142:
3212:
204:
173:
162:
130:
3087:
3146:
216:
185:
3098:
1101:, who had written several articles to bring attention on the condition of native Algerians, was appalled by the horrific massacre of European children, and completely rejected the FLN as terrorists. As he later wrote: "If I can understand and admire freedom fighters, I have only disgust for murderers of women and children".
985:
among the Pied-Noir community, some of soon started seeing every Muslim as a potential attacker. Fearing for their safety, armed vigilantes fired at any Muslim whose behavior they deemed suspicious, killing or wounding many innocents. In one incident a group of Pieds-Noir vigilantes got involved in a
716:
device. As the mob arrived in the city, Europeans in the streets were murdered on sight. However, the reaction of police forces and French army paratroopers was swift and the insurrection was soon defeated. 14 police officers were killed during this crackdown. Once the assault was over, the bodies of
1006:
The death toll of French retaliations remains heavily disputed. French authorities gave an official figure of 1,273 native
Algerians killed, which is widely considered to be underestimated. The FLN claimed that as many as 12,000 were killed by French repression. French historian and Colonial Algeria
1019:
The events of 20 August 1955 are widely considered to be a major turning point in the
Algerian War. Just as Zighoud intended, the massacre of the Pieds-Noirs, followed by the violent French reprisals, created an irreparable divide between the European and the native communities. The peaceful "third
651:
in
Philippeville, told Aussaresses that he used to sell, on average, a sack of flour every three days, but was now selling two tons of flour every day to men whom he did not know and who paid only cash. From this, Aussaresses deduced that the spike in flour sales must have been because the FLN was
931:
center by the French army. Due to the nature of the assault (mainly conducted by civilians without uniforms), the French army rounded up a large number of
Algerian males present in the streets during the attack, without attempting to distinguish uninvolved inhabitants from insurgents guilty of
998:
The total death toll of the late August
Constantinois attacks is uncertain. On the day of the attacks, French authorities gave an official figure of 71 European civilians, 21 native Algerian civilians and 31 law enforcement officers killed by insurgents during the FLN's actions. However, many
890:
arrived at El-Halia a few hours after the attack, they rounded up about 80 Algerian men present on the site and shot them without any further investigation. At El Khroub, 60 insurgents captured during the attack were shot on the same day, while many other men were arrested based on
753:, children had their throats slit, and babies were slammed against walls. Some of the local Muslim inhabitants who had initially watched without reacting eventually joined the excited mob, as it massacred Europeans under chants of 'Allah Akabar' that blended with Algerian women's
842:, such as what happened to Bernadette Mello, a 5-day old newborn, was cut into pieces in front of her mother whose belly then was opened to stuff the pieces back inside. In reality, the infant was killed when her head was crushed but she was never cut up. In
1024:
was thus considered a great success by
Zighoud despite the failure to take the much-needed weapons from the targeted military outposts and police stations, and despite the relatively small number of Europeans killed in comparison to the Algerian death toll.
777:
in order to take over the heavy weapons and ammunitions stock. The attack was repulsed without any French casualties, while 12 uniform-wearing FLN members, 15 civilian men, 19 women, and 11 children or teenagers were killed.
3438:
3426:
1055:
Three weeks after the event, a group of sixty-one prominent
Algerian Muslim politicians, who had thus far adopted moderate positions and who used to believe it was possible for Algerians to become French by adopting the
1003:, and some later died of their wounds. Historian Roger Vétillard gave a total figure of 117 European civilians, 42 Algerian civilians and 47 law enforcers who ultimately died as a result of the 20 August FLN's attacks.
976:
of
Philippeville Paul-Dominique Benquet-Crevaux armed the militias, which soon started exercising random reprisals upon indigenous Algerians, killing dozens. After the funerals of the victims ended, seven Algerians were
741:, or knives, and was led by 25 FLN members. They arrived at about 11 am, when most of the Pied Noir men were working in the mine while women and children were at home. A bloody massacre ensued; European women were
3761:
353:
1643:
1086:
by his visit at the El-Halia mine after the attacks. After the events of late August 1955, he became convinced that no negotiation was possible with 'FLN terrorists', and would keep getting increasingly
1040:
notably criticized his decision to send barely armed
Algerian civilians with almost no weapons to a certain death for a result of less than 100 Europeans killed. Ramdane also condemned the murder and
3134:
3414:
324:, which resulted in the death of several thousand Muslim Algerians. The events of late August 1955 in the Constantinois region are considered to be a major turning point of the Algerian War.
2269:
981:
in the streets. The fact that some of the anti-European atrocities had been committed by trusted Muslim neighbors, alongside whom the victims had lived for years, created widespread
346:
2829:
1068:
who now believed in the "idée nationale algérienne" ("Algerian national ideal"). By late 1955, the number of FLN fighters in the
Constantine region had increased by a threefold.
591:
with the enemies of the homeland. The only negotiation is war!" The French adopted an increasingly aggressive policy in Algeria and in early March 1955 the French government of
3791:
1064:
of Algerian Muslims to be a failure, and wrote that, in the wake of the blind and bloody repression against Muslims in Philippeville, the vast majority of Algerians had become
733:
town, where about 130 Europeans and 2,000 Muslims lived and worked together. The mob was composed of hundreds of Muslims, both men and women, mostly armed with farming tools,
3150:
2508:
3654:
3127:
339:
3487:
692:, now known as Skikda. A large mob of several thousands civilians led by FLN members launched a general assault on the city, with the aim of attacking Europeans and
636:
civilians in Algeria, with the hope that an aggressive French retaliation would break the fragile bond between French colonists and native Algerians, increasing the
3475:
3796:
3120:
1888:
3781:
3776:
2575:
907:
10 years earlier, the number of Algerians killed in retaliation for the initial massacre of Europeans was disproportionate. French anticolonial militant
3642:
3385:
769:, a crowd of a few hundred ill-armed Muslim civilians, including women and children, led by a few FLN members, launched an assault on a French military
3348:
3060:
1201:
3674:
2521:
3308:
2839:
2339:
3786:
3751:
2431:
3756:
3741:
3700:
3112:
2946:
2846:
2400:
2379:
1162:
1135:
523:
3726:
2934:
2898:
463:
1125:
911:
estimated the number of men executed in Philippeville proper at 2,000. A French military report gave a number of 750 men executed in the
3771:
3731:
3465:
2973:
2668:
1075:
274:
134:
2881:
2978:
2349:
2304:
2279:
2156:
2035:
1951:
1923:
1898:
1844:
1653:
1626:
1559:
1522:
1497:
1357:
1314:
1264:
1224:
3567:
3186:
2702:
413:
3736:
2929:
2919:
2707:
2642:
1020:
way" was no longer an option, and many former moderates on both sides ended up forced to choose unambiguous positions. As such, the
838:
Smaller scale attacks on Europeans also took place in various villages of the region. Pied-noirs newspapers reported atrocities in
854:
family was stopped by the mob on a road near Ramdane Djamel. Haïm Benchetrit was forcibly pulled out of the vehicle, before being
3801:
3679:
3499:
3044:
2531:
2924:
2749:
32:
3684:
3163:
2680:
827:
3705:
1060:, wrote a public declaration "condemning the blind repression" in Philippeville, declared the French government's policy of
680:
and the Muslim groups were directed towards various settlements of the Contantinois area in a series of coordinated raids.
932:
involvement in the initial attacks on Pied Noir civilians. These men were briefly interrogated at the stadium before being
3433:
3421:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3039:
2941:
2570:
2146:
3766:
2591:
990:
with French soldiers they had mistaken for FLN rebels, which prompted French authorities to start disarming vigilantes.
443:
1152:
3515:
3409:
3239:
713:
543:
3482:
2663:
3746:
3582:
3508:
3320:
3292:
3223:
2985:
2471:
2466:
2424:
900:
806:
and a moderate local politician who had advocated for conciliation with the French government, was murdered in the
478:
458:
1011:
estimated the number of native Algerians killed as a result of French retaliations to be between 3,000 and 5,000.
3587:
3314:
3302:
3070:
2864:
2754:
826:
were thrown at a police station, and a movie theater and a restaurant were bombed. Several bombs exploded in the
468:
3343:
2807:
717:
over a hundred insurgents were found in the streets, with many more captured by French forces.
3545:
3460:
3373:
2990:
2759:
2616:
2488:
2227:
592:
580:
473:
393:
3470:
1689:
652:
concentrating men in the hills above Philippeville, which could only mean an operation was due to start soon.
533:
208:
3494:
3102:
3326:
3159:
2476:
1049:
903:. The total death toll of the French reprisals is uncertain (estimates vary from 1,200 to 12,000) but as at
595:
448:
383:
305:
3649:
553:
548:
3599:
3540:
3338:
3256:
3011:
2802:
2764:
2729:
2624:
937:
705:
584:
503:
498:
428:
388:
147:
2074:
Brett, Michael "Anglo-Saxon Attitudes: The Algerian War of Independence in Retrospect" pp. 217–235 from
899:
villages, suspected to be harbouring FLN members or to have taken part in the attacks, were razed by the
617:. Popular support for the FLN was still rather low and many of the Algerian Muslim elite advocated for a
563:
3637:
3604:
3379:
3280:
3262:
3250:
3091:
2869:
2717:
2417:
1704:
1061:
1008:
677:
558:
518:
508:
423:
418:
313:
3244:
538:
528:
1705:"ENS LSH - Colloque - Pour une histoire critique et citoyenne, le cas de l'histoire franco-algérienne"
1284:
98:
3572:
3361:
3332:
3181:
2886:
2797:
2722:
2513:
1108:
on both sides became commonplace as FLN rebels and the French army became more and more radicalized.
1083:
1079:
952:
depicting the lined up bodies of executed Algerians in the stadium and published it in the newspaper
810:
he owned. Chérif Hadj-Saïd, another prominent moderate politician, was also shot but survived. Local
614:
433:
3555:
3367:
3233:
3022:
3016:
2630:
2456:
2335:
1037:
892:
799:
618:
403:
3592:
3577:
3562:
3355:
2697:
1403:
Adam Shatz, “The Torture of Algiers,” NY Review of Books, volume 49, number 18, 21 November 2002.
1021:
787:
770:
606:
483:
453:
438:
408:
2545:
2142:
640:
for the rebellion and destroying any possibility for a conciliatory settlement of the conflict.
1592:
La Guerre d'Algérie: Des promesses de paix à la guerre ouverte, Volume 2 de La Guerre d'Algérie
575:
The Algerian War began on the 1st of November 1954, when the FLN launched "scores of scores of
3622:
3390:
2792:
2712:
2636:
2396:
2375:
2345:
2300:
2275:
2152:
2031:
1947:
1919:
1894:
1840:
1649:
1622:
1555:
1518:
1493:
1353:
1310:
1260:
1220:
1158:
1131:
1104:
After August 1955, the brutality of the Algerian War dramatically increased in intensity, and
1071:
883:
673:
2369:
1439:
3632:
2834:
2787:
2780:
1939:
908:
811:
665:
189:
2102:
Avoiding The Terrorist Trap: Why Respect For Human Rights Is The Key To Defeating Terrorism
968:
by the atrocities inflicted upon European civilians, some of the Pieds-Noirs began forming
953:
3627:
3535:
3274:
3172:
2686:
2538:
1057:
1032:
disregard for Algerian lives was frowned upon by several high-ranking members of the FLN.
949:
807:
576:
378:
266:
177:
3451:
2876:
2500:
2483:
965:
904:
866:
in front of his wife and their three children, aged 11, 5 and 3, who were then killed.
843:
697:
637:
629:
166:
17:
3720:
3268:
3031:
2371:
Jungle of Snakes: A Century of Counterinsurgency Warfare from the Philippines to Iraq
1330:
1257:
Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics During the Decolonization of Algeria
1044:
of European babies, which he feared would cause the revolution to be associated with
1033:
928:
795:
746:
669:
513:
270:
1198:
Military Occupations in the Age of Self-determination: The History Neocons Neglected
3526:
2893:
2558:
2440:
1098:
1095:
1065:
887:
823:
815:
803:
363:
285:
71:
2564:
757:. Thirty-seven Europeans, mostly women and children, were murdered in the attack.
2390:
2995:
2551:
2526:
1088:
969:
912:
839:
750:
644:
633:
599:
317:
309:
1916:
De l'Algérie française à l'Algérie algérienne et Genèse de l'Algérie algérienne
3401:
1981:
20 août 1955 dans le Nord-Constantinois. Un tournant dans la guerre d'Algérie?
1045:
1041:
1000:
622:
321:
277:
1186:
Aussaresses, Paul The Battle of the Casbah, New York: Enigma Books, 2006 p. 2
1177:
Aussaresses, Paul The Battle of the Casbah, New York: Enigma Books, 2006 p. 1
47:
34:
2585:
1105:
855:
791:
766:
754:
588:
2409:
1788:
Quand l'Algérie s'insurgeait 1954–1962 : Un anticolonialiste témoigne
609:
had put the FLN in a very dire situation. Only one of the FLN's sections,
3666:
3614:
2611:
987:
982:
945:
933:
896:
879:
863:
774:
701:
693:
301:
1285:"Torture to Prevent Terrorism? Interview with a French Master Torturer"
1154:
Empire on the Seine: The Policing of North Africans in Paris, 1925–1975
1029:
978:
924:
875:
859:
738:
293:
643:
The French military learned about Zighoud's plans when one of General
579:". The conflict quickly escalated, as evidenced by the remarks of the
2271:
The Algerian War Retold: Of Camus's Revolt and Postwar Reconciliation
1028:
Despite the undeniable political success of the operation, Zighoud's
851:
730:
726:
709:
689:
661:
610:
297:
289:
215:
184:
94:
2175:. Vol. 48. Presses universitaires de France. 1998. p. 154.
3065:
973:
941:
847:
742:
648:
281:
850:, 4 policemen and 6 European civilians were killed. The car of a
819:
632:, leader of the Wilaya II, decided to conduct an attack against
3116:
2413:
1127:
Histoire de l'Algérie et de ses mémoires: Des Orignies au Hirak
895:
and shot in the following days. In the following days, several
335:
331:
734:
269:
launched on 20 August 1955 on various cities and towns of the
3210:
1727:
1725:
1238:
1236:
3762:
Racially motivated violence against white people in Africa
1573:
1571:
664:
of several thousand local Muslim civilians, influenced by
2322:
Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture
2239:
2237:
1769:
1767:
725:
The largest massacre of the day occurred at the El-Halia
700:'s weaponry. Only half of the insurgents were armed with
3701:
List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830
2028:
Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation
1994:
1992:
1990:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1754:
1752:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1824:. Office des publications universitaires. p. 310.
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
660:
On 20 August 1955, a few hundred FLN members gathered
2830:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
1078:, who had thus far defended conciliatory approach on
672:
motivations. False rumors were spread of an imminent
3693:
3665:
3613:
3524:
3449:
3400:
3290:
3221:
3170:
3053:
3004:
2966:
2959:
2907:
2855:
2822:
2773:
2738:
2662:
2655:
2604:
2499:
2455:
2448:
1621:. Presses universitaires de Provence. p. 181.
830:area of the city, killing two and wounding dozens.
773:held by 150 soldiers. Their goal was to kill the
296:rebels. The raids, which mostly took the form of
1259:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 31.
1686:Les souffrances secrètes des Français d'Algérie
1552:Militaires et guérilla dans la guerre d'Algérie
874:After the initial shock of the attacks, French
64:
1217:Le livre blanc de l'armée française en Algérie
605:By summer 1955, the steady pressure of French
3128:
2425:
1619:Les Juifs d'Algérie: Une histoire de ruptures
688:The main attack was conducted on the city of
347:
8:
1307:L'Islam aux sources du nationalisme algérien
3792:Terrorist incidents in Algeria in the 1950s
2324:. Cambridge University Press. p. 142].
2173:Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains
2117:Abane Ramdane, héros de la guerre d'Algérie
1673:. Les Presses Montrichardaises. p. 60.
1242:
794:of about ten men each launched a series of
3135:
3121:
3113:
2963:
2904:
2659:
2496:
2452:
2432:
2418:
2410:
1946:. Stanford University Press. p. 158.
1731:
1645:Les vérités cachées de la Guerre d'Algérie
354:
340:
332:
61:
3061:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
2030:. Indiana University Press. p. 162.
1966:
1839:. Cornell University Press. p. 127.
1743:
696:Muslim personalities and taking over the
2087:
1577:
1515:Le FLN, documents et histoire: 1954–1962
1052:for the cause of Algerian independence.
312:. These massacres were then followed by
3675:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition
3466:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871)
3410:Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830)
3386:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)
2243:
1864:. Oxford University Press. p. 141.
1773:
1471:
1431:
1419:
1350:Histoire intérieure du F.L.N. 1954–1962
1278:
1276:
1116:
956:, sparking national outrage in France.
628:To put the FLN in a stronger position,
3706:List of participants in Mokrani Revolt
2197:
2129:
2062:
1807:
1451:
1435:
1372:
3797:Terrorist incidents in Africa in 1955
3680:1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People
2947:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
2255:
2209:
2185:
2050:
1998:
1874:
1758:
1604:
1537:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1391:
7:
3434:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833)
3422:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832)
3309:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha
3151:Conflicts between France and Algeria
3097:
2013:La guerre d'Algérie et les Algériens
1671:La guerre Franco-Française d'Algérie
761:Attack on El Khroub military outpost
3782:20th-century mass murder in Algeria
1492:. NYRB Classics. pp. 120–121.
1335:1954, la guerre commence en Algérie
999:survivors were severely wounded or
1983:. Riveneuve éditions. p. 270.
1918:. Editions Bouchène. p. 545.
1703:colloque, Comite scientifique du.
1554:. Editions Complexe. p. 278.
25:
3777:Wartime sexual violence in Africa
2643:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
2392:The Wars of French Decolonization
2299:. Editions Eyrolles. p. 95.
1337:. Editions Complexe. p. 146.
882:during or after the attacks were
846:, 13 Europeans were murdered. In
3144:
3096:
3086:
3085:
2119:. L’Harmattan. pp. 205–207.
2104:. World Scientific. p. 124.
1862:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1837:Albert Camus: Elements of a Life
1130:(in French). Karthala Editions.
878:began. A number of Algerian men
613:II, was capable of mounting any
214:
202:
183:
171:
160:
140:
128:
2389:Clayton, Anthony (2014-06-06).
2368:Arnold, James R. (2010-07-06).
2341:Introduction to Global Politics
2226:. Methuen Educational. p.
2015:. Armand Colin. pp. 44–46.
2011:Ageron, Charles-Robert (1997).
1914:Ageron, Charles-Robert (2005).
1550:Jauffret, Jean-Charles (2001).
1283:Brass, Martin (November 2001).
960:Pieds-Noirs vigilante reprisals
27:1955 battle of the Algerian War
3685:Declaration of 1 November 1954
3483:Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871)
3164:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2681:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2295:Mattéi, Jean-François (2013).
2078:, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1994 p. 218.
2076:The Journal of African History
1617:Dermenjian, Geneviève (2020).
110:
1:
3787:Terrorism in the Algerian War
3752:Massacres in the Algerian War
3202:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
3197:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
3192:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
3187:French-Algerian War 1681–1688
2803:Proposed partition of Algeria
2374:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
2297:Citations de Camus expliquées
2100:Parker, Thomas David (2019).
1594:. Temps actuels. p. 559.
923:In Philippeville, the city's
919:Philippeville stadium scandal
782:Terror attacks in Constantine
3757:French war crimes in Algeria
3742:August 1955 events in Africa
2894:Effects in Algerian politics
2320:Buettner, Elizabeth (2016).
2026:Ruedy, John Douglas (2005).
1835:Zaretsky, Robert D. (2011).
1709:colloque-algerie.ens-lyon.fr
1215:de Jaeghere, Michel (2001).
625:with the French government.
3727:Battles of the Algerian War
3240:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
2509:Algerian popular resistance
2224:Selected political writings
1890:Aimée et souffrante Algérie
1887:Soustelle, Jacques (1956).
1255:Le Sueur, James D. (2001).
1219:. Contretemps. p. 97.
1157:. Oxford University Press.
802:. Allouah Abbas, nephew of
220:41st Parachute Demi-Brigade
3818:
3772:History of Skikda Province
3732:Massacres of ethnic groups
3344:Battle of Boudouaou (1840)
3321:First Battle of the Issers
3293:French conquest of Algeria
3224:French conquest of Algeria
3045:Organisation armée secrète
2986:Algerian National Movement
2708:Hijacking of the FLN plane
2467:French conquest of Algeria
2222:King, Jonathan H. (1981).
1124:Alcaraz, Emmanuel (2021).
583:Minister of the Interior,
3315:First Battle of Boudouaou
3208:
3157:
3083:
2974:National Liberation Front
2916:1 November 1954 Stadiums
2755:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
2592:Sétif and Guelma massacre
1979:Vétillard, Roger (2013).
1684:Delpard, Raphaël (2007).
1348:Meynier, Gilbert (2002).
1309:. Edilivre. p. 134.
1074:, the recently appointed
704:, while the rest carried
371:
224:
195:
153:
121:
77:
69:
3737:1955 in the Algerian War
3471:Battle of Naciria (1871)
3374:Second Assault of Dellys
2991:Algerian Communist Party
2979:National Liberation Army
2760:Charonne subway massacre
2617:Decolonisation of Africa
1513:Harbi, Mohammed (2004).
1488:Horne, Alistair (2006).
798:on a number of specific
621:of the conflict through
598:was replaced by that of
3802:1955 murders in Algeria
3495:Battle of Issers (1871)
3327:First Assault of Dellys
3040:Front Algérie Française
2693:Battle of Philippeville
2268:Emery, Meaghan (2019).
2115:Mameri, Khalfa (1988).
1820:Tegia, Mohamed (1971).
1786:Guérin, Daniel (1979).
1669:Moulis, Robert (1980).
1352:. Fayard. p. 280.
1305:Créspo, Gérard (2019).
1091:as the war progressed.
948:Robert Lambotte took a
647:'s informants, an Arab
623:conciliatory agreements
587:: "I will not agree to
255:Battle of Philippeville
65:Battle of Philippeville
3339:Battle Of Ammal (1840)
3257:Second Battle of Blida
3215:
3160:Ministry of Mujahideen
2625:Brazzaville Conference
1860:Evans, Martin (2012).
1642:Sévilla, Jean (2018).
1517:. Fayard. p. 45.
1196:Gannon, James (2008).
1151:Prakash, Amit (2022).
884:executed without trial
862:to death with his own
721:El-Halia mine massacre
655:
259:Philippeville massacre
154:Commanders and leaders
18:El-Halia mine massacre
3650:De Lamoricière Treaty
3461:Battle of Alma (1871)
3380:Battle of Sidi Brahim
3281:Battle of Constantine
3263:Massacre of El Ouffia
3251:First Battle of Blida
3214:
2870:French Fifth Republic
2847:Algerian independence
1590:Alleg, Henri (1981).
1490:A Savage War of Peace
1050:international support
1009:Charles-Robert Ageron
684:Raid on Philippeville
304:of several dozens of
225:Casualties and losses
3516:Capture of Touggourt
3362:Battle of Beni Mered
3333:Siege of Constantine
3182:Djidjelli expedition
2887:1962 Algerian crisis
2882:Aftermath in Algeria
2798:Manifesto of the 121
2782:Communauté française
2514:Algerian nationalism
2336:Mansbach, Richard W.
1944:Revolutionary Change
1940:Johnson, Chalmers A.
1200:. ABC-CLIO. p.
1080:Algerian nationalism
596:Pierre Mendès France
257:, also known as the
48:36.87278°N 6.91000°E
3767:Algerian war crimes
3509:Capture of Palestro
3368:Battle of the Smala
3234:Shipwreck of Dellys
3023:Commandos de Chasse
3017:French Armed Forces
2631:First Indochina War
2472:Invasion of Algiers
2148:La guerre d'Algérie
2132:, pp. 205–207.
1877:, pp. 120–121.
1822:L'Algérie en guerre
1076:Governor of Algeria
936:without any proper
927:was turned into an
814:Robert Laemmel was
619:peaceful resolution
585:François Mitterrand
577:spectacular attacks
44: /
3638:De Bourmont Treaty
3356:Battle of Mazagran
3245:Battle of Staouéli
3216:
3173:Pre-1830 conflicts
2718:Week of barricades
2698:Soummam conference
2518:Attempted reforms
970:vigilante militias
870:French retaliation
607:counter-insurgency
544:2nd Ouled Bouachra
474:1st Ouled Bouachra
308:settlers known as
300:, resulted in the
271:Constantine region
232:(French historian)
3747:Massacres in 1955
3714:
3713:
3623:Desmichels Treaty
3391:Siege of Laghouat
3110:
3109:
3079:
3078:
3005:Anti-independence
2955:
2954:
2942:Martyrs' Memorial
2818:
2817:
2793:FLN football team
2713:Operation Corsica
2703:Battle of Algiers
2651:
2650:
2637:Malagasy Uprising
2600:
2599:
2402:978-1-317-89485-8
2381:978-1-60819-094-2
1688:. Lafon. p.
1164:978-0-19-265425-0
1137:978-2-8111-2359-8
1094:French Pied-Noir
1082:, was profoundly
1072:Jacques Soustelle
1046:fanatical madness
572:
571:
251:
250:
243:
238:
233:
117:
116:
99:occupied Algeria
53:36.87278; 6.91000
16:(Redirected from
3809:
3658:
3646:
3583:Bab El Bekkouche
3503:
3491:
3479:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3352:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3088:
2967:Pro-independence
2964:
2905:
2811:
2788:Constantine Plan
2726:
2672:
2660:
2579:
2497:
2453:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2406:
2385:
2356:
2355:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2143:Piouffre, Gérard
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1479:
1469:
1463:
1449:
1443:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1252:
1246:
1243:de Jaeghere 2001
1240:
1231:
1230:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1121:
1038:Larbi Ben M'hidi
901:French air force
812:police inspector
479:Ath Yahia Moussa
459:Bab El Bekkouche
366:
356:
349:
342:
333:
320:and Pieds-Noirs
265:was a series of
263:August Offensive
241:
236:
231:
219:
218:
207:
206:
205:
190:Paul Aussaresses
188:
187:
176:
175:
174:
165:
164:
163:
146:
144:
143:
133:
132:
131:
79:
78:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
21:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3689:
3661:
3652:
3640:
3609:
3588:May 1958 crisis
3536:Toussaint Rouge
3520:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3445:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3396:
3346:
3303:Raid on Reghaïa
3286:
3275:Battle of Macta
3217:
3206:
3166:
3153:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3111:
3106:
3075:
3049:
3000:
2951:
2909:
2903:
2865:May 1958 crisis
2857:
2851:
2814:
2805:
2769:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2720:
2687:Toussaint Rouge
2673:
2666:
2647:
2621:
2596:
2573:
2546:Crémieux Decree
2539:Divide and rule
2495:
2458:
2444:
2438:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1732:Dermenjian 2020
1730:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1474:, p. 118;
1470:
1466:
1458:, p. 120;
1450:
1446:
1434:, p. 118;
1430:
1426:
1418:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1331:Harbi, Mohammed
1329:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1058:French language
1017:
996:
962:
921:
872:
836:
784:
763:
723:
714:makeshift bombs
686:
678:Egyptian troops
658:
638:popular support
573:
568:
469:May 1958 crisis
379:Toussaint Rouge
367:
362:
360:
330:
239:
234:
230:3,000 to 5,000
213:
203:
201:
182:
178:Salah Boubnider
172:
170:
169:
161:
159:
148:French Republic
141:
139:
129:
127:
101:
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3815:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3600:Algiers putsch
3597:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3452:Mokrani Revolt
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2910:commemorations
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2877:Year of Africa
2874:
2873:
2872:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2823:End of the war
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2765:Paris massacre
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2730:Algiers putsch
2727:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:1943 manifesto
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2501:French Algeria
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2484:Mokrani Revolt
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2463:
2461:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2351:978-1315301815
2350:
2327:
2312:
2306:978-2212194210
2305:
2287:
2281:978-1000764772
2280:
2260:
2258:, p. 123.
2248:
2246:, p. 158.
2233:
2214:
2212:, p. 121.
2202:
2200:, p. 124.
2190:
2188:, p. 142.
2178:
2164:
2158:978-2846903295
2157:
2134:
2122:
2107:
2092:
2080:
2067:
2055:
2053:, p. 162.
2043:
2037:978-0253346247
2036:
2018:
2003:
2001:, p. 122.
1986:
1971:
1969:, p. 119.
1967:Soustelle 1956
1959:
1953:978-0804711456
1952:
1931:
1925:978-2356760524
1924:
1906:
1900:978-2259265980
1899:
1879:
1867:
1852:
1846:978-0801462375
1845:
1827:
1812:
1793:
1778:
1776:, p. 281.
1763:
1761:, p. 141.
1748:
1746:, p. 266.
1744:Vétillard 2013
1736:
1734:, p. 181.
1721:
1695:
1676:
1661:
1655:978-2213674261
1654:
1634:
1628:979-1036561665
1627:
1609:
1607:, p. 559.
1597:
1582:
1580:, p. 278.
1567:
1561:978-2870278536
1560:
1542:
1530:
1524:978-2213618920
1523:
1505:
1499:978-1590172186
1498:
1480:
1478:, p. 120.
1464:
1462:, p. 118.
1454:, p. 48;
1444:
1424:
1405:
1396:
1394:, p. 146.
1377:
1375:, p. 134.
1365:
1359:978-2213613772
1358:
1340:
1322:
1316:978-2414389254
1315:
1297:
1287:. Military.com
1272:
1266:978-0812235883
1265:
1247:
1232:
1226:978-2951780903
1225:
1207:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1143:
1136:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1016:
1013:
995:
992:
961:
958:
920:
917:
886:. When French
871:
868:
844:Ramdane Djamel
835:
832:
818:in front of a
796:terror attacks
783:
780:
762:
759:
722:
719:
698:police station
685:
682:
657:
654:
630:Youcef Zighoud
593:Prime Minister
570:
569:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
534:Ouled Rashache
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
499:Algiers putsch
490:
489:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
372:
369:
368:
361:
359:
358:
351:
344:
336:
329:
326:
249:
248:
245:
242:(French claim)
227:
226:
222:
221:
211:
198:
197:
196:Units involved
193:
192:
180:
167:Youcef Zighoud
156:
155:
151:
150:
137:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
93:
91:
87:
86:
85:20 August 1955
83:
75:
74:
67:
66:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3814:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Évian Accords
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:Philippeville
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:Battle of Sig
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3095: /
3094:
3093:
3082:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3032:La Main Rouge
3029:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:Monuments and
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:Évian Accords
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:of key events
2670:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:Other factors
2603:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:1920 petition
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2395:. Routledge.
2394:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2344:. Routledge.
2343:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2274:. Routledge.
2273:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2090:, p. 31.
2089:
2088:Le Sueur 2001
2084:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2065:, p. 91.
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1810:, p. 90.
1809:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:. p. 21.
1789:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:Jauffret 2001
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1540:, p. 45.
1539:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1245:, p. 97.
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1048:and decrease
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Abane Ramdane
1031:
1026:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1002:
993:
991:
989:
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
959:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:investigation
935:
930:
929:interrogation
926:
918:
916:
914:
910:
909:Daniel Guérin
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:Other attacks
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
779:
776:
772:
768:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
747:disembowelled
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
720:
718:
715:
711:
707:
706:farming tools
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Philippeville
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
494:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Philippeville
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
370:
365:
357:
352:
350:
345:
343:
338:
337:
334:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
246:
240:1,273 killed
229:
228:
223:
217:
212:
210:
200:
199:
194:
191:
186:
181:
179:
168:
158:
157:
152:
149:
138:
136:
126:
125:
120:
112:
108:
105:
104:
100:
96:
95:Philippeville
92:
89:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
68:
63:
60:
57:
19:
3628:Tafna Treaty
3593:
3556:
3550:
3527:Algerian War
3525:
3450:
3291:
3222:
3171:
3101:
3090:
3054:Other groups
3030:
3021:
2781:
2741:human rights
2739:War crimes /
2692:
2685:
2584:
2571:Legal status
2563:
2559:French Union
2544:
2489:Deportations
2441:Algerian War
2391:
2370:
2362:Bibliography
2340:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2296:
2290:
2270:
2263:
2251:
2244:Johnson 1982
2223:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2172:
2167:
2147:
2137:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2006:
1980:
1974:
1962:
1943:
1934:
1915:
1909:
1889:
1882:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1787:
1781:
1774:Meynier 2002
1739:
1713:. Retrieved
1708:
1698:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1618:
1612:
1600:
1591:
1585:
1551:
1545:
1533:
1514:
1508:
1489:
1483:
1472:Clayton 2014
1467:
1447:
1432:Clayton 2014
1427:
1420:Sévilla 2018
1399:
1368:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1306:
1300:
1289:. Retrieved
1256:
1250:
1216:
1210:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1153:
1146:
1126:
1119:
1103:
1099:Albert Camus
1096:intellectual
1093:
1070:
1066:nationalists
1054:
1027:
1018:
1005:
997:
964:Shocked and
963:
922:
888:paratroopers
873:
837:
816:assassinated
804:Ferhat Abbas
790:, eight FLN
785:
764:
737:, sharpened
724:
687:
659:
656:FLN's attack
642:
627:
604:
574:
492:
491:
429:Sidi Semiane
398:
373:
364:Algerian War
298:ethnic riots
286:Algerian War
262:
258:
254:
252:
235:12,000 dead
122:Belligerents
72:Algerian War
29:
3653: [
3641: [
3605:Bab El Oued
3498: [
3486: [
3474: [
3437: [
3425: [
3413: [
3402:Allegiances
3347: [
3295:: 1837-1870
3226:: 1830-1836
2996:Oujda Group
2806: [
2721: [
2667: [
2574: [
2552:Kabyle myth
2527:Jonnart Law
2459:colonialism
2443:(1954–1962)
2198:Parker 2019
2130:Mameri 1988
2063:Arnold 2010
1808:Arnold 2010
1711:(in French)
1452:Gannon 2008
1436:Arnold 2010
1373:Créspo 2019
1089:radicalized
1084:traumatized
1062:integration
1007:specialist
913:El Harrouch
788:Constantine
751:decapitated
645:Aussaresses
634:Pieds-Noirs
600:Edgar Faure
554:Ouled Sinan
549:Kef Lakhdar
509:Bab El Oued
488:(1959-1961)
444:El Menaouer
424:Oued Zeggar
419:Fellaoucene
318:French army
310:Pieds-Noirs
284:during the
237:(FLN claim)
51: /
3721:Categories
3573:Agounennda
3546:El Djorf I
2935:Tizi Ouzou
2856:Legacy and
2840:referendum
2743:violations
2664:Chronology
2477:Atrocities
2449:Background
2256:Horne 2006
2210:Horne 2006
2186:Evans 2012
2051:Ruedy 2005
1999:Horne 2006
1875:Horne 2006
1759:Evans 2012
1715:2024-03-24
1648:. Fayard.
1605:Alleg 1981
1538:Harbi 2004
1476:Horne 2006
1460:Harbi 1984
1456:Horne 2006
1438:, p.
1392:Harbi 1984
1291:2016-10-25
1112:References
1106:atrocities
1042:mutilation
994:Death toll
954:L'Humanité
950:photograph
893:suspicions
755:ululations
434:Agounennda
394:El Djorf I
328:Background
322:vigilantes
280:and armed
278:insurgents
36:36°52′22″N
3667:Documents
3557:Blue Bird
3541:Véronique
2858:aftermath
2774:Reactions
2639:(1947–49)
2633:(1946–54)
2586:Pied noir
2565:Indigénat
2541:policies
1022:operation
1015:Aftermath
988:firefight
944:. French
876:reprisals
856:castrated
792:commandos
767:El Khroub
666:religious
615:offensive
589:negotiate
581:Socialist
564:Kef Afoul
404:Blue Bird
389:Véronique
384:Boukerker
314:reprisals
209:Wilaya II
111:Aftermath
39:6°54′36″E
3615:Treaties
3594:Jumelles
3578:Bouzegza
3563:Palestro
3092:Category
2612:Cold War
2338:(2017).
2151:. Lodi.
2145:(2008).
1942:(1982).
1893:. Plon.
1333:(1984).
983:paranoia
946:reporter
934:executed
897:shepherd
880:arrested
864:genitals
840:Aïn Abid
824:Grenades
808:pharmacy
775:garrison
702:firearms
694:moderate
559:Guergour
524:Bouk’hil
519:Boutaleb
484:Jumelles
454:Timimoun
439:Bouzegza
409:Palestro
306:European
302:massacre
294:Algerian
288:between
109:See the
90:Location
70:Part of
3568:Algiers
3103:Commons
2930:El Oued
2920:Algiers
2750:Torture
2457:Settler
1030:cynical
979:lynched
966:enraged
925:stadium
800:targets
771:outpost
739:shovels
674:landing
539:Flawcen
529:Nasinsa
464:Borders
414:Algiers
316:by the
261:or the
113:section
3393:(1852)
3382:(1845)
3376:(1844)
3370:(1843)
3364:(1842)
3358:(1840)
3335:(1837)
3329:(1837)
3323:(1837)
3317:(1837)
3311:(1837)
3305:(1837)
3283:(1836)
3277:(1835)
3271:(1835)
3265:(1832)
3259:(1830)
3253:(1830)
3247:(1830)
3236:(1830)
3066:Harkis
3012:France
2960:Groups
2627:(1944)
2399:
2378:
2348:
2303:
2278:
2155:
2034:
1950:
1922:
1897:
1843:
1652:
1625:
1558:
1521:
1496:
1356:
1313:
1263:
1223:
1161:
1134:
1001:maimed
972:. The
915:area.
860:choked
852:Jewish
828:Jewish
731:mining
727:pyrite
710:knives
670:racial
662:crowds
611:Wilaya
449:Essien
290:France
145:
106:Result
3694:Lists
3657:]
3645:]
3502:]
3490:]
3478:]
3441:]
3429:]
3417:]
3351:]
3071:Women
2925:Batna
2899:Films
2810:]
2725:]
2671:]
2578:]
974:mayor
942:trial
905:Setif
848:Collo
765:Near
743:raped
649:baker
504:Paris
493:1960s
374:1950s
267:raids
2397:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2153:ISBN
2032:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1036:and
858:and
820:cafe
745:and
735:axes
668:and
514:Oran
292:and
282:mobs
253:The
82:Date
2656:War
2228:252
1690:143
940:or
786:In
749:or
712:or
676:by
275:FLN
273:by
247:123
135:FLN
3723::
3655:ar
3643:ar
3500:ar
3488:ar
3476:ar
3439:ar
3427:ar
3415:ar
3349:ar
3162:-
2808:fr
2723:fr
2669:fr
2576:fr
2236:^
1989:^
1796:^
1766:^
1751:^
1724:^
1707:.
1570:^
1440:89
1408:^
1380:^
1275:^
1235:^
1202:48
822:.
708:,
602:.
97:,
3136:e
3129:t
3122:v
2433:e
2426:t
2419:v
2405:.
2384:.
2354:.
2309:.
2284:.
2230:.
2161:.
2040:.
1956:.
1928:.
1903:.
1849:.
1718:.
1692:.
1658:.
1631:.
1564:.
1527:.
1502:.
1442:.
1422:.
1362:.
1319:.
1294:.
1269:.
1229:.
1204:.
1167:.
1140:.
729:-
355:e
348:t
341:v
244:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
