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587:, an Austrian archaeologist and the excavator of Tell Dab'a, has speculated that there was close contact with the rulers of Avaris, and that the large building featuring the frescoes allowed the Minoans to have a ritual life in Egypt. French archaeologist Yves Duhoux proposed the existence of a Minoan 'colony' on an island in the
370:
on the eastern branch of the Nile in the Delta. Its close proximity to Asia made it a popular town for
Asiatic immigrants, most of whom were culturally Egyptianized, using Egyptian pottery, but also retained many aspects of their own culture, as can be seen from the various Asiatic burials including
462:
located in the 19th Nome, circa 1930 BC. It was a small
Egyptian town until about 1830 BC when it began to grow by immigration of Canaanites (Levant Middle Bronze Age IIA) By 1800 BC it was a much larger trade colony under Egyptian control. Over the next 100 years immigration increased the size of
333:
The site at Tell el-Dab'a, covering an area of about 2 square kilometers, is in ruins today, but excavations have shown that, at one point, it was a well-developed center of trade with a busy harbour catering to over 300 ships during a trading season. Artifacts excavated at a temple erected in the
426:. Large portions of the former site of Avaris were used by the inhabitants of Pi-Ramesses as a cemetery and burial ground, and part of it was used as a major navy base, while the "Harbor of Avaris" toponym continued to be used for Avaris' harbor through the Ramesside period.
909:"Manfred Bietak, "A THUTMOSID PALACE PRECINCT AT PERU-NEFER/TELL EL-Dab'a," in: M. Bietak & S. Prell (Eds.), Palaces in Ancient Egypt and the Ancient Near East vol. I: Egypt, Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant V, Vienna 2018, 231-257"
887:
Bietak, Manfred. "The
Aftermath of the Hyksos in Avaris." Culture Contacts and the Making of Cultures: Papers in Homage to Itamar Even Zohar, by Rakefet Sela-Sheffy and Gideon Toury, Tel Aviv University- Unit of Culture Research, 2011,
402:
and the palatial complex at Avaris was briefly abandoned, but areas such as the Temple of Seth and G6 region remained continuously occupied. It appears as well, that the site of Avaris had gone through a hiatus, dated after the time of
394:
captured Avaris and overran the Hyksos. Canaanite-style artifacts dated to the
Tuthmosid or New Kingdom period suggest that a large part of the city's Semitic population remained in residence following its reconquest by the Egyptians.
246:. As the main course of the Nile migrated eastward, its position at the hub of Egypt's delta emporia made it a major capital suitable for trade. It was occupied from about the 18th century BC until its capture by
1250:
670:"A head from a statue of an official dating to the 12th or 13th Dynasty (1802–1640 B.C.) sports the mushroom-shaped hairstyle commonly worn by non-Egyptian immigrants from western Asia such as the Hyksos." in
1313:
1308:
784:'And his remarks are to the following effect: Amosis, who lived in the time of the Argive Inachus, overthrew Athyria, as Ptolemy of Mendes relates in his Chronology.' -- Clement of Alexandria 1.22
330:. Using radar imaging technology, its scientists could identify in 2010 the outline of the city including streets, houses, a port, and a side arm of the River Nile passing through the city.
158:
An official wearing the "mushroom-headed" hairstyle also seen in contemporary paintings of
Western Asiatic foreigners, from Avaris, the capital of the Hyksos. Dated to 1802–1640 BC.
1017:
Manfred Bietak. "Hyksos" in The
Encyclopedia of Ancient History, First Edition. Edited by Roger S. Bagnall, Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine, p. 3356.
1303:
922:
159:
955:
Manfred Bietak, Nicola Math, and Vera Müller, “Report on the excavations of a Hyksos Palace of Tell el Dabᶜa/Avaris.” Ägypten und
Levante 22/23 (2013): 15-35.
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600:
533:
In 1650 the Hyksos arrive and the city grows to 250 ha. It is believed that Avaris was the largest city in the world from 1670 to 1557 BC. A large
1353:
1323:
716:
Holladay, John S. Jr. (1997) "The
Eastern Nile Delta During the Hyksos and Pre-Hyksos Periods: Toward a Systemic/Socioeconomic Understanding", in
326:
first forwarded the idea that the site could be identified with Avaris. Between 1966 and 1969 and since 1975, the site has been excavated by the
1328:
552:
1162:
1138:
769:
729:
701:
655:
605:
429:
The name "Avaris" is also referred to in
Papyrus Sallier I in the late 13th century BC. In addition, the 'Avaris' toponym is also known to
869:
Aaron A. Burke, "Amorites in the
Eastern Nile Delta: The Identity of Asiatics at Avaris during the Early Middle Kingdom", 2019, p. 69-71
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Manfred Bietak and Irene Forstner-Muller. "The Topography of New Kingdom Avaris and Per-Ramesses", pp 27-28
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279:
207:
979:
The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties): Current Research, Future Prospects
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was built. The Canaanites living at Avaris considered the Egyptian god Set to be the Canaanite god
371:
weapons of Levantine origin. One palatial district appears to have been abandoned as a result of an
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339:
335:
87:
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Baines and Malek "Atlas of Ancient Egypt" p 15 nome list and map, p 167 enlarged map of the delta.
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266:“House of the Region” and denotes the capital of an administrative division of the land (
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Manfred Bietak & Constance Van Ruden. "Contact Points: Avaris and Pi-Ramesse", pg 18
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977:
Manfred Bietak, "From Where Came the Hyksos and Where Did they go". In M. Marée (ed.),
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started the first excavations in the area around Tell-el-Daba. Between 1941 and 1942,
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Fragment of a Minoan fresco found in Avaris, Egypt. This fresco is very similar to
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Martin, Geoffrey T. (1998). "The Toponym Retjenu on a Scarab from Tell el-Dabʿa".
390:, besieged Avaris but was unable to defeat the Hyksos there. A few decades later,
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Timothy Pottis, "Beyond the Nile: Egypt and the Classical World", p. 20
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roughly 2 km (1.2 mi) to the north, Avaris was superseded by
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Avaris, the capital of the Hyksos: recent excavations at Tell el-Dabʻa
1097:
Des minoens en Egypte? "Keftiou" et "les îles au milieu du Grand vert"
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965:
647:
The Politics of Trade: Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium BC
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Ancient Egypt: the great discoveries : a year-by-year chronicle
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724:. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. pp. 183–252.
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91:
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Manfred Bietak, The Palatial Precinct at the Nile Branch (Area H)
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Marc van de Mieroop, "A History of Ancient Egypt", 2021, p. 124-5
935:
Marc van de Mieroop, "A History of Ancient Egypt", 2021, p. 125.
1157:. British Museum Press for the Trustees of the British Museum.
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was built in the eastern part of the city. From 1700 onward,
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tomb has also been excavated to the west of the temple, where
229:
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The pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty set up a capital in
192:
721:
The Hyksos: new historical and archaeological perspectives
458:
Amenemhet I (12th dynasty) planned a settlement, called
1314:
Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
342:-like wall paintings that are similar to those found on
693:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
820:"Ancient Egyptian city located in Nile Delta by radar"
1309:
Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC
673:"The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine"
334:
Hyksos period have produced goods from all over the
507:Around 1700 BC a temple district to the Canaanite
274:survives, referring to the site at the entrance to
212:
144:
107:
97:
83:
262:of the 2nd millennium BC was probably pronounced
471:" have been found in Avaris, also dating to the
282:referred to the name of this city as "Athyria".
583:, which is otherwise quite rare in the Levant.
238:capital of Egypt located at the modern site of
378:In the 18th century BC, the Hyksos conquered
8:
1179:. In Bagnall, Roger S.; et al. (eds.).
37:
1218:
1062:Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant
358:, such as copper swords, have been found.
43:
36:
601:List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities
49:Map of ancient Lower Egypt showing Avaris
1278:Avaris (Hatwaret, Rowaty, Tell ed-Dab'a)
1183:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–16.
981:, OLA 192, Leuven 2010: Peeters, p. 139.
550:
422:, and thus finally abandoned during the
160:Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst
1304:18th-century BC establishments in Egypt
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696:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 841.
1189:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15052.pub2
7:
633:. American Research Center in Egypt.
606:List of historical capitals of Egypt
382:and set up Avaris as their capital.
297:bearing the name of the Hyksos King
222:
1181:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
366:The site was originally founded by
407:and until the late 18th dynasty.
242:in the northeastern region of the
25:
1215:- available in German and English
801:from the original on 26 June 2010
547:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Daba
433:in the 3rd century BC, quoted by
328:Austrian Archaeological Institute
1334:Former populated places in Egypt
66:
59:
1354:1885 archaeological discoveries
579:in Syria, also has a record of
1324:Hyksos cities in ancient Egypt
1008:James Pritchard, ANET, p. 231.
923:"The harbour of Tell el-Dabʿa"
67:
1:
1329:Archaeological sites in Egypt
1236:1785 BC - 1580 BC
230:
193:
27:Archaeological site in Egypt
650:. BRILL. pp. 291–292.
338:world. The temple even has
303:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
213:
1380:
840:The Hyksos Period in Egypt
797:. Tell el-Dab'a-Homepage.
544:
485:At about 1780 a temple to
386:, the last pharaoh of the
375:during the 13th dynasty.
182:
29:
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795:"Tell el-Dab'a - History"
690:Potts, Daniel T. (2012).
453:Stratiagraphic layers M-N
202:
54:
42:
1359:Former capitals of Egypt
1036:"Tell-el-Daba - History"
762:Barnes & Noble Books
718:Eliezer D. Oren (1997).
414:constructed the city of
173:: ḥw.t wꜥr.t, sometimes
30:Not to be confused with
1319:Cities in ancient Egypt
1267:30.787419°N 31.821367°E
1133:. Thames & Hudson.
537:was built around 1550.
528:Stratiagraphic layers E
502:Stratiagraphic layers F
480:Stratiagraphic layers G
129:30.787417°N 31.821361°E
1213:Tell el-Dabʿa Homepage
1177:"Avaris/Tell el-Dab'a"
1099:. Liège: Univ. Press.
966:"Avaris/Tell el-Dab’a"
757:The rise of the Greeks
754:Michael Grant (2005).
568:
305:
163:
1095:Duhoux, Yves (2003).
843:. Shire. p. 40.
625:Candelora, Danielle.
554:
545:Further information:
517:social stratification
293:
280:Clement of Alexandria
157:
1272:30.787419; 31.821367
1125:Carl Nicholas Reeves
134:30.787417; 31.821361
1349:Tells (archaeology)
1262: /
677:www.archaeology.org
581:Minoan civilization
571:Avaris, along with
475:(1991-1802 BCE).
388:Seventeenth Dynasty
270:). Today, the name
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88:Sharqia Governorate
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1344:Minoan archaeology
837:Booth, C. (2005).
644:Roy, Jane (2011).
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75:Shown within Egypt
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1239:Succeeded by
1164:978-0-7141-0968-8
1140:978-0-500-05105-4
907:Bietak, Manfred.
771:978-0-7607-7000-9
731:978-0-924171-46-8
703:978-1-4443-6077-6
657:978-90-04-19610-0
541:Minoan connection
511:and the Egyptian
348:Palace of Knossos
278:. Alternatively,
260:Egyptian language
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627:"The Hyksos"
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324:Egyptologist
307:
271:
267:
263:
257:
174:
166:
165:
120:31°49′16.9″E
117:30°47′14.7″N
1364:Amenemhat I
1270: /
1068:: 109–112.
1045:30 November
1034:Bietak, M.
420:Pi-Ramesses
416:Pi-Ramesses
412:Ramesses II
380:Lower Egypt
368:Amenemhat I
356:grave goods
286:Excavations
132: /
108:Coordinates
102:Lower Egypt
1339:Nile Delta
1293:Categories
1276: (
1257:31°49′17″E
1254:30°47′15″N
856:2016-02-03
805:2010-06-21
612:References
589:Nile Delta
463:the city.
350:. A large
244:Nile Delta
234:) was the
148:Settlement
1074:1015-5104
888:pp.19-65.
573:Tel Kabri
254:Etymology
208:romanized
188:romanized
175:hut-waret
1175:(2022).
1151:(1996).
1127:(2000).
1082:23786957
968:, p. 14.
824:BBC News
799:Archived
595:See also
460:Hutwaret
435:Josephus
392:Ahmose I
373:epidemic
352:mudbrick
321:Egyptian
248:Ahmose I
171:Egyptian
84:Location
577:Alalakh
561:Knossos
535:citadel
523:arise.
509:Asherah
469:Retjenu
465:Scarabs
437:in his
431:Manetho
362:History
346:at the
210::
190::
32:Avarice
1299:Avaris
1241:Thebes
1225:Thebes
1195:
1161:
1137:
1103:
1080:
1072:
847:
768:
728:
700:
654:
513:Hathor
443:1.14.
410:After
400:Thebes
384:Kamose
340:Minoan
336:Aegean
295:Scarab
276:Faiyum
272:Hawara
236:Hyksos
231:Avaris
223:اڤاريس
214:Avaris
203:Άβαρις
194:Auaris
183:Αὔαρις
167:Avaris
98:Region
38:Avaris
1078:JSTOR
565:Crete
559:from
521:elite
491:Hadad
344:Crete
319:, an
310:Swiss
299:Apepi
268:wʕr.t
199:Greek
92:Egypt
1193:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1070:ISSN
1047:2019
845:ISBN
766:ISBN
726:ISBN
698:ISBN
652:ISBN
145:Type
1185:doi
487:Set
1295::
1191:.
1076:.
1064:.
1038:.
1022:^
822:.
764:.
760:.
675:.
629:.
591:.
563:,
497:.
250:.
225:,
221::
217:;
205:,
201::
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185:,
181::
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90:,
1280:)
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169:(
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20:)
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