1998:. This contributed to anti-English sentiment amongst the populace, which helped undermine the pro-English Utrecht faction, that had been agitating for offering sovereignty to Elizabeth once again. When Leicester returned to the Netherlands, he found his friends weakened so much that he concluded that he would have to seize power by force to get the situation under control. After preparations during the Summer, Leicester occupied Gouda, Schoonhoven and a few other cities in September 1587. An attempt to arrest Maurice and Oldenbarnevelt in The Hague failed, however, as did an attempted insurrection of hardline Calvinists in Leiden. When a personal attempt by Leicester to get Amsterdam in his camp also failed, he gave up and returned to England in December 1587. Thus ended the last attempt to keep the Netherlands a "mixed monarchy", under foreign government. The northern provinces now entered a period of more than two centuries of republican government.
1557:
1575:. As both sides insisted on mutually exclusive demands, these peace talks only served to make the irreconcilability of both parties obvious; there appeared to be no more room for the people who favoured the middle ground, like Count Rennenberg. Rennenberg, a Catholic, now made up his mind to go over to Spain. In March 1580, he called for the provinces in his remit to rise against the "tyranny" of Holland and the Protestants. However, this only served to unleash an anti-Catholic backlash in Friesland and Overijssel. The States of Overijssel were finally convinced to adhere to the Union of Utrecht. Nevertheless, Rennenberg's "treason" posed a severe strategic threat to the Union, especially after Parma sent him reinforcements in June. He managed to capture most of Groningen,
1662:
Flanders his authority never amounted to much either, which meant that only
Brabant gave him its full support. Under Anjou's nominal direction the split between the north and south was further emphasised. He governed with a Council of State that, though nominally unitary, was in practice divided in two distinct bodies, each responsible for a different theatre of war. Anjou himself concentrated his French troops in the south, leaving Holland and its allies to fend for themselves against Rennenberg (which suited them fine). He proved signally unable to staunch Parma's inexorable advance, however. Anjou's intervention in August 1581 successfully broke up Parma's Siege of Cambrai, but then he disbanded his army and went off to England to court Queen
2165:'A first radical phase continued until 1575–1576, and found its violent peak in the years after 1572. (...) But in 1575, a phase of moderaton commenced, because moderates on loyal and rebel sides stepped forward, who strove towards a solution through negotiations. (...) An attempted negotiation in Breda failed, however...(...) But in November 1576 (...) the parties in Ghent did reach an agreement.' 'It was not until later in the year that agreed with the Union when faced with a lack of alternatives. He was also compelled to do so, because after three years of moderation a new phase of violence, in which Parma with the help of his troops
1397:", mentioned the Republic's origins in 1588 only in passing (Chapter IV). To Fruin, the turning point was a military one: the destruction of the Spanish Armada (Chapter II) began the 'adversity which Philip would suffer almost without interruptions from now on, which is to be attributed more to his own mistakes than the cooperation of his enemies. (...) The attack on England, waged recklessly, fell apart, and prevented the submission of the Netherlands.' Van der Lem (1995) regarded the assassination of William of Orange in 1584 as a turning point, arguing that his political and religious ideals died with him, while noting that
1801:, had first pressed upon him in 1581. By June 1583, negotiations were still ongoing as Amsterdam and Gouda opposed the plan. Finally, the States of Holland offered Orange the title of Count under restrictive conditions, to which William voiced his preliminary agreement on 12 December 1583. The proceedings were interrupted when the Duke of Anjou died on 10 June 1584; William and the States-General instead agreed to offer the sovereignty to the king of France instead, and immediately sent a delegation to Paris. However, the French king refused, while William was assassinated by
1626:
1977:, seized power in that province in August. This provided Leicester with an anti-Holland power base from which he could make difficulties for the Dutch regents in other provinces, especially Friesland, also. When Leicester temporarily returned to England in December, Holland immediately set to work to recover the lost ground. New regulations were put in force that required every officer in the pay of Holland to accept his commission from the stadtholder, Maurice, who also had to approve all troop movements. Leicester's trade embargo was emasculated.
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1370:(2002) subsumed the 1579–1588 years into its larger "Second period: the rupture (1576–1588)", and Mulder et al. (2008) into their even longer "The North on the way to autonomy, 1573–1588" period, Groenveld (2009) regarded 1575/6–1579 as a separate period of 'three years of moderation' in which William of Orange had attempted to establish 'general religious peace', while the Union of Utrecht marked (or coincided with) the beginning of 'a new phase of violence, in which Parma with the help of his troops
2010:
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1913:, opposed Leicester from the start because they identified him as the focus of the opposition in the Netherlands to the power they had acquired during the course of the Revolt. Beside the hard-line Calvinists, that opposition consisted of the Dutch nobility, whose power had declined in favour of that of the despised merchant class that the regents represented, and the factions in the other provinces, such as Utrecht and Friesland, that resented Holland's supremacy.
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2178:'The brief success of the middle party. The Pacification of Ghent had been able to hold all provinces together for not even three years. Thereby concluding that it was doomed to fail is easy with hindsight. It would be all too easy to jump from the Pacification of Ghent in 1576 to 1579, the year of the separation of the Netherlands into the Unions of Atrecht and Utrecht.' (...) 'In 1576, the year of the general Revolt against Spain...'
1863:
tactics, Parma treated the inhabitants leniently, but most
Protestants nevertheless migrated to the northern provinces, swelling the stream of often wealthy merchants and skilled labourers that sought refuge there in this period. A side effect of this wholesale migration was that the economic strength of the reconquered provinces steadily declined, while that of the United Provinces, especially Holland and Zeeland, mightily increased.
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1446:, which sought reconciliation with the Spanish government on its own terms. It reconfirmed the Pacification and the Perpetual Edict, in addition to neutrality with Spain. In return, Spain was to refrain basing its foreign troops in the provinces. Once Parma accepted these conditions, the grievances of the conservative Catholics against Spain were satisfied, and they were ready for a separate peace in the form of the
1695:
improved and he had been able to steadily increase the number of troops available to Parma. By
October 1582, Parma had an army of 61,000 troops available, mostly of high quality. By that time the Walloon provinces also relented their opposition against taking in Spanish troops. These improvements were soon translated into military successes. In June 1581 Parma had already captured William of Orange's own town of
1594:. William of Orange by now was convinced that the only way to avert total defeat was to regain support of the moderates, alienated by Calvinist radicalism; reassure the still-loyal Catholics in the South; and retain the trust of the German Lutheran princes and the king of France. To attain these objectives he now persuaded the States-General to offer sovereignty over the Netherlands to the younger brother of
1523:
developments in divergent directions in both north and south made the attempts at maintaining unity moot. In the north the adherents of the Union of
Utrecht managed to consolidate their position in the provinces of Friesland and Gelderland by May, though not without a struggle with the conservatives. However, Overijssel remained divided and in Groningen the city and the stadtholder for the States-General,
2187:'Around 1588, the Revolt's character changed radically. Far-reaching constitutional amendments took place (...) The definitive moment was reached on 12 April 1588, when the officials were released from their oath to Leicester and came under the oath of the new government. The Republic of United Netherlands had emerged: the unexpected result of an unplanned process of station formation.'
1735:
1952:, stadtholder in their provinces just before Leicester arrived. To add insult to injury, the States insisted that all stadtholders derived their authority from the sovereign States of the provinces that appointed them, so Leicester could claim no say in the matter (an argument that would play an important role in future constitutional conflicts). Confronted with this
1827:
1880:, would be put in both military and political charge of the country as governor-general. Furthermore, he should govern through a reconstituted Council of State, on which the English government would have two voting members (one of which was the Clerk of the Privy Council, Sir Thomas Wilkes), and she was to be given the fortress ports of
1699:, thereby driving a wedge into the territory of the States-General in Brabant. In 1582 he made further advances into Gelderland and Overijssel. There the war had been going to and fro between the forces of the Union of Utrecht and the royalists. Rennenberg had died in the Summer of 1581, but was ably replaced by
1813:
on 3 July 1584). They believed that their only succour could come from France. On their behest the States-General therefore started a debate on the merit of once more offering sovereignty to king Henri III of France in
September, and over Hooft's and Amsterdam's objections a Dutch embassy was sent to
1522:
Meanwhile, William of Orange and the States-General in
Antwerp were less than enthusiastic about the Union of Utrecht. They would far prefer a broader based union, still based on the Pacification and the "religious peace", which both the unions of Utrecht and Arras implicitly rejected. However, rapid
1759:
of 17 January 1583. The popularity of both Anjou and
William of Orange (who was seen as his main promotor) now sank to new lows, especially in Antwerp. Nevertheless, William tried to arrange a reconciliation, but both Anjou and the people of Brabant had had enough, and Anjou left for France in June.
1535:
5,400–7,200 men) were available for attack. The combined forces of the rebel States-General were twice as large on paper, with Orange's war budget of
December 1579 listing 96 defensive companies on garrison duty plus 101 companies available for field action. But in practice he could field far fewer,
1939:
The first conflict arose during the negotiations with
Leicester in January 1586 over the exact contents of his commission as governor-general. The Treaty of Nonsuch provided that stadtholders for the individual provinces would henceforth be appointed by the Council of State, so as to give England a
1870:
for the province, but then she declined, as she generally disapproved of rebellion. Now, however, the
English government reconsidered in view of the gains Parma was making, which also had the unwanted effect of strengthening Catholic anti-government sentiment in England. Though declining to take up
1694:
Parma had long been hampered by the provision in the Treaty of Arras which prohibited stationing of Spanish mercenaries (the troops of the best quality) in the provinces that belonged to the Southern union. However, after his war with the Turks had finally ended, Philip's finances had significantly
1661:
William's attempt to paper over the disunity within the States-General by bringing in Anjou did not succeed. Holland and Zeeland acknowledged him perfunctorily, but mainly ignored him, and of the other members of the Union of Utrecht, Overijssel, Gelderland and Utrecht never even recognised him. In
1645:
of 26 July 1581. The main effect of this Act was to force a number of indecisive magistrates in the rebellious provinces to finally declare their true allegiance. Many old-guard regents now resigned and were replaced with people whose loyalty to the anti-Spanish cause was not in doubt. The Act also
1455:
stated that language played no role in their decision to pursue a separate peace. These places were very rural, conservative and dominated by Catholic nobility compared to the provinces of Flanders, Brabant, Holland and Zeeland, which were far more urbanised and dominated by many autonomous cities
1964:
for the new state. Holland also opposed Leicester's embargo on "trade with the enemy." Superficially, this made sense from a strategic point of view, and the embargo proved quite effective after Leicester put it in force in April, causing much hardship in the Spanish-controlled territories in the
1775:
in July 1583, followed by the States-General in August (the latter eventually settled in nearby The Hague). He had returned to his starting point from 1576. His prestige with the States of Holland and Zeeland had appreciably declined since those halcyon days, however. The States had since greatly
1862:
in August 1585. The Fall of Antwerp – the largest city in the Low Countries at the time – prompted over half its population to flee to the north. Between 1560 and 1590, the population of Antwerp plummeted from 100,000 inhabitants to 42,000. Well aware of the counter-productivity of Alba's terror
1388:
also ended its 1576–1588 period with the establishment of the Republic, stating: 'In the meantime, the development towards a 'Confederation of States' of seven provinces, each sovereign for itself, the Republic of the United Netherlands, continued. In general, 1588 is taken as its tentative end
1530:
By the end of 1579, the belligerents were at a stalemate, as neither Parma nor Orange had sufficient troops and materiel to field an army capable of conducting a major offensive. Having withdrawn his Spanish and Italian troops as required by the Union of Arras, Parma had replaced his foreign
1383:
of 12 April 1588, by which the United Provinces formally became the Dutch Republic: a state without monarch at its head, but sovereign Provincial States. In military terms, he described the 1585–1589 years as more of a transitional period marked by a series of three Spanish setbacks (Parma's
1374:
with diplomacy returned ever more southern provinces to the obedience of Philip II.' Similarly, van der Lem (1995) marked 1576 as 'the year of the general Revolt against Spain', and 1579 as 'the year of the separation of the Netherlands into the Unions of Atrecht and Utrecht', describing the
1959:
Leicester also clashed with Holland over matters of policy like the representation of the States of Brabant and Flanders, who by now no longer controlled any significant areas in their provinces, in the States-General. From 1586 on they were barred from taking part in the deliberations over
1527:, kept their distance. By the time of the Treaty of Arras, it was clear that the split had hardened, and William therefore finally conceded defeat and signed the Union of Utrecht on 3 May 1579, while encouraging the Flemish and Brabantian cities in Protestant hands to also join the Union.
1612:, which briefly ensured religious peace in France. As such he was acceptable to moderates in both camps. He also would bring the military and financial support of his brother. Brabant and Flanders (but not Holland and Zeeland) supported this scheme and the States-General concluded the
1808:
The assassination for a while put the States of Holland in disarray, which left the initiative to the much diminished States of Flanders and Brabant in the States-General. The latter were by now getting desperate as they controlled only slivers of their provinces (Parma had put
1378:
Although there is general agreement that the phase of the conflict that began in 1579 (or earlier) ended in or around 1588, scholars disagree about the reasons and the exact moment when it concluded. Groenveld (2009) focused on the institutional and political aspects of the
1450:
on 17 May 1579, in which they renewed their allegiance to Philip. Although Hainaut, Artois and Douai were all French-speaking, prompting many a later Dutch historian to attribute their departure from the general union on linguistic differences, and thus a "Walloon affair",
1960:
Leicester's objection, though he managed to retain their seats in the Council of State for them. Once the States-General were thus deprived of the membership of the last Southern provinces, Israel (1995) stated that one may in effect start using the name
1969:
on the Baltic was now diverted to England. The Dutch regents therefore preferred a system of control with licenses that had the added benefit of bringing in much-needed revenue. For the moment Leicester prevailed on this point, however.
1985:
Meanwhile, much mutual irritation had arisen between the Dutch populace and the English troops garrisoned in many towns. In January 1587 the English garrisons at Deventer and Zutphen were bribed to defect to Spain, followed by those in
1488:
to show their political allegiance. This Francophone Calvinist rebellion failed because the far more powerful Artesian nobility was able to defeat it. On the other hand, burghers dominated in the neighbouring French-speaking urbanised
1900:
in England, he was seen as a natural ally by the "strict" faction of Calvinists in the Netherlands, who had opposed William of Orange's policy of "religious peace", and now were arrayed against the "lax" Dutch regents who favoured an
1262:
on 12 April 1588, the Duke of Parma continued his successful military and diplomatic offensive, bringing ever more provinces and cities in the southern, eastern and northeastern parts of the Netherlands back into royalist hands.
2196:'The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands emerged in 1588. Remarkably, there has never been an official decision, or a proclamation issued. The Republic arose though the course of events and the growing power of the States.'
1616:
in September 1580 with Anjou. The latter arrived in Antwerp in January 1581, where he took an oath to in effect govern as a "constitutional monarch", and was acclaimed by the States-General as Protector of the Netherlands.
1640:
Anjou had accepted on the condition that the Netherlands officially renounce any loyalty to Philip. The secession of the States-General and the area under their nominal control from the Spanish Crown was formalised by the
1536:
as the provinces were customarily hesitant to agree to deploy their troops beyond their own borders. In part, this was because irregular payment for out-of-province soldiers was a known systemic problem, which could cause
1849:
river downstream from the city. The usual starvation tactic now began to take hold on the city of 80,000. Morale declined, also because one of the last Brabant holdout, Brussels, surrendered in March 1585. After a Dutch
1875:
over the Netherlands, be it under strict conditions to protect her interests. She offered to send an expeditionary force of 6,350-foot and 1,000 horse, the cost to be shared by the States-General, provided her nominee,
1895:
Leicester's intervention in the Netherlands had mixed results. He was to be a rallying point for the forces in the Netherlands that were opposed to the hegemony of the States of Holland. As a protector of the
1746:
Meanwhile, Anjou had become weary of the restraints placed on his authority by the civilians of the States-General and he attempted to seize power in Flanders and Brabant by way of a military coup. He seized
1796:
in May, and Ghent in September. In this desperate situation, William of Orange started to entertain thoughts of finally accepting the title of Count of Holland, which some of his ardent supporters, notably
1948:
had been appointed by the States-General in early 1585, before the treaty. In a show of bad faith the States of Holland and Zeeland had then appointed the second legitimate son of William of Orange,
1590:
in February 1580, after a four-month siege. The States-General replied by recapturing Mechelen in April after which the victorious English mercenaries sacked the town in what has become known as the
1389:
point.' Mulder et al. (2008) also implied that the emergence of the Republic in 1588 meant the end of their 1573–1588 period, but denied that any formal act or proclamation marked its establishment.
1384:
offensive stalling in 1585, the 1588 destruction of the Spanish Armada, and Philip II's 1589 order to Parma to intervene in France), 'developments which gave the Republic an unexpected breather.'
1227:
In response, most of the remaining rebel provinces and cities would forge or later accede to the Union of Utrecht, a closer military alliance treaty that would go on to become the most important
1197:(8 November 1576) as a joint Catholic–Protestant rebellion against the Spanish government, but internal conflicts as well as military and diplomatic successes of the Spanish Governors-General
62:
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1866:
The States-General in their extremity now turned to the English monarch Elizabeth I with an offer of sovereignty. Elizabeth had been approached as early as 1573 by the States of Holland
1531:
personnel with German or 'native' (Low Countries) soldiers for a total of 93 infantry companies, 57 of which were necessary for garrisoning strategic points. The remaining 36 companies (
1586:
The territory under nominal States-General control was steadily shrinking in other parts as well, as Parma made steady progress. After taking Maastricht in June 1579, he seized
2205:'The Belgian historian Henri Pirenne qualified the murder of William as a useless crime. After all, in his last years, the prince was unable to cope with the advance of Parma.'
1484:, Saint-Omer and Douai immediately protested, with a minority of fanatical Calvinists even briefly seizing power in Arras (just like the Ghent Calvinists had) and raising the
1922:
1867:
1892:
of 20 August. This was the first instance in which the rebel state was diplomatically recognised by a foreign government (the treaty with Anjou having been "private").
1540:
when unpaid soldiers could not feed themselves and resorted to force against civilians, desertion, or defection to the enemy. Examples include 'trouble' caused by
1053:
55:
1544:'s four English companies stationed in the frontier city of Tournai, because the States of Flanders had failed to pay their wages, and the key border outpost of
3506:
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On 18 March 1582, Juan de Jáuregui attempted to assassinate William. He survived, but suffered severe injuries, which made him unable to campaign for a time.
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The role of the Archduke Matthias as nominal governor-general had now become superfluous, and he was bought off with a generous annuity in March 1581.
1941:
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as a major rebel enclave along the coast. In despair, William now left Brabant for good. He again established his headquarters in the Dutch city of
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intensified the propaganda war between both sides, as it took the form of a manifest, setting out the principles of the Revolt, just as William's
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fell to Parma's troops in September 1580 in part because the Union of Utrecht had 'too much to do' within its own borders to send any money.
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Allegory: a Spanish soldier menaces a Dutch maiden with a dagger against a background of executions and battle, print from Johannes Gysius:
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Meanwhile, the "Calvinist republic" of Antwerp was being brought to heel by Parma. He had cut its supply-line from the north by placing a
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1818:(Protestants) and Catholics increasing, and so Henri did not feel strong enough to defy Philip, prompting him to decline the honour.
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and Brabant, proposed peace to Don Juan on 1 March 1578, followed by the States of Hainaut on 6 March 1578, burghers in Béthune,
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intervening 1576–1579 period as one in which 'the middle party' enjoyed 'brief success' through the Pacification of Ghent.
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): The Siege of Antwerp, v. IV
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1973:
The political strains between Leicester and Holland intensified when Calvinist hard-liners, in Utrecht, led by
1910:
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a final attempt was made to attain a general peace between Philip and the States-General in the German city of
1067:
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550:
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328:
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1703:, who defeated the English mercenaries of Sir John Norris (of Rijmenam fame) opposing him in Friesland at the
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Though van Gelderen (2002) maintains that the Dutch versions actually antedate the monarchomach publications.
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downplayed the significance of William's death in view of Parma's seemingly unstoppable military advance.
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1602:, who in 1578 had already intervened on behalf of the States-General. Anjou was a Catholic, but also a
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van der Lem, Anton (1995). "Het verhaal van de Opstand. Hoofdstuk 5: De scheiding in de Nederlanden".
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from Spain. While the nascent polity was struggling to find a new sovereign head of state, including
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Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments. The Netherlands in the fifteenth and sixteenth centurie
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France in February 1585. But the situation in France had deteriorated, the religious strife between
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in answer to Philip's ban of June 1580, outlawing him, had done. Both documents are redolent of
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. III
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II
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Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden
1905:
Church order, a bone of contention for many years to come. Those Dutch regents, led by the
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and France becoming a Protestant kingdom. These developments gave rise to a new phase, the
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. V
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next Winter. However, the embargo also hit the Dutch merchants very hard, as much of the
1579:
and Overijssel in the next few months. Meanwhile, William of Orange had been declared an
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Morale in the cities still held by the States-General in the South sagged. Dunkirk and
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1755:) came to arms and massacred the French troops in the streets, an event known as the
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Zuid-Nederlandse kooplieden en de opkomst van de Amsterdamse stapelmarkt (1578–1630)
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with diplomacy returned ever more southern provinces to the obedience of Philip II.'
1723:, the key to the north-east of the Netherlands, which always had eluded Rennenberg.
1493:, which did not join the Union of Arras, and remained loyal to the Revolt until the
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The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588
3133:
1872:
1666:(who rejected his marriage proposal); in his absence, Parma besieged and conquered
1390:
615:
111:
2453:
2451:
1966:
1855:
1798:
1756:
1687:
1663:
403:
1888:
as surity for the loans she extended. The States-General agreed to this in the
1734:
1881:
1854:(during which an attempt was made to blow up the ship-bridge with the use of "
1490:
1476:). When the nobility-dominated States of Artois, increasingly concerned about
1473:
1469:
1224:
on 6 January 1579, reverting to Catholicism and loyalty to the Spanish crown.
1707:. He was in turn defeated by Norreys in trying to capture the important fort
40:
1720:
1604:
1228:
1933:
Oorspronck ende voortgang der Neder-landtscher beroerten ende ellendicheden
1871:
the offer of sovereignty, Elizabeth therefore decided to extend an English
1751:
and several other Flemish cities, but in Antwerp the citizens (remembering
1944:(nephew of William of Orange), and in Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel
1815:
1712:
1587:
1545:
1826:
1711:. Verdugo then pushed south – capturing Lochem would topple Zutphen and
2436:
1897:
1885:
1846:
1748:
1667:
1576:
1572:
1363:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1793:
1768:
1580:
1537:
1258:, before giving up and deciding to become a republic by passing the
1165:
and the United Provinces in revolt after most of them concluded the
1393:'s 1857 classic study on the 1588–1598 period, which he named the "
1926:
1789:
1772:
1733:
1677:
1624:
1555:
1465:
1439:
1217:
20:
3322:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from
1274:(July–August 1588) and Philip II ordered him to intervene in the
2402:
2400:
3191:(in cooperation with H.L.Ph. Leeuwenberg and H.B. van der Weel)
44:
1460:
had political power. By contrast, Hainaut had only one city (
1346: Rebel territories reconquered by Parma during 1579–1588
1298:, and the Dutch Republic's rise as a commercial great power.
3112:
3110:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3061:
3059:
3014:
2989:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2815:
2791:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2688:
2686:
2665:
2638:
2602:
2553:
2529:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2263:
1940:
say in the matter. Nevertheless, in Friesland and Groningen
1231:
of the United Provinces, who on 26 July 1581 proclaimed the
3200:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
3001:
Marnef, G. "The towns and the revolt". In: Darby, G. (ed),
1270:(1585), and finally came to an end with the failure of the
1169:
on 23 January 1579, and proceeded to carve the independent
3362:
Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568–1648
2444:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
1719:, but on his way back north captured the fortress city of
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2368:
2366:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
1776:
increased their self-confidence as a budding government.
1658:. As such they alienated yet another group of moderates.
3424:
Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008).
2973:
2971:
2715:
2713:
2649:
2647:
1830:
Hellburners against Farnese's pontoon bridge during the
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2457:
3426:
Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden
3158:
The Political Thought of the Dutch Revolt 1555–1590
3139:
Tien jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog. 1588–1598
1266:Parma's reconquests more or less stalled after the
1923:English political intrigue during the Dutch Revolt
1805:on 10 July 1584, causing the plan to become moot.
1361:of this phase of the Eighty Years' War. Whereas
3179:. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200.
3003:The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt
2240:, by his mistress Eva Elincx, was illegitimate.
1686:into Antwerp, February 19, 1582, a year before
1157:The years 1579–1588 constituted a phase of the
3402:(in Dutch). Hilversum: Verloren. p. 350.
1357:Scholars have somewhat differing views on the
2541:
56:
8:
3365:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 142–243.
3297:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020e).
3278:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020d).
3259:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020c).
3240:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b).
2704:
1654:that were also disseminated by the Huguenot
3301:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
3282:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
3244:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
2517:
2406:
2304:
1767:fell without a shot to Parma, leaving only
3142:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 386
3005:(Londen/New York 2001) 84–106; 85 and 103.
2429:
2427:
2418:
63:
49:
41:
3152:(5th edition; original published in 1857)
2481:
2469:
2391:
2372:
2357:
2340:
2328:
2316:
1942:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
1352: French–Dutch/German language border
1338: Spanish-controlled territories 1579
3319:De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648)
1825:
1311:
1286:, that saw significant conquests by the
2253:
2158:
2005:
1508:, when Parma forced them to surrender.
1308:Historiography of the Eighty Years' War
3347:
3337:
3116:
3065:
3050:
3038:
3026:
2977:
2926:
2878:
2827:
2803:
2719:
2692:
2677:
2653:
2614:
2565:
1788:made inexorable progress. It captured
1205:split them apart, finally leading the
3263:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd.
2779:
2731:
2590:
2505:
2493:
1858:") failed in April, the city finally
1290:under the leadership of stadtholders
16:Fourth phase of the Eighty Years' War
7:
3507:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy
2626:
2458:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
1878:Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
1715:. However he was forced to lift his
1608:, who in 1576 had brought about the
3428:. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288.
1956:he had no choice but to acquiesce.
1567:At this time, on the initiative of
3477:16th century in the Dutch Republic
1324:: the rebel United Provinces that
1296:William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg
14:
3502:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
3102:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
3090:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
3078:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
3015:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
2990:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2963:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2951:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2939:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2915:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2903:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
2891:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
2864:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d
2852:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
2840:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
2816:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
2792:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
2768:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
2756:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
2744:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
2666:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
2639:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
2603:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
2554:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
2530:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
2520:, p. 6. De geregelde oorlog.
2264:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
2905:, v. III, pp. 241–242.
2854:, v. III, pp. 204–213.
2842:, v. III, pp. 186–188.
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1278:(September 1589) to prevent the
1203:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
3391:. London: Longman. p. 154.
33:reconquered large parts of the
3512:Wars involving the Netherlands
3224:. Cambridge University Press.
3160:. Cambridge University Press.
2770:, v. II pp. 305–306.
1635:Johannes Hinderikus Egenberger
1563:in 1580–81 by Count Rennenberg
1478:Calvinist violence in Flanders
1252:William "the Silent" of Orange
1:
2965:, v. IV, pp. 57–64.
2746:, v. III pp. 44–45.
1532:
1326:declared independence in 1581
2556:, v. III pp. 9–36.
2015:1579–1588 overview (Spanish)
1688:his attempt to take the city
1583:by Philip II in March 1580.
1426:Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579
3447:. Oxford University Press.
3389:The Dutch Revolt, 1559–1648
3359:van der Lem, Anton (2019).
3202:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2893:, v. III, p. 236.
1614:Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours
1442:signed their own defensive
1422:Malcontents (Low Countries)
1240:declaration of independence
1161:(c. 1568–1648) between the
3528:
3396:Gelderblom, Oscar (2000).
2992:, v. IV, p. 134.
2818:, v. III p. 159.
2794:, v. III p. 107.
2027:1579–1588 overview (Dutch)
1920:
1907:Land's Advocate of Holland
1515:
1419:
1413:
1305:
3175:Groenveld, Simon (2009).
3156:van Gelderen, M. (2002).
3104:, v. V, p. 123.
3092:, v. V, p. 118.
3080:, v. V, p. 117.
2953:, v. IV, p. 44.
2941:, v. IV, p. 35.
2866:, v. IV, p. 13.
2758:, v. III p. 82.
2668:, v. II p. 278.
2641:, v. II p. 277.
2605:, v. II p. 305.
2532:, v. II p. 206.
2266:, v. II p. 124.
82:
3218:Koenigsberger, Helmut G.
2434:"Tachtigjarige Oorlog".
1911:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
1834:, 1584–1585. Print from
1682:The joyous entry of the
1183:temporary alliance of 16
3492:Wars involving Portugal
3017:, v. V, p. 3.
1495:Siege of Tournai (1581)
1430:On 6 January 1579, the
1405:Events and developments
1276:French Wars of Religion
3487:16th-century conflicts
2460:, p. VI, 120–126.
1936:
1838:
1743:
1691:
1637:
1600:Francis, Duke of Anjou
1564:
1512:1579: Union of Utrecht
1464:), Artois only three (
1354:
1280:Succession of Henry IV
38:
3134:Fruin, Robert Jacobus
2232:Orange's eldest son,
1930:
1921:Further information:
1829:
1740:battle of Steenbergen
1737:
1681:
1670:on 31 November 1581.
1628:
1559:
1420:Further information:
1381:Deductie van Vrancken
1315:
1306:Further information:
1284:Ten Years (1588–1598)
1260:Deduction of Vrancken
1195:Pacification of Ghent
24:
3497:Wars involving Spain
3443:Tracy, J.D. (2008).
3387:Limm, Peter (1989).
3326:on 18 September 2011
1946:Adolf van Nieuwenaar
1868:with a similar offer
1596:king Henri of France
1410:1579: Union of Arras
1175:Habsburg Netherlands
1022:2nd Cape St. Vincent
912:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
824:1st Cape St. Vincent
767:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
683:1st English Channel
499:Ten Years, 1588–1598
3119:, pp. 228–230.
3068:, pp. 225–226.
3041:, pp. 221–222.
3029:, pp. 219–220.
2929:, pp. 218–219.
2881:, pp. 214–216.
2830:, pp. 213–214.
2782:, pp. 168–169.
2707:, pp. 269–276.
2695:, pp. 209–211.
2680:, pp. 208–209.
2617:, pp. 205–208.
2568:, pp. 201–202.
2544:, pp. 290–291.
2238:Justinus van Nassau
1811:Antwerp under siege
1784:Meanwhile, Parma's
1705:Battle of Noordhorn
1652:resistance theories
1432:counties of Hainaut
1256:Robert of Leicester
1244:Matthias of Austria
1199:Don Juan of Austria
1187:Seventeen Provinces
1012:3rd English Channel
837:Twelve Years' Truce
819:2nd English Channel
727:1st Schenckenschans
581:3rd Geertruidenberg
516:2nd Geertruidenberg
222:1st Geertruidenberg
2629:, pp. 53, 55.
2542:Koenigsberger 2007
2409:, p. 142–143.
2039:1577–1578 (before)
1937:
1852:amphibious assault
1839:
1744:
1692:
1638:
1569:Emperor Rudolph II
1565:
1561:Siege of Steenwijk
1355:
1177:. It followed the
945:2nd Schenkenschans
887:2nd Bergen op Zoom
511:1st Bergen op Zoom
39:
3472:Eighty Years' War
3454:978-0-19-920911-8
3231:978-0-521-04437-0
2705:van Gelderen 2002
2147:1588–1589 (after)
1950:Maurice of Nassau
1890:Treaty of Nonsuch
1701:Francisco Verdugo
1643:Act of Abjuration
1631:Act of Abjuration
1610:Edict of Beaulieu
1328:, and became the
1292:Maurice of Nassau
1288:Dutch States Army
1233:Act of Abjuration
1214:County of Hainaut
1159:Eighty Years' War
1154:
1153:
74:Eighty Years' War
3519:
3458:
3439:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3312:
3293:
3274:
3255:
3235:
3213:
3196:Israel, Jonathan
3190:
3171:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3120:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2518:van der Lem 1995
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2431:
2422:
2421:, p. 77–78.
2416:
2410:
2407:van der Lem 2019
2404:
2395:
2389:
2376:
2370:
2361:
2360:, p. 18–19.
2355:
2344:
2343:, p. 10–11.
2338:
2332:
2331:, p. 16–17.
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2305:van der Lem 1995
2302:
2267:
2261:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
1975:Gerard Prouninck
1832:siege of Antwerp
1803:Balthasar Gérard
1786:Army of Flanders
1534:
1525:Count Rennenberg
1518:Union of Utrecht
1507:
1438:and the city of
1351:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1322:Union of Utrecht
1319:
1248:Francis of Anjou
1210:County of Artois
1193:established the
1179:1576–1579 period
1167:Union of Utrecht
1120:2nd San Salvador
1115:1st San Salvador
1088:2nd Saint Martin
1063:1st Saint Martin
77:
75:
65:
58:
51:
42:
29:'s command, the
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3442:
3436:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3358:
3346:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3315:
3309:
3296:
3290:
3277:
3271:
3258:
3252:
3239:
3232:
3216:
3210:
3194:
3187:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2419:Gelderblom 2000
2417:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2136:
2133:
2124:
2121:
2112:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2076:
2073:
2064:
2061:
2052:
2049:
2040:
2037:
2028:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2004:
1983:
1925:
1919:
1824:
1792:in April 1584,
1782:
1732:
1717:siege of Lochem
1676:
1623:
1554:
1520:
1514:
1497:
1448:Treaty of Arras
1428:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1268:Fall of Antwerp
1229:fundamental law
1155:
1150:
1134:
1044:Bay of Matanzas
981:European waters
866:
833:
803:European waters
711:
697:Gulf of Almería
677:European waters
495:
485:European waters
338:
298:
263:European waters
161:
96:
93:
91:List of battles
78:
73:
71:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3525:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:1580s in Spain
3479:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3440:
3435:978-9055746262
3434:
3421:
3409:978-9065506207
3408:
3393:
3384:
3372:978-1789140880
3371:
3356:
3313:
3308:979-8689560397
3307:
3294:
3289:979-8689543123
3288:
3275:
3270:979-8687563130
3269:
3256:
3251:979-8687563130
3250:
3237:
3230:
3214:
3208:
3192:
3186:978-9087041274
3185:
3172:
3166:
3153:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3055:
3053:, p. 224.
3043:
3031:
3019:
3007:
2994:
2982:
2980:, p. 219.
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2806:, p. 213.
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2734:, p. 146.
2724:
2722:, p. 212.
2709:
2697:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2656:, p. 208.
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2593:, p. 144.
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2482:Groenveld 2009
2474:
2470:Groenveld 2009
2462:
2447:
2423:
2411:
2396:
2392:Groenveld 2009
2377:
2373:Groenveld 2009
2362:
2358:Groenveld 2009
2345:
2341:Groenveld 2009
2333:
2329:Groenveld 2009
2321:
2317:Groenveld 2009
2309:
2268:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2234:Philip William
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1982:
1979:
1962:Dutch Republic
1918:
1915:
1843:pontoon bridge
1836:Famiano Strada
1823:
1820:
1781:
1778:
1731:
1728:
1675:
1672:
1622:
1619:
1553:
1550:
1542:Edward Norreys
1513:
1510:
1444:Union of Arras
1416:Union of Arras
1414:Main article:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1330:Dutch Republic
1316:
1303:
1302:Historiography
1300:
1272:Spanish Armada
1222:Union of Arras
1191:States–General
1171:Dutch Republic
1163:Spanish Empire
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1146:Historiography
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:Southern Chile
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
921:2nd Maastricht
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
876:Western Europe
873:
872:
865:
864:
853:
852:
844:Western Europe
841:
840:
832:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
805:
804:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
721:Western Europe
718:
717:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
692:Bayona Islands
689:
679:
678:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
505:Western Europe
502:
501:
494:
493:
487:
486:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
354:1st Maastricht
348:Western Europe
345:
344:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
308:Western Europe
305:
304:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
279:Haarlemmermeer
276:
271:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
171:Western Europe
168:
167:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
106:Western Europe
103:
102:
95:
94:
83:
80:
79:
70:
68:
67:
60:
53:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3524:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3341:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3209:0-19-873072-1
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3167:0-521-89163-9
3163:
3159:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2917:, v. IV.
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2496:, p. 30.
2495:
2490:
2487:
2484:, p. 18.
2483:
2478:
2475:
2472:, p. 14.
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:Winkler Prins
2439:Encyclopedie
2438:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2394:, p. 22.
2393:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:, p. 21.
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2319:, p. 16.
2318:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1954:fait accompli
1951:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:the 1576 sack
1750:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1684:Duke of Anjou
1680:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1656:Monarchomachs
1653:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1486:Prince's Flag
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1453:Henri Pirenne
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1399:Henri Pirenne
1396:
1392:
1387:
1386:Winkler Prins
1382:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1367:Winkler Prins
1365:
1360:
1359:periodisation
1331:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:, in which a
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:2nd Gibraltar
985:
984:
983:
982:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:5th Rheinberg
933:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
902:2nd Oldenzaal
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
877:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
859:
858:
857:
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
838:
835:
834:
830:
829:1st Gibraltar
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
793:
792:4th Rheinberg
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:3rd Rheinberg
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
723:
722:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
686:
681:
680:
676:
675:
672:
669:
667:
666:1st Oldenzaal
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
636:2nd Rheinberg
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
596:2nd Luxemburg
594:
592:
589:
587:
586:2nd Coevorden
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:1st Luxemburg
574:
572:
571:1st Coevorden
569:
567:
566:2nd Steenwijk
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
500:
497:
496:
492:
491:Ponta Delgada
489:
488:
484:
483:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:1st Rheinberg
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
369:1st Steenwijk
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
349:
343:
340:
339:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
309:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
166:
163:
162:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
101:
98:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
81:
76:
66:
61:
59:
54:
52:
47:
46:
43:
37:in the 1580s.
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
3444:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3398:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3361:
3328:. Retrieved
3324:the original
3318:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3241:
3221:
3199:
3176:
3157:
3144:. Retrieved
3138:
3127:Bibliography
3097:
3085:
3073:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2985:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2700:
2673:
2661:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2508:, p. 9.
2501:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2435:
2414:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2166:
2161:
1984:
1972:
1958:
1953:
1938:
1932:
1894:
1873:protectorate
1865:
1840:
1807:
1783:
1762:
1745:
1725:
1693:
1660:
1647:
1639:
1603:
1592:English Fury
1585:
1566:
1529:
1521:
1429:
1391:Robert Fruin
1385:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1265:
1259:
1236:
1226:
1220:to sign the
1216:and city of
1156:
1093:
1092:
1068:2nd Salvador
1055:
1034:1st Salvador
1027:
1026:
1002:Lizard Point
980:
979:
960:2nd Roermond
929:1st Roermond
875:
874:
855:
854:
843:
842:
809:Dover Strait
777:Hoogstraaten
747:Lekkerbeetje
720:
719:
684:
531:2nd Deventer
504:
503:
359:2nd Mechelen
347:
346:
341:
329:1st Deventer
307:
306:
187:1st Mechelen
170:
169:
117:Valenciennes
112:Beeldenstorm
105:
104:
31:Spanish Army
18:
3348:|work=
3117:Israel 1995
3066:Israel 1995
3051:Israel 1995
3039:Israel 1995
3027:Israel 1995
2978:Israel 1995
2927:Israel 1995
2879:Israel 1995
2828:Israel 1995
2804:Israel 1995
2720:Israel 1995
2693:Israel 1995
2678:Israel 1995
2654:Israel 1995
2615:Israel 1995
2566:Israel 1995
2002:Map gallery
1967:grain trade
1860:surrendered
1856:Hellburners
1845:across the
1799:Paulus Buys
1757:French Fury
1664:Elizabeth I
1498: [
1185:out of the
1173:out of the
1094:East Indies
1039:Puerto Rico
907:4th Groenlo
862:Playa Honda
856:East Indies
839:, 1609–1621
797:3rd Groenlo
742:San Andreas
646:2nd Groenlo
606:1st Groenlo
541:Knodsenburg
526:2nd Zutphen
474:1st Zutphen
429:3rd Antwerp
414:Steenbergen
404:2nd Antwerp
314:1st Antwerp
289:Reimerswaal
252:Schoonhoven
242:Mookerheyde
142:Heiligerlee
35:Netherlands
3466:Categories
2780:Tracy 2008
2732:Tracy 2008
2591:Tracy 2008
2506:Fruin 1899
2494:Fruin 1899
2248:References
1765:Nieuwpoort
1709:at Niezijl
1516:See also:
1491:Tournaisis
1474:Saint-Omer
1207:Malcontent
787:2nd Lingen
752:Nieuwpoort
732:Zaltbommel
671:1st Lingen
651:Bredevoort
334:Borgerhout
237:Valkenburg
212:IJsselmeer
202:Middelburg
157:Le Quesnoy
132:Oosterweel
3350:ignored (
3340:cite book
3236:paperback
2627:Limm 1989
2135:1586–1587
1816:Huguenots
1721:Steenwijk
1690:by force.
1605:Politique
1395:Ten Years
1142:Aftermath
1078:Itamaracá
1054:Trujillo
1017:The Downs
992:2nd Cádiz
975:4th Hulst
970:3rd Hulst
955:3rd Venlo
950:4th Breda
925:2nd Venlo
897:3rd Breda
870:1621–1648
814:2nd Sluis
782:3rd Sluis
772:2nd Grave
715:1599–1609
702:1st Cádiz
661:Ootmarsum
641:1st Meurs
626:2nd Hulst
591:Groningen
546:1st Hulst
521:2nd Breda
479:1st Sluis
454:1st Venlo
449:1st Grave
409:Eindhoven
384:Noordhorn
379:1st Breda
342:1579–1588
302:1576–1579
284:Zuiderzee
257:Zierikzee
247:Oudewater
165:1572–1576
147:Jemmingen
122:Wattrelos
100:1566–1572
3220:(2007).
3198:(1995).
3136:(1899).
1903:Erastian
1898:Puritans
1882:Flushing
1713:Deventer
1648:Apologie
1588:Kortrijk
1546:Bouchain
1458:burghers
1237:de facto
1100:Mormugão
1058:Campeche
1049:Abrolhos
1028:Americas
687:Flanders
656:Enschede
631:Turnhout
616:2nd Lier
561:Caudebec
551:Nijmegen
536:Delfzijl
399:1st Lier
324:Rijmenam
319:Gembloux
269:Flushing
152:Jodoigne
3330:11 July
3146:12 July
2437:Encarta
1847:Scheldt
1749:Dunkirk
1742:in 1583
1668:Tournai
1577:Drenthe
1573:Cologne
1470:Béthune
1364:Encarta
1332:in 1588
1110:Malacca
1073:Cabañas
1007:Dunkirk
892:Fleurus
389:Niezijl
274:Borsele
217:Alkmaar
207:Haarlem
197:Naarden
177:Brielle
87:Origins
3451:
3432:
3415:9 July
3406:
3378:9 July
3369:
3305:
3286:
3267:
3248:
3228:
3206:
3183:
3164:
1996:Ostend
1992:Arnhem
1988:Zwolle
1935:, 1616
1794:Bruges
1769:Ostend
1581:outlaw
1538:mutiny
1456:where
1436:Artois
1350:
1343:
1336:
1320:
1318:
1130:Cavite
1125:Manila
940:Leuven
882:Jülich
850:Aachen
762:Ostend
707:Azores
621:Calais
444:Boksum
434:Arnhem
394:Lochem
374:Kollum
227:Leiden
137:Dahlen
127:Lannoy
25:Under
2153:Notes
1886:Brill
1790:Ypres
1773:Delft
1697:Breda
1506:]
1466:Arras
1440:Douai
1218:Douai
1138:Peace
1105:Galle
997:Slaak
965:Kallo
917:Meuse
611:Lippe
556:Rouen
464:Neuss
439:Empel
424:Aalst
419:Ghent
364:Diest
294:Lillo
232:Delft
27:Parma
3449:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3417:2022
3404:ISBN
3380:2022
3367:ISBN
3352:help
3332:2022
3303:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3265:ISBN
3246:ISBN
3226:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3181:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3148:2022
2123:1585
2111:1584
2099:1583
2087:1582
2075:1581
2063:1580
2051:1579
1994:and
1981:1587
1917:1586
1884:and
1822:1585
1780:1584
1738:The
1730:1583
1674:1582
1629:The
1621:1581
1552:1580
1482:Aire
1472:and
1462:Mons
1434:and
1424:and
1294:and
1254:and
1235:, a
1201:and
737:Rees
459:Axel
192:Goes
182:Mons
2167:and
1633:by
1372:and
601:Huy
3468::
3344::
3342:}}
3338:{{
3109:^
3058:^
2970:^
2871:^
2712:^
2685:^
2646:^
2573:^
2450:^
2426:^
2399:^
2380:^
2365:^
2348:^
2271:^
2256:^
1990:,
1909:,
1598:,
1533:c.
1504:fr
1502:;
1500:nl
1468:,
1250:,
1246:,
1212:,
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1144:–
1140:–
927:,
923:,
89:–
3457:.
3438:.
3419:.
3382:.
3354:)
3334:.
3311:.
3292:.
3273:.
3254:.
3234:.
3212:.
3189:.
3170:.
3150:.
2307:.
1056:·
931:)
919:(
685:·
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57:t
50:v
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