1019:
out a living on a few hectares, had to leave the country to look for work. In the early 1980s, some observers estimated that up to 60 percent of
Paraguayans were living outside the country. Even those people who were willing to farm a small patch of ground faced a new threat. Itaipú had prompted a tidal wave of Brazilian migration in the eastern border region of Paraguay. By the mid-1980s, observers estimated there were between 300,000 and 350,000 Brazilians in the eastern border region. With Portuguese the dominant language in the areas of heavy Brazilian migration and Brazilian currency circulating as legal tender, the area became closely integrated with Brazil. Further, most of Paraguay's increased wealth wound up in the hands of wealthy supporters of the regime. Landowners faced no meaningful land reform, the regime's control of labor organizers aided businessmen, foreign investors benefited from
349:
958:, before being assassinated in Asunción in 1980. The assassination of Somoza also showed growing weaknesses. From Stroessner's standpoint, there were ominous similarities between Somoza and himself. Like Stroessner, Somoza had run a regime based on the military and a political party that had been noted for its stability and its apparent ability to resist change. Somoza had brought economic progress to the country and had skillfully kept his internal opposition divided for years. Ultimately, however, the carefully controlled changes he had introduced began subtly to undermine the traditional, authoritarian order. As traditional society broke down in Paraguay, observers saw increasing challenges ahead for the Stroessner regime.
73:
57:
882:
When the prisoners were interrogated, it was found they were planning to assassinate
Stroessner and had information that could have come only from a high Colorado official. With the party hierarchy suddenly under suspicion, Stroessner ordered the arrest and interrogation of over 1,000 senior officials and party members. He also dispatched agents to Argentina and Brazil to kidnap suspects among the exiled Colorados. A massive purge of the party followed. Although the system survived, it was shaken. More mass arrests followed during the
632:. The Colorados had been the only legally permitted party since 1947, so this effectively made Stroessner president. For many party members he was a temporary choice, as Morínigo had been for the Liberals in 1940. When Stroessner took office on 15 August 1954, few imagined that this circumspect, unassuming forty-one-year-old would be a master politician capable of outmaneuvering and outlasting them all— or that they were witnessing the start of the fifth and longest of Paraguay's extended dictatorships.
282:
967:
1130:
Smuggling—geographically favoured by
Paraguay's location between Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia—became one of the main sources of income, ranging from alcohol and drugs to cars and exotic animals. Some estimate that the volume of smuggling was three times the official export figure. Stroessner used some of that money, as well as slices of major infrastructure works and the delivery of land, to buy the loyalty of his officers, many of whom amassed huge fortunes and large estates.
1996:
105:
467:
307:
978:
659:, which gave him the power to suspend constitutional freedoms. Under the state-of-siege provisions, the government was empowered to arrest and detain anyone indefinitely without trial, as well as forbid public meetings and demonstrations. It was renewed every 90 days until 1987, except for a brief period in 1959. Although it technically only applied to
789:, Stroessner allotted the new party twenty of Congress's sixty seats. Four years later, PLR members also returned to Paraguay and began participating in the electoral process. By this time, the Febreristas, a sad remnant of the once powerful, but never coherent revolutionary coalition, posed no real threat to Stroessner and were legalised in 1964 as
1684:
1422:
1367:
1108:
who agreed to play
Stroessner's electoral charade received rewards of privileges and official recognition. Other opponents, however, faced detention and exile. Influenced by Paraguay's support for the United States intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965, the United States became friendlier to Stroessner in the mid-1960s under President
1119:
in 1976. The appointment of Robert White as United States ambassador in 1977 and the congressional cut-off of military hardware deliveries in the same year reflected increasing concern about the absence of democratic rule and the presence of human rights violations in
Paraguay. Paraguay also lost the
777:
Another major factor in
Stroessner's favor was a change in attitude among his domestic opposition. Demoralized by years of fruitless struggle, psychological exhaustion and exile, the major opposition groups began to sue for peace. A Liberal Party faction, the Renovation Movement, returned to Paraguay
627:
As the military strongman behind the coup, Stroessner was able to place his supporters in positions of power in the provisional government. He then quickly made moves to secure power for himself. About two months later, a divided
Colorado Party nominated Stroessner as their presidential candidate for
1018:
There were, however, several drawbacks to the construction at Itaipú. The prosperity associated with the major boom raised expectations for long-term growth. An economic downturn in the early 1980s caused discontent, which in turn led to demands for reform. Many
Paraguayans, no longer content to eke
1006:
regarding ownership of the construction site and the rates for which
Paraguay agreed to sell its share of the electricity, was essential. Itaipú gave Paraguay's economy a new source of wealth. The construction produced a tremendous economic boom, as thousands of Paraguayans who had never before held
907:
General
Assembly, meeting in La Paz, Bolivia, condemned human rights violations in Paraguay, describing torture and disappearances as "an affront to the hemisphere's conscience". International groups also charged that the military had killed 30 peasants and arrested 300 others after the peasants had
881:
By skillfully balancing the military and the Colorado Party, Stroessner remained very much in control. He was increasingly being challenged in ways that showed that his control was not complete. For example, in November 1974, police units captured seven guerrillas in a farmhouse outside of Asunción.
1107:
funds (an amount equal to about 40 percent of Paraguay's budget) unless Paraguay made progress. Although pressure of this sort no doubt encouraged Stroessner to legalize some internal opposition parties, it failed to make the Paraguayan ruler become any less a personalist dictator. Regime opponents
1079:
regime in Paraguay, which would be ideally situated at the heart of the South American continent to provide a haven for radicals and a base for revolutionary activities around the hemisphere. From 1947 until 1977, the United States supplied about US$ 750,000 worth of military hardware each year and
985:
During the 1960s and 1970s, the main foreign influences on Paraguay were Brazil and the United States. Both countries aided Paraguay's economic development in ways that enhanced its political stability. A 1956 agreement with Brazil to improve the transport link between the two countries by building
1133:
The concentration of wealth and land in the hands of a few made Paraguay the most unequal country on the planet. Humanitarian organizations such as Oxfam and Amnesty International have denounced that it continues to have one of the highest rates of land concentration in Latin America. According to
889:
Beginning in the late 1960s, leaders in the Roman Catholic Church persistently criticized Stroessner's successive extensions of his stay in office and his treatment of political prisoners. The regime responded by closing Roman Catholic publications and newspapers, expelling non-Paraguayan priests,
773:
warfare. Second, the many purges of the Colorado Party had removed all opposition factions. In addition, the new economic policy had boosted exports and investment and reduced inflation, and the military coups in Brazil in 1964 and Argentina in 1966 also improved the regional political climate for
671:
The retirement of González and the death of Molas López had removed two of his most formidable opponents and the September 1955 Argentine coup that deposed President Perón deprived Méndez Fleitas of his main potential source of support. Perón fled to Asunción and the new Argentine junta compelled
1242:
and corn. "They were soon followed by thousands more. By mid-1990, observers and representatives of the occupants estimated that roughly 19,000 families had claimed lands totaling over 360,000 hectares." This happened mostly in the eastern and northern border departments, a frontier zone, but it
1023:, and foreign creditors experienced a bonanza from heavy Paraguayan borrowing. Although the poorest Paraguayans were somewhat better off in 1982 than they were in the 1960s, they were worse off relative to other sectors of the population. Agricultural policy for much of the regime was headed by
1237:
Rodríguez won the presidency in a multi-party election held in May 1989 to complete Stroessner's term, in which the Colorado Party also dominated the Congress. In the aftermath of the coup, one of the immediate results was that rural Paraguayans occupied unused lands "claimed by the state, the
675:
Stroessner was at the time barely in control of the Colorado Party, which was split in competing factions by rival politicians, while the army was also not a dependable supporter of his rule. The economy was in bad shape and deteriorating further, with inflation growing. His economic
1129:
Beyond the financial support he received from the United States, which supported his anti-communist struggle, his regime was characterized by corruption and the distribution of favors among what was known as "the trilogy": the government, the Colorado Party and the armed forces.
663:
after 1970, the courts ruled that anyone charged with security offenses could be brought to the capital and charged under the state-of-siege provisions—even if the offense took place outside the capital. Thus, for all intents and purposes, Stroessner ruled under what amounted to
1031:
of land and created hundreds of colonies, directly affecting the circumstances of roughly one-quarter of the population. The IBR, however, was criticized for having a pronounced political bias, with land being primarily allocated to supporters of Stroessner and his regime.
1134:
Oxfam, 1.6% of the population owns 80% of the land as a direct consequence of the Stroessner regime: between 1954 and 1989 some 8 million hectares, a third of the total amount of arable land, were distributed irregularly among people personally connected to Stroessner.
680:
measures proved unpopular with the nation's military officers, who had long grown used to getting soft loans from the Central Bank; with fiscally dodgy businessmen, who disliked the severe tightening of credit; and with increasingly poor workers, who organized
607:
Chavez's decision to run for re-election disappointed younger politicians, who wanted power and military officers who did not approve reduction of military's budget in favor of National police. In early 1954 the recently fired Director of Central Bank
939:
earned him Stroessner's wrath. In 1979 Laíno helped lead the PLRA, the PDC, Mopoco, and the legally recognized Febreristas, the latter angered by the constitutional amendment allowing Stroessner to seek yet another presidential term in 1978, into the
944:(Acuerdo Nacional). The National Accord served to coordinate the opposition's political strategy. The victim of countless detentions, torture, and persecution, Laíno was forced into exile in 1982 following the publication of a critical book about ex-
768:
An upsurge in guerrilla activity and anti-government violence followed, but Stroessner and his colleagues stood firm. Several factors strengthened Stroessner's hand. First, United States military aid was helping enhance the army's skills in
1099:. Stroessner, probably the United States' most dependable ally in Latin America, once remarked that the United States ambassador was like an extra member of his cabinet. Relations faltered somewhat during the administration of President
836:
Under "liberalization", Ynsfrán, the master of the machinery of terror, began to outlive his usefulness to Stroessner. Ynsfrán opposed political liberalization and was unhappy with Stroessner's increasingly clear intention to stay as
348:
1039:
slipped from the orbit of Buenos Aires as Argentina declined politically and economically. Argentina, alarmed by Itaipú and close cooperation between Brazil and Paraguay, pressed Stroessner to agree to participate in
672:
Perón to depart Asunción for Panama in November. Méndez Fleitas prepared to stage a coup in late December. As a result, Stroessner purged the military of Méndez Fleitas' supporters and sent him into exile in 1956.
755:
over a local bus fare increase. The disturbance inspired the legislature to call for Ynsfrán's resignation. Stroessner responded swiftly by reimposing the state of siege and dissolving the legislature. The 1960
1001:
on the Paraná River between Paraguay and Brazil had far-reaching consequences for Paraguay; it had no means of contributing financially to the construction, but its cooperation, including controversial
1211:
Paraguay had entered the 1980s less isolated and rural than it had traditionally been, but more than half of the population was still rural. Political and social structures remained inflexible, but
1169:
The United States helped General Stroessner in many ways. It sent U.S. Army officer, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Thierry to help the local workmen to build a detention and interrogation center named
1462:
1075:
praised Stroessner's Paraguay for opposing communism more strongly than any other nation in the world. The main strategic concern of the United States at that time was to avoid the emergence a
2360:
696:
gave Stroessner the second Presidential term. The vote was fixed to favor the regime and opposition blossomed into a guerrilla insurgency soon afterwards. Sponsored by exiled Liberals and
743:
Stroessner decided to accept the growing calls for reform from the army and the Colorado Party. In April 1959 the state of siege was lifted, opposition exiles allowed to return, press
727:
irregulars ("barefoot ones" in Guaraní) had a well-deserved reputation for ferocity in combat, torture and executing their prisoners. Growing numbers of people were interned in jungle
1829:
1015:
earnings from electricity sales to Brazil soared, and the newly employed Paraguayan workforce stimulated domestic demand, bringing about a rapid expansion in the agricultural sector.
2537:
2232:
2532:
700:, small bands of armed men began to slip across the border from Argentina. Venezuela sent large amounts of aid to these groups starting in 1958. The following year, the new
1716:
1562:
Stanley, Ruth (2006). "Review: Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America/When States Kill. Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror".
751:. After two months of this democratic "spring" the country was on the verge of chaos. In late May, nearly 100 people were injured when a student riot erupted in downtown
685:
demanding increased pay. In addition, the new Argentine government, displeased with Stroessner's cordial relations with Perón, canceled a trade agreement with Paraguay.
866:
850:
648:
was a key factor in Stroessner's longevity as dictator of Paraguay. He had virtually unlimited power by giving a free hand to the military and to Minister of Interior
1586:
593:. Finally, Argentina's economic problems were also negatively influencing Paraguay. By 1953 political and military support for the 73-year-old Chávez had eroded.
495:
903:
convinced an annual meeting of foreign ministers at the OAS to pass a resolution calling on Paraguay to improve its human rights situation. In 1980 the Ninth
1511:
1027:, who oversaw the creation of the Rural Welfare Institute (Instituto de Bienestar Rural—IBR). From 1963 to the late 1980s, the IBR titled millions of
2227:
709:
899:
The regime also increasingly came under international fire in the 1970s for human rights abuses, including allegations of torture and murder. In 1978 the
1234:. He went into exile in Brazil, where he died in 2006. At the time of his death, Stroessner was the defendant in several human rights cases in Paraguay.
1143:
909:
581:
The growing economic problems after two decades of extreme political and social unrest had undermined and shattered Paraguay's economy. The national and
72:
2051:
1975:
1963:
1864:
900:
450:
438:
970:
624:(1946-1955). On 4 May 1954 Stroessner ordered his troops into the streets and staged a coup. Fierce resistance by police left almost fifty dead.
1011:
grew more than 8 percent annually, double the rate for the previous decade and higher than growth rates in most other Latin American countries.
2517:
1908:
1709:
757:
393:
2427:
2106:
1472:
794:
629:
383:
1923:
2164:
2081:
2046:
368:
1289:
1607:
1537:
1402:
358:
990:
broke Paraguay's traditional dependence on Argentine goodwill for the smooth flow of Paraguayan international trade. Brazil's grant of
2475:
2041:
1877:
1231:
566:, but he was soon overthrown and followed by Presidents who held power for only a few months each. Some stability was achieved after
1702:
1397:
1223:
elections were manipulated to deliver nearly 90% of the votes for Stroessner, while maintaining the fiction of a multiparty system.
488:
2340:
1958:
1948:
1206:
602:
433:
418:
223:
210:
56:
890:
and harassing the church's attempts to organize the rural poor. Despite all this, the Church still managed to print the newspaper
2026:
1220:
1216:
870:
862:
858:
786:
779:
693:
287:
2527:
2355:
2335:
1819:
1096:
920:
904:
1243:
occurred in other rural areas as well. At the time, 2.06 million people of the 4.1 million total population were still rural.
2297:
2237:
2199:
1938:
849:", a group of politicians intimately connected to Stroessner) continued the same violent policies. In August 1967, after the
803:- PDC) also renounced insurgency violence as a means of gaining power. This enabled Stroessner to crush the still aggressive
790:
682:
363:
1068:
1590:
2096:
1857:
1122:
841:. A May 1966 police corruption scandal gave Stroessner a convenient way to dismiss Ynsfrán in November. His replacement,
2256:
1980:
1898:
570:
was elected on 10 September 1949. Three weeks after taking office, Chávez imposed a state of siege, using his executive
481:
328:
2522:
2417:
2345:
2154:
1943:
1928:
1569:
1112:. New United States supported military governments in Brazil and Argentina also improved United States-Paraguay ties.
551:
1642:
Nagel, Beverly Y.(1999) "'Unleashing the Fury': The Cultural Discourse of Rural Violence and Land Rights in Paraguay"
620:
stalwarts and the army, who feared that he was trying to create a dictatorship like his hero, President of Argentina
1641:
1564:
829:(Movimiento Popular Colorado - Mopoco). The American government helped Paraguay fight the communists as part of the
2432:
2159:
2036:
2031:
2016:
1247:
1024:
804:
609:
559:
1507:
616:, who was the Commander-in-chief of the armed forces, in a plot to oust Chaves. Méndez Fleitas was unpopular with
1436:
1384:
1012:
826:
617:
1663:
1292:[The early years of Stronismo: Internal conflicts and relations between Paraguay and Brazil 1956-1958].
1250:, including Asunción. As president, Rodríguez instituted political, legal, and economic reforms and initiated a
1238:
Stroessner family and its cronies, and foreign investors." They set up huts and cleared land to grow staples of
1007:
a regular job went to work on the enormous dam. From 1973 (when construction began) until 1982 (when it ended),
2482:
2437:
2307:
2272:
2214:
2137:
2132:
2101:
1995:
1850:
1824:
1733:
1725:
1540:[How Alfredo Stroessner's regime turned Paraguay into one of the most unequal countries in the world].
949:
842:
748:
408:
388:
78:
1431:
Bruneau, Thomas C. (December 1988). "Government and Politics". In Hanratty, Dannin; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.).
1155:
have regularly instituted extrajudicial killings of their enemies; for one of the better-known examples, see
927:- PLRA) in a late 1970s rise in political activity. Laíno's charges of government corruption, involvement in
813:- PCP) by mercilessly persecuting its members, families and their spouses and to isolate the exiled Colorado
2292:
2194:
2147:
1913:
720:
104:
2365:
2204:
2127:
1985:
1538:"Cómo el régimen de Alfredo Stroessner convirtió a Paraguay en uno de los países más desiguales del mundo"
1103:, as United States officials began calling for democratic rule and land reform and threatened to withhold
1008:
846:
555:
413:
2402:
2302:
2277:
2242:
2111:
2091:
2004:
1467:
1104:
1035:
Closer relations with Brazil paralleled a decline in relations with Argentina. After Perón's expulsion,
1003:
869:
were held and Constitution was amended removing all Presidential term limits allowing Stroessner to win
563:
539:
164:
157:
2219:
1115:
Relations between Paraguay and the United States changed substantially after the election of President
1088:
and counterinsurgency. In 1977 the United States Congress sharply cut military assistance to Paraguay.
621:
575:
241:
936:
655:
Stroessner's rule took a hard-line stance from the beginning. Soon after taking office, he declared a
2327:
2142:
2086:
2065:
1796:
1741:
1268:
1085:
1081:
854:
641:
136:
966:
652:, who began to harass, terrorize, and occasionally murder family members of the regime's opponents.
2468:
2449:
2384:
2312:
2182:
2021:
1885:
1807:
1786:
1776:
1761:
1440:
1381:
1190:
455:
403:
373:
337:
147:
2397:
2392:
2282:
2209:
1791:
1766:
1746:
1163:
954:
928:
838:
728:
613:
525:
183:
125:
567:
1297:
747:
ended, political prisoners freed, and a new Constitution promised to replace the authoritarian
2491:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2350:
2317:
2287:
1893:
1771:
1751:
1669:
1615:
1444:
1109:
1056:, Stroessner improved Paraguay's diplomatic and economic autonomy and its economic prospects.
770:
1548:
1290:"Los primeros años del stronismo: Conflictos internos y relaciones Paraguay Brasil 1956-1958"
2442:
1903:
1756:
1251:
1176:
1157:
916:
719:
received little support from Paraguay's conservative peasantry. The Colorado Party employed
649:
571:
428:
378:
154:
129:
62:
2496:
1969:
1781:
1246:
In the newly created municipal elections of 1991, opposition candidates won several major
1100:
941:
532:
471:
444:
144:
1407:
1194:
987:
574:
under the Constitution of 1940 to attack the supporters of González and of ex-President
1918:
1374:: Richard S. Sacks. "The Stronato". In Hanratty, Dannin M. & Sandra W. Meditz.
1186:
1092:
883:
857:
and formally allowed Stroessner to serve for two more five-year presidential terms. In
656:
398:
2511:
2370:
1688:
1426:
1371:
1227:
1149:
1072:
1064:
1041:
1020:
998:
935:
violations, and inadequate financial compensation from Brazil under the terms of the
536:
253:
141:
1067:, which favored anti-communist governments. In 1957 Paraguay established diplomatic
716:
1152:
1116:
932:
705:
645:
590:
1045:
752:
732:
665:
660:
115:
1071:. Upon reaching Asunción during his 1958 tour of Latin America, Vice President
1263:
1185:
then became a well known torture center. Among the most feared torturers were
744:
582:
994:
port facilities on the Atlantic Coast was particularly valuable to Paraguay.
1933:
1673:
1076:
1049:
991:
945:
908:
protested against encroachments on their land by government officials. (See
677:
586:
1694:
17:
1375:
977:
919:, a PLR congressman during the previous ten years, broke away to form the
1873:
1542:
1212:
1162:
which Paraguay participated in. Records about its victims, the so-called
1060:
1036:
830:
521:
300:
248:
197:
150:
1028:
892:
589:
to the regime's cronies was spurring a rise in inflation and a growing
1677:
1239:
1053:
1842:
1668:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
1215:
had changed their world views and their perceptions of themselves.
1091:
Paraguay regularly voted in favor of United States policies in the
585:
income had fallen sharply. The Central Bank's practice of granting
976:
965:
1687:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1425:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1370:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
952:. Somoza had found a refuge in Paraguay, even publishing a book,
1510:[They ask for an investigation into "Papacito" Frutos].
1448:
735:
by taking over their organizations and arresting their leaders.
701:
1846:
1698:
1648:, 1999, Vol. 41, Issue 1: 148–181. Cambridge University Press.
1465:[Paraguay: Sabino Montanaro must answer to justice].
1662:
Hanratty, Dennis Michael; Meditz, Sandra W., eds. (1990).
865:
opposition parties were allowed to win seats. In 1977 new
1463:"Paraguay: Sabino Montanaro debe responder a la Justicia"
27:
1954–1989 period of Alfredo Stroessner's rule in Paraguay
1602:
1600:
1581:
1579:
520:, was the period of almost 35 years in the history of
2383:
2326:
2255:
2181:
2120:
2064:
2003:
1884:
1805:
1732:
1226:On 3 February 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in a
1059:Stroessner also benefited from the 1950s and 1960s
247:
237:
220:
207:
193:
177:
163:
135:
121:
111:
34:
1493:Seyler, Daniel. "Land reform and land policy". In
1587:"Exiled professor advocates equality, democracy"
1494:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
2538:States and territories disestablished in 1989
1858:
1710:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1180:
1170:
820:
814:
808:
798:
489:
8:
1831:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
819:(followers of Epifanio Méndez Fleitas) and
778:to become the "official" opposition as the
2533:States and territories established in 1954
2265:
2261:
2187:
2074:
2070:
2009:
1865:
1851:
1843:
1717:
1703:
1695:
1646:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1144:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Paraguay
910:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Paraguay
760:were boycotted by all opposition parties.
731:. Army troops and police smashed striking
542:, from 15 August 1954 to 3 February 1989.
496:
482:
322:
103:
31:
1531:
1529:
1296:(in Spanish) (1): 209–252. Archived from
997:Brazil's financing of the US$ 19 billion
901:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
853:a new Constitution created the two-house
1637:
1635:
1633:
1471:(in Spanish). 8 May 2009. Archived from
825:, who had reorganized themselves as the
1280:
962:International relations and the economy
336:
325:
1508:"Piden investigar a «Papacito» Frutos"
219:
206:
202:
176:
172:
162:
7:
1608:"History of Paraguay, the Stronato"
1536:Smink, Veronica (3 February 2019).
1403:Library of Congress Country Studies
1954:Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner
1254:with the international community.
764:Creating a multiparty dictatorship
510:dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner
424:Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner
384:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
25:
1589:. 11 October 2006. Archived from
1398:"Security and Political Offenses"
973:between Paraguay and Brazil, 1965
925:Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico
851:Constitutional Assembly elections
782:(Partido Liberal Radical - PLR).
1994:
1909:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
1682:
1514:from the original on 3 July 2019
1420:
1365:
774:nondemocratic rule in Paraguay.
708:also provided assistance to the
465:
347:
305:
280:
71:
55:
1097:Organization of American States
921:Authentic Radical Liberal Party
905:Organization of American States
867:Constitution Assembly elections
1565:Journal of Third World Studies
791:Revolutionary Febrerista Party
683:1958 Paraguayan general strike
668:for nearly all of his tenure.
1:
2518:Political history of Paraguay
1899:Governorate of New Andalusia
1547:(in Spanish). Archived from
986:roads and a bridge over the
810:Partido Communista Paraguayo
1570:University Press of Florida
1294:Revista Estudios Paraguayos
1207:1989 Paraguayan coup d'état
800:Partido Demócrata Cristiano
612:joined forces with General
603:1954 Paraguayan coup d'état
2554:
1495:Hanratty & Meditz 1990
1204:
1141:
1025:Juan Manuel Frutos Fleitas
805:Paraguayan Communist Party
795:Christian Democratic Party
600:
2462:
2268:
2264:
2190:
2077:
2073:
2012:
1992:
1665:Paraguay: a country study
1437:Federal Research Division
1433:Paraguay: A country study
1385:Federal Research Division
1377:Paraguay: a country study
1166:were discovered in 1992.
827:Popular Colorado Movement
259:
233:
203:
189:
173:
102:
87:
51:
46:
2082:Administrative divisions
1976:2000 coup d'état attempt
1964:1996 coup d'état attempt
1726:History of South America
1080:trained more than 2,000
950:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
843:Sabino Augusto Montanaro
512:, colloquially known as
451:2000 coup d'état attempt
439:1996 coup d'état attempt
389:Independence of Paraguay
2121:Legal system and issues
1123:Filártiga v. Peña-Irala
1048:and Corpus. By pitting
758:parliamentary elections
610:Epifanio Méndez Fleitas
560:Juan Natalicio González
528:ruled the country as a
224:Transition to Democracy
2528:Military dictatorships
2228:Science and technology
1181:
1171:
1009:gross domestic product
982:
974:
855:Paraguayan legislature
821:
815:
809:
799:
739:Liberalization of 1959
524:in which army general
40:República del Paraguay
1986:2017 political crisis
1981:2012 political crisis
1468:Amnesty International
1105:Alliance for Progress
1069:relations with Taiwan
980:
969:
929:narcotics trafficking
780:Radical Liberal Party
710:United National Front
554:and overthrow of the
540:military dictatorship
158:military dictatorship
122:Common languages
2052:World Heritage Sites
2027:Environmental issues
1914:Carlos Antonio López
1300:on 23 December 2023.
1288:Pozzo, Aníbal Orué.
1269:Politics of Paraguay
1086:counter-intelligence
642:political repression
552:Paraguayan Civil war
36:Republic of Paraguay
2336:Freedom of religion
2313:List of Paraguayans
1939:February Revolution
1612:Mother Earth Travel
1441:Library of Congress
1410:on 20 October 2023.
1382:Library of Congress
1191:Antonio Campos Alum
1082:Paraguayan military
729:concentration camps
472:Paraguay portal
374:Viceroyalty of Peru
2523:Alfredo Stroessner
2298:Indigenous peoples
2238:Telecommunications
1497:, p. 115-116.
1475:on 21 October 2023
1230:headed by General
1164:Archives of Terror
1138:Torture and murder
983:
975:
955:Nicaragua Betrayed
877:Growing opposition
847:Cuatrinomio de Oro
845:(a member of the "
839:President for life
630:the 1954 elections
622:Juan Domingo Perón
614:Alfredo Stroessner
597:1954 military coup
576:Felipe Molas López
546:Historical context
526:Alfredo Stroessner
364:Indigenous peoples
184:Alfredo Stroessner
97:Peace and Progress
2505:
2504:
2458:
2457:
2379:
2378:
2251:
2250:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2107:Political parties
2097:Foreign relations
2060:
2059:
1840:
1839:
1812:other territories
1680:on 18 April 2024.
1618:on 9 January 2009
1551:on 28 March 2023.
1110:Lyndon B. Johnson
971:Friendship Bridge
787:elections of 1963
771:counterinsurgency
749:1940 Constitution
704:government under
506:
505:
379:Jesuit reductions
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
293:
292:
179:• 1954–1989
16:(Redirected from
2545:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2266:
2262:
2223:
2188:
2075:
2071:
2010:
1998:
1959:1989 coup d'état
1949:1954 coup d'état
1929:Second Civil War
1904:Jesuit reduction
1867:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1832:
1820:Falkland Islands
1734:Sovereign states
1719:
1712:
1705:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1676:. Archived from
1649:
1639:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1614:. Archived from
1604:
1595:
1594:
1593:on 2 April 2016.
1583:
1574:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1552:
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1524:
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1459:
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1424:
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1418:
1412:
1411:
1406:. Archived from
1394:
1388:
1387:(December 1988).
1369:
1368:
1363:
1302:
1301:
1285:
1232:Andrés Rodríguez
1184:
1177:Operation Condor
1174:
1158:Operation Condor
1063:ideology in the
1013:Foreign exchange
937:Treaty of Itaipú
824:
818:
812:
802:
721:its own militias
572:emergency powers
556:Higinio Moríñigo
498:
491:
484:
470:
469:
468:
434:1989 coup d'etat
429:Operation Condor
419:1954 coup d'etat
369:Spanish conquest
351:
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323:
309:
308:
297:
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284:
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107:
75:
59:
32:
21:
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2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2454:
2418:Public holidays
2375:
2346:Catholic Church
2322:
2247:
2221:
2169:
2155:Law enforcement
2116:
2056:
2047:Protected areas
1999:
1990:
1970:Marzo paraguayo
1944:Third Civil War
1924:First Civil War
1880:
1871:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1728:
1723:
1683:
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1396:
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1305:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1260:
1209:
1203:
1146:
1140:
1101:John F. Kennedy
964:
942:National Accord
879:
766:
741:
691:
638:
605:
599:
568:Federico Chávez
548:
533:one-party state
502:
466:
464:
445:Marzo paraguayo
404:Colorado Period
339:
332:
306:
281:
229:3 February 1989
226:
213:
180:
95:
83:
82:
81:
76:
68:
67:
64:
60:
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2240:
2235:
2233:Stock Exchange
2230:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
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2089:
2084:
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2068:
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2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:National parks
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Paraguayan War
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:Guaraní people
1890:
1888:
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1872:
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1303:
1279:
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1266:
1259:
1256:
1217:1983 elections
1205:Main article:
1202:
1199:
1187:Pastor Coronel
1150:Latin American
1139:
1136:
1126:torture case.
1093:United Nations
1021:tax exemptions
963:
960:
884:Painful Easter
878:
875:
871:1978 elections
863:1973 elections
859:1968 elections
765:
762:
740:
737:
723:, the peasant
694:1958 elections
690:
687:
657:state of siege
644:, threats and
637:
634:
618:Colorado Party
601:Main article:
598:
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409:Liberal Period
406:
401:
399:Paraguayan War
396:
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194:Historical era
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92:Paz y Progreso
85:
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2382:
2372:
2371:San La Muerte
2369:
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2166:
2165:Supreme Court
2163:
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2158:
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2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
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2126:
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2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
2098:
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2090:
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2020:
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2014:
2011:
2008:
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1997:
1987:
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1982:
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1962:
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1900:
1897:
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1875:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1856:
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1833:
1828:
1826:
1825:French Guiana
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1804:
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1731:
1727:
1720:
1715:
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1708:
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1701:
1700:
1697:
1690:
1689:public domain
1679:
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1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1655:
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1427:public domain
1417:
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1399:
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1252:rapprochement
1249:
1248:urban centers
1244:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:military coup
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
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1173:
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1153:dictatorships
1151:
1145:
1137:
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1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:Richard Nixon
1070:
1066:
1065:United States
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:hydroelectric
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1014:
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1005:
1000:
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979:
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947:
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917:Domingo Laíno
913:
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650:Edgar Ynsfrán
647:
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631:
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623:
619:
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588:
584:
579:
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569:
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561:
557:
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545:
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541:
538:
537:authoritarian
534:
531:
527:
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519:
515:
511:
499:
494:
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479:
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456:Modern Period
454:
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279:
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249:ISO 3166 code
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
215:
212:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
168:
166:
159:
156:
155:authoritarian
152:
149:
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143:
140:
138:
134:
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127:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
106:
101:
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86:
80:
74:
66:
58:
50:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
2483:Bibliography
2438:Coat of arms
2273:Demographics
2215:Central Bank
2138:Human rights
2133:Constitution
1968:
1953:
1808:Dependencies
1678:the original
1664:
1645:
1620:. Retrieved
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1473:the original
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1408:the original
1401:
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1298:the original
1293:
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1236:
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1195:Ramón Aquino
1168:
1156:
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1132:
1128:
1121:
1117:Jimmy Carter
1114:
1090:
1084:officers in
1058:
1044:projects at
1034:
1017:
996:
988:Paraná River
984:
953:
933:human rights
924:
914:
898:
891:
888:
880:
835:
822:Democráticos
784:
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742:
733:labor unions
724:
714:
706:Fidel Castro
697:
692:
674:
670:
654:
646:death squads
639:
626:
606:
591:black market
580:
562:assumed the
549:
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517:
513:
509:
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423:
414:Moríñigo Era
270:Succeeded by
269:
264:
148:presidential
96:
91:
89:Motto:
88:
79:Coat of arms
39:
29:
2293:Immigration
2195:Agriculture
2160:Nationality
1656:Works cited
1213:Paraguayans
1182:La Technica
1175:as part of
1172:La Technica
1004:concessions
816:Epifanistas
698:febreristas
666:martial law
640:The use of
394:Francia Era
338:History of
265:Preceded by
211:Coup d'état
65:(1954–1988)
18:El Stronato
2512:Categories
2403:Literature
2366:Mennonites
2222:(currency)
2205:Ecotourism
2128:Civil Code
2112:Presidents
1572:: 269–272.
1275:References
1264:Itaipu Dam
1142:See also:
999:Itaipú Dam
981:Itaipu Dam
946:Nicaraguan
793:. The new
745:censorship
717:guerrillas
636:Early rule
587:soft loans
583:per capita
564:Presidency
550:After the
216:4 May 1954
137:Government
2303:Languages
2278:Education
2243:Transport
2200:Companies
2092:Elections
2005:Geography
1934:Chaco War
1797:Venezuela
1742:Argentina
1479:8 January
1201:Overthrow
1077:left-wing
1050:Argentina
992:duty-free
948:dictator
915:In 1977,
886:of 1976.
689:Guerillas
678:austerity
535:under an
514:Stronismo
165:President
153:under an
145:one-party
94:(Spanish)
47:1954–1989
2492:Category
2328:Religion
2220:Guaraní
2143:Abortion
2102:Military
2087:Congress
2066:Politics
1878:articles
1874:Paraguay
1787:Suriname
1777:Paraguay
1762:Colombia
1674:44212689
1622:16 March
1543:BBC News
1512:Archived
1449:89600299
1258:See also
1095:and the
1061:Cold War
1052:against
1046:Yacyretá
1037:Paraguay
1029:hectares
831:Cold War
753:Asunción
725:py nandí
661:Asunción
558:regime,
530:de facto
522:Paraguay
518:Stronato
359:Timeline
340:Paraguay
329:a series
327:Part of
301:Paraguay
288:Paraguay
238:Currency
198:Cold War
151:republic
116:Asunción
2469:Outline
2450:Tourism
2428:Symbols
2398:Cuisine
2385:Culture
2356:Judaism
2257:Society
2183:Economy
2022:Climate
1886:History
1792:Uruguay
1767:Ecuador
1747:Bolivia
893:Sendero
785:In the
242:Guaraní
222:•
209:•
142:Unitary
130:Guarani
126:Spanish
112:Capital
2497:Portal
2433:Anthem
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2283:Health
2210:Energy
2017:Cities
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1772:Guyana
1752:Brazil
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1240:manioc
1054:Brazil
331:on the
169:
2476:Index
2423:Sport
2413:Music
2408:Media
2351:Islam
2318:Women
2288:Crime
2037:Flora
2032:Fauna
1757:Chile
1644:, in
1545:Mundo
1148:Most
702:Cuban
2443:Flag
2308:LGBT
2148:LGBT
1782:Peru
1670:OCLC
1624:2016
1520:2019
1481:2022
1445:LCCN
1221:1988
1219:and
1193:and
861:and
715:The
508:The
63:Flag
2361:LDS
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516:or
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