39:
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207:(CRS), between 2.3 million and 4.8 million donkeys are slaughtered annually for ejiao production, prompting fears that both legal and illegal donkey hide trade threatens donkey populations. For example, the donkey population in Botswana declined 70% between 2011 and 2021. In September 2021, Representative Don Beyer (
181:
In the 21st century, ejiao manufacturers experience problems with the supply of genuine donkey hides, as fewer people raise these animals these days. The decreasing supply combined with strong demand for ejiao has led to greatly increased prices for donkey hides in China. This trend is also supported
199:
reported that 4.8 million donkey hides were required to satisfy the global demand for ejiao, resulting in steep declines of donkey populations around the world. The demand for donkey hides was linked to the decline of donkey populations in the
Northeast of Brazil, which led the Federal Court of
215:) introduced House Resolution 5203, the Ejiao Act, which would prohibit the knowing sale or transport of ejiao (or products containing ejiao) in interstate or foreign commerce citing the decimation of donkey population and the availability of plant-based gelatins. The bill, introduced to the
182:
by restrictions on importing animal hides from outside the country. Qin Yufeng, the chairman of a major ejiao manufacturer and a member of
Shandong's provincial legislature, has advocated for government support for donkey husbandry.
190:
In the mid-2010s, donkey prices in many places around the world began to rise sharply with demand for ejiao. Uganda, Tanzania, Botswana, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, and
Senegal have banned donkey exports to China. In November 2017,
177:
has no disagreeable taste or smell, the fake product could be distinguished by its unpleasant smell and taste, even when it was made from pig skins (which, supposedly, provided the best approximation of the real thing).
152:, the product was traditionally prepared during the late fall and winter (from after the harvest and until the beginning of March). It was supposed to be made from the skin of a recently killed well-nourished black
670:
Wu, Hongzhong; Ren, Chunyan; Yang, Fang; Qin, Yufeng; Zhang, Yuanxing; Liu, Jianwen (April 2016). "Extraction and identification of collagen-derived peptides with hematopoietic activity from Colla Corii Asini".
406:, Volume 10 of Lettres Édifiantes Et Curieuses, Écrites Des Missions Étrangères, Lettres Édifiantes Et Curieuses, Écrites Des Missions Étrangères (in French) (reprint ed.), J. Vernarel, pp. 479–481
242:
or taken alone. It is believed that donkey-hide gelatin treats a variety of conditions such as bleeding, dizziness, insomnia and a dry cough, despite a lack of evidence. It has however been found to have a
490:
216:
236:
220:
653:
192:
298:
The basis for the hematopoietic effect of colla corii asini has been found to be at least in part a peptide resulting from the partial hydrolysis of
212:
136:, there was a well in Dong'e which was normally kept closed and sealed, and which was only opened when water was taken to be used in preparation of
235:
is a traditional medicine used for different types of illnesses. An amount of 5 to 10 grams may be dissolved in hot water or wine and mixed with
438:
167:
Ejiao is either prepared as dry gelatin or mixed with powdered oyster shell or pollen to form glue balls. It tastes sweet and slightly bitter.
519:
984:
378:
354:
164:, horses, camels, pigs, and sometimes, it was said, even from old shoes; a bit of "real stuff" was added to it, to deceive consumers.
400:
Gobien, Charles Le; Halde, Jean-Baptiste Du; Querbeuf, Yves
Mathurin Marie Tréaudet de; Maréchal, Nicolas; Patouillet, Louis (1819),
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74:
195:
Asia released eyewitness footage showing donkeys subject to poor conditions and treatment in farms. In
November 2019,
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258:, nuts, sesame, Chinese dates and cooking wine. It can also be used as an edible coating for
989:
884:
749:
680:
495:
303:
291:; it dries quickly, holds quite firmly, and is water-soluble, allowing later replacement of
156:. Since the supply of this material was rather limited, it was said that a large amount of "
123:
108:
408:(This is a reprint; the original text was published in the first half of the 18th century.
730:
596:
411:
54:
403:
Lettres Édifiantes Et
Curieuses, Écrites Des Missions Étrangères: Mémoires de la Chine
994:
973:
894:
851:
288:
244:
825:
275:
581:
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491:"Cruelty on animals: Video of donkeys being killed for Chinese medicine (Video)"
315:
254:
bar called "gu yuan gao" (固元膏) in
Shandong province. Gu yuan gao is made up of
684:
157:
456:
692:
582:"Justiça suspende abate de jumentos no Brasil para exportação para a China"
889:
299:
119:
115:
70:
62:
772:
153:
98:
17:
654:"The Chinese medicine that could wipe out half the world's donkeys"
520:"World's donkeys being 'decimated' by demand for Chinese medicine"
270:
37:
29:
439:"It Behooves China to Subsidize Donkey Industry, Politician Says"
200:
Brazil to suspend the slaughter of donkeys for export to China.
161:
30:
745:
114:
The gelatin is produced in several coastal provinces of China:
741:
539:"Chinese trade in hides has led to global donkey massacre"
302:
in the hide. This effect may benefit cancer patients with
371:
Encyclopedic
Reference of Traditional Chinese Medicine
473:"Why are donkeys facing their 'biggest ever crisis'?"
875:
844:
818:
779:
247:effect, increasing the production of blood cells.
160:" ejiao was also manufactured, using skins from
427:, under the transcription system then in use).
129:According to a ca. 1723 account by the French
757:
537:Lesté-Lasserre, Christa (December 12, 2019).
237:other ingredients in the traditional Chinese
8:
27:Gelatin obtained from the skin of the donkey
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750:
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389:
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336:
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73:. It is used as an ingredient in the
65:obtained from the skin of the donkey (
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663:
343:An illustrated Chinese materia medica
306:due to radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
250:Quite a few manufacturers produce an
186:Donkey thefts and population declines
7:
580:Leandro, Machado (4 February 2022).
595:Sheikh, Pervaze A. (3 March 2023).
262:, producing another type of snack.
217:House Energy and Commerce Committee
126:is the source of the name "ejiao".
219:, was referred to the committee's
25:
707:"Now it's the turn of the donkey"
471:Leithead, Alastair (2017-10-07).
954:
953:
945:
944:
936:
935:
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926:
918:
917:
731:Ejiao and the Donkey Hide Trade
597:Ejiao and the Donkey Hide Trade
905:Triumphal entry into Jerusalem
735:Congressional Research Service
601:Congressional Research Service
518:Murray, Jessica (2019-11-21).
205:Congressional Research Service
103:
94:
86:
1:
75:traditional medicine of China
34:A slab of donkey-hide gelatin
985:Traditional Chinese medicine
673:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
565:Suarez, Joana (2019-12-11).
173:noted that while the "real"
455:Li, Courtney (2016-12-16),
1016:
268:is also used for applying
913:
685:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.019
437:Chin, Josh (2015-02-06),
373:, Springer, p. 168,
140:for the emperor's court.
737:. March 2, 2023. R47441.
567:"Sob a pele do jumento"
458:阿胶价格暴涨一斤5000元 中国"满世界找驴"
347:Oxford University Press
274:, a special paper-like
107:), meaning "gelatin of
636:"H.R.5203 - Ejiao Act"
221:Subcommittee on Health
203:According to the U.S.
58:
43:
35:
369:Xinrong Yang (2003),
341:Jing-Nuan Wu (2005),
77:, where it is called
41:
33:
900:The Messiah's Donkey
715:. 29 September 2018.
642:. 10 September 2021.
349:, pp. 284–285,
197:The Donkey Sanctuary
656:. 24 November 2019.
499:. November 23, 2017
443:Wall Street Journal
91:traditional Chinese
47:Donkey-hide gelatin
805:Spain and Portugal
134:Dominique Parrenin
83:simplified Chinese
44:
36:
967:
966:
836:Pack burro racing
419:are transcribed
415:(for Dong'e) and
380:978-3-540-42846-6
356:978-0-19-514017-0
69:) by soaking and
59:colla corii asini
42:The donkey or ass
16:(Redirected from
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148:According to
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124:Dong'e County
122:. Shandong's
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109:Dong'e County
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51:ass-hide glue
48:
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19:
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826:Donkey rides
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640:Congress.gov
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548:. Retrieved
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524:The Guardian
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501:. Retrieved
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276:musical reed
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227:Applications
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118:, Zhejiang,
113:
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67:Equus asinus
66:
50:
46:
45:
867:Pule cheese
831:Donkey show
679:: 129–136.
615:"H.R. 5203"
550:January 24,
503:February 7,
318:/ Hide glue
316:Animal glue
144:Manufacture
974:Categories
941:in fiction
733:(Report).
599:(Report).
323:References
980:Adhesives
783:by region
281:, to the
231:In China
890:Onolatry
845:Products
693:26911525
477:BBC News
425:Ngo-kiao
421:Ngo-hien
310:See also
300:collagen
279:membrane
150:Parennin
120:Shandong
990:Donkeys
950:In film
923:Deities
877:Culture
857:Gelatin
810:Tunisia
773:Donkeys
544:Science
171:Jesuits
116:Jiangsu
71:stewing
63:gelatin
932:In art
852:Burger
819:Events
790:France
781:Breeds
691:
584:. BBC.
377:
353:
154:donkey
131:Jesuit
101::
99:pinyin
93::
85::
795:Italy
618:(PDF)
417:Ejiao
293:di mo
271:di mo
266:Ejiao
260:dates
256:ejiao
252:ejiao
233:ejiao
175:ejiao
162:mules
138:ejiao
104:ējiāo
79:ejiao
61:) is
55:Latin
18:Ejiao
995:Skin
862:Milk
689:PMID
552:2020
505:2018
423:and
412:xian
375:ISBN
351:ISBN
284:dizi
213:VA-8
193:PETA
158:fake
681:doi
677:182
111:".
49:or
976::
952:•
943:•
934:•
925:•
709:.
687:.
675:.
662:^
638:.
620:.
541:.
522:.
493:.
475:.
441:,
410:E
388:^
345:,
331:^
295:.
223:.
97:;
95:阿膠
89:;
87:阿胶
57::
765:e
758:t
751:v
695:.
683::
624:.
603:.
569:.
554:.
526:.
507:.
479:.
211:-
209:D
81:(
53:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
