131:
The system of "contributions" Requesens adopted in 1574 outside the areas where regular taxes could be collected, helped to augment revenue from the Netherlands (though it did not help avert the mutiny of 1576). Parma later "improved" on this system of forced contributions by regularizing the
1464:
with a Spanish garrison threatening munity. However, they struggled mounting the assault, and resolved to request assistance from William of Orange, who sent Hollandic troops to Ghent in late September. The meeting of the States-General started on 25 September 1576, initially only attended by
1506:
Delegations of representatives from southern provinces such as Artois, Walloon Flanders and Namur (but neither Luxemburg nor Limburg), as well as Utrecht, joined the States-General meeting in October. On William's suggestion that Brussels was too unsafe, the States-General convened in Ghent.
1809:, where garrisons of German mercenaries in Spanish service (in Kampen two companies under Von Polweiler; in Deventer 600 men) had refused to retreat on the orders of the States-General and Don Juan, until they were given adequate payment and evacuated both cities.
1954:
conflict with the moderate William of Orange, whose policy was to reconcile and unite Catholics and Protestants in their joint grievances against the Spanish government, seeing freedom of conscience for everyone and not necessarily striving yet for independence.
2162:, and the stadtholder of Gelderland, William's brother Jan, who presumed to sign for the divided States of Gelderland. Ironically, Jan van Nassau was reluctantly accepted by the bloc hostile to William and Holland in the Gelderland States, who mistook him for a
2088:(Atrecht), expressing their loyalty to the Spanish king. This meant an early end to the goal of united opposition to the presence of foreign troops in the Netherlands, abuse of royal power and religious intolerance, agreed upon less than three years prior.
1533:. All agreed that the Spanish troops should be withdrawn, and they pledged to fight together against mutinous Spanish forces that might cause further harm and damage to the civilian population. There was also agreement on the suspension of the
1492:
also spread. Civilians attempted to limit the mutineers' movements by blocking roads, breaking down bridges and sinking ships, thereby disrupting traffic, including postal communication that was important for coordinating joint actions. The
1900:
policies. Ryhove armed civilians, and enlisted the service of foreign (English and Scottish) mercenaries, which enabled the Ghent Republic to control large parts of the County of Flanders. By July 1578, the Calvinist Republic had captured
1290:(31 January 1578) was a devastating defeat for the rebels, however, and many began to talk about surrender. Moreover, radical Calvinists had seized power in various cities in Flanders and Brabant, most notably the so-called
1541:. For the mostly Catholic provinces, the destruction by mutinous foreign troops was the principal reason to join in an open revolt, but formally the provinces still remained loyal to the sovereign Philip II. The resulting
1383:
ended with a royalist victory on 30 June 1576, government forces also mutinied. 5,300 Spanish mutineers from Zierikzee marched on Flanders, on the way ravaging, looting and extorting the countryside, committing the
1465:
representatives of Brabant, Flanders and Hainaut. The States-General established a Council of War as the new supreme body of the Habsburg Netherlandish army, appointed Aarschot the new commander-in-chief,
1649:, was able to send a new army under Parma. These troops arrived in January 1578, and were soon venturing into the territory of the States-General. Parma routed the States-General's troops in the
1683:(March 1578) followed by the capture of Diest, Zoutleeuw, Nivelles, Chimay, Herve, Limbourg, Dalhem, and Argenteau resulted in more government victories close to the rebel capital of Brussels.
1336:
was unable to crush the Netherlandish rebellion, which had turned into a war of attrition against the remaining rebel pockets in Holland and Zeeland by mid-1573. Following the seven-month-long
2111:
joined a month later, in February. Effectively, the seventeen provinces were now divided into a southern group loyal to the Spanish king and a rebellious northern group. Meanwhile, Parma laid
94:
1379:
Meanwhile in March and April 1576, some 1,300 Habsburg light cavalrymen, some of whom had not received payment in six years, moved to Flanders and Brabant and started pillaging. When the
68:, the only province to remain fully loyal to the Spanish government. Most Spanish troops withdrawing from the other provinces were temporarily stationed here from late 1576 to mid-1577
1623:
leader of his majesty's loyal opposition in the years thereafter, but now embraced Orange as his ally, as their interests now firmly coinciced. While Orange was awarded the title of
1271:
and determined opposition to the Spanish government, now demanding (and themselves guaranteeing) equal protection for Catholics and Protestants in all provinces of the Netherlands.
2146:
retained by the Republic. However, the articles of the treaty provided additional building blocks for the constitution by providing an explicit framework for the budding
1694:
on 31 July 1578. The States-General were not able to exploit their advantage. Parma became the new governor general after the death of Juan de Austria (1 October 1578).
2002:" brought Amsterdam again fully into the fold of the northern Netherlandish province, and eliminated the strategically dangerous chink it had formed in its armour.
1333:
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on 12 March 1579; his troops entered the city on 29 June. Parma and his deputies were unable to prevent a massacre of the garrison or Maastricht's civilians.
2136:, to a system of formalized extortions, in which communities paid "protection money" to the Spanish "superintendent of contributions" to avoid being sacked.
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122:
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Philip's financial difficulties were straightened out by the end of 1577. This enabled him to send a new Spanish army from Italy, under the command of
80:
3157:
1466:
728:
1798:
1294:, persecuting Catholics and alienating many Catholic allies which had up until that point supported the rebellion, but now became known as the
2995:
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On 6 January 1579, prompted by the new Spanish governor Farnese, and upset by aggressive Calvinism, the Catholic nobility of the counties of
1353:, a series of sackings of towns by pillaging and looting unpaid mutinous Spanish troops, reached alarming proportions in the course of 1576.
1173:
1251:(9 January 1577) confirmed the Pacification, adding that the States would uphold the Catholic religion in their provinces. By signing the
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and Maastricht) and fighting Hierges from Utrecht; additionally, it convinced the German soldiers of Nicholas von Polweiler to surrender
1327:
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131:
1529:, took over government and allowed the States-General to start peace negotiations with the States of Holland and Zeeland in the city of
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State in Brussels. It is unknown who was behind this coup; although William of Orange was Heeze's godfather, it could also have been
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2018:(18 November 1578) in Overijssel. At the same time, 12 companies of Hollandic soldiers were unsuccessful in their siege of
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focused on the interest of the Northern provinces, and in spite of William's warnings, Holland formalised the defensive
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1627:("guardian") of Brabant by the States, Aarschot was appointed stadtholder of Flanders, and they agreed to bring in
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in Upper Guelders in 1577–1578; the royal garrison sallied forth and drove off the besiegers in January 1578.
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960:
1498:
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had been appointed military governor on 23 September 1577), a Committee of XVIII, with Hembyze as the first
1861:
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1449:(14 September 1576). To prevent further atrocities in their province, the States of Flanders decided on the
1408:
1232:, were in joint active political and military rebellion against the Spanish Imperial government through the
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1503:(20 October 1576) saw even more Spanish mutineers plunder a city, and kill many self-defending civilians.
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Shocked by the atrocities in Antwerp and elsewhere, the loyal provinces sought contact with the rebels.
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van der Lem, Anton (1995). "Het verhaal van de Opstand. Hoofdstuk 5: De scheiding in de Nederlanden".
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Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments. The Netherlands in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
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type fortresses to stop Spanish armies roaming around in their lands. Among the new fortresses were
1839:
1558:
1371:
In accordance to protocol, the governance of the loyal provinces was temporarily transferred to the
1340:, Alba requested and was granted to be relieved in December 1573. In his stead, Philip II appointed
2616:"De ontwikkelingsgang van Kampen tot omstreeks 1600: Vooral in de laatste jaren der zestiende eeuw"
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1247:(known to history as "Don Juan") engaged in peace negotiations with the States-General. The First
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Troops recently raised by the Brabantian States were defeated by a mutinous Spanish force in the
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De Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Opstand en consolidatie in de Nederlanden (ca. 1560–1650). Derde editie
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1220:. Sometimes known as the "general revolt", the period marked the only time of the war where the
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In response to the Union of Arras, William united the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht,
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From 8 November 1576 until 23 July 1577, the new Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands
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and Bruges, and established a Committee of XVIII in each of them. Furthermore, the towns of
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545-1592): v. II
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Unie - Bestand - Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden
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Krijgsvolk. Militaire professionalisering en het ontstaan van het Staatse leger, 1568–1590
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. I
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1971:
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996:
971:
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345:
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1488:). In October and November 1576, other noblemen were appointed to high military offices.
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In the east, the Catholic stadtholder of Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe and Overijssel,
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the Spanish mercenary armies were left without pay and leadership, leading to numerous
1311:
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Despite his swift reconquest of most places captured by insurgents in 1572–1573, the
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The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588
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1727: Cities seized by radical Calvinists in 1577–8. The most prominent of these –
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in Brabant, as the north bank of that estuary was sparsely populated), Gorinchem,
1891:
1570:, first sought to appease the rebels, but resorted to military force in July 1577
1946:
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2638:(1995), p. 10. Hilversum. ISBN 9065505083 Translation from the Latin original:
58:, and demanded the departure of all foreign Spanish troops from the Netherlands
2876:(e-book; original publication 2008; in cooperation with M. Mout and W. Zappey)
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Licht op Deventer: De geschiedenis van Overijssel en met name de stad Deventer
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1979:
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Expulsion of royalist garrisons in northern Brabant and Overijssel (1577–1578)
72:
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2084:, left the alliance agreed upon by the Pacification of Ghent and signed the
1999:
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1957:
1794:(23 November) failed, and the city remained pro-Spanish for the time being.
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provinces were cooperating in their opposition to the royal government (see
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De Gentse stadsmagistraat tijdens de calvinistische Republiek (1577-1584)
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2019:
2015:
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Calvinist revolution in Flanders and southern Brabant (from October 1577)
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From 24 July 1577 until 6 January 1579, starting with the capture of the
41:
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had seized power in Ghent on 28 October 1577, turning the city into the
1991:
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and the rebelling United Provinces, which would become the independent
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The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659. Second edition
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were captured and imprisoned. After the example of Brussels (where
1761:(August–October 1577) forced the Spanish garrison to withdraw. The
1357:
Mutinies and convention of the States-General (March–November 1576)
2081:
2049:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1857:
1619:, who had been Orange's rival before Alba's 1567 arrival, and the
1591:
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Don Juan's capture of Namur and Parma's offensive (July 1577–1578)
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1417:
1307:
3000:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from
1399:
as a base of operations for further plundering, even threatening
3066:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 278.
2856:(in cooperation with H.L.Ph. Leeuwenberg and H.B. van der Weel)
1610:
Don Juan broke with the States-General in July, and seized the
76:
1731:, Antwerp and Brussels – were known as 'Calvinist republics'.
1715:: territories controlled by the moderate rebel States-General
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The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
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Holland had started the construction of a ring defence of
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by the representatives of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, the
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arbitrary exactions of the Spanish troops in the form of
2042:
with its eastern and northern neighbours, on 23 January.
1686:
New troops raised by the States General with support of
1283:
was brought in to replace Don Juan as Governor-General.
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on 31 January, allowing royalist forces to advance to
1554:
Attempts at reconciliation (November 1576 – July 1577)
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2301:
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1201:(23 January 1579) constituted a crucial phase of the
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2391:
2360:
2333:
2321:
2290:
1941:, and others were occupied by the Calvinists, while
1469:(stadtholder of Hainaut) as lieutenant-general, and
1579:siege in Utrecht from December 1576–February 1577.
1266:, Don Juan and his second-in-command and successor
2903:
1958:Holland's defensive preparations and Amsterdam's
1852:, the grand bailiff of Ghent, and the bishops of
1801:, dutifully besieged and conquered the cities of
54:: the 16 rebel provinces that concluded the 1576
2864:(in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p. 750.
1949:voluntarily joined the Ghent movement. In 1579,
1279:political leader of the United Provinces, while
2844:. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200.
1745: Rebel territories reconquered by Don Juan
2629:A.W.A.M. Budé, G.T. Hartong en C.L. Heesakkers
2414:
1848:. The recently appointed Flemish stadtholder
88:
8:
2975:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b).
2956:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020a).
2860:Groenveld, Simon; Leeuwenberg, Huib (2020).
2979:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
2271:
2244:
2199:
2814:, v. II pp. 147-148 and 246-247.
2046:Unions of Arras and Utrecht (January 1579)
1994:(on the eastern approaches of Amsterdam).
95:
81:
73:
2960:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises ltd. inc.
1721: Cities captured by moderate rebels.
1706:From 24 July 1577 until the end of 1578.
1631:to replace Don Juan as Governor-General.
1422:Anonymous contemporary depiction of the "
2997:De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648)
2166:moderate, and as such a bulwark against
2054:The Netherlands in 1579, indicating the
1701:
25:From 8 November 1576 until 23 July 1577
20:
2906:Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict
2183:
2124:
1974:, Zevenbergschen Hoek (both across the
1467:Philip de Lalaing, 3rd Count of Lalaing
3025:
3015:
2787:
2775:
2751:
2601:
2511:
1986:(at important confluences of rivers),
1799:George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg
1548:#Growing discord amongst the Provinces
2763:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2700:
2685:
2673:
2577:
2526:
2499:
2487:
2468:
2449:
2437:
2309:
2026:Growing discord amongst the provinces
1829:Meanwhile, radical Calvinists led by
1825:Christian republic § Netherlands
1460:(15 September – 11 November 1576), a
1193:(8 November 1576), and the Unions of
7:
3153:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy
1415:to write and send new invitations.
1228:of the Habsburg Netherlands, except
16:Third phase of the Eighty Years' War
1690:defeated the Spanish armies at the
3123:16th century in the Dutch Republic
1783:on 13 September. However, a rebel
1737: Spanish-controlled territory
1527:Philippe de Croÿ, Duke of Aarschot
14:
3148:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
2824:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
2812:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
2800:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
2590:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
2563:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
2551:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
2539:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a
2260:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
2392:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020
2361:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020
2334:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020
2322:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020
2291:Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020
1636:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
1600:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
1268:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
32: Rebel-held territories in
1807:Deventer (August–November 1578)
1451:Siege of the Spanjaardenkasteel
3158:Wars involving the Netherlands
3041:. Cambridge University Press.
2940:. Cambridge University Press.
2802:, v. I pp. VII-VIII.
1668:(February 1578), the five-day
1273:William "the Silent" of Orange
1:
2664:, 2010, 16, Ghent University.
2565:, v. I pp. 272-277.
2553:, v. I pp. 234-265.
2262:, v. II pp. 95-124.
1641:Spain, aided by shipments of
1206:
2826:, v. II pp. 82-94.
2068:Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588
1328:Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576
3093:. Oxford University Press.
2887:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2005:Alliances between Holland,
1846:Calvinist Republic of Ghent
1819:Calvinist Republic of Ghent
1772:followed on 14 August, the
1602:, commander of the Spanish
1292:Calvinist Republic of Ghent
3174:
2065:
1822:
1816:
1785:Attack on Amsterdam (1577)
1518:
1494:Spanish Fury of Maastricht
1395:(25 July 1576), and using
1360:
1325:
3037:Parker, Geoffrey (2004).
2840:Groenveld, Simon (2009).
1774:Capture of Bergen op Zoom
1750:In northern Brabant, the
1583:Resumption of hostilities
114:
2934:Koenigsberger, Helmut G.
2592:, v. I p. 301.
2541:, v. I p. 197.
3138:Wars involving Portugal
2614:Rijpma, Enneus (1924).
2150:. It was signed in the
1255:on 12 February 1577 at
1189:The period between the
2063:
1862:Olivier van den Tympel
1763:Capture of Steenbergen
1747:
1688:Elizabeth I of England
1607:
1571:
1435:
70:
2918:: Pearson Education.
2902:Kamen, Henry (2005).
2202:, p. Chapter IV.
2080:, and of the city of
2066:Further information:
2053:
1817:Further information:
1752:Siege of Breda (1577)
1705:
1595:
1561:
1543:Pacification of Ghent
1539:freedom of conscience
1521:Pacification of Ghent
1515:Pacification of Ghent
1421:
1361:Further information:
1326:Further information:
1234:Pacification of Ghent
1197:(6 January 1579) and
1191:Pacification of Ghent
56:Pacification of Ghent
24:
3143:Wars involving Spain
3089:Tracy, J.D. (2008).
3057:Swart, Erik (2006).
3004:on 18 September 2011
2644:Daventria Illustrata
2636:. Boek 5 (1578-1619)
2274:, p. Chapter V.
1805:(May–July 1578) and
1440:Battle of Vissenaken
1432:Museum aan de Stroom
1409:Philippe III de Croÿ
1318:on 23 January 1579.
1054:2nd Cape St. Vincent
944:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
856:1st Cape St. Vincent
799:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
715:1st English Channel
531:Ten Years, 1588–1598
2766:, p. 158, 160.
2113:siege to Maastricht
2014:(20 July 1578) and
1835:François van Ryhove
1629:Matthias of Austria
1537:against heresy and
1471:Antoine de Goignies
1281:Matthias of Austria
1226:Seventeen Provinces
1212:–1648) between the
1044:3rd English Channel
869:Twelve Years' Truce
851:2nd English Channel
759:1st Schenckenschans
613:3rd Geertruidenberg
548:2nd Geertruidenberg
254:1st Geertruidenberg
2778:, p. 188–196.
2754:, p. 191–192.
2676:, p. 149–150.
2656:B. Vander Schelden
2514:, p. 120–122.
2502:, p. 137–138.
2440:, p. 135–136.
2417:, p. 260–272.
2415:Koenigsberger 2007
2336:, p. 162–163.
2064:
1748:
1692:Battle of Rijmenam
1651:Battle of Gembloux
1608:
1572:
1568:victory at Lepanto
1484:as field marshal (
1436:
1381:Siege of Zierikzee
1288:Battle of Gembloux
1238:Philip II of Spain
977:2nd Schenkenschans
919:2nd Bergen op Zoom
543:1st Bergen op Zoom
71:
3118:Eighty Years' War
3100:978-0-19-920911-8
3073:978-90-5356-876-7
3048:978-0-521-54392-7
2947:978-0-521-04437-0
2056:Unions of Utrecht
1935:Sint-Winoksbergen
1713:Union of Brussels
1670:Siege of Nivelles
1577:Vredenburg castle
1566:, famous for his
1486:marischal du camp
1342:Luis de Requesens
1304:County of Hainaut
1257:Marche-en-Famenne
1249:Union of Brussels
1203:Eighty Years' War
1186:
1185:
106:Eighty Years' War
52:Union of Brussels
3165:
3104:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3065:
3052:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2990:
2971:
2951:
2929:
2910:(3rd ed.).
2909:
2898:
2881:Israel, Jonathan
2875:
2855:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2718:, p. 153–4.
2713:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2472:
2466:
2453:
2452:, p. 41–42.
2447:
2441:
2435:
2418:
2412:
2395:
2389:
2364:
2358:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2272:van der Lem 1995
2269:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2245:van der Lem 1995
2242:
2203:
2200:van der Lem 1995
2197:
2171:
2143:
2137:
2134:brandschattingen
2129:
2101:Union of Utrecht
2040:Union of Utrecht
1895:
1874:
1843:
1793:
1782:
1771:
1760:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1710:
1682:
1667:
1612:citadel of Namur
1604:Army of Flanders
1502:
1483:
1459:
1448:
1394:
1373:Council of State
1349:. The resulting
1338:Siege of Haarlem
1316:Union of Utrecht
1306:and the city of
1300:County of Artois
1264:Citadel of Namur
1211:
1208:
1152:2nd San Salvador
1147:1st San Salvador
1120:2nd Saint Martin
1095:1st Saint Martin
109:
107:
97:
90:
83:
74:
63:
49:
44:during 1573–1576
31:
30:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3133:1570s conflicts
3108:
3107:
3101:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3036:
3024:
3014:
3007:
3005:
2993:
2987:
2974:
2968:
2955:
2948:
2932:
2926:
2901:
2895:
2879:
2872:
2859:
2852:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2639:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2475:
2467:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2421:
2413:
2398:
2390:
2367:
2359:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2297:
2289:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2206:
2198:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2152:city of Utrecht
2144:
2140:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2103:on 23 January;
2070:
2048:
2028:
1972:Geertruidenberg
1968:trace-italienne
1964:
1889:
1864:
1837:
1831:Jan van Hembyse
1827:
1821:
1815:
1787:
1776:
1765:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1672:
1661:
1659:Siege of Zichem
1657:. The five-day
1590:
1585:
1564:Juan of Austria
1556:
1523:
1517:
1509:Sack of Antwerp
1496:
1473:
1462:castle in Ghent
1453:
1442:
1388:
1369:
1367:Sack of Antwerp
1359:
1330:
1324:
1245:John of Austria
1209:
1187:
1182:
1166:
1076:Bay of Matanzas
1013:European waters
898:
865:
835:European waters
743:
729:Gulf of Almería
709:European waters
527:
517:European waters
370:
330:
295:European waters
193:
128:
125:
123:List of battles
110:
105:
103:
101:
69:
61:
59:
47:
45:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:1570s in Spain
3125:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3086:
3085:(Dissertation)
3072:
3054:
3047:
3034:
2991:
2986:979-8687563130
2985:
2972:
2967:979-8687255998
2966:
2953:
2946:
2930:
2924:
2916:United Kingdom
2899:
2893:
2877:
2870:
2857:
2850:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2790:, p. 191.
2780:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2742:, p. 159.
2732:
2730:, p. 156.
2720:
2705:
2703:, p. 152.
2690:
2688:, p. 150.
2678:
2666:
2648:
2640:Jacobus Revius
2621:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2580:, p. 142.
2567:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2529:, p. 141.
2516:
2504:
2492:
2473:
2454:
2442:
2419:
2396:
2394:, p. 161.
2365:
2363:, p. 163.
2338:
2326:
2324:, p. 162.
2314:
2295:
2293:, p. 160.
2276:
2264:
2249:
2204:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:encroachments.
2160:Groningen city
2138:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2086:Union of Arras
2047:
2044:
2027:
2024:
1963:
1956:
1883:Pieter Datheen
1814:
1811:
1739:
1733:
1723:
1717:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1555:
1552:
1519:Main article:
1516:
1513:
1358:
1355:
1323:
1320:
1312:Union of Arras
1222:States–General
1218:Dutch Republic
1214:Spanish Empire
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1178:Historiography
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1115:Southern Chile
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
953:2nd Maastricht
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
908:Western Europe
905:
904:
897:
896:
885:
884:
876:Western Europe
873:
872:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
837:
836:
832:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
753:Western Europe
750:
749:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
724:Bayona Islands
721:
711:
710:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
537:Western Europe
534:
533:
526:
525:
519:
518:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
386:1st Maastricht
380:Western Europe
377:
376:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
340:Western Europe
337:
336:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
311:Haarlemmermeer
308:
303:
297:
296:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
203:Western Europe
200:
199:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
138:Western Europe
135:
134:
127:
126:
115:
112:
111:
102:
100:
99:
92:
85:
77:
60:
46:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3170:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2925:0-582-78464-6
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2894:0-19-873072-1
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2871:9789462495661
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2851:9789087041274
2847:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2604:, p. 77.
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:, p. 42.
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2312:, p. 41.
2311:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:Confederation
2142:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:Hollands Diep
1973:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1898:anti-Catholic
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1730:
1714:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1386:Sack of Aalst
1382:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:Edict of 1577
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1019:2nd Gibraltar
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
967:5th Rheinberg
965:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
934:2nd Oldenzaal
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
909:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:
883:
880:
879:
878:
877:
870:
867:
866:
862:
861:1st Gibraltar
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
833:
830:
827:
825:
824:4th Rheinberg
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:3rd Rheinberg
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
754:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
718:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
699:
698:1st Oldenzaal
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:2nd Rheinberg
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:2nd Luxemburg
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:2nd Coevorden
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:1st Luxemburg
606:
604:
603:1st Coevorden
601:
599:
598:2nd Steenwijk
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:
532:
529:
528:
524:
523:Ponta Delgada
521:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:1st Rheinberg
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:1st Steenwijk
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
381:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
341:
335:
332:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
204:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
133:
130:
129:
124:
120:
117:
116:
113:
108:
98:
93:
91:
86:
84:
79:
78:
75:
67:
57:
53:
43:
39:
35:
23:
19:
3090:
3077:. Retrieved
3059:
3038:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:the original
2996:
2976:
2957:
2937:
2905:
2884:
2861:
2841:
2834:Bibliography
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2681:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2643:
2632:
2624:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2507:
2495:
2445:
2329:
2317:
2267:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2090:
2071:
2032:
2029:
2004:
1996:
1965:
1959:
1927:Sint-Niklaas
1887:Herman Moded
1876:
1828:
1796:
1749:
1685:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1573:
1534:
1524:
1505:
1490:
1485:
1437:
1424:Spanish Fury
1405:
1378:
1370:
1363:Spanish Fury
1351:Spanish Fury
1334:Duke of Alba
1331:
1285:
1276:
1261:
1242:
1188:
1125:
1124:
1100:2nd Salvador
1087:
1066:1st Salvador
1059:
1058:
1034:Lizard Point
1012:
1011:
992:2nd Roermond
961:1st Roermond
907:
906:
887:
886:
875:
874:
841:Dover Strait
809:Hoogstraaten
779:Lekkerbeetje
752:
751:
716:
563:2nd Deventer
536:
535:
391:2nd Mechelen
379:
378:
361:1st Deventer
339:
338:
333:
219:1st Mechelen
202:
201:
149:Valenciennes
144:Beeldenstorm
137:
136:
18:
3026:|work=
2788:Israel 1995
2776:Israel 1995
2752:Israel 1995
2602:Rijpma 1924
2512:Parker 2004
2058:(blue) and
1982:castle and
1962:(1576–1578)
1947:Dendermonde
1890: [
1865: [
1838: [
1788: [
1777: [
1766: [
1755: [
1673: [
1662: [
1497: [
1474: [
1454: [
1443: [
1389: [
1310:signed the
1296:Malcontents
1275:became the
1210: 1568
1126:East Indies
1071:Puerto Rico
939:4th Groenlo
894:Playa Honda
888:East Indies
871:, 1609–1621
829:3rd Groenlo
774:San Andreas
678:2nd Groenlo
638:1st Groenlo
573:Knodsenburg
558:2nd Zutphen
506:1st Zutphen
461:3rd Antwerp
446:Steenbergen
436:2nd Antwerp
346:1st Antwerp
321:Reimerswaal
284:Schoonhoven
274:Mookerheyde
174:Heiligerlee
3112:Categories
2764:Tracy 2008
2740:Tracy 2008
2728:Tracy 2008
2716:Tracy 2008
2701:Tracy 2008
2686:Tracy 2008
2674:Tracy 2008
2578:Tracy 2008
2527:Tracy 2008
2500:Tracy 2008
2488:Kamen 2005
2469:Swart 2006
2450:Swart 2006
2438:Tracy 2008
2310:Swart 2006
2178:References
2156:Ommelanden
1984:Woudrichem
1980:Loevestein
1915:Oudenaarde
1823:See also:
1428:at Antwerp
1322:Background
819:2nd Lingen
784:Nieuwpoort
764:Zaltbommel
703:1st Lingen
683:Bredevoort
366:Borgerhout
269:Valkenburg
244:IJsselmeer
234:Middelburg
189:Le Quesnoy
164:Oosterweel
3079:14 August
3053:paperback
3028:ignored (
3018:cite book
2952:paperback
2168:Calvinist
2097:Groningen
2000:Alteratie
1960:Alteratie
1909:, Ypres,
1647:New World
1645:from the
1606:1578–1592
1230:Luxemburg
1174:Aftermath
1110:Itamaracá
1086:Trujillo
1049:The Downs
1024:2nd Cádiz
1007:4th Hulst
1002:3rd Hulst
987:3rd Venlo
982:4th Breda
957:2nd Venlo
929:3rd Breda
902:1621–1648
846:2nd Sluis
814:3rd Sluis
804:2nd Grave
747:1599–1609
734:1st Cádiz
693:Ootmarsum
673:1st Meurs
658:2nd Hulst
623:Groningen
578:1st Hulst
553:2nd Breda
511:1st Sluis
486:1st Venlo
481:1st Grave
441:Eindhoven
416:Noordhorn
411:1st Breda
374:1579–1588
334:1576–1579
316:Zuiderzee
289:Zierikzee
279:Oudewater
197:1572–1576
179:Jemmingen
154:Wattrelos
132:1566–1572
66:Luxemburg
2936:(2007).
2883:(1995).
2164:Lutheran
2109:Flanders
2093:Guelders
2062:(yellow)
2034:Regenten
2020:Roermond
2016:Deventer
1951:Wetteren
1903:Kortrijk
1850:Aarschot
1621:de facto
1617:Aarschot
1535:placards
1401:Brussels
1347:mutinies
1277:de facto
1132:Mormugão
1090:Campeche
1081:Abrolhos
1060:Americas
719:Flanders
688:Enschede
663:Turnhout
648:2nd Lier
593:Caudebec
583:Nijmegen
568:Delfzijl
431:1st Lier
356:Rijmenam
351:Gembloux
301:Flushing
184:Jodoigne
42:Guelders
3008:11 July
2646:(1651).
2158:around
2105:Brabant
2099:in the
2078:Hainaut
2060:Atrecht
2007:Utrecht
1992:Naarden
1931:Dunkirk
1896:in his
1878:schepen
1643:bullion
1625:ruwaard
1413:Viglius
1224:of all
1199:Utrecht
1142:Malacca
1105:Cabañas
1039:Dunkirk
924:Fleurus
421:Niezijl
306:Borsele
249:Alkmaar
239:Haarlem
229:Naarden
209:Brielle
119:Origins
38:Zeeland
34:Holland
3097:
3070:
3045:
2983:
2964:
2944:
2922:
2912:Harlow
2891:
2868:
2848:
2095:, and
2074:Artois
2012:Kampen
1988:Muiden
1943:Deinze
1939:Veurne
1854:Bruges
1803:Kampen
1742:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1655:Leuven
1302:, the
1162:Cavite
1157:Manila
972:Leuven
914:Jülich
882:Aachen
794:Ostend
739:Azores
653:Calais
476:Boksum
466:Arnhem
426:Lochem
406:Kollum
259:Leiden
169:Dahlen
159:Lannoy
64:
62:
50:
48:
29:
3064:(PDF)
2119:Notes
2082:Douai
1923:Hulst
1911:Ronse
1907:Menen
1894:]
1873:]
1858:Ypres
1842:]
1792:]
1781:]
1770:]
1759:]
1729:Ghent
1681:]
1666:]
1531:Ghent
1501:]
1482:]
1458:]
1447:]
1397:Aalst
1393:]
1308:Douai
1195:Arras
1170:Peace
1137:Galle
1029:Slaak
997:Kallo
949:Meuse
643:Lippe
588:Rouen
496:Neuss
471:Empel
456:Aalst
451:Ghent
396:Diest
326:Lillo
264:Delft
3095:ISBN
3081:2022
3068:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3030:help
3010:2022
2981:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2889:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2107:and
2076:and
1990:and
1945:and
1919:Axel
1885:and
1856:and
1833:and
1562:Don
1365:and
1286:The
769:Rees
491:Axel
224:Goes
214:Mons
40:and
1597:Don
1550:).
633:Huy
3114::
3022::
3020:}}
3016:{{
2914:,
2708:^
2693:^
2658:,
2642:,
2631:,
2570:^
2519:^
2476:^
2457:^
2422:^
2399:^
2368:^
2341:^
2298:^
2279:^
2252:^
2207:^
2186:^
1937:,
1933:,
1929:,
1925:,
1921:,
1917:,
1905:,
1892:nl
1871:de
1869:;
1867:nl
1840:nl
1790:nl
1779:nl
1768:nl
1757:nl
1679:fr
1677:;
1675:nl
1664:nl
1638:.
1499:nl
1480:nl
1478:;
1476:fr
1456:nl
1445:nl
1426:"
1391:nl
1240:.
1207:c.
1176:–
1172:–
959:,
955:,
121:–
36:,
3103:.
3083:.
3051:.
3032:)
3012:.
2989:.
2970:.
2950:.
2928:.
2897:.
2874:.
2854:.
2618:.
2490:.
2247:.
1434:)
1430:(
1205:(
1088:·
963:)
951:(
717:·
96:e
89:t
82:v
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