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subjects—such as history, geography, and botany—are located in the part closest to the entrance. The library corridors branch out into different sections just to re-converge in the end, and as they advance towards the basilica, the subjects are the more abstract forms—such as poetry, grammar, and mathematics. The subjects closest to the basilica are those the King conceived as being the most abstract distillations of the others, and the closest to the origin, which was God in the
Basilica: theology, geometry, and mathematics. The visitor must leave the noisy world behind and walk through the halls of knowledge in a specific, comprehensible order from concreteness to abstraction before being able to reach God and understand His message, a notion quite in line with both Charles I and Philip II's
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1726:, one of his advisors. This meant 57 original Greek manuscripts from Sicily, and 112 Latin ones, from Calabria. He also bought 315 original volumes, in Greek and Arabic, from Juan Páez de Castro's personal library. The King charged specific ambassadors with traveling through his empire and neighboring kingdoms searching and buying the best for El Escorial's library. These ambassadors were coordinated by the head librarian, who had total authority to direct their movements, and who stayed in contact with them through all their travels.
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502 ft), which encloses a series of intersecting passageways and courtyards. At each of the four corners is a square tower surmounted by a spire, and, near the center of the complex (and taller than the rest), rise the pointed belfries and round dome of the basilica. Philip's instructions to Juan
Bautista de Toledo were simple and clear, directing that the architects should produce "simplicity in the construction, severity in the whole, nobility without arrogance, majesty without ostentation."
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were careful to consider the security of the library's holdings in armarios (large bookcases), as well as their display, safeguards against fire hazards, and use of available natural lighting. This library was a
Renaissance statement of power, majesty, prowess, and intellectual world leadership, designed for both the preservation of the old (binding multiple cultural histories into a single Catholic Spanish culture) and discovery of the new (imprinted by that culture).
1996:
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846:, also rest in this pantheon despite the fact that the Count never became king himself. The enclosure is presided over by an altar of veined marble, and the sarcophagi are bronze and marble. There is also the Pantheon of the Princes, where the bodies of the queens who did not have a crowned succession and the princes and princesses were laid to rest. This part was built in the nineteenth century.
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Barcelona never reigned as king, although he was head of the
Spanish royal family between the renunciation of his father's rights on 14 January 1941 and his renunciation of his own rights in favour of his son Juan Carlos I on 14 May 1977. Thirdly, the Countess of Barcelona was the mother of a king but not the wife of a king. However, some consider the Count of Barcelona to have been
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1769:, one of the largest in Spain at the time. Not all of those books are still in El Escorial, since many ended up in the Vatican; but around a thousand of them can still be found there. The King actively purchased rare books—often on esoteric, scientific, or theological subjects—from the East. He also collected and preserved over four hundred books
853:, in which one can find sculptures of the Evangelists. Around the courtyard are the galleries of the main cloister, decorated with frescoes by Tibaldi and his workshop, in which scenes from the history of the Redemption are represented. In the East gallery, one finds the splendid main staircase with a fresco-decorated vaulted ceiling depicting
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994:, a form with all four arms of equal length. Coincident with this shift in approach, the bell towers at the western end of the church were somewhat reduced in size and the small half-dome intended to stand over the altar was replaced with a full circular dome over the center of the church, where the four arms of the Greek cross meet.
1092:, but both of these giants were already more than eighty years old and in frail health. Consequently, Philip consulted his foreign ambassadors for recommendations, and the result was a lengthy parade of the lesser European artists of that time, all swanning through the construction site at El Escorial seeking the King's favor.
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Philip III continued his father's policy of protection and enrichment of the library, even though he was not theologically inclined. In addition to continuing the search for, and purchase of, especially valuable and old books, he promulgated a new decree, according to which the library of El
Escorial
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During Philip II's reign, the library introduced a novel way of arranging the library's bookcases or "book presses". Until then most book presses were combined with desks and stood at right angles to the library's walls. This system was known as the "stall system" and allowed light from the library's
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of El
Escorial lend further weight to the theory that this is the true origin of the design. A more personal connection can be drawn between the David-warrior figure, representing Charles V, and his son, the stolid and solomonically prudent Philip II. Echoing the same theme, a fresco in the center of
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views and who also designed the library's shelves. It constituted, along with the basilica, the heart of the entire project, and the project was redrafted several times to accommodate changes in the organization of the library itself. As was usual for Juan de
Herrera's work, it was the most advanced
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The
Escorial has three libraries. One is located behind the Chorus of the basilica. Another, within the monastery itself, used to be distributed to the different cells and rooms of the monks and that the Augustine monks have gradually managed to make their own. Finally, the Royal Library, which is
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Currently the library has more than 40,000 volumes, located in a great hall 54 metres (177 ft) in length, 9 metres (30 ft) wide, and 10 metres (33 ft) tall, with marble floors and beautifully carved wood shelves. De
Herrera and Italian construction engineer Giuseppe Flecha y Gamboa
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The Temple of
Solomon design, if indeed it was the basis for El Escorial, was extensively modified to accommodate the additional functions Philip II intended the building to serve. Besides being a monastery, El Escorial is also a pantheon, a basilica, a convent, a school, a library, and a royal
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Built primarily from locally quarried gray granite, square and sparsely ornamented, El Escorial is austere, even forbidding, in its outward appearance, seemingly more like a fortress than a monastery or palace. It takes the form of a gigantic quadrangle, approximately 224 by 153 metres (735 by
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René Taylor 1. Arquitectura y Magia. Consideraciones sobre la Idea de El Escorial, Ediciones Siruela, Madrid, enhanced from monograph in Rudolph Wittkower's 1968 festschrift. 2. Hermetism and the Mystical Architecture of the Society of Jesus in "Baroque Art: The Jesuit Contribution" by Rudolf
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The interment of the remains of Queen Victoria Eugenie and the Count and Countess of Barcelona in the Royal Pantheon will each constitute an exception to tradition. First, Victoria Eugenie, although the wife of a king, was never the mother of a king in the strict sense. Secondly, the Count of
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Royal burial vaults in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII - burial niches in Pantheon of the Kings; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 - burial chapels in Pantheon of the Infantes; A - garden of the Monastery; B - altar in Pantheon of the Kings; C - basement of the
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The Royal Library, like everything else in El Escorial, forms part of a larger symbolic structure and has symbolic meaning. It links the monastery and the seminary across the principal axis of the building, symbolizing the union of the spiritual and physical world. The books on the profane
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at El Escorial, one for the Pantheon of the Kings and the other for the Pantheon of the Princes. These can only be visited by monks from the Monastery. In these rooms, the remains of the deceased are placed in a small leaden urn, which in turn will be placed in the marble sepulchres of the
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Under the royal chapel of the Basilica is the Royal Pantheon crypt. This is the place of burial for the kings of Spain. It is an octagonal Baroque mausoleum made of marble where all of the Spanish monarchs since Charles I have been buried, with the exception of
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is for the moment the only queen in the pantheon who has not been mother to a king. That is because her only son, the presumed heir to the throne, died after her but before he could become king. But she was the great-grandmother of Philip V (by her daughter
1309:, or decaying chamber, awaiting interment in the Pantheon of the Kings. With the interment of these remains, all the sepulchres in the pantheon will be filled. No decision has yet been announced as to the final resting place of now-abdicated Juan Carlos,
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Real Monasterio-Palacio De El Escorial: Estudios Inéditos En Commemoración Del IV Centenario De La Terminación De Las Obras. Madrid: Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Centro De Estudios Históricos, Departamento De Arte Diego Velázquez,
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that adorn the façade of the basilica, located at the east end of the courtyard. Steps of red marble lead to the large, public chapel, past the narthex, which is one of the highlights of the basilica. The basilica has a floor in the shape of a
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serving the king's viceroy, whose recommendation brought him to the king's attention. Philip appointed him architect-royal in 1559, and, together, they designed El Escorial as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world.
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1069:. In a shallow niche at the center of the lowest level is the tabernacle, a repository for the physical elements of the communion ceremony, a so-called "House of the Sacrament", designed by Juan de Herrera in jasper and
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DE ANDRÉS, G., Perfil histórico de la Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, en SANTIAGO PAÉZ, E. (coord.), El Escorial en la Biblioteca Nacional. IV Centenario, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1985, pp. 561-565,
1454:. Completed in 1888, this group of nine burial chapels is the final resting place of princes, princesses, and consorts other than the parents of monarchs. With floors and ceiling of white marble, the tomb of Prince
324:, a royal hunting lodge and monastic retreat about five kilometres (3.1 mi) away. These sites have a dual nature: during the 16th and 17th centuries, they were places in which the power of the Spanish monarchy
543:, is another grid-like building with interior courtyards. In fact, palaces of this approximate design were commonplace in the Byzantine and Arab world. Strikingly similar to El Escorial is the layout of the
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eliminated from the original conception the six interior towers of the façade, was not unique to El Escorial. Other buildings had been constructed with churches or chapels fronting on interior courtyards:
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El Escorial's library, a reminder of Solomon's legendary wisdom, affirms Philip's preoccupation with the great Jewish king, his thoughtful and logical character, and his extraordinary, monumental temple.
1065:, and three sets of religious paintings commissioned by Philip II. To either side are gilded life-size bronzes of the kneeling family groups of Charles and Philip, also by Leoni, with help from his son
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1773:, which he agreed should not be available for those likely to "misunderstand" them but only to experts. By 1602, the library had a large cartographic collection and over 150 mathematical instruments.
578:: a portico followed by a courtyard open to the sky, followed by a second portico and a second courtyard, all flanked by arcades and enclosed passageways, leading to the "holy of holies". Statues of
1690:, 10,608 books from the 16th century, 2,179 books from the 17th century, and an increasing number of books from the 18th century. The manuscript collection is made up of a few thousands of medieval
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in all of Catholic Christendom. The collection consists of some 7,500 relics, which are stored in 570 sculpted reliquaries designed by Juan de Herrera, with most being constructed by the artisan
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The basilica of San Lorenzo el Real, the central building in the El Escorial complex, was originally designed, like most of the late Gothic cathedrals of Western Europe, to take the form of a
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spent over 25 years reclassifying and taking inventories of the surviving copies. His list of surviving books counted 45,000. Shortly after, as the Habsburg dynasty came to its end and the
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king of Spain from 1941 to 1977, which in turn would make him, his mother, Queen Victoria Eugenie, and his wife, the Countess of Barcelona, eligible for interment in the Pantheon of Kings.
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Michelangelo died in 1564, scarcely a year after the first stones at El Escorial were laid, and Titian, when asked to come to Spain, respectfully refused on the basis of his advanced age.
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Situated next to the main altar of the Basilica, the residence of King Philip II consists of a series of austerely decorated rooms. It features a window from which the king could observe
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was one such ambassador and made one of the most important purchases for the library during his time in Venice: an ancient collection of Greek manuscripts and Latin codices (1569–1577).
1831:, a further loss took place, as the Bourbon kings reversed the trend of acquiring books for the library and instead proceeded to take books to send to France or to their own libraries.
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Its eleven rooms showcase the tools, cranes and other materials used in the construction of the edifice, as well as reproductions of blueprints and documents related to the project.
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880:(Hall of Battles), which contains frescoes of the battles of San Quintín and Higueruela, among others. The next building contains the rooms of Philip II and of the Infanta
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519:, who, in the third century AD, was martyred by being roasted to death on a grill. St. Lawrence's feast day is 10 August, the same date as the 1557 Battle of St. Quentin.
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had to be specially hired to organize the books and classify them by language, in addition to subject. In the 1580s the Library acquired some of its most unique pieces.
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ought to receive a copy of every book published inside the empire. During his reign the orders of continuing to search for books for the library were still in place.
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1001:'s experience with the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome influenced the design of El Escorial's basilica. However, the Roman dome is supported by ranks of tapered
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1737:, the most valuable in Spain at the time, was bought. It included 850 codices and over 1,000 printed volumes. At this point, the size of the library was such that
1486:, making him eligible for interment in the Pantheon of the Princes. Upon his death in October 2015, his funeral was held at El Escorial and his body placed in the
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Philip II donated his personal collection of documents to the building, and also undertook the acquisition of the finest libraries and works of Western European
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on the east–west axis intersected by a shorter transept, about three-quarters of the way between the west entrance and the high altar. This plan was modified by
872:), is found behind the presbytery of the basilica. The outbuildings of this palace, of Italian style, are distributed around the Courtyard of the Fountainheads (
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The Latin cross, with its long descending arm, is the form most familiar to western Christians as the cross on which Christ was supposed to have been crucified.
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This chamber consists of twenty-six marble sepulchres containing the remains of the kings and queens regnant (the only queen regnant since Philip II being
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religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was both a Spanish royal palace and a monastery. Established with a community of
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From the beginning, the Royal Library was meant to be a monumental work of art, and its execution was commissioned to prominent architects of the moment:
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shafts, while the dome at El Escorial, soaring nearly 100 metres (330 ft) into the air, is supported by four heavy granite piers connected by simple
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774:. The main altarpiece is 30 metres (98 ft) high and divided into compartments of different sizes where are found bronze sculptures, and canvases by
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1803:. In 1671 a great fire destroyed 5280 codices; the main hall, in which the printed books were kept, was saved. Among the most important losses were the
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DE ANDRÉS, G., Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Aldus, 1970, DL: M. 20720-1970 (hey, why didn't the Spaniards like the French kings?
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to be his collaborator in the building of the complex at El Escorial. Toledo had spent the greater part of his career in Rome, where he had worked on
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Before his death, Philip II left in his last will a pension for the Escorial Library, to ensure that it would still be able to acquire new volumes.
1706:. During Phillip's reign, there was an entire room dedicated to ancient manuscripts, most of them in Latin, many in Greek, but also some in Hebrew,
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Next to the basilica, to the south, is the Courtyard of the Evangelists. This is a gardened patio in whose center rises a magnificent pavilion, by
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367:. It is a popular tourist attraction, often visited by daytrippers from Madrid—more than 500,000 visitors come to El Escorial every year.
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1710:, Arabic, Italian, French, and Spanish. There were approximately 1,800 Arabic titles. The first of those books were acquired in 1571 through
1020:, plain, solid, and largely unprepossessing. It would not be a flight of fancy to interpret St. Peter's as the quintessential expression of
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1103:. This statue of Christ is unusual because it was represented fully nude; although for modesty it wears one cloth covering the genitals.
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555:, where, as at El Escorial, two courtyards in succession separate the main portal of the complex from a fully enclosed place of worship.
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1882:. Within the altarpiece depicting the "Annunciation") are relics of female saints; its companion includes the relics of male saints.
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An inventory prepared in 1576 counted 4,546 volumes, over 2,000 manuscripts, and 2,500 printed books. That same year the library of
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The main entrance of the El Escorial is the west façade, which has three doors: the middle one leads to the Courtyard of the Kings (
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Juan de Herrera also designed the Casas de Oficios (Official Buildings) opposite the monastery's north façade; and his successor,
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appropriate pantheon after the passage of fifty years, the estimated time necessary for the complete decomposition of the bodies.
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El Escorial consists of two architectural complexes of great historical and cultural significance: the royal monastery itself and
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The floor plan of the building is in the form of a gridiron. The traditional belief is that this design was chosen in honor of
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palace. All these functional demands resulted in a doubling of the building's size from the time of its original conception.
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DE SIGÜENZA, F. J., La fundación del Monasterio de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Turner Libros S. A., 1986, pp. 273-305,
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However, the origin of the building's layout is quite controversial. The grill-like shape, which did not fully emerge until
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Constructed at the order of Philip II, a great lover of nature, these constitute an ideal place for repose and meditation.
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422:, who did not live to see the completion of the project. With Toledo's death in 1567, direction passed to his apprentice,
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windows to illuminate the shelves. Phillip's library began using a "wall system", placing the bookcases along the walls.
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The most richly decorated part of the church is the area surrounding the high altar. Behind the altar is a three-tiered
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Aside from its explicit purposes, the complex is also an enormous storehouse of art. In it are displayed masterworks by
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Tribe, Shawn. "Some Impressive Monumental Lipsanotheca and Relic Chapels", Liturgical Arts Journal. September 06, 2021
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1469:, he was buried originally in Portugal, after being killed in a still-mysterious 1956 shooting at the family home in
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2571:"7 Philip ii as the New Solomon: The Covert Promotion of Religious Tolerance and Synergism in Post-Tridentine Spain"
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marble are ornamented in gold-plated bronze. All of the wood used in El Escorial comes from the ancient forests of
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and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal palace, pantheon, library, museum, university, school, and hospital.
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96:
3104:
Purtuondo, Maria (2010). "The Study of Nature, Philosophy, and the Royal Library of San Lorenzo of the Escorial".
1875:, etc.) and are distributed throughout the monastery, with the most important being concentrated in the basilica.
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411:, himself, and his descendants. In addition, Philip envisioned El Escorial as a center for studies in aid of the
387:, and it was he who ordained the building of a grand edifice here to commemorate the 1557 Spanish victory at the
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Vallejo, Javier Morales. El Símbolo Hecho Piedra: El Escorial, Un Laberinto Descifrado. Barcelona: Áltera, 2008.
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sensuality and the basilica at El Escorial as a statement of the stark rigidity and grim purposefulness of the
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paintings depicting the most important Spanish military victories. These include a medieval victory over the
753:) and the side ones lead to a school and to a monastery. Above the center door is a niche where the image of
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1679:. This arrangement of parallel book cases was initiated by Philip II and was called the "wall system".
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1753:) from the ninth century. Philip acquired several books from the Library of Granada, that belonged to
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430:("the work of El Escorial") is a proverbial expression for a thing that takes a long time to finish.
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383:. This austere location, hardly an obvious choice for the site of a royal palace, was chosen by King
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in Rome, above the crossing. The naves are covered over by barrel vaults decorated with frescoes by
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The building's cornerstone was laid on 23 April 1563. The design and construction were overseen by
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DE ANDRÉS, G., Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Aldus, 1970, DL: M. 20720-1970.
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of its kind in Europe. It was the first library on the continent that broke with medieval design.
1573:(The Garden of the Friars). Students at the school still use it today to study and pass the time.
295:, 2.06 kilometres (1.28 mi) up the valley (4.1 km road distance) from the town of
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The sepulchres also contain the remains of royal consorts who were parents of monarchs. The only
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1722:. As part of his active efforts, in 1571 Philip II bought a large portion of the collection of
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Portion of the formal gardens (Gardens of the Friars) adjacent to north facade of the monastery
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of astonishing visual beauty. Other valuable libraries acquired by Philip were the library of
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426:, under whom the building was completed in 1584, in slightly less than 21 years. To this day,
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In the basilica, the relics are kept within two altarpieces, with the door panels painted by
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dealing with the veneration of saints, Philip II donated to the monastery one of the largest
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Naharro, B. & Nuno, J. A Treasury of Mathematics: The Library of El Escorial Revisited.
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In 1994, King Juan Carlos I signed a decree raising his cousin and close personal friend
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1714:. After that many books were obtained as a "peace price" during the many battles of the
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This section includes the royal palaces of the Christian and Muslim medieval kingdoms
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Duxfield, Andrew. Christopher Marlowe and the Failure to Unify. Oxon: Routledge, 2016.
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3125:
1781:
1762:
1466:
1361:
1318:
1302:
858:
771:
658:
designed the magnificent main staircase. The library contains thousands of priceless
474:
376:
288:
17:
3047:
Fadul, Valeria López. "Juan Páez de Castro and the Project of a Universal Library."
2717:
2118:
1871:. These reliquaries are found in highly varied forms (heads, arms, pyramidal cases,
1834:
Currently, the library has over 40,000 volumes. The library includes many important
4432:
4201:
4101:
3606:
2371:
1839:
1648:
1604:
1522:
1266:
1250:
1243:
1085:
1066:
831:
494:
486:
3470:
2688:
2191:
1619:
1005:
columns, with their extravagant capitals of acanthus leaves and their elaborately
954:
504:
4479:
2842:
2217:
1851:, a 12th-century Syrian autobiography, was discovered there in the 19th century.
4377:
4144:
3713:
3530:
3168:
2655:
Tenth International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (2004).
1682:
The fire of 1671, which engulfed the library, destroyed about 5,280 handwritten
1526:
1381:
1262:
1258:
1223:
1161:
1062:
1014:
991:
979:
901:
817:
783:
757:
has been placed. The Courtyard of the Kings owes its name to the statues of the
688:
643:
482:
478:
333:
4403:
2074:
4138:
3500:
2292:
1668:
1589:
1502:
659:
615:
400:
2928:
1061:, nearly 28 metres (92 ft) tall, adorned with gilded bronze statuary by
4014:
3202:
2438:
Mary Crawford Volk; Kubler, George (1 March 1987). "Building the Escorial".
1864:
1676:
1660:
1324:
1314:
3241:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 766–768.
2908:
2606:
The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague
1643:
The vault of the library's ceiling is decorated with frescoes, painted by
566:
The most persuasive theory for the origin of the floor plan is that it is
4373:
4369:
4333:
4195:
4134:
3938:
3914:
3465:
2364:"5 Things to see inside El Escorial: Spain's Magnificent Royal Monastery"
1824:
1672:
1656:
1616:. Philip was involved in every part of the design process of the library.
1514:
1017:
787:
623:
587:
548:
4415:
4381:
4365:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4067:
4022:
2459:
1707:
1652:
1612:
was inspired by Herrera's design, after a visit, for his design of the
1518:
1482:
1053:
1021:
926: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
713: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
639:
583:
552:
392:
3246:
2330:
2218:"The Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial and Natural Surroundings"
299:
and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of the Spanish capital
4361:
4345:
3791:
1872:
1136:
1089:
1070:
1058:
803:
611:
360:
352:
300:
176:
2451:
1035:
3117:
1784:
donated a large number of original Hebrew manuscripts, and Admiral
4353:
4232:
3748:
1691:
1683:
1664:
1618:
1544:
1529:
schools from the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries.
1441:
1323:
1283:
1140:
1042:
1034:
969:
961:
953:
816:
740:
593:
579:
557:
536:
503:
445:. The Royal Pantheon contains the tombs of the Holy Roman Emperor
340:. It was also a boarding school: the Real Colegio de Alfonso XII.
433:
Since then, El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the
1274:
1116:
983:
493:(who reigned from 1700 to 1724 and again from 1724 to 1746) and
3717:
3250:
3230:
1143:, as well as several of Philip's campaigns against the French.
1375:
1155:
895:
682:
4529:
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Community of Madrid
4438:
3197:
Jardin del Monasterio de El Escorial – a Gardens Guide review
3185:
3829:
2575:
The Conversos and Moriscos in Late Medieval Spain and Beyond
1265:. The most recent monarch interred in the pantheon is King
2500:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2192:"El Escorial – The World's largest Renaissance Building"
1557:, the Socialist who served as the last president of the
363:
declared The Royal Seat of San Lorenzo of El Escorial a
2712:
2710:
1493:
Thirty-seven of the sixty available niches are filled.
27:
Monastery and historical residence of the king of Spain
1894:, designed the Casa de la Compaña (Company Quarters).
1583:
Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
1299:
Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
1127:
The gallery was originally called the King's Gallery (
4392:
3208:
El Escorial tourist and travel connexions guide (Eng)
1815:), a 19-volume encyclopedia on biology and botany by
4554:
Art museums and galleries in the Community of Madrid
307:(who reigned 1556–1598), El Escorial is the largest
4534:
Buildings and structures in the Community of Madrid
4255:
4215:
4125:
4058:
3900:
3841:
3768:
3594:
3441:
3382:
3351:
3295:
3284:
1348:There has already been one exception to tradition:
237:
229:
221:
213:
205:
196:
182:
172:
157:
149:
141:
132:
128:
118:
113:
103:
92:
82:
77:
69:
41:
3758:For official site names, see each article or the
2817:"El Panteón de Reyes de El Escorial, al completo"
2530:"Spain's El Escorial, Capital of the Inquisition"
531:, dating from 1441, is one such example; the old
403:for the interment of the remains of his parents,
399:. Philip also intended the complex to serve as a
2446:(1). The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 1: 150–153.
449:(who ruled Spain as King Charles I), Philip II,
3647:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Guatemala
2480:"Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial"
2256:
2254:
2160:"The Monastery of El Escorial: all its history"
1357:) and she is an ancestor of the king of Spain.
303:. Built between 1563 and 1584 by order of King
4584:Tourist attractions in the Community of Madrid
4077:Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí
3243:Contains a plan of the buildings and surrounds
3175:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
3173:The Escorial: Art and Power in the Renaissance
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
1963:View of El Escorial from the Seat of Philip II
808:The Adoration of the Sacred Host by Charles II
501:(1870–1873), are not buried in the monastery.
3729:
3262:
2953:. New York City, NY: Routledge. p. 672.
2951:International Dictionary of Library Histories
2865:
2863:
2630:"El Escorial. History, Content, Significance"
2409:"El Escorial: the eighth wonder of the world"
2262:"El Escorial. History, Content, Significance"
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
1490:, awaiting future interment in the pantheon.
1465:in October 1992. The younger brother of King
1277:in 1980. The remains of Alfonso XIII's wife,
1131:but came to be known as the Hall of Battles (
272:
8:
4604:Burial sites of the House of Bourbon (Spain)
3193:UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
2323:"Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid"
2061:
2059:
2057:
1461:Among the more recent interments is that of
662:: for example, the collection of the sultan
4207:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
4107:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
4002:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
3877:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
3682:Palacio de los Gobernadores de Nuevo México
3374:Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas
3220:HISTORIA DEL REAL MONASTERIO DE SAN LORENZO
1410:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1190:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1057:, or altar screen, made of red granite and
268:Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid
3736:
3722:
3714:
3642:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Cuba
3292:
3269:
3255:
3247:
3203:El Escorial Monastery – History and Photos
3191:Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid
1301:(d. 2000); (the father and mother of King
508:El Escorial: floor plan, based on that of
145:Monastery and Site of the Escorial, Madrid
38:
2910:The library : an illustrated history
2524:
2522:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2043:Imperial Route of the Community of Madrid
1792:captured during his wars with the Sultan
1430:Learn how and when to remove this message
1368:, on the so-called Golden Coast of Cuba.
1210:Learn how and when to remove this message
942:Learn how and when to remove this message
888:housing the bed in which Philip II died.
729:Learn how and when to remove this message
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
1293:The remains of Alfonso XIII's third son
1073:. It was built between 1579 and 1586 by
876:). Inside the House of the King are the
868:), also known as the House of the King (
562:Courtyard of the Kings and the Basilica.
343:Philip II engaged the Spanish architect
336:monks, it has become a monastery of the
311:building in the world. It is one of the
260:Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
48:Real Sitio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial
42:Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
4451:
4399:
3973:Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija
3677:Palacio del Gobernador de las Filipinas
3667:Palacio Virreinal de Santa Fé de Bogotá
2815:Martínez-Fornes, A (27 February 2011).
2053:
1901:
1321:, and any future monarchs and consorts.
1115:from his bed when incapacitated by the
375:El Escorial is situated at the foot of
328:the ecclesiastical predominance of the
195:
3862:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
3784:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
2775:El Escorial. Habitaciones de Felipe II
1845:(1045–46). The only known copy of the
1281:were interred in the pantheon in 2011.
586:on either side of the entrance to the
4599:Burial sites of the House of Habsburg
3760:List of World Heritage Sites in Spain
3000:
2998:
2972:
2970:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
1981:, was built in 1771–75 to designs of
1565:-run school and mentions them in his
282:
236:
228:
220:
212:
204:
181:
171:
156:
148:
140:
131:
7:
4270:Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains
3983:Monastery of Saint Mary of Guadalupe
3887:San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries
3338:Alcázar of Seville: Upper Apartments
2185:
2183:
2181:
2013:History of early modern period domes
1408:adding citations to reliable sources
1305:), lie at a prepared place called a
1188:adding citations to reliable sources
924:adding citations to reliable sources
821:Detail of the Courtyard of the Kings
711:adding citations to reliable sources
598:El Escorial. View from the northwest
539:'s first hospital, begun in 1456 by
287:), is a historical residence of the
4544:Churches in the Community of Madrid
4047:University and Historic Precinct of
3025:The Library. An Illustrated History
2981:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 87.
2979:The Library: An Illustrated History
1799:The library reached its peak under
1269:, removed there from the Church of
958:Dome of the Basilica of El Escorial
670:from 1603 to 1627, is housed here.
4504:Museums in the Community of Madrid
4499:Palaces in the Community of Madrid
4068:Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco
3997:, a landscape of Arts and Sciences
3910:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests
3851:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests
3657:Palacio del Fuerte de Buenos Aires
3012:from the original on 24 July 2011.
2190:Tietz, Tabea (13 September 2020).
2109:Roller, Sarah (24 November 2020).
1588:public and exists under a special
1450:The pantheon's name in Spanish is
1084:, the King's preferences had been
766:and an enormous dome, inspired by
25:
4589:Renaissance architecture in Spain
3923:Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida
3456:Alcázar of the Caliphs of Córdoba
3390:Casita del Príncipe (El Escorial)
2505:Diccionario de la lengua española
2370:. 8 November 2022. Archived from
1859:Following a rule approved by the
884:. Another outbuilding is that of
855:The glory of the Spanish monarchy
4569:Parks in the Community of Madrid
4524:Benedictine monasteries in Spain
4514:Augustinian monasteries in Spain
4471:
4454:
4426:
4414:
4402:
3699:
3698:
3461:Alcázar of the Catholic Monarchs
3432:
2762:"Crucifix by CELLINI, Benvenuto"
2569:Ingram, Kevin (1 January 2016),
1994:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1380:
1297:, (d. 1993) and daughter-in-law
1295:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
1160:
900:
687:
60:A distant view of the Royal Site
54:
4559:Historic house museums in Spain
4007:Route of Santiago de Compostela
3882:Route of Santiago de Compostela
3808:Route of Santiago de Compostela
3672:Palacio del Gobernador de Agaña
3359:Convent of Las Descalzas Reales
3051:Vol. 52, no. 2 (2017): 173-183.
1095:One chapel exhibits the famous
1013:arches and decorated by simple
911:needs additional citations for
698:needs additional citations for
3867:Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon
3395:Casita del Príncipe (El Pardo)
2913:. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub.
2268:. 25 July 2019. Archived from
1809:Historia natural de las Indias
1279:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
153:Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv)
1:
4614:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
4594:World Heritage Sites in Spain
4164:General Archive of the Indies
3942:with its Extra-mural Churches
2977:Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009).
2001:The Monastery with the garden
1829:War of the Spanish Succession
1819:. After the fire, the priest
1817:Francisco Hernández de Toledo
1813:Natural History of the Indies
1771:prohibited by the Inquisition
1561:, studied in the monastery's
864:The Palace of the Austrians (
574:by the Judeo-Roman historian
497:(1746–1759), as well as King
4579:1584 establishments in Spain
4539:Replicas of Solomon's Temple
3627:Edificio de las Casas reales
2718:"El Escorial – Architecture"
2608:. Walker Books. p. 20.
2534:Rick Steves Classroom Europe
1911:Monastery and its reflection
1745:donated a manuscript of the
1039:Courtyard of the Evangelists
745:West façade of the monastery
437:of the last five centuries,
34:El Escorial (disambiguation)
4082:Palau de la Música Catalana
3561:Royal Palace of Tordesillas
3420:Colegio de Doncellas Nobles
3405:Pantheon of Illustrious Men
2778:apuntes.santanderlasalle.es
2577:, Brill, pp. 129–149,
1843:Golden Gospels of Henry III
1623:The library of El Escorial.
1480:to the status of a Spanish
1238:to the present, except for
1047:Wall in the Hall of Battles
321:La Granjilla de La Fresneda
4655:
4519:Basilica churches in Spain
4275:San Cristóbal de La Laguna
4236:, Biodiversity and Culture
4183:Historic Centre of Córdoba
3571:Palacio Real de Valladolid
3328:La Granja de San Ildefonso
2689:"El Escorial – Decoration"
2559:Wittkower & Irma Jaffe
1827:took the throne after the
1788:brought back the complete
1580:
1255:Francis of Asis de Bourbon
1099:carved in white marble by
974:High altar of the Basilica
293:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
135:UNESCO World Heritage Site
97:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
31:
4509:Royal residences in Spain
4288:
4225:Cultural Landscape of the
4173:Dolmens Site of Antequera
4112:Silk Exchange in Valencia
3827:
3755:
3695:
3556:Royal Palace of Pedralbes
3551:Royal Palace of Perpignan
3481:Castle Alcázar of Segorbe
3430:
3364:Convent of La Encarnación
1869:Juan de Arphe y Villafañe
1501:Consists of works of the
1271:Santa Maria in Monserrato
982:. As such, it has a long
529:King's College, Cambridge
274:Monasterio de El Escorial
273:
249:
245:
209:Monasterio de San Lorenzo
199:Spanish Cultural Heritage
192:
65:
53:
46:
4574:Houses completed in 1584
4193:Renaissance Monuments of
3872:Pirineos - Monte Perdido
3687:Royal Palace of Brussels
3586:Valldemossa Charterhouse
3213:20 December 2014 at the
3027:. Skyhorse. p. 86.
2604:Marshall, Peter (2006).
1935:View of El Escorial, by
1735:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
1603:, who shared the King's
1571:El jardín de los frailes
1478:Carlos, Duke of Calabria
966:Wooden model of the roof
338:Order of Saint Augustine
187:Europe and North America
73:Monastery of El Escorial
47:
3957:Historic Walled Town of
3798:Kingdom of the Asturias
3576:Royal Alcázar of Madrid
3541:Royal Palace of Estella
3526:Palacio de la Magdalena
3415:Convent of Santa Isabel
3238:Encyclopædia Britannica
3199:(archived 15 June 2006)
3049:Pacific Coast Philology
3023:Murray, Stuart (2012).
2949:Stam, David H. (2001).
2907:Murray, Stuart (2009).
2478:Fodor's Review (2008).
1989:, the future Charles IV
1923:Pool from the Monastery
1836:illuminated manuscripts
1569:(Memoirs) and his play
1559:Second Spanish Republic
1458:is especially notable.
1446:Pantheon of the Princes
1372:Pantheon of the Princes
1028:, the two sides of the
999:Juan Bautista de Toledo
874:Patio de los Mascarones
866:Palacio de los Austrias
420:Juan Bautista de Toledo
345:Juan Bautista de Toledo
291:located in the town of
123:Juan Bautista de Toledo
114:Design and construction
4330:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3928:Archaeological Site of
3835:
3813:Santiago de Compostela
3612:Royal Palace of Naples
3410:Convent of San Pascual
3369:Convent of Santa Clara
2536:. 2003. Archived from
1987:Prince of the Asturias
1647:, depicting the seven
1624:
1550:
1447:
1360:The walls of polished
1355:Maria Theresa of Spain
1329:
1290:
1048:
1040:
975:
967:
959:
882:Isabella Clara Eugenia
844:Juan Carlos I of Spain
822:
746:
679:Courtyard of the Kings
599:
563:
547:and the design of the
512:
428:la obra de El Escorial
280:Spanish pronunciation:
267:
4117:Works of Antoni Gaudí
3965:Monastery and Site of
3833:
3662:Palacio Real de Quito
3546:Royal Palace of Olite
3165:. New York: Newsweek.
3106:Renaissance Quarterly
3006:"El Escorial Library"
1805:Concilios visigóticos
1755:Isabella I of Castile
1747:Concilios visigóticos
1728:Diego Guzmán de Silva
1622:
1548:
1541:Gardens of the Friars
1445:
1328:Pantheon of the Kings
1327:
1287:
1152:Pantheon of the Kings
1046:
1038:
973:
965:
957:
842:, the father of King
838:. The remains of the
820:
744:
656:Giambattista Castello
632:Rogier van der Weyden
597:
568:based on descriptions
561:
507:
489:. Two Bourbon kings,
389:Battle of St. Quentin
371:Conception and design
284:[eleskoˈɾjal]
18:El Escorial Monastery
4639:Charles III of Spain
4241:Prehistoric Sites of
4178:Doñana National Park
4088:Hospital de Sant Pau
3745:World Heritage Sites
3617:Palazzo dei Normanni
3536:Palacio de la Ribera
3161:Cable, Mary (1971).
2333:on 22 September 2022
1739:Benito Arias Montano
1533:Architectural museum
1404:improve this section
1350:Elisabeth of Bourbon
1184:improve this section
1119:that afflicted him.
920:improve this article
878:Sala de las Batallas
790:, paintings such as
768:St. Peter's Basilica
707:improve this article
409:Isabella of Portugal
381:Sierra de Guadarrama
359:On 2 November 1984,
349:St. Peter's Basilica
32:For other uses, see
4634:Charles II of Spain
4624:Philip III of Spain
4280:Teide National Park
4228:Serra de Tramuntana
3952:Old Town of Cáceres
3803:Roman walls of Lugo
3521:Palace of Charles V
3288:Patrimonio Nacional
3278:Spanish Royal sites
2847:Patrimonio Nacional
2794:Patrimonio Nacional
2413:Barcelo Experiences
2033:Patrimonio Nacional
2028:Valle de los Caídos
1978:Casita del Principe
1937:Michel-Ange Houasse
1821:Antonio de San José
1751:Visigothic Councils
1712:Juan Paez de Castro
1452:Panteón de Infantes
1257:, husband of Queen
1147:Royal burial vaults
1107:Palace of Philip II
1030:Counter-Reformation
413:Counter-Reformation
365:World Heritage Site
313:Spanish royal sites
108:Patrimonio Nacional
83:Architectural style
78:General information
4629:Philip IV of Spain
4619:Philip II of Spain
4564:Libraries in Spain
4292:Shared with other
3918:Cultural Landscape
3836:
3652:Palacio de Pizarro
3632:Palacio del Virrey
3581:Torre de la Parada
3516:Monastery of Yuste
3476:Buen Retiro Palace
3451:Alcázar of Segovia
3400:Casita del Infante
3285:Royal sites of the
2790:"Sala de Batallas"
2634:Spain Then and Now
2266:Spain Then and now
2077:on 24 October 2022
2023:Spanish Golden Age
1983:Juan de Villanueva
1886:Adjacent buildings
1698:Collecting process
1645:Pellegrino Tibaldi
1632:view of religion.
1625:
1551:
1448:
1330:
1291:
1049:
1041:
976:
968:
960:
840:Count of Barcelona
823:
776:Pellegrino Tibaldi
751:Patio de los Reyes
747:
600:
564:
545:Alcázar of Seville
513:
397:Henry II of France
385:Philip II of Spain
238:Reference no.
173:Reference no.
4390:
4389:
4097:Palmeral of Elche
4050:Alcalá de Henares
3856:Caves of Altamira
3821:Tower of Hercules
3778:Caves of Altamira
3711:
3710:
3634:(present-day the
3566:Palau Reial Major
3486:Castle of Bellver
3428:
3427:
2988:978-1-61608-453-0
2920:978-1-60239-706-4
2584:978-90-04-30636-3
2419:on 12 August 2022
2166:. 23 January 2020
2018:List of carillons
1892:Francisco de Mora
1440:
1439:
1432:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1101:Benvenuto Cellini
952:
951:
944:
739:
738:
731:
620:Benvenuto Cellini
572:Temple of Solomon
533:Ospedale Maggiore
253:
252:
70:Alternative names
16:(Redirected from
4646:
4609:Louis I of Spain
4549:Gardens in Spain
4484:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4418:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4248:
4242:
4237:
4226:
4217:Balearic Islands
4200:
4194:
4188:Madinat al-Zahra
4169:
4162:
4150:
4143:
4093:
4086:
4073:
4048:
4040:
4039:Historic City of
4027:
4021:
4013:
3998:
3992:
3966:
3958:
3947:Burgos Cathedral
3943:
3937:
3929:
3919:
3860:
3817:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3702:
3701:
3506:Madinat al-Zahra
3491:Castle of Burgos
3436:
3293:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3242:
3234:
3232:"Escorial"
3186:El Escorial site
3150:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3112:(4): 1106–1150.
3101:
3095:
3083:
3077:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2662:. Archived from
2661:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2475:
2464:
2463:
2440:The Art Bulletin
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2415:. Archived from
2405:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2360:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:. Archived from
2319:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2291:unknown (2016).
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2272:on 31 March 2022
2258:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2117:. Archived from
2106:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2073:. Archived from
2063:
1998:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1880:Federico Zuccari
1861:Council of Trent
1848:Kitab al-I'tibar
1757:, including her
1610:Domenico Fontana
1435:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1384:
1376:
1234:dynasties, from
1215:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1164:
1156:
1133:Sala de Batallas
1129:Galería del Rey)
1080:To decorate the
1075:Jacopo da Trezzo
947:
940:
936:
933:
927:
904:
896:
836:Amadeus of Savoy
780:Federico Zuccari
734:
727:
723:
720:
714:
691:
683:
576:Flavius Josephus
541:Antonio Filarete
510:Solomon's Temple
286:
281:
276:
275:
168:
58:
39:
21:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4483:from Wikivoyage
4477:
4472:
4470:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4446:sister projects
4445:
4443:at Knowledge's
4437:
4427:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4358:North Macedonia
4284:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4235:
4224:
4211:
4198:
4192:
4167:
4160:
4148:
4141:
4121:
4091:
4084:
4071:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4025:
4019:
4011:
3996:
3990:
3988:Paseo del Prado
3964:
3956:
3941:
3935:
3927:
3917:
3896:
3858:
3837:
3825:
3815:
3794:
3788:
3780:
3764:
3751:
3742:
3712:
3707:
3691:
3636:National Palace
3596:
3590:
3496:Del Real Palace
3443:
3437:
3424:
3378:
3347:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3225:
3215:Wayback Machine
3182:
3158:
3156:Further reading
3153:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3084:
3080:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2921:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2843:"Los Panteones"
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2669:on 2 March 2007
2666:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2452:10.2307/3051093
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2374:on 28 June 2022
2362:
2361:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:UNESCO (2008).
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2107:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2038:Herrerian style
2009:
2002:
1999:
1990:
1973:
1964:
1961:
1952:
1951:A distant view.
1949:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1912:
1909:
1900:
1888:
1857:
1855:The reliquaries
1790:Zaydani library
1767:Antonio Agustín
1759:Libro the Horas
1700:
1614:Vatican Library
1601:Juan de Herrera
1592:of protection.
1585:
1579:
1543:
1535:
1499:
1463:Infante Alfonso
1456:John of Austria
1436:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1401:
1385:
1374:
1366:Sagua La Grande
1216:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1181:
1165:
1154:
1149:
1125:
1123:Hall of Battles
1109:
988:Juan de Herrera
948:
937:
931:
928:
917:
905:
894:
886:Alcoba del Rey,
851:Juan de Herrera
814:are on exhibit.
800:The Last Supper
735:
724:
718:
715:
704:
692:
681:
676:
674:Royal Monastery
664:Zidan Abu Maali
524:Juan de Herrera
424:Juan de Herrera
373:
279:
201:
162:
137:
87:Herrerian style
61:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4468:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4342:Czech Republic
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4257:Canary Islands
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4230:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4151:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3892:Vizcaya Bridge
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3786:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Miramar Palace
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3229:, ed. (1911).
3227:Chisholm, Hugh
3223:
3217:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3180:External links
3178:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3131:
3118:10.1086/658508
3096:
3078:
3062:
3053:
3040:
3034:978-1616084530
3033:
3015:
2994:
2987:
2966:
2959:
2941:
2919:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2859:
2834:
2807:
2781:
2767:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2706:
2680:
2647:
2636:. 25 July 2019
2621:
2615:978-0802715517
2614:
2596:
2583:
2561:
2551:
2540:on 25 May 2022
2518:
2492:
2465:
2430:
2385:
2344:
2305:
2283:
2230:
2208:
2177:
2132:
2121:on 26 May 2022
2088:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1856:
1853:
1838:, such as the
1720:Ottoman Empire
1716:Spanish Empire
1699:
1696:
1597:Juan de Toledo
1581:Main article:
1578:
1575:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1498:
1495:
1438:
1437:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1332:There are two
1261:and father of
1218:
1217:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1124:
1121:
1108:
1105:
950:
949:
908:
906:
899:
893:
890:
812:Claudio Coello
759:kings of Judah
755:Saint Lawrence
737:
736:
695:
693:
686:
680:
677:
675:
672:
654:, and others.
652:Claudio Coello
648:José de Ribera
636:Paolo Veronese
517:Saint Lawrence
372:
369:
330:Roman Catholic
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4651:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4482:
4481:
4480:Travel guides
4469:
4465:
4464:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:Flag of Spain
3832:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3706:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Palazzo Regio
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:Royal Palaces
3440:
3435:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
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3318:
3314:
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3309:
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3301:
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3298:
3296:Royal Palaces
3294:
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3141:
3135:
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3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:84-505-2529-2
3089:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:84-7506-178-8
3072:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3050:
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3036:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2960:1-57958-244-3
2956:
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2930:
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2916:
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2903:
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2736:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2665:
2658:
2657:"El Escorial"
2651:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2586:
2580:
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2328:
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2318:
2316:
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2306:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:"El Escorial"
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:"El Escorial"
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1854:
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1850:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Arias Montano
1777:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:Pedro Fajardo
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:Gonzalo Pérez
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:Juan Carlos I
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1389:This section
1387:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:Queen Letizia
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:Juan Carlos I
1300:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1211:
1203:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1169:This section
1167:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
990:to that of a
989:
985:
981:
972:
964:
956:
946:
943:
935:
925:
921:
915:
914:
909:This section
907:
903:
898:
897:
891:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
859:Luca Giordano
857:, painted by
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Joseph's Coat
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Luca Giordano
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
743:
733:
730:
722:
712:
708:
702:
701:
696:This section
694:
690:
685:
684:
678:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
604:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
560:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
520:
518:
511:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:Ferdinand VII
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Spanish kings
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:against King
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:Mount Abantos
370:
368:
366:
362:
357:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:king of Spain
285:
277:
269:
265:
261:
257:
248:
244:
241:RI-51-0001064
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
206:Official name
200:
191:
188:
185:
178:
175:
166:
160:
152:
144:
142:Official name
136:
127:
124:
121:
117:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57:
52:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4478:
4466:from Commons
4461:
4440:
4421:Architecture
4316:Shared with
4310:Shared with
4304:Shared with
4298:Shared with
4102:Poblet Abbey
4029:its Aqueduct
3967:
3789:Monuments of
3757:
3607:Castel Nuovo
3598:Sub-national
3343:La Almudaina
3307:
3236:
3172:
3169:Kamen, Henry
3162:
3143:
3134:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3081:
3065:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3024:
3018:
2978:
2950:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2909:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2823:(in Spanish)
2820:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2796:(in Spanish)
2793:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2721:
2697:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2605:
2599:
2588:, retrieved
2574:
2564:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2538:the original
2533:
2509:. Retrieved
2507:(in Spanish)
2504:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2443:
2439:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:the original
2412:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:the original
2367:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2326:
2296:. Retrieved
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2265:
2221:. Retrieved
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:Ingeo Expert
2163:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2114:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:the original
2070:
1977:
1889:
1877:
1858:
1846:
1833:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1786:Luis Fajardo
1778:
1775:
1746:
1743:Jorge Beteta
1732:
1701:
1681:
1649:liberal arts
1642:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1594:
1586:
1570:
1566:
1555:Manuel Azaña
1552:
1536:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1426:
1417:
1402:Please help
1390:
1359:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1306:
1292:
1267:Alfonso XIII
1251:king consort
1248:
1244:Ferdinand VI
1242:and his son
1221:
1206:
1197:
1182:Please help
1170:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1110:
1096:
1094:
1086:Michelangelo
1081:
1079:
1052:
1050:
996:
977:
938:
929:
918:Please help
913:verification
910:
885:
877:
873:
870:Casa del Rey
869:
865:
863:
854:
848:
832:Ferdinand VI
824:
807:
799:
791:
750:
748:
725:
716:
705:Please help
700:verification
697:
666:, who ruled
609:
605:
601:
565:
521:
514:
495:Ferdinand VI
487:Alfonso XIII
432:
427:
417:
374:
358:
342:
325:
319:
317:
271:
259:
255:
254:
119:Architect(s)
29:
4441:El Escorial
4409:Catholicism
4378:Switzerland
4034:Siega Verde
4020:Old Town of
4012:Old City of
3994:Buen Retiro
3978:Las Médulas
3968:El Escorial
3936:Old Town of
3531:El Quexigal
3352:Monasteries
3308:El Escorial
3163:El Escorial
2722:El Escorial
2693:El Escorial
2590:13 December
2293:"Identidad"
2115:History Hit
1865:reliquaries
1794:Muley Zidán
1688:incunabules
1630:hermeticist
1605:neoplatonic
1563:Augustinian
1497:Art gallery
1311:Queen Sofía
1263:Alfonso XII
1259:Isabella II
1224:Isabella II
1063:Leone Leoni
1026:Inquisition
992:Greek cross
980:Latin cross
784:Leone Leoni
764:Greek cross
660:manuscripts
644:Alonso Cano
483:Alfonso XII
479:Isabella II
467:Charles III
441:as well as
334:Hieronymite
309:Renaissance
297:El Escorial
256:El Escorial
233:3 June 1931
217:Non-movable
4493:Categories
4139:Generalife
3843:North East
3816:(Old Town)
3770:North West
3501:Generalife
3222:(archived)
2544:5 December
2423:5 December
2378:4 December
2337:4 December
2276:4 December
2196:SciHi Blog
2170:5 December
2125:5 December
2081:4 December
2071:Britannica
2049:References
1985:, for the
1669:arithmetic
1590:papal bull
1334:pudrideros
1135:) for its
1011:Romanesque
1003:Corinthian
616:Tintoretto
471:Charles IV
459:Charles II
451:Philip III
401:necropolis
230:Designated
158:Designated
104:Management
4265:Garajonay
4244:Talayotic
4154:Cathedral
4092:Barcelona
4072:Tarragona
4015:Salamanca
3931:Atapuerca
3471:Aljafería
3126:191268336
2929:277203534
1801:Philip IV
1765:, and of
1718:with the
1677:astronomy
1661:dialectic
1521:and more
1488:pudridero
1391:does not
1315:Felipe VI
1307:pudridero
1289:Monastery
1236:Charles I
1226:) of the
1171:does not
1018:pilasters
861:in 1692.
796:Velázquez
786:. In the
719:July 2021
628:Velázquez
455:Philip IV
447:Charles V
443:Habsburgs
405:Charles I
351:, and in
305:Philip II
258:, or the
4374:Slovenia
4370:Slovakia
4334:Bulgaria
4312:Portugal
4306:Slovenia
4294:region/s
4145:Albaicín
4135:Alhambra
3915:Aranjuez
3705:Category
3466:Alhambra
3323:Aranjuez
3317:Zarzuela
3313:El Pardo
3211:Archived
3171:(2010).
3010:Archived
2852:30 April
2827:30 April
2800:30 April
2511:30 April
2368:Head Out
2201:3 August
2007:See also
1840:Ottonian
1825:Bourbons
1807:and the
1704:Humanism
1673:geometry
1657:rhetoric
1567:Memorias
1519:Ligurian
1511:Venetian
1420:May 2021
1240:Philip V
1228:Habsburg
1200:May 2021
1097:Crucifix
997:Clearly
932:May 2021
892:Basilica
828:Philip V
788:sacristy
624:El Greco
588:basilica
549:Alhambra
491:Philip V
439:Bourbons
225:Monument
222:Criteria
150:Criteria
93:Location
4395:Portals
4382:Ukraine
4366:Romania
4350:Germany
4338:Croatia
4326:Belgium
4322:Austria
4318:Albania
4247:Menorca
4168:Seville
4158:Alcázar
4149:Granada
4023:Segovia
3795:and the
3333:Riofrío
2728:31 July
2699:31 July
2640:22 June
2460:3051093
2298:1 April
1898:Gallery
1873:coffers
1708:Aramaic
1692:codices
1684:codices
1653:grammar
1577:Library
1527:Spanish
1523:Italian
1515:Lombard
1507:Flemish
1483:infante
1471:Estoril
1412:removed
1397:sources
1343:de jure
1232:Bourbon
1192:removed
1177:sources
1082:reredos
1054:reredos
1022:Baroque
668:Morocco
640:Bernini
584:Solomon
570:of the
553:Granada
499:Amadeus
463:Louis I
415:cause.
393:Picardy
379:in the
264:Spanish
165:session
99:, Spain
4362:Poland
4346:France
4300:France
4042:Toledo
3960:Cuenca
3902:Centre
3792:Oviedo
3703:
3595:Former
3442:Former
3303:Madrid
3124:
3090:
3073:
3031:
2985:
2957:
2927:
2917:
2724:. 2021
2695:. 2021
2673:5 June
2612:
2581:
2501:"obra"
2485:5 June
2458:
2327:UNESCO
2223:5 June
1939:(1723)
1675:, and
1503:German
1362:Toledo
1137:fresco
1090:Titian
1071:bronze
1067:Pompeo
1059:jasper
1007:fluted
834:, and
806:, and
804:Titian
782:, and
612:Titian
485:, and
361:UNESCO
353:Naples
301:Madrid
270:), or
183:Region
4463:Media
4433:Spain
4354:Italy
4233:Ibiza
4202:Baeza
4196:Úbeda
4127:South
3939:Ávila
3749:Spain
3600:seats
3383:Other
3122:S2CID
2934:1 May
2667:(PDF)
2660:(PDF)
2456:JSTOR
1749:(the
1665:music
1141:Moors
1015:Doric
580:David
537:Milan
163:(8th
161:1984
4380:and
4060:East
3088:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3029:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2955:ISBN
2936:2022
2925:OCLC
2915:ISBN
2870:1987
2854:2022
2829:2022
2802:2022
2730:2021
2701:2021
2675:2008
2642:2022
2610:ISBN
2592:2023
2579:ISBN
2546:2022
2513:2022
2487:2008
2425:2022
2380:2022
2339:2022
2300:2017
2278:2022
2225:2008
2203:2021
2172:2022
2127:2022
2083:2022
1975:The
1599:and
1525:and
1395:any
1393:cite
1275:Rome
1230:and
1175:any
1173:cite
1117:gout
1113:mass
984:nave
582:and
407:and
214:Type
4199:and
4161:and
4142:and
4085:and
4026:and
3991:and
3859:and
3781:and
3747:in
3114:doi
2821:ABC
2448:doi
1406:by
1253:is
1186:by
1088:or
922:by
810:by
802:by
794:by
709:by
551:at
391:in
326:and
177:318
4495::
4376:,
4372:,
4368:,
4364:,
4360:,
4356:,
4352:,
4348:,
4344:,
4340:,
4336:,
4332:,
4328:,
4324:,
4320:,
4166:,
4156:,
4147:,
4137:,
4090:,
4070:,
3235:.
3120:.
3110:63
3108:.
3008:.
2997:^
2969:^
2923:.
2862:^
2845:.
2819:.
2792:.
2720:.
2709:^
2691:.
2632:.
2573:,
2532:.
2521:^
2503:.
2468:^
2454:.
2444:69
2442:.
2411:.
2388:^
2366:.
2347:^
2325:.
2308:^
2264:.
2233:^
2194:.
2180:^
2162:.
2135:^
2113:.
2091:^
2069:.
2056:^
1796:.
1694:.
1671:,
1667:,
1663:,
1659:,
1655:,
1651::
1517:,
1513:,
1509:,
1505:,
1473:.
1317:,
1313:,
1273:,
1246:.
1077:.
1032:.
830:,
798:,
778:,
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