20:
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160:, and we were already prepared to pronounce the Dead Sea shore to be the shore of charmed life. Water, vegetation, birds and beasts, geology, and hot baths −everything was in abundance. The poor fountain has had, methinks, rather scurvy treatment at the hands of its biographers. Perhaps our tastes were vitiated, or perhaps after the recent rains the mineral element was unusually diluted; but though the spring itself had a temperature of 82°
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brackish. A channel brought water from the spring through the wall to the north into a small rectangular tank on to each of the two basins. The purpose of this installation is unknown. It may have served as part of a tannery or for raising fish. More recent analyses suggest it may have been used in indigo manufacturing, date-wine preparation, date-honey production or
102:
207:, who carved an 8-9 inches long line into the rock face which was to be used for reference, and the initials "PEF" beneath it. It became known as the PEF rock. Macalister undertook a first measurement and noted that the line stood at exactly 14 ft above the water. Macalister's reference line was then used until 1913 by the PEF researcher,
168:
359:
The complex is composed of a main building (24m by 18m) with central courtyard, an industrial installation with two plastered basins to its northeast and what appear to be stables to its west. The entrance was through two doors, side-by-side, to the east. There is a staircase in the southeast corner
278:
Enot Tsukim is divided into three sections: the northern "closed reserve," the central "visitors reserve," and the southern "hidden reserve." The closed reserve is only open to scientists by special invitation. This section covers approximately 2,700 dunams. The 500-dunam visitors reserve features
189:
noted: "In the neighbourhood of the Dead Sea there are also two springs of importance. The largest of these is 'Ain
Feshkhah, near which is the little spring called 'Ain et Tannur. The water comes out from beneath the cliffs into a pool surrounded with canes, and runs over a shingly bed in several
137:
of a beautiful stone−colour, so much like the rocks, that they could only be distinguished when in motion. Heard the notes of a solitary bird in the cane−brake, which we could not identify. The statement that nothing can live upon the shores of the sea, is, therefore, disproved. The home and the
363:
The spring at Ein
Feshkha is now located 100 meters south of the main building found by de Vaux and at least 3 meters lower. In ancient times a spring, now dried up, just north of the main building supplied water. This ancient spring being several meters higher suggests that it was sweet, not
85:, the "headland of Feshkhah". Within the reserve is a group of springs of brackish water. The nature reserve consists of an open section with pools of mineral water for bathing surrounded by high foliage and a section that is closed to visitors to protect the native flora and fauna.
133:(cape of the stride), and gathered some specimens of conglomerate and some fresh−water shells in the bed of the stream. We were struck with the almost absence of round stones and pebbles upon the beach −the shore is covered with small angular fragments of flint. Started two
113:
noted that the temperature of the spring was 80°. He also saw the "foundations of a small square tower and of other small buildings" near the fountain. He further noted a couple of ravens and a small hawk, and his guides killed a large (3 feet, 8 inches) lizard of the
202:
found a suitable rock towards the southern end of 'Ain
Feshkah's reeds area, next to the Dead Sea shore and standing some 20 ft above the water. A second boulder underneath the first offered a ledge to stand on. He had brought with him a stonemason from
270:
and the
Israeli Ministry of Agriculture are constructing pools in the area to preserve these native fish. Two of the pools are complete and are now populated by tens of thousands of fish. Measures are also being taken to preserve the
129:, near the base of the mountain. It is soft yet brackish, and there is no deposit of silicious or cretaceous matter, but it has a strong smell of sulphur." He further "made an excursion along the base of the mountain, towards
347:
De Vaux showed that the Ein
Feshkha complex was contemporary with the settlement at Qumran and theorized that they were inhabited by the same community and, while he dated traces to the period from 100 to 31 BCE, both
733:
2392:
471:
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The earliest structure at the site, located south of the spring, was an Iron Age II fort, constructed at a similar time to the earliest structures at Qumran and down the Dead Sea coast.
2417:
2427:
1907:
1087:
The Survey of
Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer
737:
190:
streams into the Dead Sea. The supply is copious and perennial, but has a slightly brackish taste and sulphurous smell. The colour in the pool is a deep green blue."
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we found it tolerable. It made good tea and coffee, though with a slight flavour of soda, and we had no hesitation in determining to spend two days by its reeds."
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visited the place, and described the stream as: "The fountain is a shallow and clear stream of water, at the temperature of 84°, which flows from a
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wading pools filled with natural spring water. Due to ecological concerns, the hidden reserve is closed to the public apart from tours on
Fridays.
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653:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament (WUNT) 278. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 13 (in academia.edu version).
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usual haunt of the partridge may be among the cliffs above, but the smaller bird we heard must have its nest in the thicket."
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211:(1867-1943), who came down from Jerusalem for rigorous biannual measurements. Long-forgotten, it was rediscovered after the
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Water
Security in the Mediterranean Region: An International Evaluation of Management, Control, and Governance Approaches
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1021:, Qumran in Context: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence, (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2004). Ch. 4, pp. 183–209.
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Other discoveries at Ein
Feshkha include a sizable vase from the first century BCE or CE with an inscription written in
1191:
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93:'Ain el-Feshkhah means "the spring of el-Feshkhah", Feshkhah being either a personal name, or a word with no meaning.
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Corpus inscriptionum
Iudaeae/Palaestinae: a multi-lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad
199:
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Land of Israel, A Journal of travel in Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical character
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Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
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907:. Vol. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea. Eran Lupu, Marfa Heimbach, Naomi Schneider, Hannah Cotton. Berlin:
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The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
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2010:
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The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoir on the Physical Geology and Geography of Arabia Petraea
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Taylor, Joan E.; Gibson, Shimon (2011). Frey, Jörg; Claussen, Carsten; Kessler, Nadine (eds.).
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of Ein Feshkha are the only known place in the world where populations of Blue and Dead Sea
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Narrative of a journey round the Dead Sea, and in the Bible lands, in 1850 and 1851
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Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea
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Barag, Dan, "Ein-Feshkha" in Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls Vol.1, Edd.
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The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates
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Bélis, Mirielle, "The Workshops at ʿEin Fashkhah: A New Hypothesis," in:
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Qumran Connected: The Qumran Pass and Paths of the North-Western Dead Sea
457:
The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700
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66:
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785:
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2005:
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INPA to celebrate Israel's wetlands this weekend, in honor of int'l day
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have concluded that the complex was Herodian, i.e. dates after 37 BCE.
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61:'cliff springs') is a 2,500 ha nature reserve and
1750:
1745:
1740:
1903:
The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)
2393:
Jews and Judaism in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
1908:
War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)
266:(Nevit Hula and Nevit Yam Hamelakh) live side by side. The
962:, VanderKam, James C. (Oxford: OUP, 2000) p. 237–238.
1063:(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002). Ch. 10, pp. 210–217.
331:
in 1956 and 1958. Hirschfeld excavated the site in 2001.
1323:, Khallet al Karaneen, Al ‘Ukab, Harmala, and Abu Njeim)
360:
of the building, showing that there was an upper story.
2383:
1969 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate
1180:
Israel Nature & Parks Authority page on Ein Feshkha
392:
dating to the fifth year of king Agrippa, most likely
2271:
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2019:
1916:
1635:
1574:
1546:
1485:
1355:
1283:
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786:"Excavations at ʿEin Feshkha, 2001: Final Report"
429:Andrea Scozzari & Bouabid El Mansouri (2011)
1071:Did Any Perfume Industry Exist at ʿEin Fashkhah?
2418:Nature reserves in Israeli-occupied territories
1130:. Vol. 2, new edition. London: R. Bentley.
883:Gideon Hadas, cited in Hirschfeld 2004, p. 207.
642:
640:
597:, pp.4-5, London 1901. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
215:by Israeli geographer and cultural researcher,
2428:Important Bird Areas of the State of Palestine
1731:4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)
1137:, "Ein Fashkha", pp. 255–256, Vol. 6, of
1011:, "Fouilles de Feshka, Rapport preliminaire."
1613:
1216:
734:"A green and changing oasis in the wasteland"
585:
583:
581:
579:
323:Excavations at Ein Feshkha were conducted by
287:The nature reserve has been recognised as an
251:in order to establish the nature reserve of '
8:
1816:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever
411:National parks and nature reserves of Israel
1844:Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)
1092:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
1036:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
1002:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
853:, (Oxford: The British Academy, 1973) p. 82
145:noted extensive ruins north of the spring.
81:. It is located just north of the headland
1883:Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)
1786:The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)
1620:
1606:
1598:
1223:
1209:
1201:
605:
603:
1165:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
616:. Indiana University Press. p. 122.
69:, about 3 km (1.9 mi) south of
1143:, Edition 2 (Macmillan Reference, 2006)
711:
709:
558:Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p.
314:
226:
100:
1190:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 18:
422:
194:PEF rock: Dead Sea level reference line
969:, J. Zangenburg, and K. Galor (eds.),
932:
683:
673:
494:Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, pp.
152:visited, and noted: "Our prospects at
2398:Archaeological sites in the West Bank
1791:Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)
7:
2408:Former populated places in West Asia
1503:Church of Saint Catherine, Bethlehem
1061:Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls
851:Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls
2388:Protected areas established in 1969
295:because it supports populations of
51:
35:
231:Pool in closed part of the reserve
65:on the north-western shore of the
14:
2309:Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
1518:St. George's Monastery, Al-Khader
613:The Dead Sea and the Jordan River
268:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
1273:
1266:
239:, in 1969 Israel confiscated 97
2378:1838 archaeological discoveries
1878:The Seekers After Smooth Things
1868:Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)
1834:Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)
1806:Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)
1498:Chapel of the Shepherds' Field
765:. BirdLife International. 2021
593:, Palestine Exploration Fund,
591:Observation of Dead Sea Levels
1:
1888:Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)
1528:Monastery of Saint Theodosius
16:West Bank archaeological site
2413:Nature reserves in Palestine
1821:Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)
1756:11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll
975:(Leiden: Brill, 2006), (pp.
595:Quarterly Statement for 1901
1863:Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)
784:Hirschfeld, Yizhar (2004).
185:Survey of Western Palestine
2454:
2148:Florentino García Martínez
1513:Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)
1075:Israel Exploration Journal
1052:. London: Richard Bentley.
911:. 2018. pp. 695–696.
790:Israel Exploration Journal
589:R. A. Stewart Macalister,
319:Excavations at Ein Feshkha
180:Palestine Exploration Fund
2263:José O'Callaghan Martínez
1776:Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)
1493:Chapel of the Milk Grotto
1264:
701:Al 'Ubeidiya Town Profile
670:– via academia.edu.
610:Kreiger, Barbara (2016).
2168:Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz
2158:Gerald Lankester Harding
2057:Teacher of Righteousness
1898:Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)
892:Hirschfeld 2004, p. 207.
534:Saulcy, 1854, vol 1, p.
200:R. A. Stewart Macalister
1418:Khirbet Beit Zakariyyah
1112:. Vol. 2. Boston:
1000:. Vol. 3. London:
874:, cited in Taylor 2006.
156:seemed as bright as at
23:Ein Feshka/Einot Tzukim
2438:Iron Age sites in Asia
1801:Damascus Document (CD)
1508:Church of the Nativity
1114:Crocker & Brewster
939:: CS1 maint: others (
461:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
320:
293:BirdLife International
232:
175:
106:
24:
2143:Jean-Baptiste Humbert
2103:Sidnie White Crawford
1893:Temple Scroll (11Q19)
1258:Bethlehem (Beit Lahm)
1232:Bethlehem Governorate
1140:Encyclopaedia Judaica
318:
230:
170:
104:
22:
2288:Aramaic Enoch Scroll
2228:Carsten Peter Thiede
2093:Joseph M. Baumgarten
1839:New Jerusalem Scroll
1826:Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa
1796:Copper Scroll (3Q15)
1726:4QDeuteronomy (4Q41)
1187:, Thomson Gale, 2007
1077:, 55 (2005), 97–100.
840:Magness 2002, p.214.
831:Magness 2002, p.211.
150:Henry Baker Tristram
2354:31.7144°N 35.4533°E
2350: /
2208:Solomon H. Steckoll
2138:David Noel Freedman
2113:André Dupont-Sommer
1771:11Q18 New Jerusalem
1523:Al-Hamadiyya Mosque
1015:66 (1959), 225–255.
546:Tristram, 1865, p.
289:Important Bird Area
283:Important Bird Area
97:Exploration history
63:archaeological site
2293:Shrine of the Book
2193:Lawrence Schiffman
2088:John Marco Allegro
1853:Horoscopes (4Q186)
1811:Genesis Commentary
1781:The Book of Giants
1365:'Arab al-Rashayida
763:BirdLife Data Zone
721:The Jerusalem Post
472:Ein Tzukim reserve
435:, Springer, p.235.
321:
305:cinereous buntings
233:
209:E. W. G. Masterman
176:
107:
25:
2333:
2332:
2320:Muhammed edh-Dhib
2213:Hartmut Stegemann
2203:Patrick W. Skehan
2163:Yizhar Hirschfeld
2108:Frank Moore Cross
2067:Calendrical texts
1766:11Q13 Melchizedek
1736:4QMMT (4Q394–399)
1595:
1594:
1410:Khallet al-Haddad
1196:Wikimedia commons
918:978-3-11-022219-7
849:de Vaux, Roland,
660:978-3-16-150840-0
522:Lynch, 1849, pp.
482:Palmer, 1881, p.
444:Palmer, 1881, p.
372:Other discoveries
335:Iron Age findings
301:Dead Sea sparrows
243:of land from the
198:In October 1900,
75:Judea and Samaria
60:
2445:
2403:Dead Sea Scrolls
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:31.7144; 35.4533
2355:
2351:
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2188:James A. Sanders
1629:Dead Sea Scrolls
1622:
1615:
1608:
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1414:Khallet al-Louza
1405:Jurat ash Sham'a
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759:"Ein Al-Fashkha"
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736:. Archived from
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570:Hull, 1886, p.
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510:Lynch, 1849, p.
508:
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343:Herodian complex
297:griffon vultures
174:Rock inscription
123:William F. Lynch
116:Lacerta Nilotica
55:
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2223:Eleazar Sukenik
2128:Joseph Fitzmyer
2118:Robert Eisenman
2098:John J. Collins
2083:Martin G. Abegg
2071:
2015:
2011:Wadi Murabba'at
1991:Qumran cemetery
1912:
1631:
1626:
1596:
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1582:Solomon's Pools
1570:
1542:
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1234:
1229:
1176:
1171:
1153:
1122:Saulcy, L.F. de
1120:
1098:
1080:
1042:
1034:. Vol. 7.
1024:
992:Kitchener, H.H.
986:
954:
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131:Ras es Feshkhah
111:Edward Robinson
99:
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2248:Roland de Vaux
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740:on 2014-02-22
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68:
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58:
49:
45:
41:
40:Ain Al-Fashka
33:
29:
21:
2335:
2325:Najib Albina
2307:
2298:Orion Center
2258:Yigael Yadin
2173:Jodi Magness
1995:
1929:Qumran Caves
1456:ash-Shawawra
1451:Umm Salamuna
1185:Ein Fashkhah
1159:
1138:
1126:
1108:
1100:Robinson, E.
1086:
1082:Palmer, E.H.
1074:
1070:
1060:
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996:
988:Conder, C.R.
970:
952:Bibliography
903:
897:
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879:
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858:
850:
845:
836:
827:
818:
796:(1): 37–74.
793:
789:
779:
767:. Retrieved
762:
753:
742:. Retrieved
738:the original
728:
719:
696:
664:. Retrieved
649:
627:. Retrieved
612:
594:
566:
554:
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518:
506:
490:
478:
467:
452:
440:
431:
425:
406:Qumran Caves
390:stone weight
375:
362:
358:
346:
338:
322:
286:
277:
275:population.
257:
253:Ayn Fashkhah
252:
234:
197:
184:
177:
154:Ain Feshkhah
153:
148:Around 1860
147:
140:
130:
120:
108:
92:
83:Râs Feshkhah
82:
44:Einot Tzukim
43:
39:
27:
26:
2357: /
2253:Géza Vermes
2233:Emanuel Tov
2178:Józef Milik
2153:Norman Golb
2123:Hanan Eshel
1996:Ein Feshkha
1761:11QpaleoLev
1473:Wadi Rahhal
1470:Wadi an-Nis
1441:Marah Rabah
1375:Beit Ta'mir
1342:al-Ubeidiya
1298:Beit Fajjar
1253:Beit Sahour
1057:Magness, J.
1044:Lynch, W.F.
1009:de Vaux, R.
872:Ehud Netzer
862:Bélis 2006.
769:26 February
684:|work=
666:8 September
629:7 September
311:Archaeology
258:The saline
249:al-Ubeidiya
247:village of
245:Palestinian
213:Six Day war
105:Ein Feshkha
52:עינות צוקים
28:Ein Feshkha
2372:Categories
2345:35°27′12″E
2342:31°42′52″N
2315:Mar Samuel
1466:Wadi Fukin
1428:al-Ma'sara
1163:. London:
1135:Taylor, J.
1067:Netzer, E.
909:de Gruyter
744:2014-02-12
417:References
384:using the
354:Hirschfeld
217:Zev Vilnay
135:partridges
127:cane−brake
2032:Sadducees
1477:al-Walaja
1433:al-Maniya
1380:Dar Salah
1327:al-Khader
1321:al-Asakra
1248:Beit Jala
1104:Smith, E.
935:cite book
927:663773367
802:0021-2059
686:ignored (
676:cite book
394:Agrippa I
366:opobalsam
291:(IBA) by
264:killifish
182:'s (PEF)
143:de Saulcy
118:species.
109:In 1838,
89:Etymology
2076:Scholars
1566:Dheisheh
1533:Mar Saba
1486:Religion
1357:Villages
1347:Za'atara
1313:Jannatah
1303:al-Dawha
1157:(1865).
1124:(1854).
1106:(1841).
1084:(1881).
1046:(1849).
1028:(1886).
1026:Hull, E.
994:(1883).
810:27927058
400:See also
260:wetlands
141:In 1851
121:In 1847
67:Dead Sea
36:عين فشخة
2027:Essenes
2006:Secacah
1829:,1QIsa)
1385:Hindaza
1332:Nahalin
524:274−275
500:252–253
382:Aramaic
350:Magness
327:of the
273:tilapia
205:Jericho
158:Jericho
73:in the
59:
38:, also
2423:Qumran
2047:Pesher
2020:Issues
2001:Kohlit
1934:cave 1
1924:Qumran
1917:Places
1446:Nuaman
1400:Juhdum
1317:Rakhme
1293:Battir
1240:Cities
1147:
925:
915:
808:
800:
657:
620:
388:and a
378:Hebrew
241:dunams
79:Israel
71:Qumran
48:Hebrew
32:Arabic
2272:Other
1721:4Q542
1716:4Q521
1711:4Q448
1706:4Q252
1701:4Q246
1696:4Q240
1691:4Q175
1687:4Q166
1683:4Q127
1678:4Q126
1673:4Q122
1668:4Q121
1663:4Q120
1658:4Q119
1653:4Q108
1648:4Q107
1643:4Q106
1636:Texts
1575:Other
1561:'Azza
1423:Kisan
1390:Jab'a
1370:Artas
1337:Tuqu'
1308:Husan
806:JSTOR
187:(SWP)
162:Fahr.
42:) or
2283:ASOR
2279:AIAR
1556:Aida
1145:ISBN
1073:in:
941:link
923:OCLC
913:ISBN
798:ISSN
771:2021
688:help
668:2020
655:ISBN
631:2020
618:ISBN
352:and
303:and
237:ARIJ
57:lit.
1751:7Q5
1746:7Q1
1741:6Q6
1192:IAA
981:262
977:253
560:171
548:251
512:273
496:250
484:339
446:349
172:PEF
2374::
1984:11
1979:10
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1194:,
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937:}}
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2281:/
1974:9
1969:8
1964:7
1959:6
1954:5
1949:4
1944:3
1939:2
1851:/
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1094:.
1038:.
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983:)
943:)
929:.
812:.
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747:.
690:)
633:.
380:/
46:(
30:(
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