4175:
3785:
957:(IUPAC), usually following recommendations by the recognized discoverers of each element. However, the names of several elements have been the subject of controversies until IUPAC established an official name. In most cases, the controversy was due to a priority dispute as to who first found conclusive evidence for the existence of an element, or as to what evidence was in fact conclusive.
3797:
1574:), also in honor of Niels Bohr but using his surname only. While this conforms to the names of other elements honoring individuals where only the surname is taken, it was opposed by many who were concerned that it could be confused with
1043:, another name for the Norse Vanr goddess Freyja, whose facets include connections to beauty and fertility, because of the many beautifully colored chemical compounds it produces. Later that same year,
1090:
discovered that tantalite contained an element similar to tantalum and named it niobium. In the 1860s, it was found that niobium and columbium are the same element and are distinct from tantalum.
1484:
An international committee decided in 1992 that the
Berkeley and Dubna laboratories should share credit for the discovery. An element naming controversy erupted and as a result IUPAC adopted
3590:
819:
1261:
At the time of their discovery, there was an element naming controversy as to what (particularly) the elements from 102 to 109 were to be called. At last, a committee of the
3600:
829:
3650:
879:
3747:
3625:
1374:
1262:
954:
853:
4012:
2318:
In some countries, as Poland, Denmark, India, Indonesia prior to 1997 element 104 had a Soviet proposal kurchatovium and element 105 had an
American proposal hahnium.
936:
1530:, although these names were not publicly announced until after Einstein and Fermi's deaths. In 1997, as part of a compromise involving elements 104 to 108, the name
1469:
at the
University of California, Berkeley reported creating the isotope 106. Because their work was independently confirmed first, the Americans suggested the name
3630:
3605:
3051:
858:
834:
4204:
3834:
3585:
3301:
814:
462:
3724:
3719:
147:
142:
3660:
3620:
3615:
3575:
1619:
888:
849:
845:
804:
3635:
3570:
3356:
863:
799:
525:
3911:
3729:
3709:
3496:
2327:
691:
162:
132:
3565:
3529:
794:
3610:
3560:
839:
789:
4007:
3655:
3580:
3491:
2939:
2905:
2523:
1495:
In 1994, a committee of IUPAC adopted a rule that no element can be named after a living person. This ruling was fiercely objected to by the
883:
809:
686:
4199:
2449:"Ueber das Vanadin, ein neues Metall, gefunden im Stangeneisen von Eckersholm, einer Eisenhütte, die ihr Erz von Taberg in Småland bezieht"
1454:
1394:
1338:
929:
1646:
was discussed in the naming controversy, it was the only proposal and thus never disputed. In 1997, a committee of IUPAC adopted the name
3089:
3044:
2955:
183:
4103:
3524:
3481:
1414:
1362:
1160:
981:
723:
674:
3017:
2991:
2965:
1009:
3800:
3697:
1699:
1016:. Del Río thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the statement of the French chemist that was also backed by del Río's friend
111:
4209:
3645:
3519:
3007:
2342:
1051:, one of the first US geologists, suggested that the element should be named "rionium" after del Río, but this never happened.
1048:
922:
873:
2981:
4063:
4026:
3864:
3682:
3037:
120:
4214:
4178:
4139:
4022:
3820:
3674:
3595:
3485:
2713:
Marignac, Blomstrand; Deville, H.; Troost, L.; Hermann, R. (1866). "Tantalsäure, Niobsäure, (Ilmensäure) und Titansäure".
2453:
1582:
in some languages including Latin. Despite this, the name bohrium for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997.
1466:
825:
678:
94:
4118:
4091:
3972:
3936:
3827:
2390:
2489:
3883:
3878:
3704:
128:
2884:
985:
4098:
3951:
3898:
3539:
1220:
759:
264:
285:
243:
3977:
3941:
3893:
3472:
1496:
1322:
667:
257:
250:
278:
3946:
3873:
3074:
1689:
Summary of element naming proposals and final decisions for elements 101–112 (those covered in the TWG report)
67:
1602:) as a temporary systematic element name. In 1997, a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named
1566:) as a temporary systematic element name. In 1994, a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 107 be named
1024:
292:
271:
1000:). Through experimentation, he found it to form salts with a wide variety of colors, so he named the element
3920:
3888:
3788:
3757:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3208:
3079:
2753:
Rayner-Canham, Geoff; Zheng, Zheng (2008). "Naming elements after scientists: an account of a controversy".
2356:
Rayner-Canham, Geoff; Zheng, Zheng (2007). "Naming elements after scientists: an account of a controversy".
1266:
973:
902:
420:
362:
170:
77:
33:
4083:
3278:
3105:
2583:
1204:
1188:
1083:
1017:
736:
430:
200:
2917:
4108:
3847:
3752:
3333:
2515:
1622:
where several new elements were discovered or confirmed. The element name was accepted internationally.
495:
2901:
350:
2544:"Eigenschaften und chemisches Verhalten des von Charlesw Hatchett entdeckten neuen Metalls, Columbium"
4113:
4047:
3967:
3843:
3434:
3118:
2687:
2645:
2557:
2462:
1502:
Seaborg and
Ghiorso pointed out that precedents had been set in the naming of elements 99 and 100 as
718:
626:
483:
225:
4042:
3982:
3351:
1044:
771:
2826:
Norman N., Greenwood (2003). "Vanadium to dubnium: from confusion through clarity to complexity".
2634:"Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Tantalite und ein im Tantalite von Baiern enthaltenes neues Metall"
1265:(IUPAC) resolved the dispute and adopted one name for each element. They also adopted a temporary
4160:
3439:
3399:
2805:
2770:
2730:
2611:
2603:
2548:
2412:
Cintas, Pedro (2004). "The Road to
Chemical Names and Eponyms: Discovery, Priority, and Credit".
2373:
2337:
766:
642:
619:
614:
2311:, IUPAC 1995 proposal for element 102, was adopted uncontroversially for element 114 (eka-lead).
4144:
3534:
3404:
3013:
2987:
2961:
2935:
2865:
2519:
2429:
1671:
1667:
1481:, an American chemist. This name was extremely controversial because Seaborg was still alive.
1256:
751:
747:
743:
731:
583:
2448:
3769:
3692:
3687:
3511:
3463:
3328:
3286:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3168:
3163:
3158:
2853:
2835:
2797:
2762:
2722:
2695:
2653:
2595:
2565:
2539:
2507:
2470:
2421:
2365:
1478:
1461:
reported producing the isotope 106, and in
September 1974, an American research team led by
1067:
950:
909:
711:
656:
490:
446:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
298:
291:
284:
106:
101:
1099:
in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. This was a compromise of sorts; the IUPAC accepted
4002:
3640:
3501:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
2675:
2633:
1523:
1314:
1086:
in 1809, the claims of discovery of
Hatchett were mistakenly considered refuted. In 1846,
868:
698:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
216:
209:
17:
2691:
2649:
2561:
2466:
3449:
3444:
3414:
3409:
3394:
3060:
1462:
1450:
1358:
1172:
638:
634:
578:
571:
566:
441:
340:
320:
60:
55:
41:
2839:
1558:(this was separate from the proposal of the same name for element 105). IUPAC adopted
1445:
The element was discovered almost simultaneously by two laboratories. In June 1974, a
313:
4193:
2809:
2671:
2629:
2615:
1932:
1330:
1087:
330:
306:
2774:
2734:
2377:
226:
3764:
3429:
3424:
3178:
3113:
2206:
1651:
1527:
1446:
1290:
602:
590:
478:
312:
215:
3812:
2918:
Out of His
Element : Discovery Won't Be Named for Chemist--Because He's Alive
992:
in 1801. He discovered the element after being sent a sample of "brown lead" ore (
3544:
3419:
3173:
2386:
2290:
2248:
1786:
1504:
1027:
of Sweden rediscovered vanadium in a new oxide he found while working with some
989:
607:
595:
305:
421:
3318:
2801:
2766:
2369:
2332:
2164:
2022:
1886:
1627:
1555:
1438:
1410:
1298:
1133:
997:
502:
2869:
2699:
2657:
2569:
2474:
3374:
3343:
3198:
3188:
3183:
2308:
1615:
1426:
1235:
1200:
1122:
548:
515:
349:
329:
319:
299:
2599:
2433:
2425:
1140:, a village in Sweden), consists of several compounds (oxides or earths):
3366:
3323:
1834:
1274:
1126:
1101:
1060:
1013:
962:
535:
507:
3193:
2726:
2114:
2066:
1974:
1587:
1539:
1514:
1386:
1377:. In 1997, a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 104 be named
1137:
1095:
1056:
543:
339:
2607:
2387:"History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers"
236:
1318:
1153:
1141:
1039:
in other languages including German and
English) after the Old Norse
1008:, since most of the salts turned red when heated. The French chemist
977:
2543:
3310:
1611:
1575:
1458:
1398:
1342:
1145:
470:
3029:
210:
1346:
1028:
1012:
incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only impure
3816:
3033:
2864:(1). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc: 5. 1995.
2338:
Symbol (chemistry) § Symbols and names not currently used
1401:(a Russian city north of Moscow), proposed naming element 105
2494:
The
Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science
2345:(considers claims for discovery and naming of new elements)
2885:"What's It Like to Name An Element on the Periodic Table?"
2788:
Patel, Zh.; Khul'ka K. (2001). "Niobium for Steelmaking".
2902:
Naming of element 106 disputed by international committee
2588:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1191:
also independently isolated these and proposed the names
980:, the Scandinavian goddess of fertility) was originally
1681:
1677:
1614:(or Hassia in Latin). This state includes the city of
1171:(but actually, there were two new elements). In 1907,
2586:(1809). "On the Identity of Columbium and Tantalum".
1004:(Greek: all colors). He later renamed this substance
414:
2930:
Hoffman, D. C.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T. (2000).
2307: name eventually used for a different element.
407:
400:
386:
4153:
4127:
4076:
4056:
4035:
4021:
3995:
3960:
3929:
3909:
3862:
3855:
3740:
3673:
3553:
3510:
3471:
3462:
3387:
3365:
3342:
3309:
3299:
3277:
3207:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3067:
1239:(following Marignac), and in 1949, the spelling of
393:
379:
2920:Thomas H. Maugh II, Los Angeles Times, 1994 Oct.12
1722:
1263:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
955:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1642:) as a temporary systematic element name. While
1534:for element 106 was recognized internationally.
949:The currently accepted names and symbols of the
372:
1429:. IUPAC recommended that element 105 be named
1361:, father of the Soviet atomic bomb, while the
3828:
3045:
2676:"Ueber die Säure im Columbit von Nordamérika"
930:
8:
2934:. Imperial College Press. pp. 369–399.
2908:(LBL) Science Articles Archive, 1994 Oct.14
1620:GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research
1109:(in deference to North American usage) and
4032:
3859:
3835:
3821:
3813:
3468:
3306:
3101:
3094:
3052:
3038:
3030:
2715:Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry
2490:"New Metal, provisionally called Vanadium"
1492:) as a temporary systematic element name.
1047:confirmed del Río's earlier work. Later,
937:
923:
28:
2932:The Transuranium People: The Inside Story
2748:
2746:
2744:
2488:Featherstonhaugh, George William (1831).
2328:List of chemical element name etymologies
1080:On the Identity of Columbium and Tantalum
988:(a Spanish-born Mexican mineralogist) in
1687:
1233:(element 70) was eventually reverted to
1183:("new ytterbium") and called element 71
1175:isolated element 70 and element 71 from
2821:
2819:
2414:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2404:
40:
4205:Discovery and invention controversies
2906:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1694:
1227:), but both proposals were rejected.
1167:consisted of a new element he called
7:
1455:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1395:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1339:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
3796:
2301: proposal eventually accepted.
1610:), in honor of the German state of
1031:ores. He chose to call the element
1415:University of California, Berkeley
1363:University of California, Berkeley
1349:, today Russia) named element 104
1161:Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
1117:(in deference to European usage).
25:
2858:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1010:Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils
4174:
4173:
3795:
3784:
3783:
1321:; the name was preferred by the
1078:), but after the publication of
2447:Sefström, Nils Gabriel (1831).
2385:Holden, N. E. (12 March 2004).
2343:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party
1049:George William Featherstonhaugh
4008:Medieval Islamic World alchemy
3114:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
2960:. Gyldendal Uddannelse. 2009.
1:
3656:Thermal expansion coefficient
3352:Lists of metalloids by source
2986:. Mittal Publications. 1984.
2840:10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00318-8
2454:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
1467:Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
1035:in Swedish (which has become
526:dividing metals and nonmetals
2391:National Nuclear Data Center
1243:(element 71) was changed to
4200:Naming of chemical elements
3395:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
3098:By periodic table structure
2957:Gyldendals Minilex. Biologi
1187:. At about the same time,
194:By periodic table structure
4231:
3540:Goldschmidt classification
2883:Fox, Stuart (2009-06-29).
2296:
1665:
1254:
884:expansion coefficient
760:Goldschmidt classification
18:Element naming controversy
4169:
3778:
3119:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
2767:10.1007/s10698-007-9042-1
2512:Chemistry of the Elements
2510:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
2370:10.1007/s10698-007-9042-1
2333:Seaborgium § History
1497:American Chemical Society
1323:American Chemical Society
1203:(in the constellation of
1093:IUPAC officially adopted
668:List of chemical elements
2755:Foundations of Chemistry
2700:10.1002/andp.18471460410
2658:10.1002/andp.18441391006
2570:10.1002/andp.18020110507
2475:10.1002/andp.18310970103
2358:Foundations of Chemistry
1546:Some suggested the name
1365:, US, named element 104
1305:IUPAC ratified the name
1281:IUPAC ratified the name
1221:constellation Cassiopeia
1105:(element 74) instead of
561:By other characteristics
171:Systematic element names
4077:On specific discoveries
3758:systematic element name
3730:in East Asian languages
3080:Extended periodic table
2854:"The Transfermium Wars"
2802:10.1023/A:1014897029026
2584:Wollaston, William Hyde
1618:, which is home to the
1267:systematic element name
1179:. He called element 70
784:Data pages for elements
463:metallic classification
229:(alkaline earth metals)
4210:Lists of controversies
3601:Electron configuration
3591:Electrical resistivity
3530:Electron configuration
3334:Post-transition metals
2600:10.1098/rstl.1809.0017
2426:10.1002/anie.200330074
1522:) during the lives of
1189:Carl Auer von Welsbach
1084:William Hyde Wollaston
1018:Alexander von Humboldt
994:plomo pardo de Zimapán
953:are determined by the
820:Electrical resistivity
712:Properties of elements
95:Periodic table history
3435:Transuranium elements
2516:Butterworth-Heinemann
2508:Greenwood, Norman N.
986:Andrés Manuel del Río
572:Platinum-group metals
121:Discovery of elements
4215:Naming controversies
3863:Physical chemistry (
3844:History of chemistry
3651:Thermal conductivity
3626:Heat of vaporization
3068:Periodic table forms
1317:during a meeting in
854:of vaporization
719:Relative atomic mass
692:by isotope stability
687:by atomic properties
50:Periodic table forms
4128:Scientific disputes
3910:Organic chemistry (
3683:Element discoveries
3440:Superheavy elements
3400:Rare-earth elements
2983:Inorganic Chemistry
2692:1847AnP...146..572R
2650:1844AnP...139..317R
2562:1802AnP....11..120H
2467:1831AnP....97...43S
1690:
1417:suggested the name
1207:), for element 70 (
976:, another name for
620:Rare-earth elements
615:Main-group elements
4161:Women in chemistry
3012:. Erlangga. 1999.
2796:(11–12): 477–480.
2727:10.1007/BF01302537
2680:Annalen der Physik
2638:Annalen der Physik
2549:Annalen der Physik
1688:
1578:, which is called
1223:, for element 71 (
1199:), after the star
1148:(sub-component as
1136:, a mineral (from
4187:
4186:
4145:Transfermium Wars
4088:Carbon nanotubes
4072:
4071:
4013:Indian metallurgy
3991:
3990:
3961:Applied chemistry
3930:Nuclear chemistry
3810:
3809:
3669:
3668:
3631:Ionization energy
3606:Electronegativity
3596:Electron affinity
3535:Electronegativity
3525:Crystal structure
3520:Aqueous chemistry
3497:Nuclear stability
3492:Atomic properties
3458:
3457:
3405:Refractory metals
3383:
3382:
3329:Transition metals
3295:
3294:
2941:978-1-86094-087-3
2540:Hatchett, Charles
2525:978-0-08-037941-8
2420:(44): 5888–5894.
2316:
2315:
1672:Transfermium Wars
1375:Ernest Rutherford
1257:Transfermium Wars
1070:named element 41
951:chemical elements
947:
946:
859:Ionization energy
835:Electronegativity
744:Electronegativity
724:Crystal structure
584:Refractory metals
433:(s, p, d, f, ...)
16:(Redirected from
4222:
4177:
4176:
4033:
3973:Material science
3884:Electrochemistry
3879:Molecular theory
3860:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3814:
3799:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3770:Dmitri Mendeleev
3698:1869 predictions
3688:Dmitri Mendeleev
3469:
3307:
3287:Aufbau principle
3199:18 (Noble gases)
3102:
3095:
3090:Sets of elements
3054:
3047:
3040:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2514:(2nd ed.).
2504:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2409:
2394:
2381:
2306:
2300:
1724:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1666:This section is
1662:Elements 101–112
1479:Glenn T. Seaborg
1251:Elements 102–109
1068:Charles Hatchett
1045:Friedrich Wöhler
939:
932:
925:
910:Chemistry Portal
544:nonmetal halogen
447:Aufbau principle
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
355:
345:
335:
325:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
220:
212:
184:Sets of elements
112:1869 predictions
82:
76:
72:
29:
21:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4165:
4149:
4140:Joule–von Mayer
4123:
4099:Electrophoresis
4068:
4052:
4017:
4003:Chinese alchemy
3996:Ancient history
3987:
3956:
3925:
3905:
3851:
3841:
3811:
3806:
3774:
3736:
3665:
3641:Oxidation state
3549:
3506:
3454:
3450:Minor actinides
3445:Major actinides
3410:Precious metals
3379:
3361:
3338:
3291:
3273:
3203:
3189:16 (Chalcogens)
3184:15 (Pnictogens)
3084:
3063:
3058:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2896:
2889:Popular Science
2882:
2881:
2877:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2828:Catalysis Today
2825:
2824:
2817:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2644:(10): 317–341.
2628:
2627:
2623:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:. p. 976.
2506:
2505:
2501:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2384:
2355:
2352:
2324:
2312:
2304:
2302:
2298:
1686:
1675:
1664:
1632:
1592:
1554:), in honor of
1544:
1524:Albert Einstein
1443:
1433:, after Dubna.
1391:
1335:
1315:Ernest Lawrence
1303:
1279:
1259:
1253:
1131:
1065:
967:
943:
894:
893:
869:Oxidation state
785:
777:
776:
714:
704:
703:
670:
660:
649:
648:
579:Precious metals
562:
554:
553:
496:post-transition
465:
454:
453:
442:Atomic orbitals
195:
187:
176:
175:
97:
87:
86:
80:
74:
70:
51:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Element naming
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4030:
4023:Periodic table
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3978:Nanotechnology
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3894:Thermodynamics
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3661:Vapor pressure
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Speed of sound
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:Heat of fusion
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Critical point
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Coinage metals
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3061:Periodic table
3059:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3018:
2999:
2992:
2973:
2966:
2947:
2940:
2922:
2910:
2894:
2875:
2845:
2815:
2780:
2740:
2721:(1): 384–389.
2705:
2686:(4): 572–577.
2672:Rose, Heinrich
2663:
2630:Rose, Heinrich
2621:
2575:
2556:(5): 120–122.
2531:
2524:
2499:
2480:
2439:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2382:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1663:
1660:
1634:IUPAC adopted
1631:
1624:
1594:IUPAC adopted
1591:
1584:
1543:
1536:
1477:) in honor of
1463:Albert Ghiorso
1442:
1435:
1425:) in honor of
1390:
1383:
1373:) in honor of
1359:Igor Kurchatov
1357:) in honor of
1334:
1327:
1313:) in honor of
1302:
1295:
1289:) in honor of
1278:
1271:
1255:Main article:
1252:
1249:
1173:Georges Urbain
1130:
1119:
1064:
1053:
966:
959:
945:
944:
942:
941:
934:
927:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
906:
896:
895:
892:
891:
889:Vapor pressure
886:
876:
874:Speed of sound
871:
866:
861:
856:
850:of fusion
842:
837:
832:
824:Electron
822:
817:
812:
807:
805:Critical point
802:
797:
792:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
769:
763:
762:
756:
755:
740:
739:
734:
727:
726:
721:
715:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
695:
694:
689:
683:
682:
671:
666:
665:
662:
661:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
631:
630:
623:
622:
617:
611:
610:
605:
599:
598:
593:
587:
586:
581:
575:
574:
569:
567:Coinage metals
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
540:
539:
531:
530:
529:
528:
520:
519:
511:
510:
505:
499:
498:
493:
487:
486:
484:alkaline earth
481:
475:
474:
466:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
450:
449:
444:
436:
435:
426:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
368:
367:
358:
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
223:
206:
205:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
137:
136:
124:
123:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
98:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:
64:
63:
58:
52:
49:
48:
45:
44:
42:Periodic table
38:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4227:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:Haber process
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Atomic theory
3872:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:controversies
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Melting point
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Heat capacity
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Boiling point
3569:
3567:
3566:Atomic radius
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Native metals
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3357:Dividing line
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:17 (Halogens)
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3021:
3019:9789797817138
3015:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2993:9788170998280
2989:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2967:9788702028096
2963:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:Lynn Yarris,
2903:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2834:(1–4): 5–11.
2833:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:(in German).
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:(in German).
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:(in German).
2551:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:rutherfordium
2003:
2001:rutherfordium
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:rutherfordium
1931:
1929:
1928:rutherfordium
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:rutherfordium
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:rutherfordium
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:rutherfordium
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:eka-ytterbium
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:Compromise 92
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1626:Element 109 (
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1586:Element 108 (
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1538:Element 107 (
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:G. N. Flyorov
1448:
1440:
1437:Element 106 (
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1385:Element 105 (
1384:
1382:
1380:
1379:rutherfordium
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:rutherfordium
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1331:Rutherfordium
1329:Element 104 (
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1297:Element 103 (
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1273:Element 102 (
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:), after the
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:assumed that
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1121:Elements 70 (
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1088:Heinrich Rose
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1055:Elements 41 (
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:(named after
971:
964:
960:
958:
956:
952:
940:
935:
933:
928:
926:
921:
920:
918:
917:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
900:
899:
898:
897:
890:
887:
885:
882: /
881:
878:Thermal
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:Melting point
862:
860:
857:
855:
852: /
851:
848: /
847:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:configuration
828: /
827:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Boiling point
798:
796:
795:Atomic radius
793:
791:
788:
787:
781:
780:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
761:
758:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:configuration
735:
733:
729:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
708:
707:
700:
697:
696:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
679:in human body
676:
673:
672:
669:
664:
663:
659:
658:
653:
652:
644:
640:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
624:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
604:
603:Native metals
601:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
533:
532:
527:
524:
523:
522:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
468:
467:
464:
458:
457:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
434:
432:
428:
427:
424:
419:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
369:
366:
364:
360:
359:
356:
354:
353:(noble gases)
348:
346:
344:
338:
336:
334:
328:
326:
324:
318:
316:
311:
309:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
288:
283:
281:
276:
274:
269:
267:
262:
260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
230:
224:
221:
219:
218:alkali metals
213:
208:
207:
204:
202:
198:
197:
191:
190:
186:
185:
180:
179:
172:
169:
168:
164:
160:
159:
154:
153:controversies
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
126:
125:
122:
119:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
91:
90:
79:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
47:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4134:
4104:Gaseous fuel
3921:Biochemistry
3889:Spectroscopy
3794:
3782:
3765:Trivial name
3753:nomenclature
3714:
3425:Heavy metals
3420:Noble metals
3179:14 (Tetrels)
3075:Alternatives
3008:
3002:
2982:
2976:
2956:
2950:
2931:
2925:
2913:
2897:
2888:
2878:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2831:
2827:
2793:
2790:Metallurgist
2789:
2783:
2761:(1): 13–18.
2758:
2754:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2641:
2637:
2624:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2553:
2547:
2534:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2483:
2461:(1): 43–49.
2458:
2452:
2442:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2361:
2357:
2317:
2270:
2228:
2207:darmstadtium
2187:darmstadtium
2186:
2183:becquerelium
2174:eka-platinum
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2061:
2058:nielsbohrium
2055:nielsbohrium
2050:
2047:nielsbohrium
2044:nielsbohrium
2035:unnilseptium
2017:
2012:
2007:
1990:
1984:eka-tungsten
1969:
1957:kurchatovium
1951:nielsbohrium
1945:unnilpentium
1942:eka-tantalum
1927:
1919:
1907:kurchatovium
1902:
1899:unnilquadium
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1850:
1847:(unniltrium)
1844:eka-lutetium
1829:
1821:
1816:
1802:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1750:
1747:(unnilunium)
1734:
1655:
1652:Lise Meitner
1650:in honor of
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:unnilseptium
1559:
1551:
1548:nielsbohrium
1547:
1545:
1531:
1528:Enrico Fermi
1519:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1449:team led by
1444:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1413:, while the
1406:
1403:nielsbohrium
1402:
1392:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1351:kurchatovium
1350:
1336:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1291:Alfred Nobel
1286:
1282:
1280:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:Neoytterbium
1230:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1196:
1193:aldebaranium
1192:
1184:
1181:neoytterbium
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1132:
1125:Yb) and 71 (
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1059:Nb) and 74 (
1040:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1005:
1001:
996:, now named
993:
969:
968:
961:Element 23 (
948:
908:
901:
880:conductivity
675:by abundance
655:
627:Transuranium
608:Noble metals
596:Light metals
591:Heavy metals
534:
514:
469:
429:
361:
352:
342:
333:(chalcogens)
332:
323:(pnictogens)
322:
228:
217:
199:
182:
163:in East Asia
152:
127:
102:D. Mendeleev
26:
4036:By elements
3801:WikiProject
3545:Term symbol
3375:Noble gases
3319:Lanthanides
3302:metallicity
3174:13 (Triels)
2594:: 246–252.
2291:copernicium
2271:copernicium
2258:eka-mercury
2249:roentgenium
2229:roentgenium
2127:unnilennium
2124:eka-iridium
2079:unniloctium
2032:eka-rhenium
1987:unnilhexium
1896:eka-hafnium
1799:(unnilbium)
1787:mendelevium
1782:mendelevium
1777:mendelevium
1772:mendelevium
1767:mendelevium
1762:mendelevium
1751:mendelevium
1744:eka-thulium
1668:transcluded
1636:unnilennium
1596:unniloctium
1505:einsteinium
1486:unnilhexium
1213:cassiopeium
1113:instead of
1006:erythronium
1002:panchromium
990:Mexico City
68:Alternative
4194:Categories
3725:for people
3720:for places
3693:1871 table
3586:Elasticity
3554:Data pages
3512:Properties
3388:Other sets
3344:Metalloids
2350:References
2177:ununnilium
2165:meitnerium
2160:meitnerium
2155:meitnerium
2150:meitnerium
2145:meitnerium
2137:meitnerium
2076:eka-osmium
2023:seaborgium
2018:seaborgium
2013:seaborgium
2008:seaborgium
1991:seaborgium
1913:meitnerium
1887:lawrencium
1882:lawrencium
1877:lawrencium
1872:lawrencium
1867:lawrencium
1862:lawrencium
1851:lawrencium
1704:Systematic
1648:meitnerium
1644:meitnerium
1628:Meitnerium
1556:Niels Bohr
1532:seaborgium
1471:seaborgium
1439:Seaborgium
1411:Niels Bohr
1307:lawrencium
1299:Lawrencium
1134:Gadolinite
998:vanadinite
982:discovered
844:Heat
815:Elasticity
516:Metalloids
503:lanthanide
491:transition
365:(1–7, ...)
343:(halogens)
148:for places
143:for people
107:1871 table
4114:Gunpowder
4064:Nonmetals
3968:Cosmetics
3856:By branch
3710:etymology
3561:Abundance
3486:in humans
3482:Abundance
3367:Nonmetals
3324:Actinides
2870:0096-3402
2810:137569464
2616:110567235
2399:Footnotes
2364:(1): 13.
2309:Flerovium
2219:unununium
1966:joliotium
1960:joliotium
1826:flerovium
1813:joliotium
1807:joliotium
1700:Mendeleev
1616:Darmstadt
1427:Otto Hahn
1236:ytterbium
1209:ytterbium
1201:Aldebaran
1169:ytterbium
1159:In 1878,
1123:Ytterbium
1115:columbium
1074:in 1801 (
1072:columbium
1023:In 1831,
790:Abundance
767:Nutrition
730:Electron
699:by symbol
645:actinides
549:noble gas
536:Nonmetals
133:etymology
61:32-column
56:18-column
4179:Category
4109:Graphene
4092:timeline
4057:By class
4027:timeline
3983:Pharmacy
3912:timeline
3899:timeline
3865:timeline
3848:timeline
3789:Category
3741:See also
3611:Hardness
3464:Elements
2775:96082444
2735:97246260
2674:(1847).
2632:(1844).
2542:(1802).
2434:15376297
2378:96082444
2322:See also
2261:ununbium
2216:eka-gold
1835:nobelium
1830:nobelium
1822:nobelium
1817:nobelium
1803:nobelium
1731:IUPAC 97
1728:IUPAC 95
1719:IUPAC 94
1707:American
1409:) after
1283:nobelium
1275:Nobelium
1245:lutetium
1241:lutecium
1225:lutetium
1185:lutecium
1177:ytterbia
1165:ytterbia
1150:ytterbia
1127:Lutetium
1102:tungsten
1061:Tungsten
1037:vanadium
1025:Sefström
1014:chromium
970:Vanadium
963:Vanadium
903:Category
846:capacity
840:Hardness
826:affinity
732:affinity
657:Elements
629:elements
508:actinide
78:extended
34:a series
32:Part of
4084:Battery
3952:Weapons
3937:Fission
3675:History
3581:Density
3209:Periods
3009:Biology
2688:Bibcode
2646:Bibcode
2558:Bibcode
2463:Bibcode
2180:hahnium
2141:hahnium
2115:hassium
2110:hassium
2106:hahnium
2102:hassium
2098:hahnium
2094:hassium
2089:hassium
2067:bohrium
2062:bohrium
2051:bohrium
1975:dubnium
1970:dubnium
1963:hahnium
1948:hahnium
1924:dubnium
1916:dubnium
1735:Present
1710:Russian
1682:history
1680:|
1604:hassium
1588:Hassium
1568:bohrium
1540:Bohrium
1515:fermium
1465:at the
1453:at the
1431:dubnium
1419:hahnium
1387:Dubnium
1211:), and
1138:Ytterby
1111:niobium
1107:wolfram
1096:niobium
1057:Niobium
1041:Vanadís
1033:vanadin
974:Vanadís
810:Density
772:Valence
752:Pauling
363:Periods
3942:Fusion
3705:Naming
3502:Symbol
3311:Metals
3279:Blocks
3267:Pyykkö
3262:Fricke
3257:Aufbau
3106:Groups
3016:
2990:
2964:
2938:
2868:
2808:
2773:
2733:
2614:
2608:107264
2606:
2522:
2432:
2376:
2305:
2299:
1713:German
1580:borium
1512:) and
1447:Soviet
1345:(then
1319:Geneva
1205:Taurus
1154:terbia
1152:) and
1142:yttria
978:Freyja
643:trans-
479:alkali
471:Metals
431:Blocks
203:(1–18)
201:Groups
129:Naming
81:
75:
71:
36:on the
4154:Other
3947:Power
3748:IUPAC
3473:Lists
2806:S2CID
2771:S2CID
2731:S2CID
2612:S2CID
2604:JSTOR
2496:: 69.
2374:S2CID
1670:from
1612:Hesse
1576:boron
1459:Dubna
1399:Dubna
1343:Dubna
1146:erbia
748:Allen
639:minor
635:Major
83:forms
3480:By:
3014:ISBN
2988:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2936:ISBN
2866:ISSN
2520:ISBN
2430:PMID
1678:edit
1526:and
1393:The
1347:USSR
1337:The
1029:iron
641:and
131:and
3300:By
2836:doi
2798:doi
2763:doi
2723:doi
2696:doi
2684:146
2654:doi
2642:139
2596:doi
2566:doi
2471:doi
2422:doi
2366:doi
2255:112
2213:111
2171:110
2121:109
2073:108
2029:107
1981:106
1939:105
1893:104
1841:103
1793:102
1741:101
1723:ACS
1658:).
1640:Une
1630:Mt)
1600:Uno
1590:Hs)
1564:Uns
1542:Bh)
1490:Unh
1457:at
1441:Sg)
1397:in
1389:Db)
1341:in
1333:Rf)
1301:Lr)
1277:No)
1129:Lu)
1082:by
984:by
461:By
351:18
341:17
331:16
321:15
73:and
4196::
4048:Al
3252:8+
3169:12
3164:11
3159:10
2887:.
2862:51
2860:.
2856:.
2832:78
2830:.
2818:^
2804:.
2794:45
2792:.
2769:.
2759:10
2757:.
2743:^
2729:.
2717:.
2694:.
2678:.
2652:.
2636:.
2610:.
2602:.
2592:99
2590:.
2564:.
2554:11
2546:.
2492:.
2469:.
2459:97
2457:.
2451:.
2428:.
2418:43
2416:.
2389:.
2372:.
2362:10
2360:.
1725:94
1674:.
1656:Mt
1608:Hs
1572:Bh
1552:Ns
1520:Fm
1510:Es
1499:.
1475:Sg
1423:Ha
1407:Ns
1381:.
1371:Rf
1355:Ku
1325:.
1311:Lr
1293:.
1287:No
1269:.
1247:.
1217:Cp
1197:Ad
1156:.
1144:,
1076:Cb
1063:W)
1020:.
965:V)
750:,
637:,
422:8+
314:14
307:13
300:12
293:11
286:10
227:2
4043:F
4029:)
4025:(
3914:)
3867:)
3850:)
3846:(
3836:e
3829:t
3822:v
3488:)
3484:(
3247:7
3242:6
3237:5
3232:4
3227:3
3222:2
3217:1
3154:9
3149:8
3144:7
3139:6
3134:5
3129:4
3124:3
3053:e
3046:t
3039:v
3022:.
2996:.
2970:.
2944:.
2891:.
2872:.
2842:.
2838::
2812:.
2800::
2777:.
2765::
2737:.
2725::
2719:5
2702:.
2698::
2690::
2660:.
2656::
2648::
2618:.
2598::
2572:.
2568::
2560::
2528:.
2477:.
2473::
2465::
2436:.
2424::
2393:.
2380:.
2368::
2287:—
2284:—
2281:—
2278:—
2275:—
2267:—
2264:—
2245:—
2242:—
2239:—
2236:—
2233:—
2225:—
2222:—
2203:—
2200:—
2197:—
2194:—
2191:—
2133:—
2130:—
2085:—
2082:—
2041:—
2038:—
1998:—
1995:—
1954:—
1910:—
1858:—
1810:—
1758:—
1755:—
1695:Z
1684:)
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