441:. She also continued to actively help the Bolsheviks, and in November 1906 hosted a contact from Moscow. This individual was a double agent and after he left, Svanidze and her cousin, Spiridon Dvali, were arrested on 13 November. Svanidze was jailed while Dvali, charged with making bombs, was sentenced to death. After six weeks in prison, Svanidze was released; she was let go both due to her condition (four months' pregnant), and Sashiko asking her clients from the atelier for help; Dvali's sentence was also commuted, and he was given a reduced sentence. Though released from prison, Svandize was not allowed back home, but instead housed at the police chief's home for two months. Jughashvili would frequently visit her, as the officers did not recognise him.
507:, Jughashvili was very distraught at the death of his wife, and at the funeral allegedly said "This creature softened my heart of stone. She died and with her died my last warm feelings for humanity." He would also later tell a girlfriend that he "was so overcome with grief that comrades took gun away from ." During the burial, Jughashvili also reportedly threw himself into her grave, and had to be dragged out. As he had been trailed by Okhrana agents, Jughashvili fled before the service ended. He left Tiflis and returned to Baku, abandoning 8-month-old Iakob to be raised by his Svanidze relatives. Jughashvili did not return to visit his son for several years.
413:, Svanidze was very devout and insisted on a religious wedding in a church, which the atheist Jughashvili accepted. There was difficulty in finding a priest willing to marry them, as Jughashvili was using false documents with the name "Galiashvili," one of the aliases he was using at the time. Monaselidze eventually found a priest willing to perform the service, Kita Tkhinvaleli, who had also been a classmate of Jughashvili at the Seminary. However, Tkhinvaleli only agreed to do it if they held the wedding late at night. The wedding took place around 2:00am on 16 July 1906, in a church next to the Svanidze residence.
477:
2730:
53:
489:, which has a much milder climate, to recover and be with people she knew, but Svanidze was reluctant to abandon her husband. By October, her condition had worsened, and Jughashvili was concerned enough he brought her back to Tiflis, though he soon returned to Baku. However, on the 13-hour journey back to Georgia, Svanidze drank some contaminated water, and likely contracted
398:
546:, Mariko was arrested as part of the accusations against Enukidze, who was executed shortly after. In 1938, Stalin ordered Alyosha and his wife, Maria, to be arrested. He demanded Alyosha admit he was a German spy, but Alyosha refused. Alyosha was executed in 1941, while Mariko and Maria were shot in 1942. Alyosha and Maria's son,
388:
as "very sweet and beautiful: she melted my heart." According to
Iremashvili, Svanidze herself "worshipped 'like a demigod' but understood him. She was fascinated by , and enchanted by his ideas," finding him charming. But she was also, as Montefiore notes, an educated woman in her own right and had
380:
In 1905, Alyosha invited
Jughashvili to live with him, his three sisters and his brother-in-law, Mikheil Monaselidze. The atelier was frequented by the sisters' upper-class clientele, which combined with its central location, made it ideal for a hideout. "Our place above the suspicion of the police.
484:
Jughashvili was frequently away from home, leaving
Svanidze alone in a place where she did not know many people. The stress of worrying about Jughashvili, as well as the isolation and warm climate took a toll on her health, and Svanidze soon fell ill. Her family invited her to move back to
426:(toastmaster, an important figure at Georgian celebrations). Jughashvili did not invite his mother to the wedding, or even tell her about it beforehand. After the wedding, a police officer visited the house, though as Jughashvili had been paying him there were no arrests.
381:
While my fellows did illegal stuff in one room, my wife was fitting the dresses of generals' wives next door," Monaselidze later wrote. It is likely that
Jughashvili first met Svanidze at this point, though it is possible he had previously hid out with her parents.
1393:
274:
was a confidant of Stalin, then still known by his birth name of Ioseb
Jughashvili, and introduced him to Svanidze in 1905. They were married in 1906 and she gave birth to son Yakov a few months later. The family moved to
287:. Her death had a profound effect on Stalin, who deeply cared for Svanidze. He abandoned Yakov to be raised by the Svanidze family, and rarely saw them again, fully immersing himself in his revolutionary activities.
2185:
500:(წყარო, "Source"), and a funeral was held at 9:00am on 25 November in the same church she had married Jughashvili. Svanidze was then buried at a church in the Kukia district of Tiflis. According to the Georgian
1672:
373:, Madame Hervieu, making uniforms and dresses for military officers and their wives. Sashiko would marry Mikheil Monaselidze, another Bolshevik who also knew Jughashvili when they were students at the
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448:, with both Jughashvili and his mother present for the birth. Jughashvili continued with his work after the birth of Yakov, though he would play with him at times, calling the child
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1872:
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By the summer of 1906, Svanidze and
Jughashvili decided to get married. At the time, she was newly pregnant, and while it is not known if she was aware of this, historian
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1777:
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493:. In Tiflis, she began to hemorrhage blood from her bowels. Jughashvili visited her once, and she died on 22 November 1907, three weeks after her return to Tiflis.
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Peninsula" just outside the city right on the sea. Svanidze tried to find a job, but with a small child to care for it was impossible to do so.
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taken an active interest in
Bolshevism, organising fundraisers for the Social Democrats and helping tend to wounded revolutionaries.
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554:. He filed for divorce in 1959; Soviet law required the divorce decree be printed in the newspaper along with their home addresses.
527:, and was treated poorly by his father. Other members of the Svanidze family also moved to Moscow, and Jughashvili, by now known as
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1408:
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to avoid arrest, though
Svanidze got quite ill there and returned to Tiflis in 1907, dying shortly after her return, likely from
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1917:
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2020:
1887:
1236:, translated by Bodóczky, Miklós; Hideg, Rachel; Higed, János; Vörös, Miklós, Budapest: Central European University Press,
2000:
1897:
131:
2082:
1845:
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suggests the name was a tribute to Yakobi
Egnatashvili, who had helped Jughashvili and his mother when he was young. See
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315:. Her parents were Svimon, a railway worker and landowner, and Sephora Dvali, both descendants of an impoverished
1539:
534:
Svanidze's brother
Alyosha later married an opera singer, Maria Anisimovna Korona, and rose in the ranks of the
319:. She had two sisters, Aleksandra (Sashiko; c. 1878–1936) and Maria (Mariko; 1888–1942), and a younger brother,
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2192:
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685:, p. 115), while Montefiore cites a relative of Svanidze present at her death who claims it was typhus (
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Montefiore misspells the name as "Monoselidze" throughout his book; the actual name is Monaselidze (
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in 1921 to live with his father; it proved a difficult transition for Iakob, who only spoke
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1984:
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Some sources give her name as Ekaterina, which is the Russian version of her Georgian name
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Jughashvili was soon interested in Svanidze; he would later describe her to his daughter
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The exact cause of Svanidze's death is uncertain. Kotkin writes it was either typhus or
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Iakob spent the next fourteen years being raised by the Svanidzes. He was brought to
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has suggested this was the impetus for the wedding. Much like Jughashvili's mother,
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to avoid arrest. They rented a "Tartar house with a low ceiling on the
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112:
698:
Montefiore suggests that Iakob reminded him of Svanidze and her death.
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538:. Her sister Mariko also moved to Moscow and worked as secretary to
456:"). A few months after Iakob's birth, Jughashvili was involved in a
345:(now Tbilisi) and lived together in a house near Erivan Square (now
416:
Afterwards, a small dinner party was held for the ten guests, with
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465:
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Funeral of Kato Svanidze, with family and husband Stalin (right)
461:
276:
1318:
1357:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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Despite the law requiring marriages to be recorded in one's
1394:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
1363:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
243:(2 April 1885 – 22 November 1907) was the first wife of
2426:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
581:
1278:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,
1078:
1076:
597:
1873:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
420:, a Bolshevik mentor to Jughashvili, serving as the
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2502:
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355:
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
197:
187:
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123:
101:
68:
34:
2158:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
266:with her two sisters and brother, and worked as a
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872:
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855:
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550:, was briefly married to Stalin's only daughter,
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720:
718:
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714:
651:Known by the Russian version of his name, Yakov.
444:On 18 March 1907, Svanidze gave birth to a son,
2266:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1216:Stalin, Volume 1: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928
1153:
1151:
2770:Infectious disease deaths in Georgia (country)
637:
574:
1841:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
1743:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
1604:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
1330:
913:
911:
909:
819:
8:
791:
789:
787:
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1801:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
365:). The three sisters took up working at an
2227:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
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353:headquarters. Alyosha was a member of the
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31:
2790:Tuberculosis deaths in the Russian Empire
1811:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
1783:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
1198:National Parliamentary Library of Georgia
772:
762:http://www.geogen.ge/en/treasurege/16/68/
751:http://www.geogen.ge/en/treasurege/16/83/
2800:Tuberculosis deaths in Georgia (country)
1753:Great Construction Projects of Communism
1300:] (in Russian), Moscow: OLMA-Press,
496:Her death was announced in a newspaper,
475:
2169:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
710:
563:
2204:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1130:
1118:
1106:
1067:
917:
795:
738:
682:
642:), a somewhat common Georgian surname.
341:, the four Svanidze siblings moved to
2795:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
7:
2287:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
2245:20th Congress of the Communist Party
1688:19th Congress of the Communist Party
1525:18th Congress of the Communist Party
1490:17th Congress of the Communist Party
1031:
992:
980:
944:
888:
830:
2221:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
1445:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
1169:
1157:
932:
842:
2368:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
2187:The History of the Communist Party
2006:Soviet offensive plans controversy
1971:Ideological repression in science
1515:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
337:While their parents would move to
247:and the mother of his eldest son,
25:
2406:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
2137:Marxism and the National Question
583:Ekaterine Svimonis asuli Svanidze
531:, would occasionally visit them.
2729:
2728:
2046:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1510:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
1218:, New York City: Penguin Press,
576:ეკატერინე სვიმონის ასული სვანიძე
460:, and the three of them fled to
458:high-profile Tiflis bank robbery
351:South Caucasus military district
2431:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
1567:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
1557:Occupation of the Baltic states
295:Ekaterine Svanidze was born in
262:, Svanidze eventually moved to
177:
2780:People from Kutais Governorate
1186:Javakhishvili, Giorgi (1939),
599:Yekaterina Semyonovna Svanidze
357:in Georgia and a confidant of
1:
2272:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
2083:1946–1947 Soviet famine
1656:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
1276:Stalin: Passage to Revolution
1189:სემინარიის კურსდამთავრებულები
401:Jughashvili in a 1902 mugshot
307:, which was then part of the
58:
2421:1956 Georgian demonstrations
1294:Самые секретные родственники
593:Екатерина Семёновна Сванидзе
2436:Stalin Monument in Budapest
2103:Night of the Murdered Poets
2021:Allegations of antisemitism
1758:Engineers of the human soul
1505:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1481:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
1292:Zenkovich, Nikolai (2005),
1234:Stalin: An Unknown Portrait
598:
582:
333:Early life of Joseph Stalin
27:First wife of Joseph Stalin
2816:
2476:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
2446:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
1594:Soviet atomic bomb project
375:Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary
330:
2724:
2456:Places named after Stalin
2441:Stalin Monument in Prague
1965:Repressions in Azerbaijan
1683:1950 legislative election
1609:1946 legislative election
1520:1937 legislative election
1352:
638:
592:
575:
241:Ekaterine "Kato" Svanidze
50:
41:
2277:Soviet Nonconformist Art
2193:1936 Soviet Constitution
1846:Soviet famine of 1932–33
1806:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
1778:Transformation of nature
1763:1936 Soviet Constitution
1723:Socialism in One Country
1562:German–Soviet Axis talks
1298:The Most Secret Families
42:
2401:Iosif Stalin locomotive
2144:Foundations of Leninism
2130:Anarchism or Socialism?
2011:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
1878:NKVD prisoner massacres
1530:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1419:Death and state funeral
1251:Montefiore, Simon Sebag
523:and did not understand
437:, the imperial Russian
317:minor Georgian nobility
147:41.695111°N 44.794611°E
127:Kukia Cemetery, Tbilisi
2785:Wives of Joseph Stalin
2609:(second father-in-law)
1863:Murder of Sergey Kirov
1738:Stalinist architecture
1624:Turkish Straits crisis
1070:, p. 753, note 83
741:, p. 753, note 81
662:Simon Sebag Montefiore
542:. In 1937, during the
481:
402:
323:(Alyosha; 1886–1941).
2630:William Wesley Peters
2175:Falsifiers of History
2098:Rootless cosmopolitan
1404:Rule as Soviet leader
1196:] (in Georgian),
479:
400:
331:Further information:
299:, a small village in
2651:Stalin's house, Gori
2582:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
2510:Besarion Jughashvili
2451:Batumi Stalin Museum
2362:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2113:Censorship of images
1792:Crimes, repressions,
1495:1931 Menshevik Trial
1476:First five-year plan
1232:Kun, Miklós (2003),
623:are often shortened.
327:Early life in Tiflis
217:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
152:41.695111; 44.794611
2643:Stalin's residences
2590:Galina Dzhugashvili
2574:Svetlana Alliluyeva
2558:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
2485:Cultural depictions
2327:Anti-Stalinist left
2282:Shvernik Commission
2250:Pospelov Commission
2026:Population transfer
2001:1941 Red Army purge
1975:Suppressed research
1629:First Indochina War
1572:Great Patriotic War
1550:Moscow Peace Treaty
1414:Cult of personality
1272:Suny, Ronald Grigor
1257:, London: Phoenix,
552:Svetlana Alliluyeva
223:Galina Dzhugashvili
143: /
2765:Deaths from typhus
2614:Alexander Svanidze
2542:Konstantin Kuzakov
2534:Yakov Dzhugashvili
2493:Apocalypse: Stalin
2466:Stalin Peace Prize
2461:State Stalin Prize
2164:"Ten Blows" speech
2151:Dizzy with Success
2061:Operation "Priboi"
2041:Operation "Lentil"
1994:1937 Soviet Census
1673:Sino-Soviet Treaty
1587:Potsdam Conference
1540:Invasion of Poland
1194:Seminary Graduates
1172:, pp. 413–414
1085:, pp. 202–203
971:, pp. 173–174
903:, pp. 166–167
820:Javakhishvili 1939
810:, pp. 144–145
482:
403:
309:Kutais Governorate
249:Yakov Dzhugashvili
205:Alexander Svanidze
91:Kutais Governorate
73:Ekaterine Svanidze
18:Ekaterina Svanidze
2775:People from Racha
2742:
2741:
2699:Kholodnaya Rechka
2396:Iosif Stalin tank
2317:Lenin's Testament
2292:Era of Stagnation
2093:Mingrelian Affair
2071:Forced settlement
2056:Operation "North"
2016:Soviet war crimes
1794:and controversies
1733:Socialist realism
1696:
1695:
1678:Tito–Stalin split
1577:Tehran Conference
1500:Spanish Civil War
1471:Chinese Civil War
1285:978-0-691-18203-2
1264:978-0-297-85068-7
1225:978-1-59420-379-4
505:Ioseb Iremashvili
472:Illness and death
431:internal passport
418:Mikhail Tskhakaya
359:Ioseb Jughashvili
349:) and behind the
238:
237:
192:Iakob Jughashvili
169:Ioseb Jughashvili
16:(Redirected from
2807:
2732:
2731:
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2626:
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2617:(brother-in-law)
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2606:Sergei Alliluyev
2602:
2598:Joseph Alliluyev
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2578:
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2546:
2538:
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2514:
2416:Pantheon, Moscow
2374:The Soviet Story
2348:Darkness at Noon
2237:De-Stalinization
2088:Leningrad Affair
1821:Decossackization
1619:1946 Iran crisis
1582:Yalta Conference
1454:Collectivization
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361:(later known as
229:Nikolai Svanidze
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105:22 November 1907
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2716:Stalin's bunker
2666:Room at Kremlin
2656:Tiflis Seminary
2637:
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2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2593:(granddaughter)
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2550:Artyom Sergeyev
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2498:
2480:
2384:
2342:True Communists
2305:
2303:
2296:
2260:Khrushchev Thaw
2231:
2198:Stalin's poetry
2117:
1985:Japhetic theory
1923:Medvedev Forest
1816:Georgian Affair
1793:
1787:
1748:Five-year plans
1692:
1661:Berlin Blockade
1651:Greek Civil War
1440:August Uprising
1428:
1409:Political views
1374:
1368:
1348:
1343:
1313:
1308:
1291:
1286:
1270:
1265:
1249:
1244:
1231:
1226:
1212:Kotkin, Stephen
1210:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1149:
1143:Montefiore 2007
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1095:Montefiore 2007
1093:
1089:
1083:Montefiore 2007
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1056:Montefiore 2007
1054:
1050:
1044:Montefiore 2007
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1020:Montefiore 2007
1018:
1011:
1005:Montefiore 2007
1003:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
969:Montefiore 2007
967:
963:
957:Montefiore 2007
955:
951:
943:
939:
931:
924:
916:
907:
901:Montefiore 2007
899:
895:
887:
883:
877:Montefiore 2007
875:
866:
860:Montefiore 2007
858:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
818:
814:
808:Montefiore 2007
806:
802:
794:
779:
771:
767:
760:
756:
749:
745:
737:
733:
727:Montefiore 2007
725:
712:
708:
703:
702:
697:
693:
689:, p. 200).
687:Montefiore 2007
676:
672:
666:Montefiore 2007
659:
655:
650:
646:
631:
627:
619:
615:
610:
606:
569:
565:
560:
536:Communist Party
513:
474:
395:
335:
329:
293:
291:Svanidze family
234:
225:(granddaughter)
183:
180: 1906)
175:
171:
151:
149:
145:
142:
137:
134:
132:
130:
129:
128:
119:
110:
106:
97:
84:
78:
76:
75:
74:
64:
61:
46:
43:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2471:Stalin Society
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Stalin statues
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Stalin Epigram
2308:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2255:Rehabilitation
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Wittorf affair
1828:
1826:Dekulakization
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:New Soviet man
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1289:
1284:
1268:
1263:
1247:
1242:
1229:
1224:
1208:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1162:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
922:
905:
893:
881:
864:
847:
835:
823:
812:
800:
777:
773:Zenkovich 2005
765:
754:
743:
731:
709:
707:
704:
701:
700:
691:
670:
653:
644:
625:
621:Georgian names
613:
604:
562:
561:
559:
556:
512:
509:
473:
470:
407:Stephen Kotkin
394:
391:
347:Freedom Square
328:
325:
313:Russian Empire
303:, a region of
292:
289:
270:. Her brother
236:
235:
233:
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
201:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
173:
167:
166:
164:
160:
159:
125:
121:
120:
117:Russian Empire
111:
109:(aged 22)
103:
99:
98:
95:Russian Empire
85:
72:
70:
66:
65:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2812:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Semyonovskoye
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2566:Vasily Stalin
2564:
2561:(second wife)
2559:
2556:
2553:(adopted son)
2551:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2526:Kato Svanidze
2524:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Ryutin Affair
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2302:Criticism and
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:Order No. 270
2213:
2211:
2210:Order No. 227
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Doctors' plot
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Nazino affair
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:German–Soviet
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Slavists case
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Moscow Trials
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Korenizatsiya
1716:
1714:
1713:Neo-Stalinism
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Ili Rebellion
1597:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:Joseph Stalin
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1309:
1307:5-94850-408-5
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:963-9241-19-9
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1160:, p. 417
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:, p. 379
1144:
1139:
1136:
1133:, p. 594
1132:
1127:
1124:
1121:, p. 466
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:, p. 116
1108:
1103:
1100:
1097:, p. 203
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:, p. 202
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 199
1045:
1040:
1037:
1034:, p. 398
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:, p. 194
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:, p. 188
1006:
1001:
998:
995:, p. 347
994:
989:
986:
983:, p. 347
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
959:, p. 173
958:
953:
950:
947:, p. 335
946:
941:
938:
935:, p. 342
934:
929:
927:
923:
920:, p. 106
919:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
894:
891:, p. 334
890:
885:
882:
879:, p. 165
878:
873:
871:
869:
865:
862:, p. 164
861:
856:
854:
852:
848:
845:, p. 341
844:
839:
836:
833:, p. 323
832:
827:
824:
821:
816:
813:
809:
804:
801:
798:, p. 105
797:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
778:
775:, p. 368
774:
769:
766:
763:
758:
755:
752:
747:
744:
740:
735:
732:
729:, p. 144
728:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
711:
705:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
674:
671:
668:, p. 174
667:
663:
657:
654:
648:
645:
635:
629:
626:
622:
617:
614:
608:
605:
602:
600:
590:
586:
584:
572:
567:
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
548:Ivan Svanidze
545:
541:
540:Avel Enukidze
537:
532:
530:
529:Joseph Stalin
526:
522:
518:
510:
508:
506:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
439:secret police
436:
432:
427:
425:
424:
419:
414:
412:
408:
399:
392:
390:
387:
382:
378:
376:
372:
369:for a French
368:
364:
363:Joseph Stalin
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
334:
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Baji, Georgia
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:, in western
257:
252:
250:
246:
245:Joseph Stalin
242:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:Ivan Svanidze
209:
206:
203:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
170:
165:
161:
156:
126:
124:Resting place
122:
118:
114:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
71:
67:
54:
49:
40:
36:Kato Svanidze
33:
30:
19:
2633:(son-in-law)
2625:(son-in-law)
2622:Yuri Zhdanov
2529:(first wife)
2525:
2518:Keke Geladze
2491:
2380:Antisemitism
2372:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2337:Kremlin Plot
2264:
2202:
2186:
2173:
2078:Tax on trees
2036:Deportations
1773:Stakhanovite
1634:Eastern Bloc
1535:World War II
1488: /
1375:and politics
1297:
1293:
1275:
1255:Young Stalin
1254:
1233:
1215:
1201:, retrieved
1193:
1188:
1179:Bibliography
1165:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
896:
884:
838:
826:
815:
803:
768:
757:
746:
734:
694:
679:tuberculosis
673:
656:
647:
628:
616:
607:
596:
580:
566:
533:
514:
497:
495:
483:
449:
443:
428:
421:
415:
411:Keke Geladze
404:
383:
379:
336:
294:
285:tuberculosis
253:
240:
239:
138:44°47′40.6″E
135:41°41′42.4″N
107:(1907-11-22)
83:2 April 1885
44:კატო სვანიძე
29:
2760:1907 deaths
2755:1885 births
2389:Remembrance
2355:Animal Farm
2181:Stalin Note
1868:Great Purge
1836:Great Break
1728:Great Break
1449:(1928–1941)
1365:(1946–1953)
1359:(1922–1952)
1131:Kotkin 2014
1119:Kotkin 2014
1107:Kotkin 2014
1068:Kotkin 2014
918:Kotkin 2014
796:Kotkin 2014
739:Kotkin 2014
683:Kotkin 2014
544:Great Purge
311:within the
150: /
62: 1904
2749:Categories
2704:Lake Ritsa
2684:Uspenskoye
2601:(grandson)
2585:(grandson)
2577:(daughter)
2332:Trotskyism
2304:opposition
1980:Lysenkoism
1666:Korean War
1545:Winter War
1433:Chronology
1424:Death toll
1389:Early life
706:References
660:Historian
639:მონასელიძე
371:seamstress
268:seamstress
219:(grandson)
79:1885-04-02
2694:New Athos
1960:Hotel Lux
1943:Vinnytsia
1898:Chortkiv
1888:Berezwecz
1883:Berezhany
1851:Holodomor
1708:Stalinism
1646:Cominform
1382:Overviews
1032:Suny 2020
993:Suny 2020
981:Suny 2020
945:Suny 2020
889:Suny 2020
831:Suny 2020
511:Aftermath
502:Menshevik
321:Alexander
272:Alexander
207:(brother)
198:Relatives
57:Svanidze
2734:Category
2674:Kuntsevo
2521:(mother)
2513:(father)
1948:Zolochiv
1933:Valozhyn
1903:Kurapaty
1701:Concepts
1614:Cold War
1274:(2020),
1253:(2007),
1214:(2014),
1203:31 March
1170:Kun 2003
1158:Kun 2003
933:Kun 2003
843:Kun 2003
634:Georgian
571:Georgian
521:Georgian
393:Marriage
386:Svetlana
254:Born in
231:(cousin)
213:(nephew)
188:Children
2709:Sukhumi
2670:Dachas
2661:Kureika
2051:Koreans
1938:Vileyka
1639:Comecon
1464:Sovkhoz
1459:Kolkhoz
1373:History
589:Russian
525:Russian
435:Okhrana
367:atelier
339:Kutaisi
305:Georgia
260:Georgia
182:
174:
113:Tbilisi
2503:Family
1928:Sambir
1304:
1282:
1261:
1240:
1222:
636::
573::
517:Moscow
498:Tsqaro
491:typhus
466:Bailov
454:laddie
450:Patsan
423:tamada
343:Tiflis
281:typhus
264:Tiflis
163:Spouse
2679:Sochi
2569:(son)
2545:(son)
2537:(son)
2122:Works
1913:Lutsk
1908:Katyn
1893:Dubno
1858:Gulag
1296:[
1192:[
558:Notes
487:Racha
446:Iakob
301:Racha
256:Racha
176:(
172:
1918:Lviv
1486:16th
1399:Rise
1302:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1205:2019
462:Baku
277:Baku
102:Died
87:Baji
69:Born
283:or
2751::
1987:,
1150:^
1075:^
1012:^
925:^
908:^
867:^
850:^
780:^
713:^
595:,
591::
587:;
579:,
452:("
377:.
251:.
178:m.
115:,
93:,
89:,
59:c.
2223:"
2219:"
2160:"
2156:"
2153:"
2149:"
2146:"
2142:"
2139:"
2135:"
2132:"
2128:"
2032:)
2028:(
1447:/
1338:e
1331:t
1324:v
681:(
81:)
77:(
20:)
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